activerecord5-redshift-adapter 0.0.1

data/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/redshift/oid/decimal.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module Redshift
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        class Decimal < Type::Decimal # :nodoc:
+          def infinity(options = {})
+            BigDecimal.new("Infinity") * (options[:negative] ? -1 : 1)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/redshift/oid/json.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module Redshift
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        class Json < Type::Value # :nodoc:
+          include Type::Helpers::Mutable
+
+          def type
+            :json
+          end
+
+          def type_cast_from_database(value)
+            if value.is_a?(::String)
+              ::ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(value) rescue nil
+            else
+              super
+            end
+          end
+
+          def type_cast_for_database(value)
+            if value.is_a?(::Array) || value.is_a?(::Hash)
+              ::ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(value)
+            else
+              super
+            end
+          end
+
+          def accessor
+            ActiveRecord::Store::StringKeyedHashAccessor
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/redshift/oid/jsonb.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module Redshift
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        class Jsonb < Json # :nodoc:
+          def type
+            :jsonb
+          end
+
+          def changed_in_place?(raw_old_value, new_value)
+            # Postgres does not preserve insignificant whitespaces when
+            # roundtripping jsonb columns. This causes some false positives for
+            # the comparison here. Therefore, we need to parse and re-dump the
+            # raw value here to ensure the insignificant whitespaces are
+            # consistent with our encoder's output.
+            raw_old_value = type_cast_for_database(type_cast_from_database(raw_old_value))
+            super(raw_old_value, new_value)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/redshift/oid/type_map_initializer.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module Redshift
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        # This class uses the data from PostgreSQL pg_type table to build
+        # the OID -> Type mapping.
+        #   - OID is an integer representing the type.
+        #   - Type is an OID::Type object.
+        # This class has side effects on the +store+ passed during initialization.
+        class TypeMapInitializer # :nodoc:
+          def initialize(store, run_complex_types = true)
+            @store = store
+            @run_complex_types = run_complex_types
+          end
+
+          def run(records)
+            nodes = records.reject { |row| @store.key? row['oid'].to_i }
+            mapped, nodes = nodes.partition { |row| @store.key? row['typname'] }
+            ranges, nodes = nodes.partition { |row| row['typtype'] == 'r'.freeze }
+            enums, nodes = nodes.partition { |row| row['typtype'] == 'e'.freeze }
+            domains, nodes = nodes.partition { |row| row['typtype'] == 'd'.freeze }
+            arrays, nodes = nodes.partition { |row| row['typinput'] == 'array_in'.freeze }
+            composites, nodes = nodes.partition { |row| row['typelem'].to_i != 0 }
+
+            mapped.each     { |row| register_mapped_type(row)    }
+          end
+
+          private
+
+          def register_mapped_type(row)
+            alias_type row['oid'], row['typname']
+          end
+
+          def register(oid, oid_type = nil, &block)
+            oid = assert_valid_registration(oid, oid_type || block)
+            if block_given?
+              @store.register_type(oid, &block)
+            else
+              @store.register_type(oid, oid_type)
+            end
+          end
+
+          def alias_type(oid, target)
+            oid = assert_valid_registration(oid, target)
+            @store.alias_type(oid, target)
+          end
+
+          def register_with_subtype(oid, target_oid)
+            if @store.key?(target_oid)
+              register(oid) do |_, *args|
+                yield @store.lookup(target_oid, *args)
+              end
+            end
+          end
+
+          def assert_valid_registration(oid, oid_type)
+            raise ArgumentError, "can't register nil type for OID #{oid}" if oid_type.nil?
+            oid.to_i
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/redshift/quoting.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module Redshift
+      module Quoting
+        # Escapes binary strings for bytea input to the database.
+        def escape_bytea(value)
+          @connection.escape_bytea(value) if value
+        end
+
+        # Unescapes bytea output from a database to the binary string it represents.
+        # NOTE: This is NOT an inverse of escape_bytea! This is only to be used
+        # on escaped binary output from database drive.
+        def unescape_bytea(value)
+          @connection.unescape_bytea(value) if value
+        end
+
+        # Quotes strings for use in SQL input.
+        def quote_string(s) #:nodoc:
+          @connection.escape(s)
+        end
+
+        # Checks the following cases:
+        #
+        # - table_name
+        # - "table.name"
+        # - schema_name.table_name
+        # - schema_name."table.name"
+        # - "schema.name".table_name
+        # - "schema.name"."table.name"
+        def quote_table_name(name)
+          Utils.extract_schema_qualified_name(name.to_s).quoted
+        end
+
+        def quote_table_name_for_assignment(table, attr)
+          quote_column_name(attr)
+        end
+
+        # Quotes column names for use in SQL queries.
+        def quote_column_name(name) #:nodoc:
+          PGconn.quote_ident(name.to_s)
+        end
+
+        # Quotes schema names for use in SQL queries.
+        def quote_schema_name(name)
+          PGconn.quote_ident(name)
+        end
+
+        # Quote date/time values for use in SQL input.
+        def quoted_date(value) #:nodoc:
+          result = super
+
+          if value.year <= 0
+            bce_year = format("%04d", -value.year + 1)
+            result = result.sub(/^-?\d+/, bce_year) + " BC"
+          end
+          result
+        end
+
+        # Does not quote function default values for UUID columns
+        def quote_default_value(value, column) #:nodoc:
+          if column.type == :uuid && value =~ /\(\)/
+            value
+          else
+            quote(value, column)
+          end
+        end
+
+        private
+
+        def _quote(value)
+          case value
+          when Type::Binary::Data
+            "'#{escape_bytea(value.to_s)}'"
+          when Float
+            if value.infinite? || value.nan?
+              "'#{value}'"
+            else
+              super
+            end
+          else
+            super
+          end
+        end
+
+        def _type_cast(value)
+          case value
+          when Type::Binary::Data
+            # Return a bind param hash with format as binary.
+            # See http://deveiate.org/code/pg/PGconn.html#method-i-exec_prepared-doc
+            # for more information
+            { value: value.to_s, format: 1 }
+          else
+            super
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/redshift/referential_integrity.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module Redshift
+      module ReferentialIntegrity # :nodoc:
+        def supports_disable_referential_integrity? # :nodoc:
+          true
+        end
+
+        def disable_referential_integrity # :nodoc:
+          yield
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/redshift/schema_definitions.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module Redshift
+      module ColumnMethods
+        # Defines the primary key field.
+        # Use of the native PostgreSQL UUID type is supported, and can be used
+        # by defining your tables as such:
+        #
+        #   create_table :stuffs, id: :uuid do |t|
+        #     t.string :content
+        #     t.timestamps
+        #   end
+        #
+        # By default, this will use the +uuid_generate_v4()+ function from the
+        # +uuid-ossp+ extension, which MUST be enabled on your database. To enable
+        # the +uuid-ossp+ extension, you can use the +enable_extension+ method in your
+        # migrations. To use a UUID primary key without +uuid-ossp+ enabled, you can
+        # set the +:default+ option to +nil+:
+        #
+        #   create_table :stuffs, id: false do |t|
+        #     t.primary_key :id, :uuid, default: nil
+        #     t.uuid :foo_id
+        #     t.timestamps
+        #   end
+        #
+        # You may also pass a different UUID generation function from +uuid-ossp+
+        # or another library.
+        #
+        # Note that setting the UUID primary key default value to +nil+ will
+        # require you to assure that you always provide a UUID value before saving
+        # a record (as primary keys cannot be +nil+). This might be done via the
+        # +SecureRandom.uuid+ method and a +before_save+ callback, for instance.
+        def primary_key(name, type = :primary_key, options = {})
+          return super unless type == :uuid
+          options[:default] = options.fetch(:default, 'uuid_generate_v4()')
+          options[:primary_key] = true
+          column name, type, options
+        end
+
+        def json(name, options = {})
+          column(name, :json, options)
+        end
+
+        def jsonb(name, options = {})
+          column(name, :jsonb, options)
+        end
+      end
+
+      class ColumnDefinition < ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ColumnDefinition
+      end
+
+      class TableDefinition < ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::TableDefinition
+        include ColumnMethods
+
+        private
+
+        def create_column_definition(name, type)
+          Redshift::ColumnDefinition.new name, type
+        end
+      end
+
+      class Table < ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::Table
+        include ColumnMethods
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/redshift/schema_dumper.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module Redshift
+      module ColumnDumper
+        # Adds +:array+ option to the default set provided by the
+        # AbstractAdapter
+        def prepare_column_options(column) # :nodoc:
+          spec = super
+          spec[:default] = "\"#{column.default_function}\"" if column.default_function
+          spec
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/redshift/schema_statements.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,419 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module Redshift
+      class SchemaCreation < AbstractAdapter::SchemaCreation
+        private
+
+        def visit_ColumnDefinition(o)
+          o.sql_type = type_to_sql(o.type, o.limit, o.precision, o.scale)
+          super
+        end
+
+        def add_column_options!(sql, options)
+          column = options.fetch(:column) { return super }
+          if column.type == :uuid && options[:default] =~ /\(\)/
+            sql << " DEFAULT #{options[:default]}"
+          else
+            super
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      module SchemaStatements
+        # Drops the database specified on the +name+ attribute
+        # and creates it again using the provided +options+.
+        def recreate_database(name, options = {}) #:nodoc:
+          drop_database(name)
+          create_database(name, options)
+        end
+
+        # Create a new Redshift database. Options include <tt>:owner</tt>, <tt>:template</tt>,
+        # <tt>:encoding</tt> (defaults to utf8), <tt>:collation</tt>, <tt>:ctype</tt>,
+        # <tt>:tablespace</tt>, and <tt>:connection_limit</tt> (note that MySQL uses
+        # <tt>:charset</tt> while Redshift uses <tt>:encoding</tt>).
+        #
+        # Example:
+        #   create_database config[:database], config
+        #   create_database 'foo_development', encoding: 'unicode'
+        def create_database(name, options = {})
+          options = { encoding: 'utf8' }.merge!(options.symbolize_keys)
+
+          option_string = options.inject("") do |memo, (key, value)|
+            memo += case key
+            when :owner
+              " OWNER = \"#{value}\""
+            else
+              ""
+            end
+          end
+
+          execute "CREATE DATABASE #{quote_table_name(name)}#{option_string}"
+        end
+
+        # Drops a Redshift database.
+        #
+        # Example:
+        #   drop_database 'matt_development'
+        def drop_database(name) #:nodoc:
+          execute "DROP DATABASE #{quote_table_name(name)}"
+        end
+
+        # Returns the list of all tables in the schema search path or a specified schema.
+        def tables(name = nil)
+          if name
+            ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MSG.squish)
+              Passing arguments to #tables is deprecated without replacement.
+            MSG
+          end
+
+          select_values("SELECT tablename FROM pg_tables WHERE schemaname = ANY(current_schemas(false))", 'SCHEMA')
+        end
+
+        def data_sources # :nodoc
+          select_values(<<-SQL, 'SCHEMA')
+            SELECT c.relname
+            FROM pg_class c
+            LEFT JOIN pg_namespace n ON n.oid = c.relnamespace
+            WHERE c.relkind IN ('r', 'v','m') -- (r)elation/table, (v)iew, (m)aterialized view
+            AND n.nspname = ANY (current_schemas(false))
+          SQL
+        end
+
+         # Returns true if table exists.
+         # If the schema is not specified as part of +name+ then it will only find tables within
+         # the current schema search path (regardless of permissions to access tables in other schemas)
+         def table_exists?(name)
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MSG.squish)
+            #table_exists? currently checks both tables and views.
+            This behavior is deprecated and will be changed with Rails 5.1 to only check tables.
+            Use #data_source_exists? instead.
+          MSG
+
+          data_source_exists?(name)
+        end
+
+        def data_source_exists?(name)
+          name = Utils.extract_schema_qualified_name(name.to_s)
+          return false unless name.identifier
+
+          select_value(<<-SQL, 'SCHEMA').to_i > 0
+              SELECT COUNT(*)
+              FROM pg_class c
+              LEFT JOIN pg_namespace n ON n.oid = c.relnamespace
+              WHERE c.relkind IN ('r','v','m') -- (r)elation/table, (v)iew, (m)aterialized view
+              AND c.relname = '#{name.identifier}'
+              AND n.nspname = #{name.schema ? "'#{name.schema}'" : 'ANY (current_schemas(false))'}
+          SQL
+        end
+
+        def views # :nodoc:
+          select_values(<<-SQL, 'SCHEMA')
+            SELECT c.relname
+            FROM pg_class c
+            LEFT JOIN pg_namespace n ON n.oid = c.relnamespace
+            WHERE c.relkind IN ('v','m') -- (v)iew, (m)aterialized view
+            AND n.nspname = ANY (current_schemas(false))
+          SQL
+        end
+
+        def view_exists?(view_name) # :nodoc:
+          name = Utils.extract_schema_qualified_name(view_name.to_s)
+          return false unless name.identifier
+
+          select_values(<<-SQL, 'SCHEMA').any?
+            SELECT c.relname
+            FROM pg_class c
+            LEFT JOIN pg_namespace n ON n.oid = c.relnamespace
+            WHERE c.relkind IN ('v','m') -- (v)iew, (m)aterialized view
+            AND c.relname = '#{name.identifier}'
+            AND n.nspname = #{name.schema ? "'#{name.schema}'" : 'ANY (current_schemas(false))'}
+          SQL
+        end
+
+        def drop_table(table_name, options = {})
+          execute "DROP TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)}#{' CASCADE' if options[:force] == :cascade}"
+        end
+
+        # Returns true if schema exists.
+        def schema_exists?(name)
+          select_value("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM pg_namespace WHERE nspname = '#{name}'", 'SCHEMA').to_i > 0
+        end
+
+        def index_name_exists?(table_name, index_name, default)
+          false
+        end
+
+        # Returns an array of indexes for the given table.
+        def indexes(table_name, name = nil)
+          []
+        end
+
+        # Returns the list of all column definitions for a table.
+        def columns(table_name)
+          column_definitions(table_name.to_s).map do |column_name, type, default, notnull, oid, fmod|
+            default_value = extract_value_from_default(default)
+            type_metadata = fetch_type_metadata(column_name, type, oid, fmod)
+            default_function = extract_default_function(default_value, default)
+            new_column(column_name, default_value, type_metadata, notnull == 'f', table_name, default_function)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def new_column(name, default, sql_type_metadata = nil, null = true, table_name = nil, default_function = nil) # :nodoc:
+          RedshiftColumn.new(name, default, sql_type_metadata, null, table_name, default_function)
+        end
+
+        # Returns the current database name.
+        def current_database
+          select_value('select current_database()', 'SCHEMA')
+        end
+
+        # Returns the current schema name.
+        def current_schema
+          select_value('SELECT current_schema', 'SCHEMA')
+        end
+
+        # Returns the current database encoding format.
+        def encoding
+          select_value("SELECT pg_encoding_to_char(encoding) FROM pg_database WHERE datname LIKE '#{current_database}'", 'SCHEMA')
+        end
+
+        def collation
+        end
+
+        def ctype
+        end
+
+        # Returns an array of schema names.
+        def schema_names
+          select_value(<<-SQL, 'SCHEMA')
+            SELECT nspname
+              FROM pg_namespace
+             WHERE nspname !~ '^pg_.*'
+               AND nspname NOT IN ('information_schema')
+             ORDER by nspname;
+          SQL
+        end
+
+        # Creates a schema for the given schema name.
+        def create_schema schema_name
+          execute "CREATE SCHEMA #{quote_schema_name(schema_name)}"
+        end
+
+        # Drops the schema for the given schema name.
+        def drop_schema(schema_name, options = {})
+          execute "DROP SCHEMA#{' IF EXISTS' if options[:if_exists]} #{quote_schema_name(schema_name)} CASCADE"
+        end
+
+        # Sets the schema search path to a string of comma-separated schema names.
+        # Names beginning with $ have to be quoted (e.g. $user => '$user').
+        # See: http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/ddl-schemas.html
+        #
+        # This should be not be called manually but set in database.yml.
+        def schema_search_path=(schema_csv)
+          if schema_csv
+            execute("SET search_path TO #{schema_csv}", 'SCHEMA')
+            @schema_search_path = schema_csv
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Returns the active schema search path.
+        def schema_search_path
+          @schema_search_path ||= select_value('SHOW search_path', 'SCHEMA')
+        end
+
+        # Returns the sequence name for a table's primary key or some other specified key.
+        def default_sequence_name(table_name, pk = nil) #:nodoc:
+          result = serial_sequence(table_name, pk || 'id')
+          return nil unless result
+          Utils.extract_schema_qualified_name(result).to_s
+        rescue ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid
+          Redshift::Name.new(nil, "#{table_name}_#{pk || 'id'}_seq").to_s
+        end
+
+        def serial_sequence(table, column)
+          select_value("SELECT pg_get_serial_sequence('#{table}', '#{column}')", 'SCHEMA')
+        end
+
+        def set_pk_sequence!(table, value) #:nodoc:
+        end
+
+        def reset_pk_sequence!(table, pk = nil, sequence = nil) #:nodoc:
+        end
+
+        def pk_and_sequence_for(table) #:nodoc:
+          [nil, nil]
+        end
+
+        # Returns just a table's primary key
+        def primary_keys(table)
+          pks = query(<<-end_sql, 'SCHEMA')
+            SELECT DISTINCT attr.attname
+            FROM pg_attribute attr
+            INNER JOIN pg_depend dep ON attr.attrelid = dep.refobjid AND attr.attnum = dep.refobjsubid
+            INNER JOIN pg_constraint cons ON attr.attrelid = cons.conrelid AND attr.attnum = any(cons.conkey)
+            WHERE cons.contype = 'p'
+              AND dep.refobjid = '#{quote_table_name(table)}'::regclass
+          end_sql
+          pks.present? ? pks[0] : pks
+        end
+
+        # Renames a table.
+        # Also renames a table's primary key sequence if the sequence name exists and
+        # matches the Active Record default.
+        #
+        # Example:
+        #   rename_table('octopuses', 'octopi')
+        def rename_table(table_name, new_name)
+          clear_cache!
+          execute "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} RENAME TO #{quote_table_name(new_name)}"
+        end
+
+        def add_column(table_name, column_name, type, options = {}) #:nodoc:
+          clear_cache!
+          super
+        end
+
+        # Changes the column of a table.
+        def change_column(table_name, column_name, type, options = {})
+          clear_cache!
+          quoted_table_name = quote_table_name(table_name)
+          sql_type = type_to_sql(type, options[:limit], options[:precision], options[:scale])
+          sql = "ALTER TABLE #{quoted_table_name} ALTER COLUMN #{quote_column_name(column_name)} TYPE #{sql_type}"
+          sql << " USING #{options[:using]}" if options[:using]
+          if options[:cast_as]
+            sql << " USING CAST(#{quote_column_name(column_name)} AS #{type_to_sql(options[:cast_as], options[:limit], options[:precision], options[:scale])})"
+          end
+          execute sql
+
+          change_column_default(table_name, column_name, options[:default]) if options_include_default?(options)
+          change_column_null(table_name, column_name, options[:null], options[:default]) if options.key?(:null)
+        end
+
+        # Changes the default value of a table column.
+        def change_column_default(table_name, column_name, default_or_changes)
+          clear_cache!
+          column = column_for(table_name, column_name)
+          return unless column
+
+          default = extract_new_default_value(default_or_changes)
+          alter_column_query = "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} ALTER COLUMN #{quote_column_name(column_name)} %s"
+          if default.nil?
+            # <tt>DEFAULT NULL</tt> results in the same behavior as <tt>DROP DEFAULT</tt>. However, PostgreSQL will
+            # cast the default to the columns type, which leaves us with a default like "default NULL::character varying".
+            execute alter_column_query % "DROP DEFAULT"
+          else
+            execute alter_column_query % "SET DEFAULT #{quote_default_value(default, column)}"
+          end
+        end
+
+        def change_column_null(table_name, column_name, null, default = nil)
+          clear_cache!
+          unless null || default.nil?
+            column = column_for(table_name, column_name)
+            execute("UPDATE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} SET #{quote_column_name(column_name)}=#{quote_default_value(default, column)} WHERE #{quote_column_name(column_name)} IS NULL") if column
+          end
+          execute("ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} ALTER #{quote_column_name(column_name)} #{null ? 'DROP' : 'SET'} NOT NULL")
+        end
+
+        # Renames a column in a table.
+        def rename_column(table_name, column_name, new_column_name) #:nodoc:
+          clear_cache!
+          execute "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} RENAME COLUMN #{quote_column_name(column_name)} TO #{quote_column_name(new_column_name)}"
+        end
+
+        def add_index(table_name, column_name, options = {}) #:nodoc:
+        end
+
+        def remove_index!(table_name, index_name) #:nodoc:
+        end
+
+        def rename_index(table_name, old_name, new_name)
+        end
+
+        def foreign_keys(table_name)
+          fk_info = select_all(<<-SQL.strip_heredoc, 'SCHEMA')
+            SELECT t2.relname AS to_table, a1.attname AS column, a2.attname AS primary_key, c.conname AS name, c.confupdtype AS on_update, c.confdeltype AS on_delete
+            FROM pg_constraint c
+            JOIN pg_class t1 ON c.conrelid = t1.oid
+            JOIN pg_class t2 ON c.confrelid = t2.oid
+            JOIN pg_attribute a1 ON a1.attnum = c.conkey[1] AND a1.attrelid = t1.oid
+            JOIN pg_attribute a2 ON a2.attnum = c.confkey[1] AND a2.attrelid = t2.oid
+            JOIN pg_namespace t3 ON c.connamespace = t3.oid
+            WHERE c.contype = 'f'
+              AND t1.relname = #{quote(table_name)}
+              AND t3.nspname = ANY (current_schemas(false))
+            ORDER BY c.conname
+          SQL
+
+          fk_info.map do |row|
+            options = {
+              column: row['column'],
+              name: row['name'],
+              primary_key: row['primary_key']
+            }
+
+            options[:on_delete] = extract_foreign_key_action(row['on_delete'])
+            options[:on_update] = extract_foreign_key_action(row['on_update'])
+
+            ForeignKeyDefinition.new(table_name, row['to_table'], options)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def extract_foreign_key_action(specifier) # :nodoc:
+          case specifier
+          when 'c'; :cascade
+          when 'n'; :nullify
+          when 'r'; :restrict
+          end
+        end
+
+        def index_name_length
+          63
+        end
+
+        # Maps logical Rails types to PostgreSQL-specific data types.
+        def type_to_sql(type, limit = nil, precision = nil, scale = nil)
+          case type.to_s
+          when 'integer'
+            return 'integer' unless limit
+
+            case limit
+              when 1, 2; 'smallint'
+              when nil, 3, 4; 'integer'
+              when 5..8; 'bigint'
+              else raise(ActiveRecordError, "No integer type has byte size #{limit}. Use a numeric with precision 0 instead.")
+            end
+          else
+            super
+          end
+        end
+
+        # PostgreSQL requires the ORDER BY columns in the select list for distinct queries, and
+        # requires that the ORDER BY include the distinct column.
+        def columns_for_distinct(columns, orders) #:nodoc:
+          order_columns = orders.reject(&:blank?).map{ |s|
+              # Convert Arel node to string
+              s = s.to_sql unless s.is_a?(String)
+              # Remove any ASC/DESC modifiers
+              s.gsub(/\s+(?:ASC|DESC)\b/i, '')
+               .gsub(/\s+NULLS\s+(?:FIRST|LAST)\b/i, '')
+            }.reject(&:blank?).map.with_index { |column, i| "#{column} AS alias_#{i}" }
+
+          [super, *order_columns].join(', ')
+        end
+
+        def fetch_type_metadata(column_name, sql_type, oid, fmod)
+          cast_type = get_oid_type(oid.to_i, fmod.to_i, column_name, sql_type)
+          simple_type = SqlTypeMetadata.new(
+            sql_type: sql_type,
+            type: cast_type.type,
+            limit: cast_type.limit,
+            precision: cast_type.precision,
+            scale: cast_type.scale,
+          )
+          TypeMetadata.new(simple_type, oid: oid, fmod: fmod)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end