activerecord 7.1.5.2 → 8.1.2.1

data/CHANGELOG.md

@@ -1,2790 +1,914 @@
-## Rails 7.1.5.2 (August 13, 2025) ##
+## Rails 8.1.2.1 (March 23, 2026) ##
 
-*   Call inspect on ids in RecordNotFound error
-
-    [CVE-2025-55193]
-
-    *Gannon McGibbon*, *John Hawthorn*
-
-## Rails 7.1.5.1 (December 10, 2024) ##
-
-*   No changes.
-
-
-## Rails 7.1.5 (October 30, 2024) ##
-
-*   Fix marshalling of unsaved associated records in 7.1 format.
-
-    The 7.1 format would only marshal associated records if the association was loaded.
-    But associations that would only contain unsaved records would be skipped.
-
-    *Jean Boussier*
-
-*   Fix an issue where `.left_outer_joins` used with multiple associations that have
-    the same child association but different parents does not join all parents.
-
-    Previously, using `.left_outer_joins` with the same child association would only join one of the parents.
-
-    Now it will correctly join both parents.
-
-    Fixes #41498.
-
-    *Garrett Blehm*
-
-*   Ensure `ActiveRecord::Encryption.config` is always ready before access.
-
-    Previously, `ActiveRecord::Encryption` configuration was deferred until `ActiveRecord::Base`
-    was loaded. Therefore, accessing `ActiveRecord::Encryption.config` properties before
-    `ActiveRecord::Base` was loaded would give incorrect results.
-
-    `ActiveRecord::Encryption` now has its own loading hook so that its configuration is set as
-    soon as needed.
-
-    When `ActiveRecord::Base` is loaded, even lazily, it in turn triggers the loading of
-    `ActiveRecord::Encryption`, thus preserving the original behavior of having its config ready
-    before any use of `ActiveRecord::Base`.
-
-    *Maxime Réty*
-
-*   Add `TimeZoneConverter#==` method, so objects will be properly compared by
-    their type, scale, limit & precision.
-
-    Address #52699.
-
-    *Ruy Rocha*
-
-
-## Rails 7.1.4.2 (October 23, 2024) ##
-
-*   No changes.
-
-
-## Rails 7.1.4.1 (October 15, 2024) ##
-
-*   No changes.
-
-
-## Rails 7.1.4 (August 22, 2024) ##
-
-*   Allow to eager load nested nil associations.
-
-    *fatkodima*
-
-*   Fix `create_table` with `:auto_increment` option for MySQL adapter.
-
-    *fatkodima*
-
-*   Don't load has_one associations during autosave.
-
-    *Eugene Kenny*
-
-*   Fix migration ordering for `bin/rails db:prepare` across databases.
-
-    *fatkodima*
-
-*   Fix `alias_attribute` to ignore methods defined in parent classes.
-
-    *Jean Boussier*
-
-*   Fix a performance regression in attribute methods.
-
-    *Jean Boussier*
-
-*   Fix Active Record configs variable shadowing.
-
-    *Joel Lubrano*
-
-*   Fix running migrations on other databases when `database_tasks: false` on primary.
-
-    *fatkodima*
-
-*   Fix non-partial inserts for models with composite identity primary keys.
-
-    *fatkodima*
-
-*   Fix `ActiveRecord::Relation#touch_all` with custom attribute aliased as attribute for update.
-
-    *fatkodima*
-
-*   Fix a crash when an Executor wrapped fork exit.
-
-    *Joé Dupuis*
-
-*   Fix `destroy_async` job for owners with composite primary keys.
-
-    *fatkodima*
-
-*   Ensure pre-7.1 migrations use legacy index names when using `rename_table`.
-
-    *fatkodima*
-
-*   Allow `primary_key:` association option to be composite.
-
-    *Nikita Vasilevsky*
-
-*   Do not try to alias on key update when raw SQL is supplied.
-
-    *Gabriel Amaral*
-
-*   Memoize `key_provider` from `key` or deterministic `key_provider` if any.
-
-    *Rosa Gutierrez*
-
-*   Fix `upsert` warning for MySQL.
-
-    *fatkodima*
-
-*   Fix predicate builder for polymorphic models referencing models with composite primary keys.
-
-    *fatkodima*
-
-*   Fix `update_all/delete_all` on CPK model relation with join subquery.
-
-    *Nikita Vasilevsky*
-
-*   Remove memoization to accept `key_provider` overridden by `with_encryption_context`.
-
-    *John Hawthorn*
-
-*   Raise error for Trilogy when prepared_statements is true.
-
-    Trilogy doesn't currently support prepared statements. The error that
-    applications would see is a `StatementInvalid` error. This doesn't quite point
-    you to the fact this isn't supported. So raise a more appropriate error
-    pointing to what to change.
-
-    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*
-
-*   Fix loading schema cache when all databases have disabled database tasks.
-
-    *fatkodima*
-
-*   Always request `primary_key` in `RETURNING` if no other columns requested.
-
-    *Nikita Vasilevsky*
-
-*   Handle records being loaded with Marshal without triggering schema load
-
-    When using the old marshalling format for Active Record and loading
-    a serialized instance, it didn't trigger loading the schema and defining
-    attribute methods.
-
-    *Jean Boussier*
-
-*   Prevent some constant redefinition warnings when defining `inherited` on models.
-
-    *Adrian Hirt*
-
-*   Fix a memory perfomance regression in attribute methods.
-
-    Attribute methods used much more memory and were slower to define than
-    they should have been.
-
-    *Jean Boussier*
-
-*   Fix an issue that could cause database connection leaks.
-
-    If Active Record successfully connected to the database, but then failed
-    to read the server informations, the connection would be leaked until the
-    Ruby garbage collector triggers.
-
-    *Jean Boussier*
-
-*   Fix an issue where the IDs reader method did not return expected results
-    for preloaded associations in models using composite primary keys.
-
-    *Jay Ang*
-
-*   PostgreSQL `Cidr#change?` detects the address prefix change.
-
-    *Taketo Takashima*
-
-*   Fix Active Record serialization to not include instantiated but not loaded associations
-
-    *Jean Boussier*, *Ben Kyriakou*
-
-*   Allow `Sqlite3Adapter` to use `sqlite3` gem version `2.x`
-
-    *Mike Dalessio*
-
-*   Strict loading using `:n_plus_one_only` does not eagerly load child associations.
-
-    With this change, child associations are no longer eagerly loaded, to
-    match intended behavior and to prevent non-deterministic order issues caused
-    by calling methods like `first` or `last`. As `first` and `last` don't cause
-    an N+1 by themselves, calling child associations will no longer raise.
-    Fixes #49473.
-
-    Before:
-
-    ```ruby
-    person = Person.find(1)
-    person.strict_loading!(mode: :n_plus_one_only)
-    person.posts.first
-    # SELECT * FROM posts WHERE person_id = 1; -- non-deterministic order
-    person.posts.first.firm # raises ActiveRecord::StrictLoadingViolationError
-    ```
-
-    After:
-
-    ```ruby
-    person = Person.find(1)
-    person.strict_loading!(mode: :n_plus_one_only)
-    person.posts.first # this is 1+1, not N+1
-    # SELECT * FROM posts WHERE person_id = 1 ORDER BY id LIMIT 1;
-    person.posts.first.firm # no longer raises
-    ```
-
-    *Reid Lynch*
-
-*   Using `Model.query_constraints` with a single non-primary-key column used to raise as expected, but with an
-    incorrect error message. This has been fixed to raise with a more appropriate error message.
-
-    *Joshua Young*
-
-*   Fix `has_one` association autosave setting the foreign key attribute when it is unchanged.
-
-    This behaviour is also inconsistent with autosaving `belongs_to` and can have unintended side effects like raising
-    an `ActiveRecord::ReadonlyAttributeError` when the foreign key attribute is marked as read-only.
-
-    *Joshua Young*
-
-*   Fix an issue where `ActiveRecord::Encryption` configurations are not ready before the loading
-    of Active Record models, when an application is eager loaded. As a result, encrypted attributes
-    could be misconfigured in some cases.
-
-    *Maxime Réty*
-
-*   Properly synchronize `Mysql2Adapter#active?` and `TrilogyAdapter#active?`
-
-    As well as `disconnect!` and `verify!`.
-
-    This generally isn't a big problem as connections must not be shared between
-    threads, but is required when running transactional tests or system tests
-    and could lead to a SEGV.
-
-    *Jean Boussier*
-
-*   Fix counter caches when the foreign key is composite.
-
-    If the model holding the counter cache had a composite primary key,
-    inserting a dependent record would fail with an `ArgumentError`
-    `Expected corresponding value for...`
-
-    *fatkodima*
-
-*   Fix loading of schema cache for multiple databases.
-
-    Before this change, if you have multiple databases configured in your
-    application, and had schema cache present, Rails would load the same
-    cache to all databases.
-
-    *Rafael Mendonça França*
-
-*   Fix eager loading of composite primary key associations.
-
-    `relation.eager_load(:other_model)` could load the wrong records if `other_model`
-    had a composite primary key.
-
-    *Nikita Vasilevsky*
-
-*   Fix async queries returning a doubly wrapped result when hitting the query cache.
-
-    *fatkodima*
-
-*   Fix single quote escapes on default generated MySQL columns
-
-    MySQL 5.7.5+ supports generated columns, which can be used to create a column that is computed from an expression.
-
-    Previously, the schema dump would output a string with double escapes for generated columns with single quotes in the default expression.
-
-    This would result in issues when importing the schema on a fresh instance of a MySQL database.
-
-    Now, the string will not be escaped and will be valid Ruby upon importing of the schema.
-
-    *Yash Kapadia*
-
-*   Fix Migrations with versions older than 7.1 validating options given to
-    `t.references`.
-
-    *Hartley McGuire*
-
-
-## Rails 7.1.3.4 (June 04, 2024) ##
-
-*   No changes.
-
-
-## Rails 7.1.3.3 (May 16, 2024) ##
-
-*   No changes.
-
-
-## Rails 7.1.3.2 (February 21, 2024) ##
-
-*   No changes.
-
-
-## Rails 7.1.3.1 (February 21, 2024) ##
-
-*   No changes.
-
-
-## Rails 7.1.3 (January 16, 2024) ##
-
-*   Fix Migrations with versions older than 7.1 validating options given to
-    `add_reference`.
-
-    *Hartley McGuire*
-
-*   Ensure `reload` sets correct owner for each association.
-
-    *Dmytro Savochkin*
-
-*   Fix view runtime for controllers with async queries.
-
-    *fatkodima*
-
-*   Fix `load_async` to work with query cache.
-
-    *fatkodima*
-
-*   Fix polymorphic `belongs_to` to correctly use parent's `query_constraints`.
-
-    *fatkodima*
-
-*   Fix `Preloader` to not generate a query for already loaded association with `query_constraints`.
-
-    *fatkodima*
-
-*   Fix multi-database polymorphic preloading with equivalent table names.
-
-    When preloading polymorphic associations, if two models pointed to two
-    tables with the same name but located in different databases, the
-    preloader would only load one.
-
-    *Ari Summer*
-
-*   Fix `encrypted_attribute?` to take into account context properties passed to `encrypts`.
-
-    *Maxime Réty*
-
-*   Fix `find_by` to work correctly in presence of composite primary keys.
-
-    *fatkodima*
-
-*   Fix async queries sometimes returning a raw result if they hit the query cache.
-
-    `ShipPart.async_count` could return a raw integer rather than a Promise
-    if it found the result in the query cache.
-
-    *fatkodima*
-
-*   Fix `Relation#transaction` to not apply a default scope.
-
-    The method was incorrectly setting a default scope around its block:
-
-    ```ruby
-    Post.where(published: true).transaction do
-      Post.count # SELECT COUNT(*) FROM posts WHERE published = FALSE;
-    end
-    ```
-
-    *Jean Boussier*
-
-*   Fix calling `async_pluck` on a `none` relation.
-
-    `Model.none.async_pluck(:id)` was returning a naked value
-    instead of a promise.
-
-    *Jean Boussier*
-
-*   Fix calling `load_async` on a `none` relation.
-
-    `Model.none.load_async` was returning a broken result.
-
-    *Lucas Mazza*
-
-*   TrilogyAdapter: ignore `host` if `socket` parameter is set.
-
-    This allows to configure a connection on a UNIX socket via DATABASE_URL:
-
-    ```
-    DATABASE_URL=trilogy://does-not-matter/my_db_production?socket=/var/run/mysql.sock
-    ```
-
-    *Jean Boussier*
-
-*   Fix `has_secure_token` calls the setter method on initialize.
-
-    *Abeid Ahmed*
-
-*   Allow using `object_id` as a database column name.
-    It was available before rails 7.1 and may be used as a part of polymorphic relationship to `object` where `object` can be any other database record.
-
-    *Mikhail Doronin*
-
-*   Fix `rails db:create:all` to not touch databases before they are created.
-
-    *fatkodima*
-
-
-## Rails 7.1.2 (November 10, 2023) ##
-
-*   Fix renaming primary key index when renaming a table with a UUID primary key
-    in PostgreSQL.
-
-    *fatkodima*
-
-*   Fix `where(field: values)` queries when `field` is a serialized attribute
-    (for example, when `field` uses `ActiveRecord::Base.serialize` or is a JSON
-    column).
-
-    *João Alves*
-
-*   Prevent marking broken connections as verified.
-
-    *Daniel Colson*
-
-*   Don't mark Float::INFINITY as changed when reassigning it
-
-    When saving a record with a float infinite value, it shouldn't mark as changed
-
-    *Maicol Bentancor*
-
-*   `ActiveRecord::Base.table_name` now returns `nil` instead of raising
-    "undefined method `abstract_class?` for Object:Class".
-
-    *a5-stable*
-
-*   Fix upserting for custom `:on_duplicate` and `:unique_by` consisting of all
-    inserts keys.
-
-    *fatkodima*
-
-*   Fixed an [issue](https://github.com/rails/rails/issues/49809) where saving a
-    record could innappropriately `dup` its attributes.
-
-    *Jonathan Hefner*
-
-*   Dump schema only for a specific db for rollback/up/down tasks for multiple dbs.
-
-    *fatkodima*
-
-*   Fix `NoMethodError` when casting a PostgreSQL `money` value that uses a
-    comma as its radix point and has no leading currency symbol.  For example,
-    when casting `"3,50"`.
-
-    *Andreas Reischuck* and *Jonathan Hefner*
-
-*   Re-enable support for using `enum` with non-column-backed attributes.
-    Non-column-backed attributes must be previously declared with an explicit
-    type. For example:
-
-      ```ruby
-      class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
-        attribute :topic, :string
-        enum topic: %i[science tech engineering math]
-      end
-      ```
-
-    *Jonathan Hefner*
-
-*   Raise on `foreign_key:` being passed as an array in associations
-
-    *Nikita Vasilevsky*
-
-*   Return back maximum allowed PostgreSQL table name to 63 characters.
-
-    *fatkodima*
-
-*   Fix detecting `IDENTITY` columns for PostgreSQL < 10.
-
-    *fatkodima*
-
-
-## Rails 7.1.1 (October 11, 2023) ##
-
-*   Fix auto populating IDENTITY columns for PostgreSQL.
-
-    *fatkodima*
-
-*   Fix "ArgumentError: wrong number of arguments (given 3, expected 2)" when
-    down migrating `rename_table` in older migrations.
-
-    *fatkodima*
-
-*   Do not require the Action Text, Active Storage and Action Mailbox tables
-    to be present when running when running test on CI.
-
-    *Rafael Mendonça França*
-
-
-## Rails 7.1.0 (October 05, 2023) ##
-
-*   No changes.
-
-
-## Rails 7.1.0.rc2 (October 01, 2023) ##
-
-*   Remove -shm and -wal SQLite files when `rails db:drop` is run.
-
-    *Niklas Häusele*
-
-*   Revert the change to raise an `ArgumentError` when `#accepts_nested_attributes_for` is declared more than once for
-    an association in the same class.
-
-    The reverted behavior broke the case where the `#accepts_nested_attributes_for` was defined in a concern and
-    where overridden in the class that included the concern.
-
-    *Rafael Mendonça França*
-
-
-## Rails 7.1.0.rc1 (September 27, 2023) ##
-
-*   Better naming for unique constraints support.
-
-    Naming unique keys leads to misunderstanding it's a short-hand of unique indexes.
-    Just naming it unique constraints is not misleading.
-
-    In Rails 7.1.0.beta1 or before:
-
-    ```ruby
-    add_unique_key :sections, [:position], deferrable: :deferred, name: "unique_section_position"
-    remove_unique_key :sections, name: "unique_section_position"
-    ```
-
-    Now:
-
-    ```ruby
-    add_unique_constraint :sections, [:position], deferrable: :deferred, name: "unique_section_position"
-    remove_unique_constraint :sections, name: "unique_section_position"
-    ```
-
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
-
-*   Fix duplicate quoting for check constraint expressions in schema dump when using MySQL
-
-    A check constraint with an expression, that already contains quotes, lead to an invalid schema
-    dump with the mysql2 adapter.
-
-    Fixes #42424.
-
-    *Felix Tscheulin*
-
-*   Performance tune the SQLite3 adapter connection configuration
-
-    For Rails applications, the Write-Ahead-Log in normal syncing mode with a capped journal size, a healthy shared memory buffer and a shared cache will perform, on average, 2× better.
-
-    *Stephen Margheim*
-
-*   Allow SQLite3 `busy_handler` to be configured with simple max number of `retries`
-
-    Retrying busy connections without delay is a preferred practice for performance-sensitive applications. Add support for a `database.yml` `retries` integer, which is used in a simple `busy_handler` function to retry busy connections without exponential backoff up to the max number of `retries`.
-
-    *Stephen Margheim*
-
-*   The SQLite3 adapter now supports `supports_insert_returning?`
-
-    Implementing the full `supports_insert_returning?` contract means the SQLite3 adapter supports auto-populated columns (#48241) as well as custom primary keys.
-
-    *Stephen Margheim*
-
-*   Ensure the SQLite3 adapter handles default functions with the `||` concatenation operator
-
-    Previously, this default function would produce the static string `"'Ruby ' || 'on ' || 'Rails'"`.
-    Now, the adapter will appropriately receive and use `"Ruby on Rails"`.
-
-    ```ruby
-    change_column_default "test_models", "ruby_on_rails", -> { "('Ruby ' || 'on ' || 'Rails')" }
-    ```
-
-    *Stephen Margheim*
-
-*   Dump PostgreSQL schemas as part of the schema dump.
-
-    *Lachlan Sylvester*
-
-
-## Rails 7.1.0.beta1 (September 13, 2023) ##
-
-*   Encryption now supports `support_unencrypted_data` being set per-attribute.
-
-    You can now opt out of `support_unencrypted_data` on a specific encrypted attribute.
-    This only has an effect if `ActiveRecord::Encryption.config.support_unencrypted_data == true`.
-
-    ```ruby
-    class User < ActiveRecord::Base
-      encrypts :name, deterministic: true, support_unencrypted_data: false
-      encrypts :email, deterministic: true
-    end
-    ```
-
-    *Alex Ghiculescu*
-
-*   Add instrumentation for Active Record transactions
-
-    Allows subscribing to transaction events for tracking/instrumentation. The event payload contains the connection and the outcome (commit, rollback, restart, incomplete), as well as timing details.
-
-    ```ruby
-    ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe("transaction.active_record") do |event|
-      puts "Transaction event occurred!"
-      connection = event.payload[:connection]
-      puts "Connection: #{connection.inspect}"
-    end
-    ```
-
-    *Daniel Colson*, *Ian Candy*
-
-*   Support composite foreign keys via migration helpers.
-
-    ```ruby
-    # Assuming "carts" table has "(shop_id, user_id)" as a primary key.
-
-    add_foreign_key(:orders, :carts, primary_key: [:shop_id, :user_id])
-
-    remove_foreign_key(:orders, :carts, primary_key: [:shop_id, :user_id])
-    foreign_key_exists?(:orders, :carts, primary_key: [:shop_id, :user_id])
-    ```
-
-    *fatkodima*
-
-*   Adds support for `if_not_exists` when adding a check constraint.
-
-    ```ruby
-    add_check_constraint :posts, "post_type IN ('blog', 'comment', 'share')", if_not_exists: true
-    ```
-
-    *Cody Cutrer*
-
-*   Raise an `ArgumentError` when `#accepts_nested_attributes_for` is declared more than once for an association in
-    the same class. Previously, the last declaration would silently override the previous one. Overriding in a subclass
-    is still allowed.
-
-    *Joshua Young*
-
-*   Deprecate `rewhere` argument on `#merge`.
-
-    The `rewhere` argument on `#merge`is deprecated without replacement and
-    will be removed in Rails 7.2.
-
-    *Adam Hess*
-
-*   Deprecate aliasing non-attributes with `alias_attribute`.
-
-    *Ian Candy*
-
-*   Fix unscope is not working in specific case
-
-    Before:
-    ```ruby
-    Post.where(id: 1...3).unscope(where: :id).to_sql # "SELECT `posts`.* FROM `posts` WHERE `posts`.`id` >= 1 AND `posts`.`id` < 3"
-
-    ```
-
-    After:
-    ```ruby
-    Post.where(id: 1...3).unscope(where: :id).to_sql # "SELECT `posts`.* FROM `posts`"
-    ```
-
-    Fixes #48094.
-
-    *Kazuya Hatanaka*
-
-*   Change `has_secure_token` default to `on: :initialize`
-
-    Change the new default value from `on: :create` to `on: :initialize`
-
-    Can be controlled by the `config.active_record.generate_secure_token_on`
-    configuration:
-
-    ```ruby
-    config.active_record.generate_secure_token_on = :create
-    ```
-
-    *Sean Doyle*
-
-*   Fix `change_column` not setting `precision: 6` on `datetime` columns when
-    using 7.0+ Migrations and SQLite.
-
-    *Hartley McGuire*
-
-*   Support composite identifiers in `to_key`
-
-    `to_key` avoids wrapping `#id` value into an `Array` if `#id` already an array
-
-    *Nikita Vasilevsky*
-
-*   Add validation option for `enum`
-
-    ```ruby
-    class Contract < ApplicationRecord
-      enum :status, %w[in_progress completed], validate: true
-    end
-    Contract.new(status: "unknown").valid? # => false
-    Contract.new(status: nil).valid? # => false
-    Contract.new(status: "completed").valid? # => true
-
-    class Contract < ApplicationRecord
-      enum :status, %w[in_progress completed], validate: { allow_nil: true }
-    end
-    Contract.new(status: "unknown").valid? # => false
-    Contract.new(status: nil).valid? # => true
-    Contract.new(status: "completed").valid? # => true
-    ```
-
-    *Edem Topuzov*, *Ryuta Kamizono*
-
-*   Allow batching methods to use already loaded relation if available
-
-    Calling batch methods on already loaded relations will use the records previously loaded instead of retrieving
-    them from the database again.
-
-    *Adam Hess*
-
-*   Deprecate `read_attribute(:id)` returning the primary key if the primary key is not `:id`.
-
-    Starting in Rails 7.2, `read_attribute(:id)` will return the value of the id column, regardless of the model's
-    primary key. To retrieve the value of the primary key, use `#id` instead. `read_attribute(:id)` for composite
-    primary key models will now return the value of the id column.
-
-    *Adrianna Chang*
-
-*   Fix `change_table` setting datetime precision for 6.1 Migrations
-
-    *Hartley McGuire*
-
-*   Fix change_column setting datetime precision for 6.1 Migrations
-
-    *Hartley McGuire*
-
-*   Add `ActiveRecord::Base#id_value` alias to access the raw value of a record's id column.
-
-    This alias is only provided for models that declare an `:id` column.
-
-    *Adrianna Chang*
-
-*   Fix previous change tracking for `ActiveRecord::Store` when using a column with JSON structured database type
-
-    Before, the methods to access the changes made during the last save `#saved_change_to_key?`, `#saved_change_to_key`, and `#key_before_last_save` did not work if the store was defined as a `store_accessor` on a column with a JSON structured database type
-
-    *Robert DiMartino*
-
-*   Fully support `NULLS [NOT] DISTINCT` for PostgreSQL 15+ indexes.
-
-    Previous work was done to allow the index to be created in a migration, but it was not
-    supported in schema.rb. Additionally, the matching for `NULLS [NOT] DISTINCT` was not
-    in the correct order, which could have resulted in inconsistent schema detection.
-
-    *Gregory Jones*
-
-*   Allow escaping of literal colon characters in `sanitize_sql_*` methods when named bind variables are used
-
-    *Justin Bull*
-
-*   Fix `#previously_new_record?` to return true for destroyed records.
-
-    Before, if a record was created and then destroyed, `#previously_new_record?` would return true.
-    Now, any UPDATE or DELETE to a record is considered a change, and will result in `#previously_new_record?`
-    returning false.
-
-    *Adrianna Chang*
-
-*   Specify callback in `has_secure_token`
-
-    ```ruby
-    class User < ApplicationRecord
-      has_secure_token on: :initialize
-    end
-
-    User.new.token # => "abc123...."
-    ```
-
-    *Sean Doyle*
-
-*   Fix incrementation of in memory counter caches when associations overlap
-
-    When two associations had a similarly named counter cache column, Active Record
-    could sometime increment the wrong one.
-
-    *Jacopo Beschi*, *Jean Boussier*
-
-*   Don't show secrets for Active Record's `Cipher::Aes256Gcm#inspect`.
-
-    Before:
-
-    ```ruby
-    ActiveRecord::Encryption::Cipher::Aes256Gcm.new(secret).inspect
-    "#<ActiveRecord::Encryption::Cipher::Aes256Gcm:0x0000000104888038 ... @secret=\"\\xAF\\bFh]LV}q\\nl\\xB2U\\xB3 ... >"
-    ```
-
-    After:
-
-    ```ruby
-    ActiveRecord::Encryption::Cipher::Aes256Gcm(secret).inspect
-    "#<ActiveRecord::Encryption::Cipher::Aes256Gcm:0x0000000104888038>"
-    ```
-
-    *Petrik de Heus*
-
-*   Bring back the historical behavior of committing transaction on non-local return.
-
-    ```ruby
-    Model.transaction do
-      model.save
-      return
-      other_model.save # not executed
-    end
-    ```
-
-    Historically only raised errors would trigger a rollback, but in Ruby `2.3`, the `timeout` library
-    started using `throw` to interrupt execution which had the adverse effect of committing open transactions.
-
-    To solve this, in Active Record 6.1 the behavior was changed to instead rollback the transaction as it was safer
-    than to potentially commit an incomplete transaction.
-
-    Using `return`, `break` or `throw` inside a `transaction` block was essentially deprecated from Rails 6.1 onwards.
-
-    However with the release of `timeout 0.4.0`, `Timeout.timeout` now raises an error again, and Active Record is able
-    to return to its original, less surprising, behavior.
-
-    This historical behavior can now be opt-ed in via:
-
-    ```
-    Rails.application.config.active_record.commit_transaction_on_non_local_return = true
-    ```
-
-    And is the default for new applications created in Rails 7.1.
-
-    *Jean Boussier*
-
-*   Deprecate `name` argument on `#remove_connection`.
-
-    The `name` argument is deprecated on `#remove_connection` without replacement. `#remove_connection` should be called directly on the class that established the connection.
-
-    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*
-
-*   Fix has_one through singular building with inverse.
-
-    Allows building of records from an association with a has_one through a
-    singular association with inverse. For belongs_to through associations,
-    linking the foreign key to the primary key model isn't needed.
-    For has_one, we cannot build records due to the association not being mutable.
-
-    *Gannon McGibbon*
-
-*   Disable database prepared statements when query logs are enabled
-
-    Prepared Statements and Query Logs are incompatible features due to query logs making every query unique.
-
-    *zzak, Jean Boussier*
-
-*   Support decrypting data encrypted non-deterministically with a SHA1 hash digest.
-
-    This adds a new Active Record encryption option to support decrypting data encrypted
-    non-deterministically with a SHA1 hash digest:
-
-    ```
-    Rails.application.config.active_record.encryption.support_sha1_for_non_deterministic_encryption = true
-    ```
-
-    The new option addresses a problem when upgrading from 7.0 to 7.1. Due to a bug in how Active Record
-    Encryption was getting initialized, the key provider used for non-deterministic encryption were using
-    SHA-1 as its digest class, instead of the one configured globally by Rails via
-    `Rails.application.config.active_support.key_generator_hash_digest_class`.
-
-    *Cadu Ribeiro and Jorge Manrubia*
-
-*   Added PostgreSQL migration commands for enum rename, add value, and rename value.
-
-    `rename_enum` and `rename_enum_value` are reversible. Due to Postgres
-    limitation, `add_enum_value` is not reversible since you cannot delete enum
-    values. As an alternative you should drop and recreate the enum entirely.
-
-    ```ruby
-    rename_enum :article_status, to: :article_state
-    ```
-
-    ```ruby
-    add_enum_value :article_state, "archived" # will be at the end of existing values
-    add_enum_value :article_state, "in review", before: "published"
-    add_enum_value :article_state, "approved", after: "in review"
-    ```
-
-    ```ruby
-    rename_enum_value :article_state, from: "archived", to: "deleted"
-    ```
-
-    *Ray Faddis*
-
-*   Allow composite primary key to be derived from schema
-
-    Booting an application with a schema that contains composite primary keys
-    will not issue warning and won't `nil`ify the `ActiveRecord::Base#primary_key` value anymore.
-
-    Given a `travel_routes` table definition and a `TravelRoute` model like:
-    ```ruby
-    create_table :travel_routes, primary_key: [:origin, :destination], force: true do |t|
-      t.string :origin
-      t.string :destination
-    end
-
-    class TravelRoute < ActiveRecord::Base; end
-    ```
-    The `TravelRoute.primary_key` value will be automatically derived to `["origin", "destination"]`
-
-    *Nikita Vasilevsky*
-
-*   Include the `connection_pool` with exceptions raised from an adapter.
-
-    The `connection_pool` provides added context such as the connection used
-    that led to the exception as well as which role and shard.
-
-    *Luan Vieira*
-
-*   Support multiple column ordering for `find_each`, `find_in_batches` and `in_batches`.
-
-    When find_each/find_in_batches/in_batches are performed on a table with composite primary keys, ascending or descending order can be selected for each key.
-
-    ```ruby
-    Person.find_each(order: [:desc, :asc]) do |person|
-      person.party_all_night!
-    end
-    ```
-
-    *Takuya Kurimoto*
-
-*   Fix where on association with has_one/has_many polymorphic relations.
-
-    Before:
-    ```ruby
-    Treasure.where(price_estimates: PriceEstimate.all)
-    #=> SELECT (...) WHERE "treasures"."id" IN (SELECT "price_estimates"."estimate_of_id" FROM "price_estimates")
-    ```
-
-    Later:
-    ```ruby
-    Treasure.where(price_estimates: PriceEstimate.all)
-    #=> SELECT (...) WHERE "treasures"."id" IN (SELECT "price_estimates"."estimate_of_id" FROM "price_estimates" WHERE "price_estimates"."estimate_of_type" = 'Treasure')
-    ```
-
-    *Lázaro Nixon*
-
-*   Assign auto populated columns on Active Record record creation.
-
-    Changes record creation logic to allow for the `auto_increment` column to be assigned
-    immediately after creation regardless of it's relation to the model's primary key.
-
-    The PostgreSQL adapter benefits the most from the change allowing for any number of auto-populated
-    columns to be assigned on the object immediately after row insertion utilizing the `RETURNING` statement.
-
-    *Nikita Vasilevsky*
-
-*   Use the first key in the `shards` hash from `connected_to` for the `default_shard`.
-
-    Some applications may not want to use `:default` as a shard name in their connection model. Unfortunately Active Record expects there to be a `:default` shard because it must assume a shard to get the right connection from the pool manager. Rather than force applications to manually set this, `connects_to` can infer the default shard name from the hash of shards and will now assume that the first shard is your default.
-
-    For example if your model looked like this:
-
-    ```ruby
-    class ShardRecord < ApplicationRecord
-      self.abstract_class = true
-
-      connects_to shards: {
-        shard_one: { writing: :shard_one },
-        shard_two: { writing: :shard_two }
-      }
-    ```
-
-    Then the `default_shard` for this class would be set to `shard_one`.
-
-    Fixes: #45390
-
-    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*
-
-*   Fix mutation detection for serialized attributes backed by binary columns.
-
-    *Jean Boussier*
-
-*   Add `ActiveRecord.disconnect_all!` method to immediately close all connections from all pools.
-
-    *Jean Boussier*
-
-*   Discard connections which may have been left in a transaction.
-
-    There are cases where, due to an error, `within_new_transaction` may unexpectedly leave a connection in an open transaction. In these cases the connection may be reused, and the following may occur:
-    - Writes appear to fail when they actually succeed.
-    - Writes appear to succeed when they actually fail.
-    - Reads return stale or uncommitted data.
-
-    Previously, the following case was detected:
-    - An error is encountered during the transaction, then another error is encountered while attempting to roll it back.
-
-    Now, the following additional cases are detected:
-    - An error is encountered just after successfully beginning a transaction.
-    - An error is encountered while committing a transaction, then another error is encountered while attempting to roll it back.
-    - An error is encountered while rolling back a transaction.
-
-    *Nick Dower*
-
-*   Active Record query cache now evicts least recently used entries
-
-    By default it only keeps the `100` most recently used queries.
-
-    The cache size can be configured via `database.yml`
-
-    ```yaml
-    development:
-      adapter: mysql2
-      query_cache: 200
-    ```
-
-    It can also be entirely disabled:
-
-    ```yaml
-    development:
-      adapter: mysql2
-      query_cache: false
-    ```
-
-    *Jean Boussier*
-
-*   Deprecate `check_pending!` in favor of `check_all_pending!`.
-
-    `check_pending!` will only check for pending migrations on the current database connection or the one passed in. This has been deprecated in favor of `check_all_pending!` which will find all pending migrations for the database configurations in a given environment.
-
-    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*
-
-*   Make `increment_counter`/`decrement_counter` accept an amount argument
-
-    ```ruby
-    Post.increment_counter(:comments_count, 5, by: 3)
-    ```
-
-    *fatkodima*
-
-*   Add support for `Array#intersect?` to `ActiveRecord::Relation`.
-
-    `Array#intersect?` is only available on Ruby 3.1 or later.
-
-    This allows the Rubocop `Style/ArrayIntersect` cop to work with `ActiveRecord::Relation` objects.
-
-    *John Harry Kelly*
-
-*   The deferrable foreign key can be passed to `t.references`.
-
-    *Hiroyuki Ishii*
-
-*   Deprecate `deferrable: true` option of `add_foreign_key`.
-
-    `deferrable: true` is deprecated in favor of `deferrable: :immediate`, and
-    will be removed in Rails 7.2.
-
-    Because `deferrable: true` and `deferrable: :deferred` are hard to understand.
-    Both true and :deferred are truthy values.
-    This behavior is the same as the deferrable option of the add_unique_key method, added in #46192.
-
-    *Hiroyuki Ishii*
-
-*   `AbstractAdapter#execute` and `#exec_query` now clear the query cache
-
-    If you need to perform a read only SQL query without clearing the query
-    cache, use `AbstractAdapter#select_all`.
-
-    *Jean Boussier*
-
-*   Make `.joins` / `.left_outer_joins` work with CTEs.
-
-    For example:
-
-    ```ruby
-    Post
-     .with(commented_posts: Comment.select(:post_id).distinct)
-     .joins(:commented_posts)
-    #=> WITH (...) SELECT ... INNER JOIN commented_posts on posts.id = commented_posts.post_id
-    ```
-
-    *Vladimir Dementyev*
-
-*   Add a load hook for `ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::Mysql2Adapter`
-    (named `active_record_mysql2adapter`) to allow for overriding aspects of the
-    `ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::Mysql2Adapter` class. This makes `Mysql2Adapter`
-    consistent with `PostgreSQLAdapter` and `SQLite3Adapter` that already have load hooks.
-
-    *fatkodima*
-
-*   Introduce adapter for Trilogy database client
-
-    Trilogy is a MySQL-compatible database client. Rails applications can use Trilogy
-    by configuring their `config/database.yml`:
-
-    ```yaml
-    development:
-    adapter: trilogy
-    database: blog_development
-    pool: 5
-    ```
-
-    Or by using the `DATABASE_URL` environment variable:
-
-    ```ruby
-    ENV['DATABASE_URL'] # => "trilogy://localhost/blog_development?pool=5"
-    ```
-
-    *Adrianna Chang*
-
-*   `after_commit` callbacks defined on models now execute in the correct order.
-
-    ```ruby
-    class User < ActiveRecord::Base
-      after_commit { puts("this gets called first") }
-      after_commit { puts("this gets called second") }
-    end
-    ```
-
-    Previously, the callbacks executed in the reverse order. To opt in to the new behaviour:
-
-    ```ruby
-    config.active_record.run_after_transaction_callbacks_in_order_defined = true
-    ```
-
-    This is the default for new apps.
-
-    *Alex Ghiculescu*
-
-*   Infer `foreign_key` when `inverse_of` is present on `has_one` and `has_many` associations.
-
-    ```ruby
-    has_many :citations, foreign_key: "book1_id", inverse_of: :book
-    ```
-
-    can be simplified to
-
-    ```ruby
-    has_many :citations, inverse_of: :book
-    ```
-
-    and the foreign_key will be read from the corresponding `belongs_to` association.
-
-    *Daniel Whitney*
-
-*   Limit max length of auto generated index names
-
-    Auto generated index names are now limited to 62 bytes, which fits within
-    the default index name length limits for MySQL, Postgres and SQLite.
-
-    Any index name over the limit will fallback to the new short format.
-
-    Before (too long):
-    ```
-    index_testings_on_foo_and_bar_and_first_name_and_last_name_and_administrator
-    ```
-
-    After (short format):
-    ```
-    idx_on_foo_bar_first_name_last_name_administrator_5939248142
-    ```
-
-    The short format includes a hash to ensure the name is unique database-wide.
-
-    *Mike Coutermarsh*
-
-*   Introduce a more stable and optimized Marshal serializer for Active Record models.
-
-    Can be enabled with `config.active_record.marshalling_format_version = 7.1`.
-
-    *Jean Boussier*
-
-*   Allow specifying where clauses with column-tuple syntax.
-
-    Querying through `#where` now accepts a new tuple-syntax which accepts, as
-    a key, an array of columns and, as a value, an array of corresponding tuples.
-    The key specifies a list of columns, while the value is an array of
-    ordered-tuples that conform to the column list.
-
-    For instance:
-
-    ```ruby
-    # Cpk::Book => Cpk::Book(author_id: integer, number: integer, title: string, revision: integer)
-    # Cpk::Book.primary_key => ["author_id", "number"]
-
-    book = Cpk::Book.create!(author_id: 1, number: 1)
-    Cpk::Book.where(Cpk::Book.primary_key => [[1, 2]]) # => [book]
-
-    # Topic => Topic(id: integer, title: string, author_name: string...)
-
-    Topic.where([:title, :author_name] => [["The Alchemist", "Paulo Coelho"], ["Harry Potter", "J.K Rowling"]])
-    ```
-
-    *Paarth Madan*
-
-*   Allow warning codes to be ignore when reporting SQL warnings.
-
-    Active Record config that can ignore warning codes
-
-    ```ruby
-    # Configure allowlist of warnings that should always be ignored
-    config.active_record.db_warnings_ignore = [
-      "1062", # MySQL Error 1062: Duplicate entry
-    ]
-    ```
-
-    This is supported for the MySQL and PostgreSQL adapters.
-
-    *Nick Borromeo*
-
-*   Introduce `:active_record_fixtures` lazy load hook.
-
-    Hooks defined with this name will be run whenever `TestFixtures` is included
-    in a class.
-
-    ```ruby
-    ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record_fixtures) do
-      self.fixture_paths << "test/fixtures"
-    end
-
-    klass = Class.new
-    klass.include(ActiveRecord::TestFixtures)
-
-    klass.fixture_paths # => ["test/fixtures"]
-    ```
-
-    *Andrew Novoselac*
-
-*   Introduce `TestFixtures#fixture_paths`.
-
-    Multiple fixture paths can now be specified using the `#fixture_paths` accessor.
-    Apps will continue to have `test/fixtures` as their one fixture path by default,
-    but additional fixture paths can be specified.
-
-    ```ruby
-    ActiveSupport::TestCase.fixture_paths << "component1/test/fixtures"
-    ActiveSupport::TestCase.fixture_paths << "component2/test/fixtures"
-    ```
-
-    `TestFixtures#fixture_path` is now deprecated.
-
-    *Andrew Novoselac*
-
-*   Adds support for deferrable exclude constraints in PostgreSQL.
-
-    By default, exclude constraints in PostgreSQL are checked after each statement.
-    This works for most use cases, but becomes a major limitation when replacing
-    records with overlapping ranges by using multiple statements.
-
-    ```ruby
-    exclusion_constraint :users, "daterange(valid_from, valid_to) WITH &&", deferrable: :immediate
-    ```
-
-    Passing `deferrable: :immediate` checks constraint after each statement,
-    but allows manually deferring the check using `SET CONSTRAINTS ALL DEFERRED`
-    within a transaction. This will cause the excludes to be checked after the transaction.
-
-    It's also possible to change the default behavior from an immediate check
-    (after the statement), to a deferred check (after the transaction):
-
-    ```ruby
-    exclusion_constraint :users, "daterange(valid_from, valid_to) WITH &&", deferrable: :deferred
-    ```
-
-    *Hiroyuki Ishii*
-
-*   Respect `foreign_type` option to `delegated_type` for `{role}_class` method.
-
-    Usage of `delegated_type` with non-conventional `{role}_type` column names can now be specified with `foreign_type` option.
-    This option is the same as `foreign_type` as forwarded to the underlying `belongs_to` association that `delegated_type` wraps.
-
-    *Jason Karns*
-
-*   Add support for unique constraints (PostgreSQL-only).
-
-    ```ruby
-    add_unique_key :sections, [:position], deferrable: :deferred, name: "unique_section_position"
-    remove_unique_key :sections, name: "unique_section_position"
-    ```
-
-    See PostgreSQL's [Unique Constraints](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/ddl-constraints.html#DDL-CONSTRAINTS-UNIQUE-CONSTRAINTS) documentation for more on unique constraints.
-
-    By default, unique constraints in PostgreSQL are checked after each statement.
-    This works for most use cases, but becomes a major limitation when replacing
-    records with unique column by using multiple statements.
-
-    An example of swapping unique columns between records.
-
-    ```ruby
-    # position is unique column
-    old_item = Item.create!(position: 1)
-    new_item = Item.create!(position: 2)
-
-    Item.transaction do
-      old_item.update!(position: 2)
-      new_item.update!(position: 1)
-    end
-    ```
-
-    Using the default behavior, the transaction would fail when executing the
-    first `UPDATE` statement.
-
-    By passing the `:deferrable` option to the `add_unique_key` statement in
-    migrations, it's possible to defer this check.
-
-    ```ruby
-    add_unique_key :items, [:position], deferrable: :immediate
-    ```
-
-    Passing `deferrable: :immediate` does not change the behaviour of the previous example,
-    but allows manually deferring the check using `SET CONSTRAINTS ALL DEFERRED` within a transaction.
-    This will cause the unique constraints to be checked after the transaction.
-
-    It's also possible to adjust the default behavior from an immediate
-    check (after the statement), to a deferred check (after the transaction):
-
-    ```ruby
-    add_unique_key :items, [:position], deferrable: :deferred
-    ```
-
-    If you want to change an existing unique index to deferrable, you can use :using_index
-    to create deferrable unique constraints.
-
-    ```ruby
-    add_unique_key :items, deferrable: :deferred, using_index: "index_items_on_position"
-    ```
-
-    *Hiroyuki Ishii*
-
-*   Remove deprecated `Tasks::DatabaseTasks.schema_file_type`.
-
-    *Rafael Mendonça França*
-
-*   Remove deprecated `config.active_record.partial_writes`.
-
-    *Rafael Mendonça França*
-
-*   Remove deprecated `ActiveRecord::Base` config accessors.
-
-    *Rafael Mendonça França*
-
-*   Remove the `:include_replicas` argument from `configs_for`. Use `:include_hidden` argument instead.
-
-    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*
-
-*   Allow applications to lookup a config via a custom hash key.
-
-    If you have registered a custom config or want to find configs where the hash matches a specific key, now you can pass `config_key` to `configs_for`. For example if you have a `db_config` with the key `vitess` you can look up a database configuration hash by  matching that key.
-
-    ```ruby
-    ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for(env_name: "development", name: "primary", config_key: :vitess)
-    ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for(env_name: "development", config_key: :vitess)
-    ```
-
-    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*
-
-*   Allow applications to register a custom database configuration handler.
-
-    Adds a mechanism for registering a custom handler for cases where you want database configurations to respond to custom methods. This is useful for non-Rails database adapters or tools like Vitess that you may want to configure differently from a standard `HashConfig` or `UrlConfig`.
-
-    Given the following database YAML we want the `animals` db to create a `CustomConfig` object instead while the `primary` database will be a `UrlConfig`:
-
-    ```yaml
-    development:
-      primary:
-        url: postgres://localhost/primary
-      animals:
-        url: postgres://localhost/animals
-        custom_config:
-          sharded: 1
-    ```
-
-    To register a custom handler first make a class that has your custom methods:
-
-    ```ruby
-    class CustomConfig < ActiveRecord::DatabaseConfigurations::UrlConfig
-      def sharded?
-        custom_config.fetch("sharded", false)
-      end
-
-      private
-        def custom_config
-          configuration_hash.fetch(:custom_config)
-        end
-    end
-    ```
-
-    Then register the config in an initializer:
-
-    ```ruby
-    ActiveRecord::DatabaseConfigurations.register_db_config_handler do |env_name, name, url, config|
-      next unless config.key?(:custom_config)
-      CustomConfig.new(env_name, name, url, config)
-    end
-    ```
-
-    When the application is booted, configuration hashes with the `:custom_config` key will be `CustomConfig` objects and respond to `sharded?`. Applications must handle the condition in which Active Record should use their custom handler.
-
-    *Eileen M. Uchitelle and John Crepezzi*
-
-*   `ActiveRecord::Base.serialize` no longer uses YAML by default.
-
-    YAML isn't particularly performant and can lead to security issues
-    if not used carefully.
-
-    Unfortunately there isn't really any good serializers in Ruby's stdlib
-    to replace it.
-
-    The obvious choice would be JSON, which is a fine format for this use case,
-    however the JSON serializer in Ruby's stdlib isn't strict enough, as it fallback
-    to casting unknown types to strings, which could lead to corrupted data.
-
-    Some third party JSON libraries like `Oj` have a suitable strict mode.
-
-    So it's preferable that users choose a serializer based on their own constraints.
-
-    The original default can be restored by setting `config.active_record.default_column_serializer = YAML`.
-
-    *Jean Boussier*
-
-*   `ActiveRecord::Base.serialize` signature changed.
-
-    Rather than a single positional argument that accepts two possible
-    types of values, `serialize` now accepts two distinct keyword arguments.
-
-    Before:
-
-    ```ruby
-    serialize :content, JSON
-    serialize :backtrace, Array
-    ```
-
-    After:
-
-    ```ruby
-    serialize :content, coder: JSON
-    serialize :backtrace, type: Array
-    ```
-
-    *Jean Boussier*
-
-*   YAML columns use `YAML.safe_dump` if available.
-
-    As of `psych 5.1.0`, `YAML.safe_dump` can now apply the same permitted
-    types restrictions than `YAML.safe_load`.
-
-    It's preferable to ensure the payload only use allowed types when we first
-    try to serialize it, otherwise you may end up with invalid records in the
-    database.
-
-    *Jean Boussier*
-
-*   `ActiveRecord::QueryLogs` better handle broken encoding.
-
-    It's not uncommon when building queries with BLOB fields to contain
-    binary data. Unless the call carefully encode the string in ASCII-8BIT
-    it generally end up being encoded in `UTF-8`, and `QueryLogs` would
-    end up failing on it.
-
-    `ActiveRecord::QueryLogs` no longer depend on the query to be properly encoded.
-
-    *Jean Boussier*
-
-*   Fix a bug where `ActiveRecord::Generators::ModelGenerator` would not respect create_table_migration template overrides.
-
-    ```
-    rails g model create_books title:string content:text
-    ```
-    will now read from the create_table_migration.rb.tt template in the following locations in order:
-    ```
-    lib/templates/active_record/model/create_table_migration.rb
-    lib/templates/active_record/migration/create_table_migration.rb
-    ```
-
-    *Spencer Neste*
-
-*   `ActiveRecord::Relation#explain` now accepts options.
-
-    For databases and adapters which support them (currently PostgreSQL
-    and MySQL), options can be passed to `explain` to provide more
-    detailed query plan analysis:
-
-    ```ruby
-    Customer.where(id: 1).joins(:orders).explain(:analyze, :verbose)
-    ```
-
-    *Reid Lynch*
-
-*   Multiple `Arel::Nodes::SqlLiteral` nodes can now be added together to
-    form `Arel::Nodes::Fragments` nodes. This allows joining several pieces
-    of SQL.
-
-    *Matthew Draper*, *Ole Friis*
-
-*   `ActiveRecord::Base#signed_id` raises if called on a new record.
-
-    Previously it would return an ID that was not usable, since it was based on `id = nil`.
-
-    *Alex Ghiculescu*
-
-*   Allow SQL warnings to be reported.
-
-    Active Record configs can be set to enable SQL warning reporting.
-
-    ```ruby
-    # Configure action to take when SQL query produces warning
-    config.active_record.db_warnings_action = :raise
-
-    # Configure allowlist of warnings that should always be ignored
-    config.active_record.db_warnings_ignore = [
-      /Invalid utf8mb4 character string/,
-      "An exact warning message",
-    ]
-    ```
-
-    This is supported for the MySQL and PostgreSQL adapters.
-
-    *Adrianna Chang*, *Paarth Madan*
-
-*   Add `#regroup` query method as a short-hand for `.unscope(:group).group(fields)`
-
-    Example:
-
-    ```ruby
-    Post.group(:title).regroup(:author)
-    # SELECT `posts`.`*` FROM `posts` GROUP BY `posts`.`author`
-    ```
-
-    *Danielius Visockas*
-
-*   PostgreSQL adapter method `enable_extension` now allows parameter to be `[schema_name.]<extension_name>`
-    if the extension must be installed on another schema.
-
-    Example: `enable_extension('heroku_ext.hstore')`
-
-    *Leonardo Luarte*
-
-*   Add `:include` option to `add_index`.
-
-    Add support for including non-key columns in indexes for PostgreSQL
-    with the `INCLUDE` parameter.
-
-    ```ruby
-    add_index(:users, :email, include: [:id, :created_at])
-    ```
-
-    will result in:
-
-    ```sql
-    CREATE INDEX index_users_on_email USING btree (email) INCLUDE (id, created_at)
-    ```
-
-    *Steve Abrams*
-
-*   `ActiveRecord::Relation`’s `#any?`, `#none?`, and `#one?` methods take an optional pattern
-    argument, more closely matching their `Enumerable` equivalents.
-
-    *George Claghorn*
-
-*   Add `ActiveRecord::Base.normalizes` for declaring attribute normalizations.
-
-    An attribute normalization is applied when the attribute is assigned or
-    updated, and the normalized value will be persisted to the database.  The
-    normalization is also applied to the corresponding keyword argument of query
-    methods, allowing records to be queried using unnormalized values.
-
-    For example:
-
-      ```ruby
-      class User < ActiveRecord::Base
-        normalizes :email, with: -> email { email.strip.downcase }
-        normalizes :phone, with: -> phone { phone.delete("^0-9").delete_prefix("1") }
-      end
-
-      user = User.create(email: " CRUISE-CONTROL@EXAMPLE.COM\n")
-      user.email                  # => "cruise-control@example.com"
-
-      user = User.find_by(email: "\tCRUISE-CONTROL@EXAMPLE.COM ")
-      user.email                  # => "cruise-control@example.com"
-      user.email_before_type_cast # => "cruise-control@example.com"
-
-      User.where(email: "\tCRUISE-CONTROL@EXAMPLE.COM ").count         # => 1
-      User.where(["email = ?", "\tCRUISE-CONTROL@EXAMPLE.COM "]).count # => 0
-
-      User.exists?(email: "\tCRUISE-CONTROL@EXAMPLE.COM ")         # => true
-      User.exists?(["email = ?", "\tCRUISE-CONTROL@EXAMPLE.COM "]) # => false
-
-      User.normalize_value_for(:phone, "+1 (555) 867-5309") # => "5558675309"
-      ```
-
-    *Jonathan Hefner*
-
-*   Hide changes to before_committed! callback behaviour behind flag.
-
-    In #46525, behavior around before_committed! callbacks was changed so that callbacks
-    would run on every enrolled record in a transaction, not just the first copy of a record.
-    This change in behavior is now controlled by a configuration option,
-    `config.active_record.before_committed_on_all_records`. It will be enabled by default on Rails 7.1.
-
-    *Adrianna Chang*
-
-*   The `namespaced_controller` Query Log tag now matches the `controller` format
-
-    For example, a request processed by `NameSpaced::UsersController` will now log as:
-
-    ```
-    :controller # "users"
-    :namespaced_controller # "name_spaced/users"
-    ```
-
-    *Alex Ghiculescu*
-
-*   Return only unique ids from ActiveRecord::Calculations#ids
-
-    Updated ActiveRecord::Calculations#ids to only return the unique ids of the base model
-    when using eager_load, preload and includes.
-
-    ```ruby
-    Post.find_by(id: 1).comments.count
-    # => 5
-    Post.includes(:comments).where(id: 1).pluck(:id)
-    # => [1, 1, 1, 1, 1]
-    Post.includes(:comments).where(id: 1).ids
-    # => [1]
-    ```
-
-    *Joshua Young*
-
-*   Stop using `LOWER()` for case-insensitive queries on `citext` columns
-
-    Previously, `LOWER()` was added for e.g. uniqueness validations with
-    `case_sensitive: false`.
-    It wasn't mentioned in the documentation that the index without `LOWER()`
-    wouldn't be used in this case.
-
-    *Phil Pirozhkov*
-
-*   Extract `#sync_timezone_changes` method in AbstractMysqlAdapter to enable subclasses
-    to sync database timezone changes without overriding `#raw_execute`.
-
-    *Adrianna Chang*, *Paarth Madan*
-
-*   Do not write additional new lines when dumping sql migration versions
-
-    This change updates the `insert_versions_sql` function so that the database insert string containing the current database migration versions does not end with two additional new lines.
-
-    *Misha Schwartz*
-
-*   Fix `composed_of` value freezing and duplication.
+*   No changes.
 
-    Previously composite values exhibited two confusing behaviors:
 
-    - When reading a compositve value it'd _NOT_ be frozen, allowing it to get out of sync with its underlying database
-      columns.
-    - When writing a compositve value the argument would be frozen, potentially confusing the caller.
+## Rails 8.1.2 (January 08, 2026) ##
 
-    Currently, composite values instantiated based on database columns are frozen (addressing the first issue) and
-    assigned compositve values are duplicated and the duplicate is frozen (addressing the second issue).
+*   Fix counting cached queries in `ActiveRecord::RuntimeRegistry`.
 
-    *Greg Navis*
+    *fatkodima*
 
-*   Fix redundant updates to the column insensitivity cache
+*   Fix merging relations with arel equality predicates with null relations.
 
-    Fixed redundant queries checking column capability for insensitive
-    comparison.
+    *fatkodima*
 
-    *Phil Pirozhkov*
+*   Fix SQLite3 schema dump for non-autoincrement integer primary keys.
 
-*   Allow disabling methods generated by `ActiveRecord.enum`.
+    Previously, `schema.rb` should incorrectly restore that table with an auto incrementing
+    primary key.
 
-    *Alfred Dominic*
+    *Chris Hasiński*
 
-*   Avoid validating `belongs_to` association if it has not changed.
+*   Fix PostgreSQL `schema_search_path` not being reapplied after `reset!` or `reconnect!`.
 
-    Previously, when updating a record, Active Record will perform an extra query to check for the presence of
-    `belongs_to` associations (if the presence is configured to be mandatory), even if that attribute hasn't changed.
+    The `schema_search_path` configured in `database.yml` is now correctly
+    reapplied instead of falling back to PostgreSQL defaults.
 
-    Currently, only `belongs_to`-related columns are checked for presence. It is possible to have orphaned records with
-    this approach. To avoid this problem, you need to use a foreign key.
+    *Tobias Egli*
 
-    This behavior can be controlled by configuration:
+*   Restore the ability of enum to be foats.
 
     ```ruby
-    config.active_record.belongs_to_required_validates_foreign_key = false
+    enum :rating, { low: 0.0, medium: 0.5, high: 1.0 },
     ```
 
-    and will be disabled by default with `config.load_defaults 7.1`.
+    In Rails 8.1.0, enum values are eagerly validated, and floats weren't expected.
 
-    *fatkodima*
+    *Said Kaldybaev*
 
-*   `has_one` and `belongs_to` associations now define a `reset_association` method
-    on the owner model (where `association` is the name of the association). This
-    method unloads the cached associate record, if any, and causes the next access
-    to query it from the database.
+*   Ensure batched preloaded associations accounts for klass when grouping to avoid issues with STI.
 
-    *George Claghorn*
+    *zzak*, *Stjepan Hadjic*
 
-*   Allow per attribute setting of YAML permitted classes (safe load) and unsafe load.
+*   Fix `ActiveRecord::SoleRecordExceeded#record` to return the relation.
 
-    *Carlos Palhares*
+    This was the case until Rails 7.2, but starting from 8.0 it
+    started mistakenly returning the model class.
 
-*   Add a build persistence method
+    *Jean Boussier*
 
-    Provides a wrapper for `new`, to provide feature parity with `create`s
-    ability to create multiple records from an array of hashes, using the
-    same notation as the `build` method on associations.
+*   Improve PostgreSQLAdapter resilience to Timeout.timeout.
 
-    *Sean Denny*
+    Better handle asynchronous exceptions being thrown inside
+    the `reconnect!` method.
 
-*   Raise on assignment to readonly attributes
+    This may fixes some deep errors such as:
 
-    ```ruby
-    class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
-      attr_readonly :content
-    end
-    Post.create!(content: "cannot be updated")
-    post.content # "cannot be updated"
-    post.content = "something else" # => ActiveRecord::ReadonlyAttributeError
+    ```
+    undefined method `key?' for nil:NilClass (NoMethodError)
+              if !type_map.key?(oid)
     ```
 
-    Previously, assignment would succeed but silently not write to the database.
+    *Jean Boussier*
 
-    This behavior can be controlled by configuration:
+*   Fix structured events for Active Record was not being emitted.
 
-    ```ruby
-    config.active_record.raise_on_assign_to_attr_readonly = true
-    ```
+    *Yuji Yaginuma*
 
-    and will be enabled by default with `config.load_defaults 7.1`.
+*   Fix `eager_load` when loading `has_many` assocations with composite primary keys.
 
-    *Alex Ghiculescu*, *Hartley McGuire*
+    This would result in some records being loaded multiple times.
 
-*   Allow unscoping of preload and eager_load associations
+    *Martin-Alexander*
 
-    Added the ability to unscope preload and eager_load associations just like
-    includes, joins, etc. See ActiveRecord::QueryMethods::VALID_UNSCOPING_VALUES
-    for the full list of supported unscopable scopes.
 
-    ```ruby
-    query.unscope(:eager_load, :preload).group(:id).select(:id)
-    ```
+## Rails 8.1.1 (October 28, 2025) ##
 
-    *David Morehouse*
+*   No changes.
 
-*   Add automatic filtering of encrypted attributes on inspect
 
-    This feature is enabled by default but can be disabled with
+## Rails 8.1.0 (October 22, 2025) ##
 
-    ```ruby
-    config.active_record.encryption.add_to_filter_parameters = false
-    ```
+*   Fix SQLite3 data loss during table alterations with CASCADE foreign keys.
 
-    *Hartley McGuire*
+    When altering a table in SQLite3 that is referenced by child tables with
+    `ON DELETE CASCADE` foreign keys, ActiveRecord would silently delete all
+    data from the child tables. This occurred because SQLite requires table
+    recreation for schema changes, and during this process the original table
+    is temporarily dropped, triggering CASCADE deletes on child tables.
 
-*   Clear locking column on #dup
+    The root cause was incorrect ordering of operations. The original code
+    wrapped `disable_referential_integrity` inside a transaction, but
+    `PRAGMA foreign_keys` cannot be modified inside a transaction in SQLite -
+    attempting to do so simply has no effect. This meant foreign keys remained
+    enabled during table recreation, causing CASCADE deletes to fire.
 
-    This change fixes not to duplicate locking_column like id and timestamps.
+    The fix reverses the order to follow the official SQLite 12-step ALTER TABLE
+    procedure: `disable_referential_integrity` now wraps the transaction instead
+    of being wrapped by it. This ensures foreign keys are properly disabled
+    before the transaction starts and re-enabled after it commits, preventing
+    CASCADE deletes while maintaining data integrity through atomic transactions.
 
-    ```
-    car = Car.create!
-    car.touch
-    car.lock_version #=> 1
-    car.dup.lock_version #=> 0
-    ```
+    *Ruy Rocha*
 
-    *Shouichi Kamiya*, *Seonggi Yang*, *Ryohei UEDA*
+*   Add replicas to test database parallelization setup.
 
-*   Invalidate transaction as early as possible
+    Setup and configuration of databases for parallel testing now includes replicas.
 
-    After rescuing a `TransactionRollbackError` exception Rails invalidates transactions earlier in the flow
-    allowing the framework to skip issuing the `ROLLBACK` statement in more cases.
-    Only affects adapters that have `savepoint_errors_invalidate_transactions?` configured as `true`,
-    which at this point is only applicable to the `mysql2` adapter.
+    This fixes an issue when using a replica database, database selector middleware,
+    and non-transactional tests, where integration tests running in parallel would select
+    the base test database, i.e. `db_test`, instead of the numbered parallel worker database,
+    i.e. `db_test_{n}`.
 
-    *Nikita Vasilevsky*
+    *Adam Maas*
 
-*   Allow configuring columns list to be used in SQL queries issued by an `ActiveRecord::Base` object
+*   Support virtual (not persisted) generated columns on PostgreSQL 18+
 
-    It is now possible to configure columns list that will be used to build an SQL query clauses when
-    updating, deleting or reloading an `ActiveRecord::Base` object
+    PostgreSQL 18 introduces virtual (not persisted) generated columns,
+    which are now the default unless the `stored: true` option is explicitly specified on PostgreSQL 18+.
 
     ```ruby
-    class Developer < ActiveRecord::Base
-      query_constraints :company_id, :id
+    create_table :users do |t|
+      t.string :name
+      t.virtual :lower_name,  type: :string,  as: "LOWER(name)", stored: false
+      t.virtual :name_length, type: :integer, as: "LENGTH(name)"
     end
-    developer = Developer.first.update(name: "Bob")
-    # => UPDATE "developers" SET "name" = 'Bob' WHERE "developers"."company_id" = 1 AND "developers"."id" = 1
     ```
 
-    *Nikita Vasilevsky*
-
-*   Adds `validate` to foreign keys and check constraints in schema.rb
-
-    Previously, `schema.rb` would not record if `validate: false` had been used when adding a foreign key or check
-    constraint, so restoring a database from the schema could result in foreign keys or check constraints being
-    incorrectly validated.
-
-    *Tommy Graves*
-
-*   Adapter `#execute` methods now accept an `allow_retry` option. When set to `true`, the SQL statement will be
-    retried, up to the database's configured `connection_retries` value, upon encountering connection-related errors.
-
-    *Adrianna Chang*
-
-*   Only trigger `after_commit :destroy` callbacks when a database row is deleted.
+    *Yasuo Honda*
 
-    This prevents `after_commit :destroy` callbacks from being triggered again
-    when `destroy` is called multiple times on the same record.
+*   Optimize schema dumping to prevent duplicate file generation.
 
-    *Ben Sheldon*
+    `ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.dump_all` now tracks which schema files
+    have already been dumped and skips dumping the same file multiple times.
+    This improves performance when multiple database configurations share the
+    same schema dump path.
 
-*   Fix `ciphertext_for` for yet-to-be-encrypted values.
+    *Mikey Gough*, *Hartley McGuire*
 
-    Previously, `ciphertext_for` returned the cleartext of values that had not
-    yet been encrypted, such as with an unpersisted record:
+*   Add structured events for Active Record:
+    - `active_record.strict_loading_violation`
+    - `active_record.sql`
 
-      ```ruby
-      Post.encrypts :body
-
-      post = Post.create!(body: "Hello")
-      post.ciphertext_for(:body)
-      # => "{\"p\":\"abc..."
-
-      post.body = "World"
-      post.ciphertext_for(:body)
-      # => "World"
-      ```
-
-    Now, `ciphertext_for` will always return the ciphertext of encrypted
-    attributes:
-
-      ```ruby
-      Post.encrypts :body
-
-      post = Post.create!(body: "Hello")
-      post.ciphertext_for(:body)
-      # => "{\"p\":\"abc..."
-
-      post.body = "World"
-      post.ciphertext_for(:body)
-      # => "{\"p\":\"xyz..."
-      ```
-
-    *Jonathan Hefner*
-
-*   Fix a bug where using groups and counts with long table names would return incorrect results.
-
-    *Shota Toguchi*, *Yusaku Ono*
-
-*   Fix encryption of column default values.
-
-    Previously, encrypted attributes that used column default values appeared to
-    be encrypted on create, but were not:
+    *Gannon McGibbon*
 
-      ```ruby
-      Book.encrypts :name
-
-      book = Book.create!
-      book.name
-      # => "<untitled>"
-      book.name_before_type_cast
-      # => "{\"p\":\"abc..."
-      book.reload.name_before_type_cast
-      # => "<untitled>"
-      ```
+*   Add support for integer shard keys.
+    ```ruby
+    # Now accepts symbols as shard keys.
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connects_to(shards: {
+      1: { writing: :primary_shard_one, reading: :primary_shard_one },
+      2: { writing: :primary_shard_two, reading: :primary_shard_two},
+    })
 
-    Now, attributes with column default values are encrypted:
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(shard: 1) do
+      # ..
+    end
+    ```
 
-      ```ruby
-      Book.encrypts :name
-
-      book = Book.create!
-      book.name
-      # => "<untitled>"
-      book.name_before_type_cast
-      # => "{\"p\":\"abc..."
-      book.reload.name_before_type_cast
-      # => "{\"p\":\"abc..."
-      ```
+    *Nony Dutton*
 
-    *Jonathan Hefner*
+*   Add `ActiveRecord::Base.only_columns`
 
-*   Deprecate delegation from `Base` to `connection_handler`.
+    Similar in use case to `ignored_columns` but listing columns to consider rather than the ones
+    to ignore.
 
-    Calling `Base.clear_all_connections!`, `Base.clear_active_connections!`, `Base.clear_reloadable_connections!` and `Base.flush_idle_connections!` is deprecated. Please call these methods on the connection handler directly. In future Rails versions, the delegation from `Base` to the `connection_handler` will be removed.
+    Can be useful when working with a legacy or shared database schema, or to make safe schema change
+    in two deploys rather than three.
 
-    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*
+    *Anton Kandratski*
 
-*   Allow ActiveRecord::QueryMethods#reselect to receive hash values, similar to ActiveRecord::QueryMethods#select
+*   Use `PG::Connection#close_prepared` (protocol level Close) to deallocate
+    prepared statements when available.
 
-    *Sampat Badhe*
+    To enable its use, you must have pg >= 1.6.0, libpq >= 17, and a PostgreSQL
+    database version >= 17.
 
-*   Validate options when managing columns and tables in migrations.
+    *Hartley McGuire*, *Andrew Jackson*
 
-    If an invalid option is passed to a migration method like `create_table` and `add_column`, an error will be raised
-    instead of the option being silently ignored. Validation of the options will only be applied for new migrations
-    that are created.
+*   Fix query cache for pinned connections in multi threaded transactional tests
 
-    *Guo Xiang Tan*, *George Wambold*
+    When a pinned connection is used across separate threads, they now use a separate cache store
+    for each thread.
 
-*   Update query log tags to use the [SQLCommenter](https://open-telemetry.github.io/opentelemetry-sqlcommenter/) format by default. See [#46179](https://github.com/rails/rails/issues/46179)
+    This improve accuracy of system tests, and any test using multiple threads.
 
-    To opt out of SQLCommenter-formatted query log tags, set `config.active_record.query_log_tags_format = :legacy`. By default, this is set to `:sqlcommenter`.
+    *Heinrich Lee Yu*, *Jean Boussier*
 
-    *Modulitos* and *Iheanyi*
+*   Fix time attribute dirty tracking with timezone conversions.
 
-*   Allow any ERB in the database.yml when creating rake tasks.
+    Time-only attributes now maintain a fixed date of 2000-01-01 during timezone conversions,
+    preventing them from being incorrectly marked as changed due to date shifts.
 
-    Any ERB can be used in `database.yml` even if it accesses environment
-    configurations.
+    This fixes an issue where time attributes would be marked as changed when setting the same time value
+    due to timezone conversion causing internal date shifts.
 
-    Deprecates `config.active_record.suppress_multiple_database_warning`.
+    *Prateek Choudhary*
 
-    *Eike Send*
+*   Skip calling `PG::Connection#cancel` in `cancel_any_running_query`
+    when using libpq >= 18 with pg < 1.6.0, due to incompatibility.
+    Rollback still runs, but may take longer.
 
-*   Add table to error for duplicate column definitions.
+    *Yasuo Honda*, *Lars Kanis*
 
-    If a migration defines duplicate columns for a table, the error message
-    shows which table it concerns.
+*   Don't add `id_value` attribute alias when attribute/column with that name already exists.
 
-    *Petrik de Heus*
+    *Rob Lewis*
 
-*   Fix erroneous nil default precision on virtual datetime columns.
+*   Remove deprecated `:unsigned_float` and `:unsigned_decimal` column methods for MySQL.
 
-    Prior to this change, virtual datetime columns did not have the same
-    default precision as regular datetime columns, resulting in the following
-    being erroneously equivalent:
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
 
-        t.virtual :name, type: datetime,                 as: "expression"
-        t.virtual :name, type: datetime, precision: nil, as: "expression"
+*   Remove deprecated `:retries` option for the SQLite3 adapter.
 
-    This change fixes the default precision lookup, so virtual and regular
-    datetime column default precisions match.
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
 
-    *Sam Bostock*
+*   Introduce new database configuration options `keepalive`, `max_age`, and
+    `min_connections` -- and rename `pool` to `max_connections` to match.
 
-*   Use connection from `#with_raw_connection` in `#quote_string`.
+    There are no changes to default behavior, but these allow for more specific
+    control over pool behavior.
 
-    This ensures that the string quoting is wrapped in the reconnect and retry logic
-    that `#with_raw_connection` offers.
+    *Matthew Draper*, *Chris AtLee*, *Rachael Wright-Munn*
 
-    *Adrianna Chang*
+*   Move `LIMIT` validation from query generation to when `limit()` is called.
 
-*   Add `expires_at` option to `signed_id`.
+    *Hartley McGuire*, *Shuyang*
 
-    *Shouichi Kamiya*
+*   Add `ActiveRecord::CheckViolation` error class for check constraint violations.
 
-*   Allow applications to set retry deadline for query retries.
+    *Ryuta Kamizono*
 
-    Building on the work done in #44576 and #44591, we extend the logic that automatically
-    reconnects database connections to take into account a timeout limit. We won't retry
-    a query if a given amount of time has elapsed since the query was first attempted. This
-    value defaults to nil, meaning that all retryable queries are retried regardless of time elapsed,
-    but this can be changed via the `retry_deadline` option in the database config.
+*   Add `ActiveRecord::ExclusionViolation` error class for exclusion constraint violations.
 
-    *Adrianna Chang*
+    When an exclusion constraint is violated in PostgreSQL, the error will now be raised
+    as `ActiveRecord::ExclusionViolation` instead of the generic `ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid`,
+    making it easier to handle these specific constraint violations in application code.
 
-*   Fix a case where the query cache can return wrong values. See #46044
+    This follows the same pattern as other constraint violation error classes like
+    `RecordNotUnique` for unique constraint violations and `InvalidForeignKey` for
+    foreign key constraint violations.
 
-    *Aaron Patterson*
+    *Ryuta Kamizono*
 
-*   Support MySQL's ssl-mode option for MySQLDatabaseTasks.
+*   Attributes filtered by `filter_attributes` will now also be filtered by `filter_parameters`
+    so sensitive information is not leaked.
 
-    Verifying the identity of the database server requires setting the ssl-mode
-    option to VERIFY_CA or VERIFY_IDENTITY. This option was previously ignored
-    for MySQL database tasks like creating a database and dumping the structure.
+    *Jill Klang*
 
-    *Petrik de Heus*
+*   Add `connection.current_transaction.isolation` API to check current transaction's isolation level.
 
-*   Move `ActiveRecord::InternalMetadata` to an independent object.
+    Returns the isolation level if it was explicitly set via the `isolation:` parameter
+    or through `ActiveRecord.with_transaction_isolation_level`, otherwise returns `nil`.
+    Nested transactions return the parent transaction's isolation level.
 
-    `ActiveRecord::InternalMetadata` no longer inherits from `ActiveRecord::Base` and is now an independent object that should be instantiated with a `connection`. This class is private and should not be used by applications directly. If you want to interact with the schema migrations table, please access it on the connection directly, for example: `ActiveRecord::Base.connection.schema_migration`.
+    ```ruby
+    # Returns nil when no transaction
+    User.connection.current_transaction.isolation # => nil
 
-    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*
+    # Returns explicitly set isolation level
+    User.transaction(isolation: :serializable) do
+      User.connection.current_transaction.isolation # => :serializable
+    end
 
-*   Deprecate quoting `ActiveSupport::Duration` as an integer
+    # Returns nil when isolation not explicitly set
+    User.transaction do
+      User.connection.current_transaction.isolation # => nil
+    end
 
-    Using ActiveSupport::Duration as an interpolated bind parameter in a SQL
-    string template is deprecated. To avoid this warning, you should explicitly
-    convert the duration to a more specific database type. For example, if you
-    want to use a duration as an integer number of seconds:
-    ```
-    Record.where("duration = ?", 1.hour.to_i)
-    ```
-    If you want to use a duration as an ISO 8601 string:
-    ```
-    Record.where("duration = ?", 1.hour.iso8601)
+    # Nested transactions inherit parent's isolation
+    User.transaction(isolation: :read_committed) do
+      User.transaction do
+        User.connection.current_transaction.isolation # => :read_committed
+      end
+    end
     ```
 
-    *Aram Greenman*
+    *Kir Shatrov*
 
-*   Allow `QueryMethods#in_order_of` to order by a string column name.
+*   Fix `#merge` with `#or` or `#and` and a mixture of attributes and SQL strings resulting in an incorrect query.
 
     ```ruby
-    Post.in_order_of("id", [4,2,3,1]).to_a
-    Post.joins(:author).in_order_of("authors.name", ["Bob", "Anna", "John"]).to_a
+    base = Comment.joins(:post).where(user_id: 1).where("recent = 1")
+    puts base.merge(base.where(draft: true).or(Post.where(archived: true))).to_sql
     ```
 
-    *Igor Kasyanchuk*
-
-*   Move `ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration` to an independent object.
-
-    `ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration` no longer inherits from `ActiveRecord::Base` and is now an independent object that should be instantiated with a `connection`. This class is private and should not be used by applications directly. If you want to interact with the schema migrations table, please access it on the connection directly, for example: `ActiveRecord::Base.connection.schema_migration`.
-
-    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*
-
-*   Deprecate `all_connection_pools` and make `connection_pool_list` more explicit.
-
-    Following on #45924 `all_connection_pools` is now deprecated. `connection_pool_list` will either take an explicit role or applications can opt into the new behavior by passing `:all`.
-
-    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*
-
-*   Fix connection handler methods to operate on all pools.
-
-    `active_connections?`, `clear_active_connections!`, `clear_reloadable_connections!`, `clear_all_connections!`, and `flush_idle_connections!` now operate on all pools by default. Previously they would default to using the `current_role` or `:writing` role unless specified.
-
-    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*
-
-
-*   Allow ActiveRecord::QueryMethods#select to receive hash values.
-
-    Currently, `select` might receive only raw sql and symbols to define columns and aliases to select.
-
-    With this change we can provide `hash` as argument, for example:
-
-    ```ruby
-    Post.joins(:comments).select(posts: [:id, :title, :created_at], comments: [:id, :body, :author_id])
-    #=> "SELECT \"posts\".\"id\", \"posts\".\"title\", \"posts\".\"created_at\", \"comments\".\"id\", \"comments\".\"body\", \"comments\".\"author_id\"
-    #   FROM \"posts\" INNER JOIN \"comments\" ON \"comments\".\"post_id\" = \"posts\".\"id\""
+    Before:
 
-    Post.joins(:comments).select(posts: { id: :post_id, title: :post_title }, comments: { id: :comment_id, body: :comment_body })
-    #=> "SELECT posts.id as post_id, posts.title as post_title, comments.id as comment_id, comments.body as comment_body
-    #    FROM \"posts\" INNER JOIN \"comments\" ON \"comments\".\"post_id\" = \"posts\".\"id\""
+    ```SQL
+    SELECT "comments".* FROM "comments"
+    INNER JOIN "posts" ON "posts"."id" = "comments"."post_id"
+    WHERE (recent = 1)
+    AND (
+      "comments"."user_id" = 1
+      AND (recent = 1)
+      AND "comments"."draft" = 1
+      OR "posts"."archived" = 1
+    )
     ```
-    *Oleksandr Holubenko*, *Josef Šimánek*, *Jean Boussier*
 
-*   Adapts virtual attributes on `ActiveRecord::Persistence#becomes`.
-
-    When source and target classes have a different set of attributes adapts
-    attributes such that the extra attributes from target are added.
-
-    ```ruby
-    class Person < ApplicationRecord
-    end
-
-    class WebUser < Person
-      attribute :is_admin, :boolean
-      after_initialize :set_admin
-
-      def set_admin
-        write_attribute(:is_admin, email =~ /@ourcompany\.com$/)
-      end
-    end
+    After:
 
-    person = Person.find_by(email: "email@ourcompany.com")
-    person.respond_to? :is_admin
-    # => false
-    person.becomes(WebUser).is_admin?
-    # => true
+    ```SQL
+    SELECT "comments".* FROM "comments"
+    INNER JOIN "posts" ON "posts"."id" = "comments"."post_id"
+    WHERE "comments"."user_id" = 1
+    AND (recent = 1)
+    AND (
+      "comments"."user_id" = 1
+      AND (recent = 1)
+      AND "comments"."draft" = 1
+      OR "posts"."archived" = 1
+    )
     ```
 
-    *Jacopo Beschi*, *Sampson Crowley*
-
-*   Fix `ActiveRecord::QueryMethods#in_order_of` to include `nil`s, to match the
-    behavior of `Enumerable#in_order_of`.
+    *Joshua Young*
 
-    For example, `Post.in_order_of(:title, [nil, "foo"])` will now include posts
-    with `nil` titles, the same as `Post.all.to_a.in_order_of(:title, [nil, "foo"])`.
+*   Make schema dumper to account for `ActiveRecord.dump_schemas` when dumping in `:ruby` format.
 
     *fatkodima*
 
-*   Optimize `add_timestamps` to use a single SQL statement.
+*   Add `:touch` option to `update_column`/`update_columns` methods.
 
     ```ruby
-    add_timestamps :my_table
-    ```
+    # Will update :updated_at/:updated_on alongside :nice column.
+    user.update_column(:nice, true, touch: true)
 
-    Now results in the following SQL:
-
-    ```sql
-    ALTER TABLE "my_table" ADD COLUMN "created_at" datetime(6) NOT NULL, ADD COLUMN "updated_at" datetime(6) NOT NULL
+    # Will update :updated_at/:updated_on alongside :last_ip column
+    user.update_columns(last_ip: request.remote_ip, touch: true)
     ```
 
-    *Iliana Hadzhiatanasova*
-
-*   Add `drop_enum` migration command for PostgreSQL
+    *Dmitrii Ivliev*
 
-    This does the inverse of `create_enum`. Before dropping an enum, ensure you have
-    dropped columns that depend on it.
+*   Optimize Active Record batching further when using ranges.
 
-    *Alex Ghiculescu*
+    Tested on a PostgreSQL table with 10M records and batches of 10k records, the generation
+    of relations for the 1000 batches was `4.8x` faster (`6.8s` vs. `1.4s`), used `900x`
+    less bandwidth (`180MB` vs. `0.2MB`) and allocated `45x` less memory (`490MB` vs. `11MB`).
 
-*   Adds support for `if_exists` option when removing a check constraint.
+    *Maxime Réty*, *fatkodima*
 
-    The `remove_check_constraint` method now accepts an `if_exists` option. If set
-    to true an error won't be raised if the check constraint doesn't exist.
+*   Include current character length in error messages for index and table name length validations.
 
-    *Margaret Parsa* and *Aditya Bhutani*
+    *Joshua Young*
 
-*   `find_or_create_by` now try to find a second time if it hits a unicity constraint.
+*   Add `rename_schema` method for PostgreSQL.
 
-    `find_or_create_by` always has been inherently racy, either creating multiple
-    duplicate records or failing with `ActiveRecord::RecordNotUnique` depending on
-    whether a proper unicity constraint was set.
+    *T S Vallender*
 
-    `create_or_find_by` was introduced for this use case, however it's quite wasteful
-    when the record is expected to exist most of the time, as INSERT require to send
-    more data than SELECT and require more work from the database. Also on some
-    databases it can actually consume a primary key increment which is undesirable.
+*   Implement support for deprecating associations:
 
-    So for case where most of the time the record is expected to exist, `find_or_create_by`
-    can be made race-condition free by re-trying the `find` if the `create` failed
-    with `ActiveRecord::RecordNotUnique`. This assumes that the table has the proper
-    unicity constraints, if not, `find_or_create_by` will still lead to duplicated records.
+    ```ruby
+    has_many :posts, deprecated: true
+    ```
 
-    *Jean Boussier*, *Alex Kitchens*
+    With that, Active Record will report any usage of the `posts` association.
 
-*   Introduce a simpler constructor API for ActiveRecord database adapters.
+    Three reporting modes are supported (`:warn`, `:raise`, and `:notify`), and
+    backtraces can be enabled or disabled. Defaults are `:warn` mode and
+    disabled backtraces.
 
-    Previously the adapter had to know how to build a new raw connection to
-    support reconnect, but also expected to be passed an initial already-
-    established connection.
+    Please, check the docs for further details.
 
-    When manually creating an adapter instance, it will now accept a single
-    config hash, and only establish the real connection on demand.
+    *Xavier Noria*
 
-    *Matthew Draper*
+*   PostgreSQL adapter create DB now supports `locale_provider` and `locale`.
 
-*   Avoid redundant `SELECT 1` connection-validation query during DB pool
-    checkout when possible.
+    *Bengt-Ove Hollaender*
 
-    If the first query run during a request is known to be idempotent, it can be
-    used directly to validate the connection, saving a network round-trip.
+*   Use ntuples to populate row_count instead of count for Postgres
 
-    *Matthew Draper*
+    *Jonathan Calvert*
 
-*   Automatically reconnect broken database connections when safe, even
-    mid-request.
+*   Fix checking whether an unpersisted record is `include?`d in a strictly
+    loaded `has_and_belongs_to_many` association.
 
-    When an error occurs while attempting to run a known-idempotent query, and
-    not inside a transaction, it is safe to immediately reconnect to the
-    database server and try again, so this is now the default behavior.
+    *Hartley McGuire*
 
-    This new default should always be safe -- to support that, it's consciously
-    conservative about which queries are considered idempotent -- but if
-    necessary it can be disabled by setting the `connection_retries` connection
-    option to `0`.
+*   Add ability to change transaction isolation for all pools within a block.
 
-    *Matthew Draper*
+    This functionality is useful if your application needs to change the database
+    transaction isolation for a request or action.
 
-*   Avoid removing a PostgreSQL extension when there are dependent objects.
+    Calling `ActiveRecord.with_transaction_isolation_level(level) {}` in an around filter or
+    middleware will set the transaction isolation for all pools accessed within the block,
+    but not for the pools that aren't.
 
-    Previously, removing an extension also implicitly removed dependent objects. Now, this will raise an error.
+    This works with explicit and implicit transactions:
 
-    You can force removing the extension:
+    ```ruby
+    ActiveRecord.with_transaction_isolation_level(:read_committed) do
+      Tag.transaction do # opens a transaction explicitly
+        Tag.create!
+      end
+    end
+    ```
 
     ```ruby
-    disable_extension :citext, force: :cascade
+    ActiveRecord.with_transaction_isolation_level(:read_committed) do
+      Tag.create! # opens a transaction implicitly
+    end
     ```
 
-    Fixes #29091.
+    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*
 
-    *fatkodima*
+*   Raise `ActiveRecord::MissingRequiredOrderError` when order dependent finder methods (e.g. `#first`, `#last`) are
+    called without `order` values on the relation, and the model does not have any order columns (`implicit_order_column`,
+    `query_constraints`, or `primary_key`) to fall back on.
 
-*   Allow nested functions as safe SQL string
+    This change will be introduced with a new framework default for Rails 8.1, and the current behavior of not raising
+    an error has been deprecated with the aim of removing the configuration option in Rails 8.2.
 
-    *Michael Siegfried*
+    ```ruby
+    config.active_record.raise_on_missing_required_finder_order_columns = true
+    ```
 
-*   Allow `destroy_association_async_job=` to be configured with a class string instead of a constant.
+    *Joshua Young*
 
-    Defers an autoloading dependency between `ActiveRecord::Base` and `ActiveJob::Base`
-    and moves the configuration of `ActiveRecord::DestroyAssociationAsyncJob`
-    from ActiveJob to ActiveRecord.
+*   `:class_name` is now invalid in polymorphic `belongs_to` associations.
 
-    Deprecates `ActiveRecord::ActiveJobRequiredError` and now raises a `NameError`
-    if the job class is unloadable or an `ActiveRecord::ConfigurationError` if
-    `dependent: :destroy_async` is declared on an association but there is no job
-    class configured.
+    Reason is `:class_name` does not make sense in those associations because
+    the class name of target records is dynamic and stored in the type column.
 
-    *Ben Sheldon*
+    Existing polymorphic associations setting this option can just delete it.
+    While it did not raise, it had no effect anyway.
 
-*   Fix `ActiveRecord::Store` to serialize as a regular Hash
+    *Xavier Noria*
 
-    Previously it would serialize as an `ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess`
-    which is wasteful and cause problem with YAML safe_load.
+*   Add support for multiple databases to `db:migrate:reset`.
 
-    *Jean Boussier*
+    *Joé Dupuis*
 
-*   Add `timestamptz` as a time zone aware type for PostgreSQL
+*   Add `affected_rows` to `ActiveRecord::Result`.
 
-    This is required for correctly parsing `timestamp with time zone` values in your database.
+    *Jenny Shen*
 
-    If you don't want this, you can opt out by adding this initializer:
+*   Enable passing retryable SqlLiterals to `#where`.
 
-    ```ruby
-    ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_types -= [:timestamptz]
-    ```
+    *Hartley McGuire*
 
-    *Alex Ghiculescu*
+*   Set default for primary keys in `insert_all`/`upsert_all`.
 
-*   Add new `ActiveRecord::Base.generates_token_for` API.
+    Previously in Postgres, updating and inserting new records in one upsert wasn't possible
+    due to null primary key values. `nil` primary key values passed into `insert_all`/`upsert_all`
+    are now implicitly set to the default insert value specified by adapter.
 
-    Currently, `signed_id` fulfills the role of generating tokens for e.g.
-    resetting a password.  However, signed IDs cannot reflect record state, so
-    if a token is intended to be single-use, it must be tracked in a database at
-    least until it expires.
+    *Jenny Shen*
 
-    With `generates_token_for`, a token can embed data from a record.  When
-    using the token to fetch the record, the data from the token and the current
-    data from the record will be compared.  If the two do not match, the token
-    will be treated as invalid, the same as if it had expired.  For example:
+*   Add a load hook `active_record_database_configurations` for `ActiveRecord::DatabaseConfigurations`
 
-    ```ruby
-    class User < ActiveRecord::Base
-      has_secure_password
+    *Mike Dalessio*
 
-      generates_token_for :password_reset, expires_in: 15.minutes do
-        # A password's BCrypt salt changes when the password is updated.
-        # By embedding (part of) the salt in a token, the token will
-        # expire when the password is updated.
-        BCrypt::Password.new(password_digest).salt[-10..]
-      end
-    end
+*   Use `TRUE` and `FALSE` for SQLite queries with boolean columns.
 
-    user = User.first
-    token = user.generate_token_for(:password_reset)
+    *Hartley McGuire*
 
-    User.find_by_token_for(:password_reset, token) # => user
+*   Bump minimum supported SQLite to 3.23.0.
 
-    user.update!(password: "new password")
-    User.find_by_token_for(:password_reset, token) # => nil
-    ```
+    *Hartley McGuire*
 
-    *Jonathan Hefner*
+*   Allow allocated Active Records to lookup associations.
 
-*   Optimize Active Record batching for whole table iterations.
+    Previously, the association cache isn't setup on allocated record objects, so association
+    lookups will crash. Test frameworks like mocha use allocate to check for stubbable instance
+    methods, which can trigger an association lookup.
 
-    Previously, `in_batches` got all the ids and constructed an `IN`-based query for each batch.
-    When iterating over the whole tables, this approach is not optimal as it loads unneeded ids and
-    `IN` queries with lots of items are slow.
+    *Gannon McGibbon*
 
-    Now, whole table iterations use range iteration (`id >= x AND id <= y`) by default which can make iteration
-    several times faster. E.g., tested on a PostgreSQL table with 10 million records: querying (`253s` vs `30s`),
-    updating (`288s` vs `124s`), deleting (`268s` vs `83s`).
+*   Encryption now supports `support_unencrypted_data: true` being set per-attribute.
 
-    Only whole table iterations use this style of iteration by default. You can disable this behavior by passing `use_ranges: false`.
-    If you iterate over the table and the only condition is, e.g., `archived_at: nil` (and only a tiny fraction
-    of the records are archived), it makes sense to opt in to this approach:
+    Previously this only worked if `ActiveRecord::Encryption.config.support_unencrypted_data == true`.
+    Now, if the global config is turned off, you can still opt in for a specific attribute.
 
     ```ruby
-    Project.where(archived_at: nil).in_batches(use_ranges: true) do |relation|
-      # do something
+    # ActiveRecord::Encryption.config.support_unencrypted_data = true
+    class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+      encrypts :name, support_unencrypted_data: false # only supports encrypted data
+      encrypts :email # supports encrypted or unencrypted data
     end
     ```
 
-    See #45414 for more details.
-
-    *fatkodima*
-
-*   `.with` query method added. Construct common table expressions with ease and get `ActiveRecord::Relation` back.
-
     ```ruby
-    Post.with(posts_with_comments: Post.where("comments_count > ?", 0))
-    # => ActiveRecord::Relation
-    # WITH posts_with_comments AS (SELECT * FROM posts WHERE (comments_count > 0)) SELECT * FROM posts
+    # ActiveRecord::Encryption.config.support_unencrypted_data = false
+    class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+      encrypts :name, support_unencrypted_data: true # supports encrypted or unencrypted data
+      encrypts :email  # only supports encrypted data
+    end
     ```
 
-    *Vlado Cingel*
-
-*   Don't establish a new connection if an identical pool exists already.
-
-    Previously, if `establish_connection` was called on a class that already had an established connection, the existing connection would be removed regardless of whether it was the same config. Now if a pool is found with the same values as the new connection, the existing connection will be returned instead of creating a new one.
+    *Alex Ghiculescu*
 
-    This has a slight change in behavior if application code is depending on a new connection being established regardless of whether it's identical to an existing connection. If the old behavior is desirable, applications should call `ActiveRecord::Base#remove_connection` before establishing a new one. Calling `establish_connection` with a different config works the same way as it did previously.
+*   Model generator no longer needs a database connection to validate column types.
 
-    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*
+    *Mike Dalessio*
 
-*   Update `db:prepare` task to load schema when an uninitialized database exists, and dump schema after migrations.
+*   Allow signed ID verifiers to be configurable via `Rails.application.message_verifiers`
 
-    *Ben Sheldon*
+    Prior to this change, the primary way to configure signed ID verifiers was
+    to set `signed_id_verifier` on each model class:
 
-*   Fix supporting timezone awareness for `tsrange` and `tstzrange` array columns.
+      ```ruby
+      Post.signed_id_verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(...)
+      Comment.signed_id_verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(...)
+      ```
 
-    ```ruby
-    # In database migrations
-    add_column :shops, :open_hours, :tsrange, array: true
-    # In app config
-    ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_types += [:tsrange]
-    # In the code times are properly converted to app time zone
-    Shop.create!(open_hours: [Time.current..8.hour.from_now])
-    ```
+    And if the developer did not set `signed_id_verifier`, a verifier would be
+    instantiated with a secret derived from `secret_key_base` and the following
+    options:
 
-    *Wojciech Wnętrzak*
+      ```ruby
+      { digest: "SHA256", serializer: JSON, url_safe: true }
+      ```
 
-*   Introduce strategy pattern for executing migrations.
+    Thus it was cumbersome to rotate configuration for all verifiers.
 
-    By default, migrations will use a strategy object that delegates the method
-    to the connection adapter. Consumers can implement custom strategy objects
-    to change how their migrations run.
+    This change defines a new Rails config: [`config.active_record.use_legacy_signed_id_verifier`][].
+    The default value is `:generate_and_verify`, which preserves the previous
+    behavior. However, when set to `:verify`, signed ID verifiers will use
+    configuration from `Rails.application.message_verifiers` (specifically,
+    `Rails.application.message_verifiers["active_record/signed_id"]`) to
+    generate and verify signed IDs, but will also verify signed IDs using the
+    older configuration.
 
-    *Adrianna Chang*
+    To avoid complication, the new behavior only applies when `signed_id_verifier_secret`
+    is not set on a model class or any of its ancestors. Additionally,
+    `signed_id_verifier_secret` is now deprecated. If you are currently setting
+    `signed_id_verifier_secret` on a model class, you can set `signed_id_verifier`
+    instead:
 
-*   Add adapter option disallowing foreign keys
+      ```ruby
+      # BEFORE
+      Post.signed_id_verifier_secret = "my secret"
 
-    This adds a new option to be added to `database.yml` which enables skipping
-    foreign key constraints usage even if the underlying database supports them.
+      # AFTER
+      Post.signed_id_verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new("my secret", digest: "SHA256", serializer: JSON, url_safe: true)
+      ```
 
-    Usage:
-    ```yaml
-    development:
-        <<: *default
-        database: storage/development.sqlite3
-        foreign_keys: false
-    ```
+    To ease migration, `signed_id_verifier` has also been changed to behave as a
+    `class_attribute` (i.e. inheritable), but _only when `signed_id_verifier_secret`
+    is not set_:
 
-    *Paulo Barros*
+      ```ruby
+      # BEFORE
+      ActiveRecord::Base.signed_id_verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(...)
+      Post.signed_id_verifier == ActiveRecord::Base.signed_id_verifier # => false
 
-*   Add configurable deprecation warning for singular associations
+      # AFTER
+      ActiveRecord::Base.signed_id_verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(...)
+      Post.signed_id_verifier == ActiveRecord::Base.signed_id_verifier # => true
 
-    This adds a deprecation warning when using the plural name of a singular associations in `where`.
-    It is possible to opt into the new more performant behavior with `config.active_record.allow_deprecated_singular_associations_name = false`
+      Post.signed_id_verifier_secret = "my secret" # => deprecation warning
+      Post.signed_id_verifier == ActiveRecord::Base.signed_id_verifier # => false
+      ```
 
-    *Adam Hess*
+    Note, however, that it is recommended to eventually migrate from
+    model-specific verifiers to a unified configuration managed by
+    `Rails.application.message_verifiers`. `ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier#rotate`
+    can facilitate that transition. For example:
 
-*   Run transactional callbacks on the freshest instance to save a given
-    record within a transaction.
+      ```ruby
+      # BEFORE
+      # Generate and verify signed Post IDs using Post-specific configuration
+      Post.signed_id_verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new("post secret", ...)
+
+      # AFTER
+      # Generate and verify signed Post IDs using the unified configuration
+      Post.signed_id_verifier = Post.signed_id_verifier.dup
+      # Fall back to Post-specific configuration when verifying signed IDs
+      Post.signed_id_verifier.rotate("post secret", ...)
+      ```
 
-    When multiple Active Record instances change the same record within a
-    transaction, Rails runs `after_commit` or `after_rollback` callbacks for
-    only one of them. `config.active_record.run_commit_callbacks_on_first_saved_instances_in_transaction`
-    was added to specify how Rails chooses which instance receives the
-    callbacks. The framework defaults were changed to use the new logic.
+    [`config.active_record.use_legacy_signed_id_verifier`]: https://guides.rubyonrails.org/v8.1/configuring.html#config-active-record-use-legacy-signed-id-verifier
 
-    When `config.active_record.run_commit_callbacks_on_first_saved_instances_in_transaction`
-    is `true`, transactional callbacks are run on the first instance to save,
-    even though its instance state may be stale.
+    *Ali Sepehri*, *Jonathan Hefner*
 
-    When it is `false`, which is the new framework default starting with version
-    7.1, transactional callbacks are run on the instances with the freshest
-    instance state. Those instances are chosen as follows:
+*   Prepend `extra_flags` in postgres' `structure_load`
 
-    - In general, run transactional callbacks on the last instance to save a
-      given record within the transaction.
-    - There are two exceptions:
-        - If the record is created within the transaction, then updated by
-          another instance, `after_create_commit` callbacks will be run on the
-          second instance. This is instead of the `after_update_commit`
-          callbacks that would naively be run based on that instance’s state.
-        - If the record is destroyed within the transaction, then
-          `after_destroy_commit` callbacks will be fired on the last destroyed
-          instance, even if a stale instance subsequently performed an update
-          (which will have affected 0 rows).
+    When specifying `structure_load_flags` with a postgres adapter, the flags
+    were appended to the default flags, instead of prepended.
+    This caused issues with flags not being taken into account by postgres.
 
-    *Cameron Bothner and Mitch Vollebregt*
+    *Alice Loeser*
 
-*   Enable strict strings mode for `SQLite3Adapter`.
+*   Allow bypassing primary key/constraint addition in `implicit_order_column`
 
-    Configures SQLite with a strict strings mode, which disables double-quoted string literals.
+    When specifying multiple columns in an array for `implicit_order_column`, adding
+    `nil` as the last element will prevent appending the primary key to order
+    conditions. This allows more precise control of indexes used by
+    generated queries. It should be noted that this feature does introduce the risk
+    of API misbehavior if the specified columns are not fully unique.
 
-    SQLite has some quirks around double-quoted string literals.
-    It first tries to consider double-quoted strings as identifier names, but if they don't exist
-    it then considers them as string literals. Because of this, typos can silently go unnoticed.
-    For example, it is possible to create an index for a non existing column.
-    See [SQLite documentation](https://www.sqlite.org/quirks.html#double_quoted_string_literals_are_accepted) for more details.
+    *Issy Long*
 
-    If you don't want this behavior, you can disable it via:
+*   Allow setting the `schema_format` via database configuration.
 
-    ```ruby
-    # config/application.rb
-    config.active_record.sqlite3_adapter_strict_strings_by_default = false
     ```
+    primary:
+      schema_format: ruby
+    ```
+
+    Useful for multi-database setups when apps require different formats per-database.
 
-    Fixes #27782.
+    *T S Vallender*
 
-    *fatkodima*, *Jean Boussier*
+*   Support disabling indexes for MySQL v8.0.0+ and MariaDB v10.6.0+
 
-*   Resolve issue where a relation cache_version could be left stale.
+    MySQL 8.0.0 added an option to disable indexes from being used by the query
+    optimizer by making them "invisible". This allows the index to still be maintained
+    and updated but no queries will be permitted to use it. This can be useful for adding
+    new invisible indexes or making existing indexes invisible before dropping them
+    to ensure queries are not negatively affected.
+    See https://dev.mysql.com/blog-archive/mysql-8-0-invisible-indexes/ for more details.
 
-    Previously, when `reset` was called on a relation object it did not reset the cache_versions
-    ivar. This led to a confusing situation where despite having the correct data the relation
-    still reported a stale cache_version.
+    MariaDB 10.6.0 also added support for this feature by allowing indexes to be "ignored"
+    in queries. See https://mariadb.com/kb/en/ignored-indexes/ for more details.
 
-    Usage:
+    Active Record now supports this option for MySQL 8.0.0+ and MariaDB 10.6.0+ for
+    index creation and alteration where the new index option `enabled: true/false` can be
+    passed to column and index methods as below:
 
     ```ruby
-    developers = Developer.all
-    developers.cache_version
+    add_index :users, :email, enabled: false
+    enable_index :users, :email
+    add_column :users, :dob, :string, index: { enabled: false }
 
-    Developer.update_all(updated_at: Time.now.utc + 1.second)
+    change_table :users do |t|
+      t.index :name, enabled: false
+      t.index :dob
+      t.disable_index :dob
+      t.column :username, :string, index: { enabled: false }
+      t.references :account, index: { enabled: false }
+    end
 
-    developers.cache_version # Stale cache_version
-    developers.reset
-    developers.cache_version # Returns the current correct cache_version
+    create_table :users do |t|
+      t.string :name, index: { enabled: false }
+      t.string :email
+      t.index :email, enabled: false
+    end
     ```
 
-    Fixes #45341.
+    *Merve Taner*
 
-    *Austen Madden*
+*   Respect `implicit_order_column` in `ActiveRecord::Relation#reverse_order`.
 
-*   Add support for exclusion constraints (PostgreSQL-only).
+    *Joshua Young*
 
-    ```ruby
-    add_exclusion_constraint :invoices, "daterange(start_date, end_date) WITH &&", using: :gist, name: "invoices_date_overlap"
-    remove_exclusion_constraint :invoices, name: "invoices_date_overlap"
-    ```
+*   Add column types to `ActiveRecord::Result` for SQLite3.
 
-    See PostgreSQL's [`CREATE TABLE ... EXCLUDE ...`](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/12/sql-createtable.html#SQL-CREATETABLE-EXCLUDE) documentation for more on exclusion constraints.
+    *Andrew Kane*
 
-    *Alex Robbin*
+*   Raise `ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyError` when pessimistically locking with a readonly role.
 
-*   `change_column_null` raises if a non-boolean argument is provided
+    *Joshua Young*
 
-    Previously if you provided a non-boolean argument, `change_column_null` would
-    treat it as truthy and make your column nullable. This could be surprising, so now
-    the input must be either `true` or `false`.
+*   Fix using the `SQLite3Adapter`'s `dbconsole` method outside of a Rails application.
 
-    ```ruby
-    change_column_null :table, :column, true # good
-    change_column_null :table, :column, false # good
-    change_column_null :table, :column, from: true, to: false # raises (previously this made the column nullable)
-    ```
+    *Hartley McGuire*
 
-    *Alex Ghiculescu*
+*   Fix migrating multiple databases with `ActiveRecord::PendingMigration` action.
 
-*   Enforce limit on table names length.
+    *Gannon McGibbon*
 
-    Fixes #45130.
+*   Enable automatically retrying idempotent association queries on connection
+    errors.
 
-    *fatkodima*
+    *Hartley McGuire*
 
-*   Adjust the minimum MariaDB version for check constraints support.
+*   Add `allow_retry` to `sql.active_record` instrumentation.
 
-    *Eddie Lebow*
+    This enables identifying queries which queries are automatically retryable on connection errors.
 
-*   Fix Hstore deserialize regression.
+    *Hartley McGuire*
 
-    *edsharp*
+*   Better support UPDATE with JOIN for Postgresql and SQLite3
 
-*   Add validity for PostgreSQL indexes.
+    Previously when generating update queries with one or more JOIN clauses,
+    Active Record would use a sub query which would prevent to reference the joined
+    tables in the `SET` clause, for instance:
 
     ```ruby
-    connection.index_exists?(:users, :email, valid: true)
-    connection.indexes(:users).select(&:valid?)
+    Comment.joins(:post).update_all("title = posts.title")
     ```
 
-    *fatkodima*
-
-*   Fix eager loading for models without primary keys.
+    This is now supported as long as the relation doesn't also use a `LIMIT`, `ORDER` or
+    `GROUP BY` clause. This was supported by the MySQL adapter for a long time.
 
-    *Anmol Chopra*, *Matt Lawrence*, and *Jonathan Hefner*
-
-*   Avoid validating a unique field if it has not changed and is backed by a unique index.
-
-    Previously, when saving a record, Active Record will perform an extra query to check for the
-    uniqueness of each attribute having a `uniqueness` validation, even if that attribute hasn't changed.
-    If the database has the corresponding unique index, then this validation can never fail for persisted
-    records, and we could safely skip it.
+    *Jean Boussier*
 
-    *fatkodima*
+*   Introduce a before-fork hook in `ActiveSupport::Testing::Parallelization` to clear existing
+    connections, to avoid fork-safety issues with the mysql2 adapter.
 
-*   Stop setting `sql_auto_is_null`
+    Fixes #41776
 
-    Since version 5.5 the default has been off, we no longer have to manually turn it off.
+    *Mike Dalessio*, *Donal McBreen*
 
-    *Adam Hess*
+*   PoolConfig no longer keeps a reference to the connection class.
 
-*   Fix `touch` to raise an error for readonly columns.
+    Keeping a reference to the class caused subtle issues when combined with reloading in
+    development. Fixes #54343.
 
-    *fatkodima*
+    *Mike Dalessio*
 
-*   Add ability to ignore tables by regexp for SQL schema dumps.
+*   Fix SQL notifications sometimes not sent when using async queries.
 
     ```ruby
-    ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.ignore_tables = [/^_/]
+    Post.async_count
+    ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribed(->(*) { "Will never reach here" }) do
+      Post.count
+    end
     ```
 
-    *fatkodima*
+    In rare circumstances and under the right race condition, Active Support notifications
+    would no longer be dispatched after using an asynchronous query.
+    This is now fixed.
 
-*   Avoid queries when performing calculations on contradictory relations.
+    *Edouard Chin*
 
-    Previously calculations would make a query even when passed a
-    contradiction, such as `User.where(id: []).count`. We no longer perform a
-    query in that scenario.
+*   Eliminate queries loading dumped schema cache on Postgres
 
-    This applies to the following calculations: `count`, `sum`, `average`,
-    `minimum` and `maximum`
+    Improve resiliency by avoiding needing to open a database connection to load the
+    type map while defining attribute methods at boot when a schema cache file is
+    configured on PostgreSQL databases.
 
-    *Luan Vieira, John Hawthorn and Daniel Colson*
+    *James Coleman*
 
-*   Allow using aliased attributes with `insert_all`/`upsert_all`.
+*   `ActiveRecord::Coder::JSON` can be instantiated
 
+    Options can now be passed to `ActiveRecord::Coder::JSON` when instantiating the coder. This allows:
     ```ruby
-    class Book < ApplicationRecord
-      alias_attribute :title, :name
-    end
-
-    Book.insert_all [{ title: "Remote", author_id: 1 }], returning: :title
+    serialize :config, coder: ActiveRecord::Coder::JSON.new(symbolize_names: true)
     ```
+    *matthaigh27*
 
-    *fatkodima*
+*   Deprecate using `insert_all`/`upsert_all` with unpersisted records in associations.
 
-*   Support encrypted attributes on columns with default db values.
+    Using these methods on associations containing unpersisted records will now
+    show a deprecation warning, as the unpersisted records will be lost after
+    the operation.
 
-    This adds support for encrypted attributes defined on columns with default values.
-    It will encrypt those values at creation time. Before, it would raise an
-    error unless `config.active_record.encryption.support_unencrypted_data` was true.
+    *Nick Schwaderer*
 
-    *Jorge Manrubia* and *Dima Fatko*
+*   Make column name optional for `index_exists?`.
 
-*   Allow overriding `reading_request?` in `DatabaseSelector::Resolver`
+    This aligns well with `remove_index` signature as well, where
+    index name doesn't need to be derived from the column names.
 
-    The default implementation checks if a request is a `get?` or `head?`,
-    but you can now change it to anything you like. If the method returns true,
-    `Resolver#read` gets called meaning the request could be served by the
-    replica database.
+    *Ali Ismayiliov*
 
-    *Alex Ghiculescu*
+*   Change the payload name of `sql.active_record` notification for eager
+    loading from "SQL" to "#{model.name} Eager Load".
 
-*   Remove `ActiveRecord.legacy_connection_handling`.
+    *zzak*
 
-    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*
+*   Enable automatically retrying idempotent `#exists?` queries on connection
+    errors.
 
-*   `rails db:schema:{dump,load}` now checks `ENV["SCHEMA_FORMAT"]` before config
+    *Hartley McGuire*, *classidied*
 
-    Since `rails db:structure:{dump,load}` was deprecated there wasn't a simple
-    way to dump a schema to both SQL and Ruby formats. You can now do this with
-    an environment variable. For example:
+*   Deprecate usage of unsupported methods in conjunction with `update_all`:
 
-    ```
-    SCHEMA_FORMAT=sql rake db:schema:dump
-    ```
+    `update_all` will now print a deprecation message if a query includes either `WITH`,
+    `WITH RECURSIVE` or `DISTINCT` statements. Those were never supported and were ignored
+    when generating the SQL query.
 
-    *Alex Ghiculescu*
+    An error will be raised in a future Rails release. This behavior will be consistent
+    with `delete_all` which currently raises an error for unsupported statements.
 
-*   Fixed MariaDB default function support.
+    *Edouard Chin*
 
-    Defaults would be written wrong in "db/schema.rb" and not work correctly
-    if using `db:schema:load`. Further more the function name would be
-    added as string content when saving new records.
+*   The table columns inside `schema.rb` are now sorted alphabetically.
 
-    *kaspernj*
+    Previously they'd be sorted by creation order, which can cause merge conflicts when two
+    branches modify the same table concurrently.
 
-*   Add `active_record.destroy_association_async_batch_size` configuration
+    *John Duff*
 
-    This allows applications to specify the maximum number of records that will
-    be destroyed in a single background job by the `dependent: :destroy_async`
-    association option. By default, the current behavior will remain the same:
-    when a parent record is destroyed, all dependent records will be destroyed
-    in a single background job. If the number of dependent records is greater
-    than this configuration, the records will be destroyed in multiple
-    background jobs.
+*   Introduce versions formatter for the schema dumper.
 
-    *Nick Holden*
+    It is now possible to override how schema dumper formats versions information inside the
+    `structure.sql` file. Currently, the versions are simply sorted in the decreasing order.
+    Within large teams, this can potentially cause many merge conflicts near the top of the list.
 
-*   Fix `remove_foreign_key` with `:if_exists` option when foreign key actually exists.
+    Now, the custom formatter can be provided with a custom sorting logic (e.g. by hash values
+    of the versions), which can greatly reduce the number of conflicts.
 
     *fatkodima*
 
-*   Remove `--no-comments` flag in structure dumps for PostgreSQL
-
-    This broke some apps that used custom schema comments. If you don't want
-    comments in your structure dump, you can use:
-
-    ```ruby
-    ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.structure_dump_flags = ['--no-comments']
-    ```
+*   Serialized attributes can now be marked as comparable.
 
-    *Alex Ghiculescu*
+    A not rare issue when working with serialized attributes is that the serialized representation of an object
+    can change over time. Either because you are migrating from one serializer to the other (e.g. YAML to JSON or to msgpack),
+    or because the serializer used subtly changed its output.
 
-*   Reduce the memory footprint of fixtures accessors.
+    One example is libyaml that used to have some extra trailing whitespaces, and recently fixed that.
+    When this sorts of thing happen, you end up with lots of records that report being changed even though
+    they aren't, which in the best case leads to a lot more writes to the database and in the worst case lead to nasty bugs.
 
-    Until now fixtures accessors were eagerly defined using `define_method`.
-    So the memory usage was directly dependent of the number of fixtures and
-    test suites.
+    The solution is to instead compare the deserialized representation of the object, however Active Record
+    can't assume the deserialized object has a working `==` method. Hence why this new functionality is opt-in.
 
-    Instead fixtures accessors are now implemented with `method_missing`,
-    so they incur much less memory and CPU overhead.
+    ```ruby
+    serialize :config, type: Hash, coder: JSON, comparable: true
+    ```
 
     *Jean Boussier*
 
-*   Fix `config.active_record.destroy_association_async_job` configuration
-
-    `config.active_record.destroy_association_async_job` should allow
-    applications to specify the job that will be used to destroy associated
-    records in the background for `has_many` associations with the
-    `dependent: :destroy_async` option. Previously, that was ignored, which
-    meant the default `ActiveRecord::DestroyAssociationAsyncJob` always
-    destroyed records in the background.
-
-    *Nick Holden*
-
-*   Fix `change_column_comment` to preserve column's AUTO_INCREMENT in the MySQL adapter
-
-    *fatkodima*
-
-*   Fix quoting of `ActiveSupport::Duration` and `Rational` numbers in the MySQL adapter.
-
-    *Kevin McPhillips*
-
-*   Allow column name with COLLATE (e.g., title COLLATE "C") as safe SQL string
-
-    *Shugo Maeda*
-
-*   Permit underscores in the VERSION argument to database rake tasks.
-
-    *Eddie Lebow*
-
-*   Reversed the order of `INSERT` statements in `structure.sql` dumps
-
-    This should decrease the likelihood of merge conflicts. New migrations
-    will now be added at the top of the list.
-
-    For existing apps, there will be a large diff the next time `structure.sql`
-    is generated.
-
-    *Alex Ghiculescu*, *Matt Larraz*
-
-*   Fix PG.connect keyword arguments deprecation warning on ruby 2.7
-
-    Fixes #44307.
-
-    *Nikita Vasilevsky*
-
-*   Fix dropping DB connections after serialization failures and deadlocks.
-
-    Prior to 6.1.4, serialization failures and deadlocks caused rollbacks to be
-    issued for both real transactions and savepoints. This breaks MySQL which
-    disallows rollbacks of savepoints following a deadlock.
-
-    6.1.4 removed these rollbacks, for both transactions and savepoints, causing
-    the DB connection to be left in an unknown state and thus discarded.
+*   Fix MySQL default functions getting dropped when changing a column's nullability.
 
-    These rollbacks are now restored, except for savepoints on MySQL.
+    *Bastian Bartmann*
 
-    *Thomas Morgan*
+*   SQLite extensions can be configured in `config/database.yml`.
 
-*   Make `ActiveRecord::ConnectionPool` Fiber-safe
+    The database configuration option `extensions:` allows an application to load SQLite extensions
+    when using `sqlite3` >= v2.4.0. The array members may be filesystem paths or the names of
+    modules that respond to `.to_path`:
 
-    When `ActiveSupport::IsolatedExecutionState.isolation_level` is set to `:fiber`,
-    the connection pool now supports multiple Fibers from the same Thread checking
-    out connections from the pool.
-
-    *Alex Matchneer*
+    ``` yaml
+    development:
+      adapter: sqlite3
+      extensions:
+        - SQLean::UUID                     # module name responding to `.to_path`
+        - .sqlpkg/nalgeon/crypto/crypto.so # or a filesystem path
+        - <%= AppExtensions.location %>    # or ruby code returning a path
+    ```
 
-*   Add `update_attribute!` to `ActiveRecord::Persistence`
+    *Mike Dalessio*
 
-    Similar to `update_attribute`, but raises `ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved` when a `before_*` callback throws `:abort`.
+*   `ActiveRecord::Middleware::ShardSelector` supports granular database connection switching.
 
-    ```ruby
-    class Topic < ActiveRecord::Base
-      before_save :check_title
+    A new configuration option, `class_name:`, is introduced to
+    `config.active_record.shard_selector` to allow an application to specify the abstract connection
+    class to be switched by the shard selection middleware. The default class is
+    `ActiveRecord::Base`.
 
-      def check_title
-        throw(:abort) if title == "abort"
-      end
-    end
+    For example, this configuration tells `ShardSelector` to switch shards using
+    `AnimalsRecord.connected_to`:
 
-    topic = Topic.create(title: "Test Title")
-    # #=> #<Topic title: "Test Title">
-    topic.update_attribute!(:title, "Another Title")
-    # #=> #<Topic title: "Another Title">
-    topic.update_attribute!(:title, "abort")
-    # raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved
     ```
-
-    *Drew Tempelmeyer*
-
-*   Avoid loading every record in `ActiveRecord::Relation#pretty_print`
-
-    ```ruby
-    # Before
-    pp Foo.all # Loads the whole table.
-
-    # After
-    pp Foo.all # Shows 10 items and an ellipsis.
+    config.active_record.shard_selector = { class_name: "AnimalsRecord" }
     ```
 
-    *Ulysse Buonomo*
+    *Mike Dalessio*
 
-*   Change `QueryMethods#in_order_of` to drop records not listed in values.
+*   Reset relations after `insert_all`/`upsert_all`.
 
-    `in_order_of` now filters down to the values provided, to match the behavior of the `Enumerable` version.
+    Bulk insert/upsert methods will now call `reset` if used on a relation, matching the behavior of `update_all`.
 
-    *Kevin Newton*
+    *Milo Winningham*
 
-*   Allow named expression indexes to be revertible.
+*   Use `_N` as a parallel tests databases suffixes
 
-    Previously, the following code would raise an error in a reversible migration executed while rolling back, due to the index name not being used in the index removal.
+    Peviously, `-N` was used as a suffix. This can cause problems for RDBMSes
+    which do not support dashes in database names.
 
-    ```ruby
-    add_index(:settings, "(data->'property')", using: :gin, name: :index_settings_data_property)
-    ```
+    *fatkodima*
 
-    Fixes #43331.
+*   Remember when a database connection has recently been verified (for
+    two seconds, by default), to avoid repeated reverifications during a
+    single request.
 
-    *Oliver Günther*
+    This should recreate a similar rate of verification as in Rails 7.1,
+    where connections are leased for the duration of a request, and thus
+    only verified once.
 
-*   Fix incorrect argument in PostgreSQL structure dump tasks.
+    *Matthew Draper*
 
-    Updating the `--no-comment` argument added in Rails 7 to the correct `--no-comments` argument.
+*   Allow to reset cache counters for multiple records.
 
-    *Alex Dent*
+    ```
+    Aircraft.reset_counters([1, 2, 3], :wheels_count)
+    ```
 
-*   Fix migration compatibility to create SQLite references/belongs_to column as integer when migration version is 6.0.
+    It produces much fewer queries compared to the custom implementation using looping over ids.
+    Previously: `O(ids.size * counters.size)` queries, now: `O(ids.size + counters.size)` queries.
 
-    Reference/belongs_to in migrations with version 6.0 were creating columns as
-    bigint instead of integer for the SQLite Adapter.
+    *fatkodima*
 
-    *Marcelo Lauxen*
+*   Add `affected_rows` to `sql.active_record` Notification.
 
-*   Fix `QueryMethods#in_order_of` to handle empty order list.
+    *Hartley McGuire*
 
-    ```ruby
-    Post.in_order_of(:id, []).to_a
-    ```
+*   Fix `sum` when performing a grouped calculation.
 
-    Also more explicitly set the column as secondary order, so that any other
-    value is still ordered.
+    `User.group(:friendly).sum` no longer worked. This is fixed.
 
-    *Jean Boussier*
+    *Edouard Chin*
 
-*   Fix quoting of column aliases generated by calculation methods.
+*   Add support for enabling or disabling transactional tests per database.
 
-    Since the alias is derived from the table name, we can't assume the result
-    is a valid identifier.
+    A test class can now override the default `use_transactional_tests` setting
+    for individual databases, which can be useful if some databases need their
+    current state to be accessible to an external process while tests are running.
 
     ```ruby
-    class Test < ActiveRecord::Base
-      self.table_name = '1abc'
+    class MostlyTransactionalTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+      self.use_transactional_tests = true
+      skip_transactional_tests_for_database :shared
     end
-    Test.group(:id).count
-    # syntax error at or near "1" (ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid)
-    # LINE 1: SELECT COUNT(*) AS count_all, "1abc"."id" AS 1abc_id FROM "1...
     ```
 
-    *Jean Boussier*
-
-*   Add `authenticate_by` when using `has_secure_password`.
+    *Matthew Cheetham*, *Morgan Mareve*
 
-    `authenticate_by` is intended to replace code like the following, which
-    returns early when a user with a matching email is not found:
-
-    ```ruby
-    User.find_by(email: "...")&.authenticate("...")
-    ```
+*   Cast `query_cache` value when using URL configuration.
 
-    Such code is vulnerable to timing-based enumeration attacks, wherein an
-    attacker can determine if a user account with a given email exists. After
-    confirming that an account exists, the attacker can try passwords associated
-    with that email address from other leaked databases, in case the user
-    re-used a password across multiple sites (a common practice). Additionally,
-    knowing an account email address allows the attacker to attempt a targeted
-    phishing ("spear phishing") attack.
+    *zzak*
 
-    `authenticate_by` addresses the vulnerability by taking the same amount of
-    time regardless of whether a user with a matching email is found:
+*   NULLS NOT DISTINCT works with UNIQUE CONSTRAINT as well as UNIQUE INDEX.
 
-    ```ruby
-    User.authenticate_by(email: "...", password: "...")
-    ```
+    *Ryuta Kamizono*
 
-    *Jonathan Hefner*
+*   `PG::UnableToSend: no connection to the server` is now retryable as a connection-related exception
 
+    *Kazuma Watanabe*
 
-Please check [7-0-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/7-0-stable/activerecord/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
+Please check [8-0-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/8-0-stable/activerecord/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.