activerecord 8.0.0 → 8.1.4

data/lib/active_record/relation/calculations.rb

@@ -60,37 +60,37 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   Person.distinct.count(:age)
     #   # => counts the number of different age values
     #
-    # If #count is used with {Relation#group}[rdoc-ref:QueryMethods#group],
+    # If +count+ is used with {Relation#group}[rdoc-ref:QueryMethods#group],
     # it returns a Hash whose keys represent the aggregated column,
     # and the values are the respective amounts:
     #
     #   Person.group(:city).count
     #   # => { 'Rome' => 5, 'Paris' => 3 }
     #
-    # If #count is used with {Relation#group}[rdoc-ref:QueryMethods#group] for multiple columns, it returns a Hash whose
+    # If +count+ is used with {Relation#group}[rdoc-ref:QueryMethods#group] for multiple columns, it returns a Hash whose
     # keys are an array containing the individual values of each column and the value
-    # of each key would be the #count.
+    # of each key would be the count.
     #
     #   Article.group(:status, :category).count
     #   # =>  {["draft", "business"]=>10, ["draft", "technology"]=>4, ["published", "technology"]=>2}
     #
-    # If #count is used with {Relation#select}[rdoc-ref:QueryMethods#select], it will count the selected columns:
+    # If +count+ is used with {Relation#select}[rdoc-ref:QueryMethods#select], it will count the selected columns:
     #
     #   Person.select(:age).count
     #   # => counts the number of different age values
     #
-    # Note: not all valid {Relation#select}[rdoc-ref:QueryMethods#select] expressions are valid #count expressions. The specifics differ
+    # Note: not all valid {Relation#select}[rdoc-ref:QueryMethods#select] expressions are valid +count+ expressions. The specifics differ
     # between databases. In invalid cases, an error from the database is thrown.
     #
-    # When given a block, loads all records in the relation, if the relation
-    # hasn't been loaded yet. Calls the block with each record in the relation.
-    # Returns the number of records for which the block returns a truthy value.
+    # When given a block, calls the block with each record in the relation and
+    # returns the number of records for which the block returns a truthy value.
     #
     #   Person.count { |person| person.age > 21 }
     #   # => counts the number of people older that 21
     #
-    # Note: If there are a lot of records in the relation, loading all records
-    # could result in performance issues.
+    # If the relation hasn't been loaded yet, calling +count+ with a block will
+    # load all records in the relation. If there are a lot of records in the
+    # relation, loading all records could result in performance issues.
     def count(column_name = nil)
       if block_given?
         unless column_name.nil?
@@ -159,16 +159,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     #   Person.sum(:age) # => 4562
     #
-    # When given a block, loads all records in the relation, if the relation
-    # hasn't been loaded yet. Calls the block with each record in the relation.
-    # Returns the sum of +initial_value_or_column+ and the block return
-    # values:
+    # When given a block, calls the block with each record in the relation and
+    # returns the sum of +initial_value_or_column+ plus the block return values:
     #
     #   Person.sum { |person| person.age } # => 4562
     #   Person.sum(1000) { |person| person.age } # => 5562
     #
-    # Note: If there are a lot of records in the relation, loading all records
-    # could result in performance issues.
+    # If the relation hasn't been loaded yet, calling +sum+ with a block will
+    # load all records in the relation. If there are a lot of records in the
+    # relation, loading all records could result in performance issues.
     def sum(initial_value_or_column = 0, &block)
       if block_given?
         map(&block).sum(initial_value_or_column)
@@ -287,6 +286,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   # SELECT DATEDIFF(updated_at, created_at) FROM people
     #   # => ['0', '27761', '173']
     #
+    # Be aware that #pluck ignores any previous select clauses
+    #
+    #   Person.select(:name).pluck(:id)
+    #   # SELECT people.id FROM people
+    #
     # See also #ids.
     def pluck(*column_names)
       if @none
@@ -315,7 +319,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         columns = relation.arel_columns(column_names)
         relation.select_values = columns
         result = skip_query_cache_if_necessary do
-          if where_clause.contradiction?
+          if where_clause.contradiction? && !possible_aggregation?(column_names)
             ActiveRecord::Result.empty(async: @async)
           else
             model.with_connection do |c|
@@ -392,7 +396,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       relation.select_values = columns
 
       result = if relation.where_clause.contradiction?
-        ActiveRecord::Result.empty
+        ActiveRecord::Result.empty(async: @async)
       else
         skip_query_cache_if_necessary do
           model.with_connection do |c|
@@ -410,6 +414,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
       async.ids
     end
 
+    protected
+      def aggregate_column(column_name)
+        case column_name
+        when Arel::Expressions
+          column_name
+        when :all
+          Arel.star
+        else
+          arel_column(column_name.to_s)
+        end
+      end
+
     private
       def all_attributes?(column_names)
         (column_names.map(&:to_s) - model.attribute_names - model.attribute_aliases.keys).empty?
@@ -450,14 +466,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
         column_name.is_a?(::String) && /\bDISTINCT[\s(]/i.match?(column_name)
       end
 
-      def aggregate_column(column_name)
-        case column_name
-        when Arel::Expressions
-          column_name
-        when :all
-          Arel.star
-        else
-          arel_column(column_name)
+      def possible_aggregation?(column_names)
+        column_names.all? do |column_name|
+          if column_name.is_a?(String)
+            column_name.include?("(")
+          else
+            Arel.arel_node?(column_name)
+          end
         end
       end
 
@@ -476,9 +491,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
           # PostgreSQL doesn't like ORDER BY when there are no GROUP BY
           relation = unscope(:order).distinct!(false)
 
-          column = aggregate_column(column_name)
+          column = relation.aggregate_column(column_name)
           select_value = operation_over_aggregate_column(column, operation, distinct)
-          select_value.distinct = true if operation == "sum" && distinct
+          select_value.distinct = true if distinct && (operation == "sum" || operation == "average")
 
           relation.select_values = [select_value]
 
@@ -486,7 +501,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         query_result = if relation.where_clause.contradiction?
-          ActiveRecord::Result.empty
+          if @async
+            FutureResult.wrap(ActiveRecord::Result.empty)
+          else
+            ActiveRecord::Result.empty
+          end
         else
           skip_query_cache_if_necessary do
             model.with_connection do |c|
@@ -508,14 +527,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def execute_grouped_calculation(operation, column_name, distinct) # :nodoc:
         group_fields = group_values
-        group_fields = group_fields.uniq if group_fields.size > 1
 
         if group_fields.size == 1 && group_fields.first.respond_to?(:to_sym)
           association  = model._reflect_on_association(group_fields.first)
           associated   = association && association.belongs_to? # only count belongs_to associations
           group_fields = Array(association.foreign_key) if associated
         end
-        group_fields = arel_columns(group_fields)
+
+        relation = except(:group).distinct!(false)
+        group_fields = relation.arel_columns(group_fields)
 
         model.with_connection do |connection|
           column_alias_tracker = ColumnAliasTracker.new(connection)
@@ -526,10 +546,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
           }
           group_columns = group_aliases.zip(group_fields)
 
-          column = aggregate_column(column_name)
+          column = relation.aggregate_column(column_name)
           column_alias = column_alias_tracker.alias_for("#{operation} #{column_name.to_s.downcase}")
           select_value = operation_over_aggregate_column(column, operation, distinct)
-          select_value.as(model.adapter_class.quote_column_name(column_alias))
+          select_value.distinct = true if distinct && (operation == "sum" || operation == "average")
+          select_value = select_value.as(model.adapter_class.quote_column_name(column_alias))
 
           select_values = [select_value]
           select_values += self.select_values unless having_clause.empty?
@@ -543,7 +564,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
             end
           }
 
-          relation = except(:group).distinct!(false)
           relation.group_values  = group_fields
           relation.select_values = select_values
 
@@ -553,7 +573,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
           result.then do |calculated_data|
             if association
-              key_ids     = calculated_data.collect { |row| row[group_aliases.first] }
+              key_ids = if association.klass.base_class.composite_primary_key?
+                calculated_data.collect { |row| group_aliases.map { |group_alias| row[group_alias] } }
+              else
+                calculated_data.collect { |row| row[group_aliases.first] }
+              end
               key_records = association.klass.base_class.where(association.klass.base_class.primary_key => key_ids)
               key_records = key_records.index_by(&:id)
             end
@@ -657,19 +681,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
         if column_name == :all
           column_alias = Arel.star
           relation.select_values = [ Arel.sql(FinderMethods::ONE_AS_ONE) ] unless distinct
+          relation.unscope!(:order)
         else
           column_alias = Arel.sql("count_column")
-          relation.select_values = [ aggregate_column(column_name).as(column_alias) ]
+          relation.select_values = [ relation.aggregate_column(column_name).as(column_alias) ]
         end
 
         subquery_alias = Arel.sql("subquery_for_count", retryable: true)
         select_value = operation_over_aggregate_column(column_alias, "count", false)
 
-        if column_name == :all
-          relation.unscope(:order).build_subquery(subquery_alias, select_value)
-        else
-          relation.build_subquery(subquery_alias, select_value)
-        end
+        relation.build_subquery(subquery_alias, select_value)
       end
   end
 end

data/lib/active_record/relation/delegation.rb

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
-require "active_support/core_ext/module/delegation"
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module Delegation # :nodoc:

data/lib/active_record/relation/finder_methods.rb

@@ -24,22 +24,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   TravelRoute.primary_key = [:origin, :destination]
     #
     #   TravelRoute.find(["Ottawa", "London"])
-    #   => #<TravelRoute origin: "Ottawa", destination: "London">
+    #   # => #<TravelRoute origin: "Ottawa", destination: "London">
     #
     #   TravelRoute.find([["Paris", "Montreal"]])
-    #   => [#<TravelRoute origin: "Paris", destination: "Montreal">]
+    #   # => [#<TravelRoute origin: "Paris", destination: "Montreal">]
     #
     #   TravelRoute.find(["New York", "Las Vegas"], ["New York", "Portland"])
-    #   => [
-    #        #<TravelRoute origin: "New York", destination: "Las Vegas">,
-    #        #<TravelRoute origin: "New York", destination: "Portland">
-    #      ]
+    #   # => [
+    #   #      #<TravelRoute origin: "New York", destination: "Las Vegas">,
+    #   #      #<TravelRoute origin: "New York", destination: "Portland">
+    #   #    ]
     #
     #   TravelRoute.find([["Berlin", "London"], ["Barcelona", "Lisbon"]])
-    #   => [
-    #        #<TravelRoute origin: "Berlin", destination: "London">,
-    #        #<TravelRoute origin: "Barcelona", destination: "Lisbon">
-    #      ]
+    #   # => [
+    #   #      #<TravelRoute origin: "Berlin", destination: "London">,
+    #   #      #<TravelRoute origin: "Barcelona", destination: "Lisbon">
+    #   #    ]
     #
     # NOTE: The returned records are in the same order as the ids you provide.
     # If you want the results to be sorted by database, you can use ActiveRecord::QueryMethods#where
@@ -141,14 +141,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     #   Product.where(["price = %?", price]).sole
     def sole
-      found, undesired = first(2)
+      found, undesired = take(2)
 
       if found.nil?
         raise_record_not_found_exception!
       elsif undesired.nil?
         found
       else
-        raise ActiveRecord::SoleRecordExceeded.new(model)
+        raise ActiveRecord::SoleRecordExceeded.new(self)
       end
     end
 
@@ -424,12 +424,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
         error << " with#{conditions}" if conditions
         raise RecordNotFound.new(error, name, key)
       elsif Array.wrap(ids).size == 1
-        error = "Couldn't find #{name} with '#{key}'=#{ids}#{conditions}"
+        id = Array.wrap(ids)[0]
+        error = "Couldn't find #{name} with '#{key}'=#{id.inspect}#{conditions}"
         raise RecordNotFound.new(error, name, key, ids)
       else
         error = +"Couldn't find all #{name.pluralize} with '#{key}': "
-        error << "(#{ids.join(", ")})#{conditions} (found #{result_size} results, but was looking for #{expected_size})."
-        error << " Couldn't find #{name.pluralize(not_found_ids.size)} with #{key.to_s.pluralize(not_found_ids.size)} #{not_found_ids.join(', ')}." if not_found_ids
+        error << "(#{ids.map(&:inspect).join(", ")})#{conditions} (found #{result_size} results, but was looking for #{expected_size})."
+        error << " Couldn't find #{name.pluralize(not_found_ids.size)} with #{key.to_s.pluralize(not_found_ids.size)} #{not_found_ids.map(&:inspect).join(', ')}." if not_found_ids
         raise RecordNotFound.new(error, name, key, ids)
       end
     end
@@ -441,7 +442,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         if distinct_value && offset_value
           relation = except(:order).limit!(1)
         else
-          relation = except(:select, :distinct, :order)._select!(ONE_AS_ONE).limit!(1)
+          relation = except(:select, :distinct, :order)._select!(Arel.sql(ONE_AS_ONE, retryable: true)).limit!(1)
         end
 
         case conditions
@@ -461,15 +462,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
         relation = except(:includes, :eager_load, :preload).joins!(join_dependency)
 
         if eager_loading && has_limit_or_offset? && !(
-            using_limitable_reflections?(join_dependency.reflections) &&
-            using_limitable_reflections?(
-              construct_join_dependency(
-                select_association_list(joins_values).concat(
-                  select_association_list(left_outer_joins_values)
-                ), nil
-              ).reflections
-            )
+          using_limitable_reflections?(join_dependency.reflections) &&
+          using_limitable_reflections?(
+            construct_join_dependency(
+              select_association_list(joins_values).concat(
+                select_association_list(left_outer_joins_values)
+              ), nil
+            ).reflections
           )
+        )
           relation = skip_query_cache_if_necessary do
             model.with_connection do |c|
               c.distinct_relation_for_primary_key(relation)
@@ -491,15 +492,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def find_with_ids(*ids)
         raise UnknownPrimaryKey.new(model) if primary_key.nil?
 
+        first_item = ids.first
+        return [] if first_item.is_a?(Array) && first_item.empty?
+
         expects_array = if model.composite_primary_key?
-          ids.first.first.is_a?(Array)
+          first_item.first.is_a?(Array)
         else
-          ids.first.is_a?(Array)
+          first_item.is_a?(Array)
         end
 
-        return [] if expects_array && ids.first.empty?
-
-        ids = ids.first if expects_array
+        ids = first_item if expects_array
 
         ids = ids.compact.uniq
 
@@ -541,10 +543,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def find_some(ids)
         return find_some_ordered(ids) unless order_values.present?
 
-        relation = where(primary_key => ids)
-        relation = relation.select(table[primary_key]) unless select_values.empty?
-        result = relation.to_a
-
         expected_size =
           if limit_value && ids.size > limit_value
             limit_value
@@ -553,10 +551,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
 
         # 11 ids with limit 3, offset 9 should give 2 results.
-        if offset_value && (ids.size - offset_value < expected_size)
-          expected_size = ids.size - offset_value
+        if offset_value
+          if ids.size <= offset_value
+            return []
+          elsif ids.size - offset_value < expected_size
+            expected_size = ids.size - offset_value
+          end
         end
 
+        relation = where(primary_key => ids)
+        relation = relation.select(table[primary_key]) unless select_values.empty?
+        result = relation.to_a
+
         if result.size == expected_size
           result
         else
@@ -566,6 +572,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def find_some_ordered(ids)
         ids = ids.slice(offset_value || 0, limit_value || ids.size) || []
+        return [] if ids.empty?
 
         relation = except(:limit, :offset)
         relation = relation.where(primary_key => ids)
@@ -573,12 +580,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
         result = relation.records
 
         if result.size == ids.size
-          result.in_order_of(:id, ids.map { |id| model.type_for_attribute(primary_key).cast(id) })
+          result.in_order_of(:id, ids.map { |id| cast_primary_key(id) })
         else
           raise_record_not_found_exception!(ids, result.size, ids.size)
         end
       end
 
+      def cast_primary_key(id)
+        if model.composite_primary_key?
+          primary_key.zip(id).map! { |attr, value| model.type_for_attribute(attr).cast(value) }
+        else
+          model.type_for_attribute(primary_key).cast(id)
+        end
+      end
+
       def find_take
         if loaded?
           records.first
@@ -638,24 +653,40 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def ordered_relation
-        if order_values.empty? && (model.implicit_order_column || !model.query_constraints_list.nil? || primary_key)
-          order(_order_columns.map { |column| table[column].asc })
+        if order_values.empty?
+          if !_order_columns.empty?
+            return order(_order_columns.map { |column| table[column].asc })
+          end
+
+          if ActiveRecord.raise_on_missing_required_finder_order_columns
+            raise MissingRequiredOrderError, <<~MSG.squish
+              Relation has no order values, and #{model} has no order columns to use as a default.
+              Set at least one of `implicit_order_column`, `query_constraints` or `primary_key` on
+              the model when no `order `is specified on the relation.
+            MSG
+          else
+            ActiveRecord.deprecator.warn(<<~MSG)
+              Calling order dependent finder methods (e.g. `#first`, `#second`) without `order` values on the relation,
+              and on a model (#{model}) that does not have any order columns (`implicit_order_column`, `query_constraints`,
+              or `primary_key`) to fall back on is deprecated and will raise `ActiveRecord::MissingRequiredOrderError`
+              in Rails 8.2.
+            MSG
+
+            self
+          end
         else
           self
         end
       end
 
       def _order_columns
-        oc = []
+        columns = Array(model.implicit_order_column)
 
-        oc << model.implicit_order_column if model.implicit_order_column
-        oc << model.query_constraints_list if model.query_constraints_list
+        return columns.compact if columns.length.positive? && columns.last.nil?
 
-        if model.primary_key && model.query_constraints_list.nil?
-          oc << model.primary_key
-        end
+        columns += Array(model.query_constraints_list || model.primary_key)
 
-        oc.flatten.uniq.compact
+        columns.uniq.compact
       end
   end
 end

data/lib/active_record/relation/merger.rb

@@ -161,8 +161,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
             relation.order!(*other.order_values)
           end
 
-          extensions = other.extensions - relation.extensions
-          relation.extending!(*extensions) if extensions.any?
+          unless other.extensions.empty?
+            extensions = other.extensions - relation.extensions
+            relation.extending!(*extensions) if extensions.any?
+          end
         end
 
         def merge_single_values

data/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/array_handler.rb

@@ -31,7 +31,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
           values_predicate
         else
           array_predicates = ranges.map! { |range| predicate_builder.build(attribute, range) }
-          array_predicates.inject(values_predicate, &:or)
+          values_predicate.or(
+            Arel::Nodes::Grouping.new Arel::Nodes::Or.new(array_predicates)
+          )
         end
       end
 

data/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/association_query_value.rb

@@ -3,24 +3,24 @@
 module ActiveRecord
   class PredicateBuilder
     class AssociationQueryValue # :nodoc:
-      def initialize(associated_table, value)
-        @associated_table = associated_table
+      def initialize(reflection, value)
+        @reflection = reflection
         @value = value
       end
 
       def queries
-        if associated_table.join_foreign_key.is_a?(Array)
+        if reflection.join_foreign_key.is_a?(Array)
           id_list = ids
           id_list = id_list.pluck(primary_key) if id_list.is_a?(Relation)
 
-          id_list.map { |ids_set| associated_table.join_foreign_key.zip(ids_set).to_h }
+          id_list.map { |ids_set| reflection.join_foreign_key.zip(ids_set).to_h }
         else
-          [ associated_table.join_foreign_key => ids ]
+          [ reflection.join_foreign_key => ids ]
         end
       end
 
       private
-        attr_reader :associated_table, :value
+        attr_reader :reflection, :value
 
         def ids
           case value
@@ -37,15 +37,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def primary_key
-          associated_table.join_primary_key
+          reflection.join_primary_key
         end
 
         def primary_type
-          associated_table.join_primary_type
+          reflection.join_primary_type
         end
 
         def polymorphic_name
-          associated_table.polymorphic_name_association
+          reflection.polymorphic_name
         end
 
         def select_clause?
@@ -59,6 +59,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def convert_to_id(value)
           if primary_key.is_a?(Array)
             primary_key.map do |attribute|
+              next nil if value.nil?
+
               if attribute == "id"
                 value.id_value
               else

data/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/polymorphic_array_value.rb

@@ -3,24 +3,24 @@
 module ActiveRecord
   class PredicateBuilder
     class PolymorphicArrayValue # :nodoc:
-      def initialize(associated_table, values)
-        @associated_table = associated_table
+      def initialize(reflection, values)
+        @reflection = reflection
         @values = values
       end
 
       def queries
-        return [ associated_table.join_foreign_key => values ] if values.empty?
+        return [ reflection.join_foreign_key => values ] if values.empty?
 
         type_to_ids_mapping.map do |type, ids|
           query = {}
-          query[associated_table.join_foreign_type] = type if type
-          query[associated_table.join_foreign_key] = ids
+          query[reflection.join_foreign_type] = type if type
+          query[reflection.join_foreign_key] = ids
           query
         end
       end
 
       private
-        attr_reader :associated_table, :values
+        attr_reader :reflection, :values
 
         def type_to_ids_mapping
           default_hash = Hash.new { |hsh, key| hsh[key] = [] }
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def primary_key(value)
-          associated_table.join_primary_key(klass(value))
+          reflection.join_primary_key(klass(value))
         end
 
         def klass(value)

data/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder.rb

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     # Define how a class is converted to Arel nodes when passed to +where+.
     # The handler can be any object that responds to +call+, and will be used
-    # for any value that +===+ the class given. For example:
+    # for any value that <tt>===</tt> the class given. For example:
     #
     #     MyCustomDateRange = Struct.new(:start, :end)
     #     handler = proc do |column, range|
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       attr_writer :table
 
       def expand_from_hash(attributes, &block)
-        return ["1=0"] if attributes.empty?
+        return [Arel.sql("1=0", retryable: true)] if attributes.empty?
 
         attributes.flat_map do |key, value|
           if key.is_a?(Array) && key.size == 1
@@ -93,30 +93,32 @@ module ActiveRecord
           if key.is_a?(Array)
             queries = Array(value).map do |ids_set|
               raise ArgumentError, "Expected corresponding value for #{key} to be an Array" unless ids_set.is_a?(Array)
-              expand_from_hash(key.zip(ids_set).to_h)
+              expand_from_hash(convert_dot_notation_to_hash(key.zip(ids_set).to_h))
             end
             grouping_queries(queries)
           elsif value.is_a?(Hash) && !table.has_column?(key)
             table.associated_table(key, &block)
               .predicate_builder.expand_from_hash(value.stringify_keys)
-          elsif table.associated_with?(key)
+          elsif (associated_reflection = table.associated_with(key))
             # Find the foreign key when using queries such as:
             # Post.where(author: author)
             #
             # For polymorphic relationships, find the foreign key and type:
             # PriceEstimate.where(estimate_of: treasure)
-            associated_table = table.associated_table(key)
-            if associated_table.polymorphic_association?
+
+            if associated_reflection.polymorphic?
               value = [value] unless value.is_a?(Array)
               klass = PolymorphicArrayValue
-            elsif associated_table.through_association?
+            elsif associated_reflection.through_reflection?
+              associated_table = table.associated_table(key)
+
               next associated_table.predicate_builder.expand_from_hash(
                 associated_table.primary_key => value
               )
             end
 
             klass ||= AssociationQueryValue
-            queries = klass.new(associated_table, value).queries.map! do |query|
+            queries = klass.new(associated_reflection, value).queries.map! do |query|
               # If the query produced is identical to attributes don't go any deeper.
               # Prevents stack level too deep errors when association and foreign_key are identical.
               query == attributes ? self[key, value] : expand_from_hash(query)