activerecord 7.2.1 → 8.0.0.beta1

data/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite3_adapter.rb

@@ -11,9 +11,12 @@ require "active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite3/schema_definitions"
 require "active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite3/schema_dumper"
 require "active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite3/schema_statements"
 
-gem "sqlite3", ">= 1.4"
+gem "sqlite3", ">= 2.1"
 require "sqlite3"
 
+# Suppress the warning that SQLite3 issues when open writable connections are carried across fork()
+SQLite3::ForkSafety.suppress_warnings!
+
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters # :nodoc:
     # = Active Record SQLite3 Adapter
@@ -45,7 +48,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           args << "-header" if options[:header]
           args << File.expand_path(config.database, Rails.respond_to?(:root) ? Rails.root : nil)
 
-          find_cmd_and_exec("sqlite3", *args)
+          find_cmd_and_exec(ActiveRecord.database_cli[:sqlite], *args)
         end
       end
 
@@ -119,9 +122,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
         end
 
+        @last_affected_rows = nil
+        @previous_read_uncommitted = nil
         @config[:strict] = ConnectionAdapters::SQLite3Adapter.strict_strings_by_default unless @config.key?(:strict)
-        @connection_parameters = @config.merge(database: @config[:database].to_s, results_as_hash: true)
-        @use_insert_returning = @config.key?(:insert_returning) ? self.class.type_cast_config_to_boolean(@config[:insert_returning]) : true
+        @connection_parameters = @config.merge(
+          database: @config[:database].to_s,
+          results_as_hash: true,
+          default_transaction_mode: :immediate,
+        )
       end
 
       def database_exists?
@@ -278,6 +286,38 @@ module ActiveRecord
         exec_query "DROP INDEX #{quote_column_name(index_name)}"
       end
 
+      VIRTUAL_TABLE_REGEX = /USING\s+(\w+)\s*\((.+)\)/i
+
+      # Returns a list of defined virtual tables
+      def virtual_tables
+        query = <<~SQL
+          SELECT name, sql FROM sqlite_master WHERE sql LIKE 'CREATE VIRTUAL %';
+        SQL
+
+        exec_query(query, "SCHEMA").cast_values.each_with_object({}) do |row, memo|
+          table_name, sql = row[0], row[1]
+          _, module_name, arguments = sql.match(VIRTUAL_TABLE_REGEX).to_a
+          memo[table_name] = [module_name, arguments]
+        end.to_a
+      end
+
+      # Creates a virtual table
+      #
+      # Example:
+      #   create_virtual_table :emails, :fts5, ['sender', 'title',' body']
+      def create_virtual_table(table_name, module_name, values)
+        exec_query "CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE IF NOT EXISTS #{table_name} USING #{module_name} (#{values.join(", ")})"
+      end
+
+      # Drops a virtual table
+      #
+      # Although this command ignores +module_name+ and +values+,
+      # it can be helpful to provide these in a migration's +change+ method so it can be reverted.
+      # In that case, +module_name+, +values+ and +options+ will be used by #create_virtual_table.
+      def drop_virtual_table(table_name, module_name, values, **options)
+        drop_table(table_name)
+      end
+
       # Renames a table.
       #
       # Example:
@@ -428,10 +468,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @config.fetch(:flags, 0).anybits?(::SQLite3::Constants::Open::SHAREDCACHE)
       end
 
-      def use_insert_returning?
-        @use_insert_returning
-      end
-
       def get_database_version # :nodoc:
         SQLite3Adapter::Version.new(query_value("SELECT sqlite_version(*)", "SCHEMA"))
       end
@@ -661,6 +697,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
             InvalidForeignKey.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds, connection_pool: @pool)
           elsif exception.message.match?(/called on a closed database/i)
             ConnectionNotEstablished.new(exception, connection_pool: @pool)
+          elsif exception.is_a?(::SQLite3::BusyException)
+            StatementTimeout.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds, connection_pool: @pool)
           else
             super
           end
@@ -687,6 +725,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
             end
 
             basic_structure.map do |column|
+              column = column.to_h
+
               column_name = column["name"]
 
               if collation_hash.has_key? column_name
@@ -778,12 +818,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
           if @config[:timeout] && @config[:retries]
             raise ArgumentError, "Cannot specify both timeout and retries arguments"
           elsif @config[:timeout]
-            @raw_connection.busy_timeout(self.class.type_cast_config_to_integer(@config[:timeout]))
+            timeout = self.class.type_cast_config_to_integer(@config[:timeout])
+            raise TypeError, "timeout must be integer, not #{timeout}" unless timeout.is_a?(Integer)
+            @raw_connection.busy_handler_timeout = timeout
           elsif @config[:retries]
+            ActiveRecord.deprecator.warn(<<~MSG)
+              The retries option is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 8.1. Use timeout instead.
+            MSG
             retries = self.class.type_cast_config_to_integer(@config[:retries])
-            raw_connection.busy_handler do |count|
-              count <= retries
-            end
+            raw_connection.busy_handler { |count| count <= retries }
           end
 
           super

data/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/trilogy/database_statements.rb

@@ -4,93 +4,63 @@ module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
     module Trilogy
       module DatabaseStatements
-        def internal_exec_query(sql, name = "SQL", binds = [], prepare: false, async: false, allow_retry: false) # :nodoc:
-          sql = transform_query(sql)
-          check_if_write_query(sql)
-          mark_transaction_written_if_write(sql)
-
-          result = raw_execute(sql, name, async: async, allow_retry: allow_retry)
-          ActiveRecord::Result.new(result.fields, result.to_a)
-        end
-
         def exec_insert(sql, name, binds, pk = nil, sequence_name = nil, returning: nil) # :nodoc:
-          sql = transform_query(sql)
-          check_if_write_query(sql)
-          mark_transaction_written_if_write(sql)
-
           sql, _binds = sql_for_insert(sql, pk, binds, returning)
-          raw_execute(sql, name)
-        end
-
-        def exec_delete(sql, name = nil, binds = []) # :nodoc:
-          sql = transform_query(sql)
-          check_if_write_query(sql)
-          mark_transaction_written_if_write(sql)
-
-          result = raw_execute(to_sql(sql, binds), name)
-          result.affected_rows
+          internal_execute(sql, name)
         end
 
-        alias :exec_update :exec_delete # :nodoc:
-
         private
-          def raw_execute(sql, name, async: false, allow_retry: false, materialize_transactions: true)
-            log(sql, name, async: async) do |notification_payload|
-              with_raw_connection(allow_retry: allow_retry, materialize_transactions: materialize_transactions) do |conn|
-                sync_timezone_changes(conn)
-                result = conn.query(sql)
-                while conn.more_results_exist?
-                  conn.next_result
-                end
-                verified!
-                handle_warnings(sql)
-                notification_payload[:row_count] = result.count
-                result
-              end
+          def perform_query(raw_connection, sql, binds, type_casted_binds, prepare:, notification_payload:, batch: false)
+            reset_multi_statement = if batch && !@config[:multi_statement]
+              raw_connection.set_server_option(::Trilogy::SET_SERVER_MULTI_STATEMENTS_ON)
+              true
             end
-          end
 
-          def last_inserted_id(result)
-            if supports_insert_returning?
-              super
+            # Make sure we carry over any changes to ActiveRecord.default_timezone that have been
+            # made since we established the connection
+            if default_timezone == :local
+              raw_connection.query_flags |= ::Trilogy::QUERY_FLAGS_LOCAL_TIMEZONE
             else
-              result.last_insert_id
+              raw_connection.query_flags &= ~::Trilogy::QUERY_FLAGS_LOCAL_TIMEZONE
             end
-          end
 
-          def sync_timezone_changes(conn)
-            # Sync any changes since connection last established.
-            if default_timezone == :local
-              conn.query_flags |= ::Trilogy::QUERY_FLAGS_LOCAL_TIMEZONE
-            else
-              conn.query_flags &= ~::Trilogy::QUERY_FLAGS_LOCAL_TIMEZONE
+            result = raw_connection.query(sql)
+            while raw_connection.more_results_exist?
+              raw_connection.next_result
+            end
+            verified!
+            handle_warnings(sql)
+            notification_payload[:row_count] = result.count
+            result
+          ensure
+            if reset_multi_statement && active?
+              raw_connection.set_server_option(::Trilogy::SET_SERVER_MULTI_STATEMENTS_OFF)
             end
           end
 
-          def execute_batch(statements, name = nil)
-            statements = statements.map { |sql| transform_query(sql) }
-            combine_multi_statements(statements).each do |statement|
-              with_raw_connection do |conn|
-                raw_execute(statement, name)
-              end
+          def cast_result(result)
+            if result.fields.empty?
+              ActiveRecord::Result.empty
+            else
+              ActiveRecord::Result.new(result.fields, result.rows)
             end
           end
 
-          def multi_statements_enabled?
-            !!@config[:multi_statement]
+          def affected_rows(result)
+            result.affected_rows
           end
 
-          def with_multi_statements
-            if multi_statements_enabled?
-              return yield
+          def last_inserted_id(result)
+            if supports_insert_returning?
+              super
+            else
+              result.last_insert_id
             end
+          end
 
-            with_raw_connection do |conn|
-              conn.set_server_option(::Trilogy::SET_SERVER_MULTI_STATEMENTS_ON)
-
-              yield
-            ensure
-              conn.set_server_option(::Trilogy::SET_SERVER_MULTI_STATEMENTS_OFF) if active?
+          def execute_batch(statements, name = nil, **kwargs)
+            combine_multi_statements(statements).each do |statement|
+              raw_execute(statement, name, batch: true, **kwargs)
             end
           end
       end

data/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/trilogy_adapter.rb

@@ -149,23 +149,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
           TYPE_MAP.lookup(type).is_a?(Type::String) || TYPE_MAP.lookup(type).is_a?(Type::Text)
         end
 
-        def each_hash(result)
-          return to_enum(:each_hash, result) unless block_given?
-
-          keys = result.fields.map(&:to_sym)
-          result.rows.each do |row|
-            hash = {}
-            idx = 0
-            row.each do |value|
-              hash[keys[idx]] = value
-              idx += 1
-            end
-            yield hash
-          end
-
-          nil
-        end
-
         def error_number(exception)
           exception.error_code if exception.respond_to?(:error_code)
         end

data/lib/active_record/connection_handling.rb

@@ -87,6 +87,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       connections = []
 
+      @shard_keys = shards.keys
+
       if shards.empty?
         shards[:default] = database
       end
@@ -175,6 +177,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
       connected_to_stack.pop
     end
 
+    # Passes the block to +connected_to+ for every +shard+ the
+    # model is configured to connect to (if any), and returns the
+    # results in an array.
+    #
+    # Optionally, +role+ and/or +prevent_writes+ can be passed which
+    # will be forwarded to each +connected_to+ call.
+    def connected_to_all_shards(role: nil, prevent_writes: false, &blk)
+      shard_keys.map do |shard|
+        connected_to(shard: shard, role: role, prevent_writes: prevent_writes, &blk)
+      end
+    end
+
     # Use a specified connection.
     #
     # This method is useful for ensuring that a specific connection is
@@ -359,6 +373,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
       connection_pool.schema_cache.clear!
     end
 
+    def shard_keys
+      connection_class_for_self.instance_variable_get(:@shard_keys) || []
+    end
+
+    def sharded?
+      shard_keys.any?
+    end
+
     private
       def resolve_config_for_connection(config_or_env)
         raise "Anonymous class is not allowed." unless name

data/lib/active_record/core.rb

@@ -89,6 +89,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       class_attribute :belongs_to_required_by_default, instance_accessor: false
 
       class_attribute :strict_loading_by_default, instance_accessor: false, default: false
+      class_attribute :strict_loading_mode, instance_accessor: false, default: :all
 
       class_attribute :has_many_inversing, instance_accessor: false, default: false
 
@@ -103,7 +104,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       class_attribute :shard_selector, instance_accessor: false, default: nil
 
       # Specifies the attributes that will be included in the output of the #inspect method
-      class_attribute :attributes_for_inspect, instance_accessor: false, default: [:id]
+      class_attribute :attributes_for_inspect, instance_accessor: false, default: :all
 
       def self.application_record_class? # :nodoc:
         if ActiveRecord.application_record_class
@@ -349,7 +350,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Returns a string like 'Post(id:integer, title:string, body:text)'
       def inspect # :nodoc:
-        if self == Base
+        if self == Base || singleton_class?
           super
         elsif abstract_class?
           "#{super}(abstract)"
@@ -431,8 +432,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
               where(wheres).limit(1)
             }
 
-            begin
-              statement.execute(values.flatten, connection, allow_retry: true).first
+            statement.execute(values.flatten, connection, allow_retry: true).then do |r|
+              r.first
             rescue TypeError
               raise ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid
             end
@@ -731,7 +732,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     # Returns the full contents of the record as a nicely formatted string.
     def full_inspect
-      inspect_with_attributes(attribute_names)
+      inspect_with_attributes(all_attributes_for_inspect)
     end
 
     # Takes a PP and prettily prints this record to it, allowing you to get a nice result from <tt>pp record</tt>
@@ -784,7 +785,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         @primary_key         = klass.primary_key
         @strict_loading      = klass.strict_loading_by_default
-        @strict_loading_mode = :all
+        @strict_loading_mode = klass.strict_loading_mode
 
         klass.define_attribute_methods
       end
@@ -823,7 +824,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def attributes_for_inspect
-        self.class.attributes_for_inspect == :all ? attribute_names : self.class.attributes_for_inspect
+        self.class.attributes_for_inspect == :all ? all_attributes_for_inspect : self.class.attributes_for_inspect
+      end
+
+      def all_attributes_for_inspect
+        return [] unless @attributes
+
+        attribute_names
       end
   end
 end

data/lib/active_record/database_configurations/connection_url_resolver.rb

@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         attr_reader :uri
 
         def uri_parser
-          @uri_parser ||= URI::Parser.new
+          @uri_parser ||= URI::RFC2396_Parser.new
         end
 
         # Converts the query parameters of the URI into a hash.

data/lib/active_record/encryption/config.rb

@@ -8,7 +8,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     class Config
       attr_accessor :primary_key, :deterministic_key, :store_key_references, :key_derivation_salt, :hash_digest_class,
                     :support_unencrypted_data, :encrypt_fixtures, :validate_column_size, :add_to_filter_parameters,
-                    :excluded_from_filter_parameters, :extend_queries, :previous_schemes, :forced_encoding_for_deterministic_encryption
+                    :excluded_from_filter_parameters, :extend_queries, :previous_schemes, :forced_encoding_for_deterministic_encryption,
+                    :compressor
 
       def initialize
         set_defaults
@@ -55,6 +56,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           self.previous_schemes = []
           self.forced_encoding_for_deterministic_encryption = Encoding::UTF_8
           self.hash_digest_class = OpenSSL::Digest::SHA1
+          self.compressor = Zlib
 
           # TODO: Setting to false for now as the implementation is a bit experimental
           self.extend_queries = false

data/lib/active_record/encryption/encryptable_record.rb

@@ -46,11 +46,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # * <tt>:previous</tt> - List of previous encryption schemes. When provided, they will be used in order when trying to read
         #   the attribute. Each entry of the list can contain the properties supported by #encrypts. Also, when deterministic
         #   encryption is used, they will be used to generate additional ciphertexts to check in the queries.
-        def encrypts(*names, key_provider: nil, key: nil, deterministic: false, support_unencrypted_data: nil, downcase: false, ignore_case: false, previous: [], **context_properties)
+        def encrypts(*names, key_provider: nil, key: nil, deterministic: false, support_unencrypted_data: nil, downcase: false, ignore_case: false, previous: [], compress: true, compressor: nil, **context_properties)
           self.encrypted_attributes ||= Set.new # not using :default because the instance would be shared across classes
 
           names.each do |name|
-            encrypt_attribute name, key_provider: key_provider, key: key, deterministic: deterministic, support_unencrypted_data: support_unencrypted_data, downcase: downcase, ignore_case: ignore_case, previous: previous, **context_properties
+            encrypt_attribute name, key_provider: key_provider, key: key, deterministic: deterministic, support_unencrypted_data: support_unencrypted_data, downcase: downcase, ignore_case: ignore_case, previous: previous, compress: compress, compressor: compressor, **context_properties
           end
         end
 
@@ -81,12 +81,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
             end
           end
 
-          def encrypt_attribute(name, key_provider: nil, key: nil, deterministic: false, support_unencrypted_data: nil, downcase: false, ignore_case: false, previous: [], **context_properties)
+          def encrypt_attribute(name, key_provider: nil, key: nil, deterministic: false, support_unencrypted_data: nil, downcase: false, ignore_case: false, previous: [], compress: true, compressor: nil, **context_properties)
             encrypted_attributes << name.to_sym
 
             decorate_attributes([name]) do |name, cast_type|
               scheme = scheme_for key_provider: key_provider, key: key, deterministic: deterministic, support_unencrypted_data: support_unencrypted_data, \
-                downcase: downcase, ignore_case: ignore_case, previous: previous, **context_properties
+                downcase: downcase, ignore_case: ignore_case, previous: previous, compress: compress, compressor: compressor, **context_properties
 
               ActiveRecord::Encryption::EncryptedAttributeType.new(scheme: scheme, cast_type: cast_type, default: columns_hash[name.to_s]&.default)
             end

data/lib/active_record/encryption/encrypted_attribute_type.rb

@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def decrypt(value)
-          text_to_database_type decrypt_as_text(value)
+          text_to_database_type decrypt_as_text(database_type_to_text(value))
         end
 
         def try_to_deserialize_with_previous_encrypted_types(value)
@@ -170,6 +170,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
             value
           end
         end
+
+        def database_type_to_text(value)
+          if value && cast_type.binary?
+            binary_cast_type = cast_type.serialized? ? cast_type.subtype : cast_type
+            binary_cast_type.deserialize(value)
+          else
+            value
+          end
+        end
     end
   end
 end

data/lib/active_record/encryption/encryptor.rb

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 require "openssl"
-require "zlib"
 require "active_support/core_ext/numeric"
 
 module ActiveRecord
@@ -12,12 +11,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # It interacts with a KeyProvider for getting the keys, and delegate to
     # ActiveRecord::Encryption::Cipher the actual encryption algorithm.
     class Encryptor
+      # The compressor to use for compressing the payload
+      attr_reader :compressor
+
       # === Options
       #
       # * <tt>:compress</tt> - Boolean indicating whether records should be compressed before encryption.
       #   Defaults to +true+.
-      def initialize(compress: true)
+      # * <tt>:compressor</tt> - The compressor to use.
+      #   1. If compressor is provided, it will be used.
+      #   2. If not, it will use ActiveRecord::Encryption.config.compressor which default value is +Zlib+.
+      #   If you want to use a custom compressor, it must respond to +deflate+ and +inflate+.
+      def initialize(compress: true, compressor: nil)
         @compress = compress
+        @compressor = compressor || ActiveRecord::Encryption.config.compressor
       end
 
       # Encrypts +clean_text+ and returns the encrypted result
@@ -78,6 +85,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         serializer.binary?
       end
 
+      def compress? # :nodoc:
+        @compress
+      end
+
       private
         DECRYPT_ERRORS = [OpenSSL::Cipher::CipherError, Errors::EncryptedContentIntegrity, Errors::Decryption]
         ENCODING_ERRORS = [EncodingError, Errors::Encoding]
@@ -130,12 +141,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
         end
 
-        def compress?
-          @compress
-        end
-
         def compress(data)
-          Zlib::Deflate.deflate(data).tap do |compressed_data|
+          @compressor.deflate(data).tap do |compressed_data|
             compressed_data.force_encoding(data.encoding)
           end
         end
@@ -149,7 +156,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def uncompress(data)
-          Zlib::Inflate.inflate(data).tap do |uncompressed_data|
+          @compressor.inflate(data).tap do |uncompressed_data|
             uncompressed_data.force_encoding(data.encoding)
           end
         end

data/lib/active_record/encryption/extended_deterministic_queries.rb

@@ -41,6 +41,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       module EncryptedQuery # :nodoc:
         class << self
           def process_arguments(owner, args, check_for_additional_values)
+            owner = owner.model if owner.is_a?(Relation)
+
             return args if owner.deterministic_encrypted_attributes&.empty?
 
             if args.is_a?(Array) && (options = args.first).is_a?(Hash)
@@ -102,12 +104,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def scope_for_create
-          return super unless klass.deterministic_encrypted_attributes&.any?
+          return super unless model.deterministic_encrypted_attributes&.any?
 
           scope_attributes = super
           wheres = where_values_hash
 
-          klass.deterministic_encrypted_attributes.each do |attribute_name|
+          model.deterministic_encrypted_attributes.each do |attribute_name|
             attribute_name = attribute_name.to_s
             values = wheres[attribute_name]
             if values.is_a?(Array) && values[1..].all?(AdditionalValue)

data/lib/active_record/encryption/key_provider.rb

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @keys = Array(keys)
       end
 
-      # Returns the first key in the list as the active key to perform encryptions
+      # Returns the last key in the list as the active key to perform encryptions
       #
       # When +ActiveRecord::Encryption.config.store_key_references+ is true, the key will include
       # a public tag referencing the key itself. That key will be stored in the public

data/lib/active_record/encryption/scheme.rb

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       attr_accessor :previous_schemes
 
       def initialize(key_provider: nil, key: nil, deterministic: nil, support_unencrypted_data: nil, downcase: nil, ignore_case: nil,
-                     previous_schemes: nil, **context_properties)
+                     previous_schemes: nil, compress: true, compressor: nil, **context_properties)
         # Initializing all attributes to +nil+ as we want to allow a "not set" semantics so that we
         # can merge schemes without overriding values with defaults. See +#merge+
 
@@ -24,8 +24,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @previous_schemes_param = previous_schemes
         @previous_schemes = Array.wrap(previous_schemes)
         @context_properties = context_properties
+        @compress = compress
+        @compressor = compressor
 
         validate_config!
+
+        @context_properties[:encryptor] = Encryptor.new(compress: @compress) unless @compress
+        @context_properties[:encryptor] = Encryptor.new(compressor: compressor) if compressor
       end
 
       def ignore_case?
@@ -78,6 +83,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def validate_config!
           raise Errors::Configuration, "ignore_case: can only be used with deterministic encryption" if @ignore_case && !@deterministic
           raise Errors::Configuration, "key_provider: and key: can't be used simultaneously" if @key_provider_param && @key
+          raise Errors::Configuration, "compressor: can't be used with compress: false" if !@compress && @compressor
+          raise Errors::Configuration, "compressor: can't be used with encryptor" if @compressor && @context_properties[:encryptor]
         end
 
         def key_provider_from_key

data/lib/active_record/encryption.rb

@@ -53,4 +53,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       Cipher.eager_load!
     end
   end
+
+  ActiveSupport.run_load_hooks :active_record_encryption, Encryption
 end

data/lib/active_record/enum.rb

@@ -167,15 +167,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       base.class_attribute(:defined_enums, instance_writer: false, default: {})
     end
 
-    def load_schema! # :nodoc:
-      defined_enums.each_key do |name|
-        unless columns_hash.key?(resolve_attribute_name(name))
-          raise "Unknown enum attribute '#{name}' for #{self.name}. Enums must be" \
-            " backed by a database column."
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
     class EnumType < Type::Value # :nodoc:
       delegate :type, to: :subtype
 
@@ -264,7 +255,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         attribute(name, **options)
 
-        decorate_attributes([name]) do |name, subtype|
+        decorate_attributes([name]) do |_name, subtype|
+          if subtype == ActiveModel::Type.default_value
+            raise "Undeclared attribute type for enum '#{name}' in #{self.name}. Enums must be" \
+              " backed by a database column or declared with an explicit type" \
+              " via `attribute`."
+          end
+
           subtype = subtype.subtype if EnumType === subtype
           EnumType.new(name, enum_values, subtype, raise_on_invalid_values: !validate)
         end