activerecord 7.0.8.7 → 7.2.3

data/lib/active_record/relation.rb

@@ -3,20 +3,70 @@
 module ActiveRecord
   # = Active Record \Relation
   class Relation
+    class ExplainProxy  # :nodoc:
+      def initialize(relation, options)
+        @relation = relation
+        @options  = options
+      end
+
+      def inspect
+        exec_explain { @relation.send(:exec_queries) }
+      end
+
+      def average(column_name)
+        exec_explain { @relation.average(column_name) }
+      end
+
+      def count(column_name = nil)
+        exec_explain { @relation.count(column_name) }
+      end
+
+      def first(limit = nil)
+        exec_explain { @relation.first(limit) }
+      end
+
+      def last(limit = nil)
+        exec_explain { @relation.last(limit) }
+      end
+
+      def maximum(column_name)
+        exec_explain { @relation.maximum(column_name) }
+      end
+
+      def minimum(column_name)
+        exec_explain { @relation.minimum(column_name) }
+      end
+
+      def pluck(*column_names)
+        exec_explain { @relation.pluck(*column_names) }
+      end
+
+      def sum(identity_or_column = nil)
+        exec_explain { @relation.sum(identity_or_column) }
+      end
+
+      private
+        def exec_explain(&block)
+          @relation.exec_explain(@relation.collecting_queries_for_explain { block.call }, @options)
+        end
+    end
+
     MULTI_VALUE_METHODS  = [:includes, :eager_load, :preload, :select, :group,
                             :order, :joins, :left_outer_joins, :references,
-                            :extending, :unscope, :optimizer_hints, :annotate]
+                            :extending, :unscope, :optimizer_hints, :annotate,
+                            :with]
 
     SINGLE_VALUE_METHODS = [:limit, :offset, :lock, :readonly, :reordering, :strict_loading,
                             :reverse_order, :distinct, :create_with, :skip_query_cache]
 
     CLAUSE_METHODS = [:where, :having, :from]
-    INVALID_METHODS_FOR_DELETE_ALL = [:distinct]
+    INVALID_METHODS_FOR_DELETE_ALL = [:distinct, :with, :with_recursive]
 
     VALUE_METHODS = MULTI_VALUE_METHODS + SINGLE_VALUE_METHODS + CLAUSE_METHODS
 
     include Enumerable
     include FinderMethods, Calculations, SpawnMethods, QueryMethods, Batches, Explain, Delegation
+    include SignedId::RelationMethods, TokenFor::RelationMethods
 
     attr_reader :table, :klass, :loaded, :predicate_builder
     attr_accessor :skip_preloading_value
@@ -33,6 +83,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       @delegate_to_klass = false
       @future_result = nil
       @records = nil
+      @async = false
+      @none = false
     end
 
     def initialize_copy(other)
@@ -43,7 +95,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def bind_attribute(name, value) # :nodoc:
       if reflection = klass._reflect_on_association(name)
         name = reflection.foreign_key
-        value = value.read_attribute(reflection.klass.primary_key) unless value.nil?
+        value = value.read_attribute(reflection.association_primary_key) unless value.nil?
       end
 
       attr = table[name]
@@ -159,21 +211,25 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # failed due to validation errors it won't be persisted, you get what
     # #create returns in such situation.
     #
-    # Please note <b>this method is not atomic</b>, it runs first a SELECT, and if
-    # there are no results an INSERT is attempted. If there are other threads
-    # or processes there is a race condition between both calls and it could
-    # be the case that you end up with two similar records.
+    # If creation failed because of a unique constraint, this method will
+    # assume it encountered a race condition and will try finding the record
+    # once more. If somehow the second find still does not find a record
+    # because a concurrent DELETE happened, it will then raise an
+    # ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound exception.
     #
-    # If this might be a problem for your application, please see #create_or_find_by.
+    # Please note <b>this method is not atomic</b>, it runs first a SELECT,
+    # and if there are no results an INSERT is attempted. So if the table
+    # doesn't have a relevant unique constraint it could be the case that
+    # you end up with two or more similar records.
     def find_or_create_by(attributes, &block)
-      find_by(attributes) || create(attributes, &block)
+      find_by(attributes) || create_or_find_by(attributes, &block)
     end
 
     # Like #find_or_create_by, but calls
     # {create!}[rdoc-ref:Persistence::ClassMethods#create!] so an exception
     # is raised if the created record is invalid.
     def find_or_create_by!(attributes, &block)
-      find_by(attributes) || create!(attributes, &block)
+      find_by(attributes) || create_or_find_by!(attributes, &block)
     end
 
     # Attempts to create a record with the given attributes in a table that has a unique database constraint
@@ -181,16 +237,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # unique constraints, the exception such an insertion would normally raise is caught,
     # and the existing record with those attributes is found using #find_by!.
     #
-    # This is similar to #find_or_create_by, but avoids the problem of stale reads between the SELECT
-    # and the INSERT, as that method needs to first query the table, then attempt to insert a row
-    # if none is found.
+    # This is similar to #find_or_create_by, but tries to create the record first. As such it is
+    # better suited for cases where the record is most likely not to exist yet.
     #
     # There are several drawbacks to #create_or_find_by, though:
     #
     # * The underlying table must have the relevant columns defined with unique database constraints.
     # * A unique constraint violation may be triggered by only one, or at least less than all,
     #   of the given attributes. This means that the subsequent #find_by! may fail to find a
-    #   matching record, which will then raise an <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound</tt> exception,
+    #   matching record, which will then raise an ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound exception,
     #   rather than a record with the given attributes.
     # * While we avoid the race condition between SELECT -> INSERT from #find_or_create_by,
     #   we actually have another race condition between INSERT -> SELECT, which can be triggered
@@ -199,29 +254,53 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # * It relies on exception handling to handle control flow, which may be marginally slower.
     # * The primary key may auto-increment on each create, even if it fails. This can accelerate
     #   the problem of running out of integers, if the underlying table is still stuck on a primary
-    #   key of type int (note: All Rails apps since 5.1+ have defaulted to bigint, which is not liable
+    #   key of type int (note: All \Rails apps since 5.1+ have defaulted to bigint, which is not liable
     #   to this problem).
+    # * Columns with unique database constraints should not have uniqueness validations defined,
+    #   otherwise #create will fail due to validation errors and #find_by will never be called.
     #
     # This method will return a record if all given attributes are covered by unique constraints
     # (unless the INSERT -> DELETE -> SELECT race condition is triggered), but if creation was attempted
     # and failed due to validation errors it won't be persisted, you get what #create returns in
     # such situation.
     def create_or_find_by(attributes, &block)
-      transaction(requires_new: true) { create(attributes, &block) }
-    rescue ActiveRecord::RecordNotUnique
-      find_by!(attributes)
+      with_connection do |connection|
+        record = nil
+        transaction(requires_new: true) do
+          record = create(attributes, &block)
+          record._last_transaction_return_status || raise(ActiveRecord::Rollback)
+        end
+        record
+      rescue ActiveRecord::RecordNotUnique
+        if connection.transaction_open?
+          where(attributes).lock.find_by!(attributes)
+        else
+          find_by!(attributes)
+        end
+      end
     end
 
     # Like #create_or_find_by, but calls
     # {create!}[rdoc-ref:Persistence::ClassMethods#create!] so an exception
     # is raised if the created record is invalid.
     def create_or_find_by!(attributes, &block)
-      transaction(requires_new: true) { create!(attributes, &block) }
-    rescue ActiveRecord::RecordNotUnique
-      find_by!(attributes)
+      with_connection do |connection|
+        record = nil
+        transaction(requires_new: true) do
+          record = create!(attributes, &block)
+          record._last_transaction_return_status || raise(ActiveRecord::Rollback)
+        end
+        record
+      rescue ActiveRecord::RecordNotUnique
+        if connection.transaction_open?
+          where(attributes).lock.find_by!(attributes)
+        else
+          find_by!(attributes)
+        end
+      end
     end
 
-    # Like #find_or_create_by, but calls {new}[rdoc-ref:Core#new]
+    # Like #find_or_create_by, but calls {new}[rdoc-ref:Core.new]
     # instead of {create}[rdoc-ref:Persistence::ClassMethods#create].
     def find_or_initialize_by(attributes, &block)
       find_by(attributes) || new(attributes, &block)
@@ -231,13 +310,30 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # returns the result as a string. The string is formatted imitating the
     # ones printed by the database shell.
     #
+    #   User.all.explain
+    #   # EXPLAIN SELECT `users`.* FROM `users`
+    #   # ...
+    #
     # Note that this method actually runs the queries, since the results of some
     # are needed by the next ones when eager loading is going on.
     #
+    # To run EXPLAIN on queries created by +first+, +pluck+ and +count+, call
+    # these methods on +explain+:
+    #
+    #   User.all.explain.count
+    #   # EXPLAIN SELECT COUNT(*) FROM `users`
+    #   # ...
+    #
+    # The column name can be passed if required:
+    #
+    #   User.all.explain.maximum(:id)
+    #   # EXPLAIN SELECT MAX(`users`.`id`) FROM `users`
+    #   # ...
+    #
     # Please see further details in the
     # {Active Record Query Interface guide}[https://guides.rubyonrails.org/active_record_querying.html#running-explain].
-    def explain
-      exec_explain(collecting_queries_for_explain { exec_queries })
+    def explain(*options)
+      ExplainProxy.new(self, options)
     end
 
     # Converts relation objects to Array.
@@ -267,6 +363,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     # Returns true if there are no records.
     def empty?
+      return true if @none
+
       if loaded?
         records.empty?
       else
@@ -275,26 +373,49 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     # Returns true if there are no records.
-    def none?
-      return super if block_given?
+    #
+    # When a pattern argument is given, this method checks whether elements in
+    # the Enumerable match the pattern via the case-equality operator (<tt>===</tt>).
+    #
+    #   posts.none?(Comment) # => true or false
+    def none?(*args)
+      return true if @none
+
+      return super if args.present? || block_given?
       empty?
     end
 
     # Returns true if there are any records.
-    def any?
-      return super if block_given?
+    #
+    # When a pattern argument is given, this method checks whether elements in
+    # the Enumerable match the pattern via the case-equality operator (<tt>===</tt>).
+    #
+    #    posts.any?(Post) # => true or false
+    def any?(*args)
+      return false if @none
+
+      return super if args.present? || block_given?
       !empty?
     end
 
     # Returns true if there is exactly one record.
-    def one?
-      return super if block_given?
+    #
+    # When a pattern argument is given, this method checks whether elements in
+    # the Enumerable match the pattern via the case-equality operator (<tt>===</tt>).
+    #
+    #    posts.one?(Post) # => true or false
+    def one?(*args)
+      return false if @none
+
+      return super if args.present? || block_given?
       return records.one? if loaded?
       limited_count == 1
     end
 
     # Returns true if there is more than one record.
     def many?
+      return false if @none
+
       return super if block_given?
       return records.many? if loaded?
       limited_count > 1
@@ -307,7 +428,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #    # => "products/query-1850ab3d302391b85b8693e941286659"
     #
     # If ActiveRecord::Base.collection_cache_versioning is turned off, as it was
-    # in Rails 6.0 and earlier, the cache key will also include a version.
+    # in \Rails 6.0 and earlier, the cache key will also include a version.
     #
     #    ActiveRecord::Base.collection_cache_versioning = false
     #    Product.where("name like ?", "%Cosmic Encounter%").cache_key
@@ -362,28 +483,30 @@ module ActiveRecord
       else
         collection = eager_loading? ? apply_join_dependency : self
 
-        column = connection.visitor.compile(table[timestamp_column])
-        select_values = "COUNT(*) AS #{connection.quote_column_name("size")}, MAX(%s) AS timestamp"
+        with_connection do |c|
+          column = c.visitor.compile(table[timestamp_column])
+          select_values = "COUNT(*) AS #{adapter_class.quote_column_name("size")}, MAX(%s) AS timestamp"
 
-        if collection.has_limit_or_offset?
-          query = collection.select("#{column} AS collection_cache_key_timestamp")
-          query._select!(table[Arel.star]) if distinct_value && collection.select_values.empty?
-          subquery_alias = "subquery_for_cache_key"
-          subquery_column = "#{subquery_alias}.collection_cache_key_timestamp"
-          arel = query.build_subquery(subquery_alias, select_values % subquery_column)
-        else
-          query = collection.unscope(:order)
-          query.select_values = [select_values % column]
-          arel = query.arel
-        end
+          if collection.has_limit_or_offset?
+            query = collection.select("#{column} AS collection_cache_key_timestamp")
+            query._select!(table[Arel.star]) if distinct_value && collection.select_values.empty?
+            subquery_alias = "subquery_for_cache_key"
+            subquery_column = "#{subquery_alias}.collection_cache_key_timestamp"
+            arel = query.build_subquery(subquery_alias, select_values % subquery_column)
+          else
+            query = collection.unscope(:order)
+            query.select_values = [select_values % column]
+            arel = query.arel
+          end
 
-        size, timestamp = connection.select_rows(arel, nil).first
+          size, timestamp = c.select_rows(arel, nil).first
 
-        if size
-          column_type = klass.type_for_attribute(timestamp_column)
-          timestamp = column_type.deserialize(timestamp)
-        else
-          size = 0
+          if size
+            column_type = klass.type_for_attribute(timestamp_column)
+            timestamp = column_type.deserialize(timestamp)
+          else
+            size = 0
+          end
         end
       end
 
@@ -409,7 +532,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   Comment.where(post_id: 1).scoping do
     #     Comment.first
     #   end
-    #   # => SELECT "comments".* FROM "comments" WHERE "comments"."post_id" = 1 ORDER BY "comments"."id" ASC LIMIT 1
+    #   # SELECT "comments".* FROM "comments" WHERE "comments"."post_id" = 1 ORDER BY "comments"."id" ASC LIMIT 1
     #
     # If <tt>all_queries: true</tt> is passed, scoping will apply to all queries
     # for the relation including +update+ and +delete+ on instances.
@@ -446,7 +569,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # ==== Parameters
     #
-    # * +updates+ - A string, array, or hash representing the SET part of an SQL statement.
+    # * +updates+ - A string, array, or hash representing the SET part of an SQL statement. Any strings provided will
+    #   be type cast, unless you use +Arel.sql+. (Don't pass user-provided values to +Arel.sql+.)
     #
     # ==== Examples
     #
@@ -461,9 +585,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     #   # Update all invoices and set the number column to its id value.
     #   Invoice.update_all('number = id')
+    #
+    #   # Update all books with 'Rails' in their title
+    #   Book.where('title LIKE ?', '%Rails%').update_all(title: Arel.sql("title + ' - volume 1'"))
     def update_all(updates)
       raise ArgumentError, "Empty list of attributes to change" if updates.blank?
 
+      return 0 if @none
+
       if updates.is_a?(Hash)
         if klass.locking_enabled? &&
             !updates.key?(klass.locking_column) &&
@@ -476,13 +605,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
         values = Arel.sql(klass.sanitize_sql_for_assignment(updates, table.name))
       end
 
-      arel = eager_loading? ? apply_join_dependency.arel : build_arel
-      arel.source.left = table
+      klass.with_connection do |c|
+        arel = eager_loading? ? apply_join_dependency.arel : build_arel(c)
+        arel.source.left = table
 
-      group_values_arel_columns = arel_columns(group_values.uniq)
-      having_clause_ast = having_clause.ast unless having_clause.empty?
-      stmt = arel.compile_update(values, table[primary_key], having_clause_ast, group_values_arel_columns)
-      klass.connection.update(stmt, "#{klass} Update All").tap { reset }
+        group_values_arel_columns = arel_columns(group_values.uniq)
+        having_clause_ast = having_clause.ast unless having_clause.empty?
+        key = if klass.composite_primary_key?
+          primary_key.map { |pk| table[pk] }
+        else
+          table[primary_key]
+        end
+        stmt = arel.compile_update(values, key, having_clause_ast, group_values_arel_columns)
+        c.update(stmt, "#{klass} Update All").tap { reset }
+      end
     end
 
     def update(id = :all, attributes) # :nodoc:
@@ -501,6 +637,283 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
 
+
+    # Inserts a single record into the database in a single SQL INSERT
+    # statement. It does not instantiate any models nor does it trigger
+    # Active Record callbacks or validations. Though passed values
+    # go through Active Record's type casting and serialization.
+    #
+    # See #insert_all for documentation.
+    def insert(attributes, returning: nil, unique_by: nil, record_timestamps: nil)
+      insert_all([ attributes ], returning: returning, unique_by: unique_by, record_timestamps: record_timestamps)
+    end
+
+    # Inserts multiple records into the database in a single SQL INSERT
+    # statement. It does not instantiate any models nor does it trigger
+    # Active Record callbacks or validations. Though passed values
+    # go through Active Record's type casting and serialization.
+    #
+    # The +attributes+ parameter is an Array of Hashes. Every Hash determines
+    # the attributes for a single row and must have the same keys.
+    #
+    # Rows are considered to be unique by every unique index on the table. Any
+    # duplicate rows are skipped.
+    # Override with <tt>:unique_by</tt> (see below).
+    #
+    # Returns an ActiveRecord::Result with its contents based on
+    # <tt>:returning</tt> (see below).
+    #
+    # ==== Options
+    #
+    # [:returning]
+    #   (PostgreSQL, SQLite3, and MariaDB only) An array of attributes to return for all successfully
+    #   inserted records, which by default is the primary key.
+    #   Pass <tt>returning: %w[ id name ]</tt> for both id and name
+    #   or <tt>returning: false</tt> to omit the underlying <tt>RETURNING</tt> SQL
+    #   clause entirely.
+    #
+    #   You can also pass an SQL string if you need more control on the return values
+    #   (for example, <tt>returning: Arel.sql("id, name as new_name")</tt>).
+    #
+    # [:unique_by]
+    #   (PostgreSQL and SQLite only) By default rows are considered to be unique
+    #   by every unique index on the table. Any duplicate rows are skipped.
+    #
+    #   To skip rows according to just one unique index pass <tt>:unique_by</tt>.
+    #
+    #   Consider a Book model where no duplicate ISBNs make sense, but if any
+    #   row has an existing id, or is not unique by another unique index,
+    #   ActiveRecord::RecordNotUnique is raised.
+    #
+    #   Unique indexes can be identified by columns or name:
+    #
+    #     unique_by: :isbn
+    #     unique_by: %i[ author_id name ]
+    #     unique_by: :index_books_on_isbn
+    #
+    # [:record_timestamps]
+    #   By default, automatic setting of timestamp columns is controlled by
+    #   the model's <tt>record_timestamps</tt> config, matching typical
+    #   behavior.
+    #
+    #   To override this and force automatic setting of timestamp columns one
+    #   way or the other, pass <tt>:record_timestamps</tt>:
+    #
+    #     record_timestamps: true  # Always set timestamps automatically
+    #     record_timestamps: false # Never set timestamps automatically
+    #
+    # Because it relies on the index information from the database
+    # <tt>:unique_by</tt> is recommended to be paired with
+    # Active Record's schema_cache.
+    #
+    # ==== Example
+    #
+    #   # Insert records and skip inserting any duplicates.
+    #   # Here "Eloquent Ruby" is skipped because its id is not unique.
+    #
+    #   Book.insert_all([
+    #     { id: 1, title: "Rework", author: "David" },
+    #     { id: 1, title: "Eloquent Ruby", author: "Russ" }
+    #   ])
+    #
+    #   # insert_all works on chained scopes, and you can use create_with
+    #   # to set default attributes for all inserted records.
+    #
+    #   author.books.create_with(created_at: Time.now).insert_all([
+    #     { id: 1, title: "Rework" },
+    #     { id: 2, title: "Eloquent Ruby" }
+    #   ])
+    def insert_all(attributes, returning: nil, unique_by: nil, record_timestamps: nil)
+      InsertAll.execute(self, attributes, on_duplicate: :skip, returning: returning, unique_by: unique_by, record_timestamps: record_timestamps)
+    end
+
+    # Inserts a single record into the database in a single SQL INSERT
+    # statement. It does not instantiate any models nor does it trigger
+    # Active Record callbacks or validations. Though passed values
+    # go through Active Record's type casting and serialization.
+    #
+    # See #insert_all! for more.
+    def insert!(attributes, returning: nil, record_timestamps: nil)
+      insert_all!([ attributes ], returning: returning, record_timestamps: record_timestamps)
+    end
+
+    # Inserts multiple records into the database in a single SQL INSERT
+    # statement. It does not instantiate any models nor does it trigger
+    # Active Record callbacks or validations. Though passed values
+    # go through Active Record's type casting and serialization.
+    #
+    # The +attributes+ parameter is an Array of Hashes. Every Hash determines
+    # the attributes for a single row and must have the same keys.
+    #
+    # Raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotUnique if any rows violate a
+    # unique index on the table. In that case, no rows are inserted.
+    #
+    # To skip duplicate rows, see #insert_all. To replace them, see #upsert_all.
+    #
+    # Returns an ActiveRecord::Result with its contents based on
+    # <tt>:returning</tt> (see below).
+    #
+    # ==== Options
+    #
+    # [:returning]
+    #   (PostgreSQL, SQLite3, and MariaDB only) An array of attributes to return for all successfully
+    #   inserted records, which by default is the primary key.
+    #   Pass <tt>returning: %w[ id name ]</tt> for both id and name
+    #   or <tt>returning: false</tt> to omit the underlying <tt>RETURNING</tt> SQL
+    #   clause entirely.
+    #
+    #   You can also pass an SQL string if you need more control on the return values
+    #   (for example, <tt>returning: Arel.sql("id, name as new_name")</tt>).
+    #
+    # [:record_timestamps]
+    #   By default, automatic setting of timestamp columns is controlled by
+    #   the model's <tt>record_timestamps</tt> config, matching typical
+    #   behavior.
+    #
+    #   To override this and force automatic setting of timestamp columns one
+    #   way or the other, pass <tt>:record_timestamps</tt>:
+    #
+    #     record_timestamps: true  # Always set timestamps automatically
+    #     record_timestamps: false # Never set timestamps automatically
+    #
+    # ==== Examples
+    #
+    #   # Insert multiple records
+    #   Book.insert_all!([
+    #     { title: "Rework", author: "David" },
+    #     { title: "Eloquent Ruby", author: "Russ" }
+    #   ])
+    #
+    #   # Raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotUnique because "Eloquent Ruby"
+    #   # does not have a unique id.
+    #   Book.insert_all!([
+    #     { id: 1, title: "Rework", author: "David" },
+    #     { id: 1, title: "Eloquent Ruby", author: "Russ" }
+    #   ])
+    def insert_all!(attributes, returning: nil, record_timestamps: nil)
+      InsertAll.execute(self, attributes, on_duplicate: :raise, returning: returning, record_timestamps: record_timestamps)
+    end
+
+    # Updates or inserts (upserts) a single record into the database in a
+    # single SQL INSERT statement. It does not instantiate any models nor does
+    # it trigger Active Record callbacks or validations. Though passed values
+    # go through Active Record's type casting and serialization.
+    #
+    # See #upsert_all for documentation.
+    def upsert(attributes, **kwargs)
+      upsert_all([ attributes ], **kwargs)
+    end
+
+    # Updates or inserts (upserts) multiple records into the database in a
+    # single SQL INSERT statement. It does not instantiate any models nor does
+    # it trigger Active Record callbacks or validations. Though passed values
+    # go through Active Record's type casting and serialization.
+    #
+    # The +attributes+ parameter is an Array of Hashes. Every Hash determines
+    # the attributes for a single row and must have the same keys.
+    #
+    # Returns an ActiveRecord::Result with its contents based on
+    # <tt>:returning</tt> (see below).
+    #
+    # By default, +upsert_all+ will update all the columns that can be updated when
+    # there is a conflict. These are all the columns except primary keys, read-only
+    # columns, and columns covered by the optional +unique_by+.
+    #
+    # ==== Options
+    #
+    # [:returning]
+    #   (PostgreSQL, SQLite3, and MariaDB only) An array of attributes to return for all successfully
+    #   upserted records, which by default is the primary key.
+    #   Pass <tt>returning: %w[ id name ]</tt> for both id and name
+    #   or <tt>returning: false</tt> to omit the underlying <tt>RETURNING</tt> SQL
+    #   clause entirely.
+    #
+    #   You can also pass an SQL string if you need more control on the return values
+    #   (for example, <tt>returning: Arel.sql("id, name as new_name")</tt>).
+    #
+    # [:unique_by]
+    #   (PostgreSQL and SQLite only) By default rows are considered to be unique
+    #   by every unique index on the table. Any duplicate rows are skipped.
+    #
+    #   To skip rows according to just one unique index pass <tt>:unique_by</tt>.
+    #
+    #   Consider a Book model where no duplicate ISBNs make sense, but if any
+    #   row has an existing id, or is not unique by another unique index,
+    #   ActiveRecord::RecordNotUnique is raised.
+    #
+    #   Unique indexes can be identified by columns or name:
+    #
+    #     unique_by: :isbn
+    #     unique_by: %i[ author_id name ]
+    #     unique_by: :index_books_on_isbn
+    #
+    # Because it relies on the index information from the database
+    # <tt>:unique_by</tt> is recommended to be paired with
+    # Active Record's schema_cache.
+    #
+    # [:on_duplicate]
+    #   Configure the SQL update sentence that will be used in case of conflict.
+    #
+    #   NOTE: If you use this option you must provide all the columns you want to update
+    #   by yourself.
+    #
+    #   Example:
+    #
+    #     Commodity.upsert_all(
+    #       [
+    #         { id: 2, name: "Copper", price: 4.84 },
+    #         { id: 4, name: "Gold", price: 1380.87 },
+    #         { id: 6, name: "Aluminium", price: 0.35 }
+    #       ],
+    #       on_duplicate: Arel.sql("price = GREATEST(commodities.price, EXCLUDED.price)")
+    #     )
+    #
+    #   See the related +:update_only+ option. Both options can't be used at the same time.
+    #
+    # [:update_only]
+    #   Provide a list of column names that will be updated in case of conflict. If not provided,
+    #   +upsert_all+ will update all the columns that can be updated. These are all the columns
+    #   except primary keys, read-only columns, and columns covered by the optional +unique_by+
+    #
+    #   Example:
+    #
+    #     Commodity.upsert_all(
+    #       [
+    #         { id: 2, name: "Copper", price: 4.84 },
+    #         { id: 4, name: "Gold", price: 1380.87 },
+    #         { id: 6, name: "Aluminium", price: 0.35 }
+    #       ],
+    #       update_only: [:price] # Only prices will be updated
+    #     )
+    #
+    #   See the related +:on_duplicate+ option. Both options can't be used at the same time.
+    #
+    # [:record_timestamps]
+    #   By default, automatic setting of timestamp columns is controlled by
+    #   the model's <tt>record_timestamps</tt> config, matching typical
+    #   behavior.
+    #
+    #   To override this and force automatic setting of timestamp columns one
+    #   way or the other, pass <tt>:record_timestamps</tt>:
+    #
+    #     record_timestamps: true  # Always set timestamps automatically
+    #     record_timestamps: false # Never set timestamps automatically
+    #
+    # ==== Examples
+    #
+    #   # Inserts multiple records, performing an upsert when records have duplicate ISBNs.
+    #   # Here "Eloquent Ruby" overwrites "Rework" because its ISBN is duplicate.
+    #
+    #   Book.upsert_all([
+    #     { title: "Rework", author: "David", isbn: "1" },
+    #     { title: "Eloquent Ruby", author: "Russ", isbn: "1" }
+    #   ], unique_by: :isbn)
+    #
+    #   Book.find_by(isbn: "1").title # => "Eloquent Ruby"
+    def upsert_all(attributes, on_duplicate: :update, update_only: nil, returning: nil, unique_by: nil, record_timestamps: nil)
+      InsertAll.execute(self, attributes, on_duplicate: on_duplicate, update_only: update_only, returning: returning, unique_by: unique_by, record_timestamps: record_timestamps)
+    end
+
     # Updates the counters of the records in the current relation.
     #
     # ==== Parameters
@@ -539,7 +952,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # If attribute names are passed, they are updated along with +updated_at+/+updated_on+ attributes.
     # If no time argument is passed, the current time is used as default.
     #
-    # === Examples
+    # ==== Examples
     #
     #   # Touch all records
     #   Person.all.touch_all
@@ -599,6 +1012,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   Post.distinct.delete_all
     #   # => ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError: delete_all doesn't support distinct
     def delete_all
+      return 0 if @none
+
       invalid_methods = INVALID_METHODS_FOR_DELETE_ALL.select do |method|
         value = @values[method]
         method == :distinct ? value : value&.any?
@@ -607,14 +1022,79 @@ module ActiveRecord
         raise ActiveRecordError.new("delete_all doesn't support #{invalid_methods.join(', ')}")
       end
 
-      arel = eager_loading? ? apply_join_dependency.arel : build_arel
-      arel.source.left = table
+      klass.with_connection do |c|
+        arel = eager_loading? ? apply_join_dependency.arel : build_arel(c)
+        arel.source.left = table
+
+        group_values_arel_columns = arel_columns(group_values.uniq)
+        having_clause_ast = having_clause.ast unless having_clause.empty?
+        key = if klass.composite_primary_key?
+          primary_key.map { |pk| table[pk] }
+        else
+          table[primary_key]
+        end
+        stmt = arel.compile_delete(key, having_clause_ast, group_values_arel_columns)
+
+        c.delete(stmt, "#{klass} Delete All").tap { reset }
+      end
+    end
 
-      group_values_arel_columns = arel_columns(group_values.uniq)
-      having_clause_ast = having_clause.ast unless having_clause.empty?
-      stmt = arel.compile_delete(table[primary_key], having_clause_ast, group_values_arel_columns)
+    # Deletes the row with a primary key matching the +id+ argument, using an
+    # SQL +DELETE+ statement, and returns the number of rows deleted. Active
+    # Record objects are not instantiated, so the object's callbacks are not
+    # executed, including any <tt>:dependent</tt> association options.
+    #
+    # You can delete multiple rows at once by passing an Array of <tt>id</tt>s.
+    #
+    # Note: Although it is often much faster than the alternative, #destroy,
+    # skipping callbacks might bypass business logic in your application
+    # that ensures referential integrity or performs other essential jobs.
+    #
+    # ==== Examples
+    #
+    #   # Delete a single row
+    #   Todo.delete(1)
+    #
+    #   # Delete multiple rows
+    #   Todo.delete([2,3,4])
+    def delete(id_or_array)
+      return 0 if id_or_array.nil? || (id_or_array.is_a?(Array) && id_or_array.empty?)
 
-      klass.connection.delete(stmt, "#{klass} Delete All").tap { reset }
+      where(model.primary_key => id_or_array).delete_all
+    end
+
+
+    # Destroy an object (or multiple objects) that has the given id. The object is instantiated first,
+    # therefore all callbacks and filters are fired off before the object is deleted. This method is
+    # less efficient than #delete but allows cleanup methods and other actions to be run.
+    #
+    # This essentially finds the object (or multiple objects) with the given id, creates a new object
+    # from the attributes, and then calls destroy on it.
+    #
+    # ==== Parameters
+    #
+    # * +id+ - This should be the id or an array of ids to be destroyed.
+    #
+    # ==== Examples
+    #
+    #   # Destroy a single object
+    #   Todo.destroy(1)
+    #
+    #   # Destroy multiple objects
+    #   todos = [1,2,3]
+    #   Todo.destroy(todos)
+    def destroy(id)
+      multiple_ids = if model.composite_primary_key?
+        id.first.is_a?(Array)
+      else
+        id.is_a?(Array)
+      end
+
+      if multiple_ids
+        find(id).each(&:destroy)
+      else
+        find(id).destroy
+      end
     end
 
     # Finds and destroys all records matching the specified conditions.
@@ -662,17 +1142,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     #   ASYNC Post Load (0.0ms) (db time 2ms)  SELECT "posts".* FROM "posts" LIMIT 100
     def load_async
-      return load if !connection.async_enabled?
+      with_connection do |c|
+        return load if !c.async_enabled?
 
-      unless loaded?
-        result = exec_main_query(async: connection.current_transaction.closed?)
+        unless loaded?
+          result = exec_main_query(async: c.current_transaction.closed?)
 
-        if result.is_a?(Array)
-          @records = result
-        else
-          @future_result = result
+          if result.is_a?(Array)
+            @records = result
+          else
+            @future_result = result
+          end
+          @loaded = true
         end
-        @loaded = true
       end
 
       self
@@ -720,7 +1202,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Returns sql statement for the relation.
     #
     #   User.where(name: 'Oscar').to_sql
-    #   # => SELECT "users".* FROM "users"  WHERE "users"."name" = 'Oscar'
+    #   # SELECT "users".* FROM "users"  WHERE "users"."name" = 'Oscar'
     def to_sql
       @to_sql ||= if eager_loading?
         apply_join_dependency do |relation, join_dependency|
@@ -728,8 +1210,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
           relation.to_sql
         end
       else
-        conn = klass.connection
-        conn.unprepared_statement { conn.to_sql(arel) }
+        klass.with_connection do |conn|
+          conn.unprepared_statement { conn.to_sql(arel) }
+        end
       end
     end
 
@@ -774,8 +1257,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
 
-    def pretty_print(q)
-      q.pp(records)
+    def pretty_print(pp)
+      subject = loaded? ? records : annotate("loading for pp")
+      entries = subject.take([limit_value, 11].compact.min)
+
+      entries[10] = "..." if entries.size == 11
+
+      pp.pp(entries)
     end
 
     # Returns true if relation is blank.
@@ -809,7 +1297,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def alias_tracker(joins = [], aliases = nil) # :nodoc:
-      ActiveRecord::Associations::AliasTracker.create(connection, table.name, joins, aliases)
+      ActiveRecord::Associations::AliasTracker.create(connection_pool, table.name, joins, aliases)
     end
 
     class StrictLoadingScope # :nodoc:
@@ -837,10 +1325,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @loaded = true
       end
 
-      def null_relation? # :nodoc:
-        is_a?(NullRelation)
-      end
-
     private
       def already_in_scope?(registry)
         @delegate_to_klass && registry.current_scope(klass, true)
@@ -889,7 +1373,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def _substitute_values(values)
         values.map do |name, value|
           attr = table[name]
-          unless Arel.arel_node?(value)
+          if Arel.arel_node?(value)
+            if value.is_a?(Arel::Nodes::SqlLiteral)
+              value = Arel::Nodes::Grouping.new(value)
+            end
+          else
             type = klass.type_for_attribute(attr.name)
             value = predicate_builder.build_bind_attribute(attr.name, type.cast(value))
           end
@@ -925,21 +1413,33 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def exec_main_query(async: false)
+        if @none
+          if async
+            return FutureResult.wrap([])
+          else
+            return []
+          end
+        end
+
         skip_query_cache_if_necessary do
           if where_clause.contradiction?
             [].freeze
           elsif eager_loading?
-            apply_join_dependency do |relation, join_dependency|
-              if relation.null_relation?
-                [].freeze
-              else
-                relation = join_dependency.apply_column_aliases(relation)
-                @_join_dependency = join_dependency
-                connection.select_all(relation.arel, "SQL", async: async)
+            klass.with_connection do |c|
+              apply_join_dependency do |relation, join_dependency|
+                if relation.null_relation?
+                  [].freeze
+                else
+                  relation = join_dependency.apply_column_aliases(relation)
+                  @_join_dependency = join_dependency
+                  c.select_all(relation.arel, "SQL", async: async)
+                end
               end
             end
           else
-            klass._query_by_sql(arel, async: async)
+            klass.with_connection do |c|
+              klass._query_by_sql(c, arel, async: async)
+            end
           end
         end
       end