activerecord 7.0.8.1 → 7.2.2.1

data/lib/active_record/encryption/encryptable_record.rb

@@ -28,8 +28,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
         #   initialization vector based on the encrypted content. This means that the same content will generate
         #   the same ciphertexts. This enables querying encrypted text with Active Record. Deterministic encryption
         #   will use the oldest encryption scheme to encrypt new data by default. You can change this by setting
-        #   +deterministic: { fixed: false }+. That will make it use the newest encryption scheme for encrypting new
+        #   <tt>deterministic: { fixed: false }</tt>. That will make it use the newest encryption scheme for encrypting new
         #   data.
+        # * <tt>:support_unencrypted_data</tt> - If `config.active_record.encryption.support_unencrypted_data` is +true+,
+        #   you can set this to +false+ to opt out of unencrypted data support for this attribute. This is useful for
+        #   scenarios where you encrypt one column, and want to disable support for unencrypted data without having to tweak
+        #   the global setting.
         # * <tt>:downcase</tt> - When true, it converts the encrypted content to downcase automatically. This allows to
         #   effectively ignore case when querying data. Notice that the case is lost. Use +:ignore_case+ if you are interested
         #   in preserving it.
@@ -42,13 +46,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # * <tt>:previous</tt> - List of previous encryption schemes. When provided, they will be used in order when trying to read
         #   the attribute. Each entry of the list can contain the properties supported by #encrypts. Also, when deterministic
         #   encryption is used, they will be used to generate additional ciphertexts to check in the queries.
-        def encrypts(*names, key_provider: nil, key: nil, deterministic: false, downcase: false, ignore_case: false, previous: [], **context_properties)
+        def encrypts(*names, key_provider: nil, key: nil, deterministic: false, support_unencrypted_data: nil, downcase: false, ignore_case: false, previous: [], **context_properties)
           self.encrypted_attributes ||= Set.new # not using :default because the instance would be shared across classes
-          scheme = scheme_for key_provider: key_provider, key: key, deterministic: deterministic, downcase: downcase, \
-              ignore_case: ignore_case, previous: previous, **context_properties
 
           names.each do |name|
-            encrypt_attribute name, scheme
+            encrypt_attribute name, key_provider: key_provider, key: key, deterministic: deterministic, support_unencrypted_data: support_unencrypted_data, downcase: downcase, ignore_case: ignore_case, previous: previous, **context_properties
           end
         end
 
@@ -61,32 +63,35 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         # Given a attribute name, it returns the name of the source attribute when it's a preserved one.
         def source_attribute_from_preserved_attribute(attribute_name)
-          attribute_name.to_s.sub(ORIGINAL_ATTRIBUTE_PREFIX, "") if /^#{ORIGINAL_ATTRIBUTE_PREFIX}/.match?(attribute_name)
+          attribute_name.to_s.sub(ORIGINAL_ATTRIBUTE_PREFIX, "") if attribute_name.start_with?(ORIGINAL_ATTRIBUTE_PREFIX)
         end
 
         private
-          def scheme_for(key_provider: nil, key: nil, deterministic: false, downcase: false, ignore_case: false, previous: [], **context_properties)
+          def scheme_for(key_provider: nil, key: nil, deterministic: false, support_unencrypted_data: nil, downcase: false, ignore_case: false, previous: [], **context_properties)
             ActiveRecord::Encryption::Scheme.new(key_provider: key_provider, key: key, deterministic: deterministic,
-                                                 downcase: downcase, ignore_case: ignore_case, **context_properties).tap do |scheme|
+              support_unencrypted_data: support_unencrypted_data, downcase: downcase, ignore_case: ignore_case, **context_properties).tap do |scheme|
               scheme.previous_schemes = global_previous_schemes_for(scheme) +
-                Array.wrap(previous).collect { |scheme_config| ActiveRecord::Encryption::Scheme.new(**scheme_config) }
+              Array.wrap(previous).collect { |scheme_config| ActiveRecord::Encryption::Scheme.new(**scheme_config) }
             end
           end
 
           def global_previous_schemes_for(scheme)
-            ActiveRecord::Encryption.config.previous_schemes.collect do |previous_scheme|
-              scheme.merge(previous_scheme)
+            ActiveRecord::Encryption.config.previous_schemes.filter_map do |previous_scheme|
+              scheme.merge(previous_scheme) if scheme.compatible_with?(previous_scheme)
             end
           end
 
-          def encrypt_attribute(name, attribute_scheme)
+          def encrypt_attribute(name, key_provider: nil, key: nil, deterministic: false, support_unencrypted_data: nil, downcase: false, ignore_case: false, previous: [], **context_properties)
             encrypted_attributes << name.to_sym
 
-            attribute name do |cast_type|
-              ActiveRecord::Encryption::EncryptedAttributeType.new scheme: attribute_scheme, cast_type: cast_type
+            decorate_attributes([name]) do |name, cast_type|
+              scheme = scheme_for key_provider: key_provider, key: key, deterministic: deterministic, support_unencrypted_data: support_unencrypted_data, \
+                downcase: downcase, ignore_case: ignore_case, previous: previous, **context_properties
+
+              ActiveRecord::Encryption::EncryptedAttributeType.new(scheme: scheme, cast_type: cast_type, default: columns_hash[name.to_s]&.default)
             end
 
-            preserve_original_encrypted(name) if attribute_scheme.ignore_case?
+            preserve_original_encrypted(name) if ignore_case
             ActiveRecord::Encryption.encrypted_attribute_was_declared(self, name)
           end
 
@@ -118,7 +123,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
             end)
           end
 
-          def load_schema!
+          def load_schema! # :nodoc:
             super
 
             add_length_validation_for_encrypted_columns if ActiveRecord::Encryption.config.validate_column_size
@@ -139,12 +144,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Returns whether a given attribute is encrypted or not.
       def encrypted_attribute?(attribute_name)
-        ActiveRecord::Encryption.encryptor.encrypted? ciphertext_for(attribute_name)
+        name = attribute_name.to_s
+        name = self.class.attribute_aliases[name] || name
+
+        return false unless self.class.encrypted_attributes&.include? name.to_sym
+
+        type = type_for_attribute(name)
+        type.encrypted? read_attribute_before_type_cast(name)
       end
 
       # Returns the ciphertext for +attribute_name+.
       def ciphertext_for(attribute_name)
-        read_attribute_before_type_cast(attribute_name)
+        if encrypted_attribute?(attribute_name)
+          read_attribute_before_type_cast(attribute_name)
+        else
+          read_attribute_for_database(attribute_name)
+        end
       end
 
       # Encrypts all the encryptable attributes and saves the changes.
@@ -160,6 +175,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
       private
         ORIGINAL_ATTRIBUTE_PREFIX = "original_"
 
+        def _create_record(attribute_names = self.attribute_names)
+          if has_encrypted_attributes?
+            # Always persist encrypted attributes, because an attribute might be
+            # encrypting a column default value.
+            attribute_names |= self.class.encrypted_attributes.map(&:to_s)
+          end
+          super
+        end
+
         def encrypt_attributes
           validate_encryption_allowed
 
@@ -188,16 +212,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def build_decrypt_attribute_assignments
-          Array(self.class.encrypted_attributes).collect do |attribute_name|
+          Array(self.class.encrypted_attributes).to_h do |attribute_name|
             type = type_for_attribute(attribute_name)
             encrypted_value = ciphertext_for(attribute_name)
             new_value = type.deserialize(encrypted_value)
             [attribute_name, new_value]
-          end.to_h
+          end
         end
 
         def cant_modify_encrypted_attributes_when_frozen
-          self.class&.encrypted_attributes.each do |attribute|
+          self.class.encrypted_attributes.each do |attribute|
             errors.add(attribute.to_sym, "can't be modified because it is encrypted") if changed_attributes.include?(attribute)
           end
         end

data/lib/active_record/encryption/encrypted_attribute_type.rb

@@ -7,24 +7,29 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # This is the central piece that connects the encryption system with +encrypts+ declarations in the
     # model classes. Whenever you declare an attribute as encrypted, it configures an +EncryptedAttributeType+
     # for that attribute.
-    class EncryptedAttributeType < ::ActiveRecord::Type::Text
+    class EncryptedAttributeType < ::ActiveModel::Type::Value
       include ActiveModel::Type::Helpers::Mutable
 
       attr_reader :scheme, :cast_type
 
       delegate :key_provider, :downcase?, :deterministic?, :previous_schemes, :with_context, :fixed?, to: :scheme
-      delegate :accessor, to: :cast_type
+      delegate :accessor, :type, to: :cast_type
 
       # === Options
       #
       # * <tt>:scheme</tt> - A +Scheme+ with the encryption properties for this attribute.
       # * <tt>:cast_type</tt> - A type that will be used to serialize (before encrypting) and deserialize
       #   (after decrypting). ActiveModel::Type::String by default.
-      def initialize(scheme:, cast_type: ActiveModel::Type::String.new, previous_type: false)
+      def initialize(scheme:, cast_type: ActiveModel::Type::String.new, previous_type: false, default: nil)
         super()
         @scheme = scheme
         @cast_type = cast_type
         @previous_type = previous_type
+        @default = default
+      end
+
+      def cast(value)
+        cast_type.cast(value)
       end
 
       def deserialize(value)
@@ -39,6 +44,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
+      def encrypted?(value)
+        with_context { encryptor.encrypted? value }
+      end
+
       def changed_in_place?(raw_old_value, new_value)
         old_value = raw_old_value.nil? ? nil : deserialize(raw_old_value)
         old_value != new_value
@@ -49,6 +58,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @previous_types[support_unencrypted_data?] ||= build_previous_types_for(previous_schemes_including_clean_text)
       end
 
+      def support_unencrypted_data?
+        ActiveRecord::Encryption.config.support_unencrypted_data && scheme.support_unencrypted_data? && !previous_type?
+      end
+
       private
         def previous_schemes_including_clean_text
           previous_schemes.including((clean_text_scheme if support_unencrypted_data?)).compact
@@ -68,9 +81,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
           @previous_type
         end
 
-        def decrypt(value)
+        def decrypt_as_text(value)
           with_context do
-            encryptor.decrypt(value, **decryption_options) unless value.nil?
+            unless value.nil?
+              if @default && @default == value
+                value
+              else
+                encryptor.decrypt(value, **decryption_options)
+              end
+            end
           end
         rescue ActiveRecord::Encryption::Errors::Base => error
           if previous_types_without_clean_text.blank?
@@ -80,6 +99,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
         end
 
+        def decrypt(value)
+          text_to_database_type decrypt_as_text(value)
+        end
+
         def try_to_deserialize_with_previous_encrypted_types(value)
           previous_types.each.with_index do |type, index|
             break type.deserialize(value)
@@ -110,31 +133,43 @@ module ActiveRecord
           encrypt(casted_value.to_s) unless casted_value.nil?
         end
 
-        def encrypt(value)
+        def encrypt_as_text(value)
           with_context do
+            if encryptor.binary? && !cast_type.binary?
+              raise Errors::Encoding, "Binary encoded data can only be stored in binary columns"
+            end
+
             encryptor.encrypt(value, **encryption_options)
           end
         end
 
-        def encryptor
-          ActiveRecord::Encryption.encryptor
+        def encrypt(value)
+          text_to_database_type encrypt_as_text(value)
         end
 
-        def support_unencrypted_data?
-          ActiveRecord::Encryption.config.support_unencrypted_data && !previous_type?
+        def encryptor
+          ActiveRecord::Encryption.encryptor
         end
 
         def encryption_options
-          @encryption_options ||= { key_provider: key_provider, cipher_options: { deterministic: deterministic? } }.compact
+          { key_provider: key_provider, cipher_options: { deterministic: deterministic? } }.compact
         end
 
         def decryption_options
-          @decryption_options ||= { key_provider: key_provider }.compact
+          { key_provider: key_provider }.compact
         end
 
         def clean_text_scheme
           @clean_text_scheme ||= ActiveRecord::Encryption::Scheme.new(downcase: downcase?, encryptor: ActiveRecord::Encryption::NullEncryptor.new)
         end
+
+        def text_to_database_type(value)
+          if value && cast_type.binary?
+            ActiveModel::Type::Binary::Data.new(value)
+          else
+            value
+          end
+        end
     end
   end
 end

data/lib/active_record/encryption/encryptor.rb

@@ -12,6 +12,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # It interacts with a KeyProvider for getting the keys, and delegate to
     # ActiveRecord::Encryption::Cipher the actual encryption algorithm.
     class Encryptor
+      # === Options
+      #
+      # * <tt>:compress</tt> - Boolean indicating whether records should be compressed before encryption.
+      #   Defaults to +true+.
+      def initialize(compress: true)
+        @compress = compress
+      end
+
       # Encrypts +clean_text+ and returns the encrypted result
       #
       # Internally, it will:
@@ -38,7 +46,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         serialize_message build_encrypted_message(clear_text, key_provider: key_provider, cipher_options: cipher_options)
       end
 
-      # Decrypts a +clean_text+ and returns the result as clean text
+      # Decrypts an +encrypted_text+ and returns the result as clean text
       #
       # === Options
       #
@@ -66,6 +74,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         false
       end
 
+      def binary?
+        serializer.binary?
+      end
+
       private
         DECRYPT_ERRORS = [OpenSSL::Cipher::CipherError, Errors::EncryptedContentIntegrity, Errors::Decryption]
         ENCODING_ERRORS = [EncodingError, Errors::Encoding]
@@ -100,7 +112,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def deserialize_message(message)
-          raise Errors::Encoding unless message.is_a?(String)
           serializer.load message
         rescue ArgumentError, TypeError, Errors::ForbiddenClass
           raise Errors::Encoding
@@ -112,13 +123,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         # Under certain threshold, ZIP compression is actually worse that not compressing
         def compress_if_worth_it(string)
-          if string.bytesize > THRESHOLD_TO_JUSTIFY_COMPRESSION
+          if compress? && string.bytesize > THRESHOLD_TO_JUSTIFY_COMPRESSION
             [compress(string), true]
           else
             [string, false]
           end
         end
 
+        def compress?
+          @compress
+        end
+
         def compress(data)
           Zlib::Deflate.deflate(data).tap do |compressed_data|
             compressed_data.force_encoding(data.encoding)

data/lib/active_record/encryption/extended_deterministic_queries.rb

@@ -19,101 +19,112 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # * ActiveRecord::Base - Used in <tt>Contact.find_by_email_address(...)</tt>
     # * ActiveRecord::Relation - Used in <tt>Contact.internal.find_by_email_address(...)</tt>
     #
-    # ActiveRecord::Base relies on ActiveRecord::Relation (ActiveRecord::QueryMethods) but it does
-    # some prepared statements caching. That's why we need to intercept +ActiveRecord::Base+ as soon
-    # as it's invoked (so that the proper prepared statement is cached).
-    #
-    # When modifying this file run performance tests in +test/performance/extended_deterministic_queries_performance_test.rb+ to
-    #   make sure performance overhead is acceptable.
-    #
-    # We will extend this to support previous "encryption context" versions in future iterations
-    #
-    # @TODO Experimental. Support for every kind of query is pending
-    # @TODO It should not patch anything if not needed (no previous schemes or no support for previous encryption schemes)
+    # This module is included if `config.active_record.encryption.extend_queries` is `true`.
     module ExtendedDeterministicQueries
       def self.install_support
+        # ActiveRecord::Base relies on ActiveRecord::Relation (ActiveRecord::QueryMethods) but it does
+        # some prepared statements caching. That's why we need to intercept +ActiveRecord::Base+ as soon
+        # as it's invoked (so that the proper prepared statement is cached).
         ActiveRecord::Relation.prepend(RelationQueries)
         ActiveRecord::Base.include(CoreQueries)
         ActiveRecord::Encryption::EncryptedAttributeType.prepend(ExtendedEncryptableType)
-        Arel::Nodes::HomogeneousIn.prepend(InWithAdditionalValues)
       end
 
-      module EncryptedQueryArgumentProcessor
-        extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+      # When modifying this file run performance tests in
+      # +activerecord/test/cases/encryption/performance/extended_deterministic_queries_performance_test.rb+
+      # to make sure performance overhead is acceptable.
+      #
+      # @TODO We will extend this to support previous "encryption context" versions in future iterations
+      # @TODO Experimental. Support for every kind of query is pending
+      # @TODO It should not patch anything if not needed (no previous schemes or no support for previous encryption schemes)
+
+      module EncryptedQuery # :nodoc:
+        class << self
+          def process_arguments(owner, args, check_for_additional_values)
+            return args if owner.deterministic_encrypted_attributes&.empty?
 
-        private
-          def process_encrypted_query_arguments(args, check_for_additional_values)
             if args.is_a?(Array) && (options = args.first).is_a?(Hash)
-              self.deterministic_encrypted_attributes&.each do |attribute_name|
-                type = type_for_attribute(attribute_name)
+              options = options.transform_keys do |key|
+                if key.is_a?(Array)
+                  key.map(&:to_s)
+                else
+                  key.to_s
+                end
+              end
+              args[0] = options
+
+              owner.deterministic_encrypted_attributes&.each do |attribute_name|
+                attribute_name = attribute_name.to_s
+                type = owner.type_for_attribute(attribute_name)
                 if !type.previous_types.empty? && value = options[attribute_name]
                   options[attribute_name] = process_encrypted_query_argument(value, check_for_additional_values, type)
                 end
               end
             end
-          end
 
-          def process_encrypted_query_argument(value, check_for_additional_values, type)
-            return value if check_for_additional_values && value.is_a?(Array) && value.last.is_a?(AdditionalValue)
+            args
+          end
 
-            case value
-            when String, Array
-              list = Array(value)
-              list + list.flat_map do |each_value|
-                if check_for_additional_values && each_value.is_a?(AdditionalValue)
-                  each_value
-                else
-                  additional_values_for(each_value, type)
+          private
+            def process_encrypted_query_argument(value, check_for_additional_values, type)
+              return value if check_for_additional_values && value.is_a?(Array) && value.last.is_a?(AdditionalValue)
+
+              case value
+              when String, Array
+                list = Array(value)
+                list + list.flat_map do |each_value|
+                  if check_for_additional_values && each_value.is_a?(AdditionalValue)
+                    each_value
+                  else
+                    additional_values_for(each_value, type)
+                  end
                 end
+              else
+                value
               end
-            else
-              value
             end
-          end
 
-          def additional_values_for(value, type)
-            type.previous_types.collect do |additional_type|
-              AdditionalValue.new(value, additional_type)
+            def additional_values_for(value, type)
+              type.previous_types.collect do |additional_type|
+                AdditionalValue.new(value, additional_type)
+              end
             end
-          end
+        end
       end
 
       module RelationQueries
-        include EncryptedQueryArgumentProcessor
-
         def where(*args)
-          process_encrypted_query_arguments_if_needed(args)
-          super
+          super(*EncryptedQuery.process_arguments(self, args, true))
         end
 
         def exists?(*args)
-          process_encrypted_query_arguments_if_needed(args)
-          super
+          super(*EncryptedQuery.process_arguments(self, args, true))
         end
 
-        def find_or_create_by(attributes, &block)
-          find_by(attributes.dup) || create(attributes, &block)
-        end
+        def scope_for_create
+          return super unless klass.deterministic_encrypted_attributes&.any?
 
-        def find_or_create_by!(attributes, &block)
-          find_by(attributes.dup) || create!(attributes, &block)
-        end
+          scope_attributes = super
+          wheres = where_values_hash
 
-        private
-          def process_encrypted_query_arguments_if_needed(args)
-            process_encrypted_query_arguments(args, true) unless self.deterministic_encrypted_attributes&.empty?
+          klass.deterministic_encrypted_attributes.each do |attribute_name|
+            attribute_name = attribute_name.to_s
+            values = wheres[attribute_name]
+            if values.is_a?(Array) && values[1..].all?(AdditionalValue)
+              scope_attributes[attribute_name] = values.first
+            end
           end
+
+          scope_attributes
+        end
       end
 
       module CoreQueries
         extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
         class_methods do
-          include EncryptedQueryArgumentProcessor
-
           def find_by(*args)
-            process_encrypted_query_arguments(args, false) unless self.deterministic_encrypted_attributes&.empty?
-            super
+            super(*EncryptedQuery.process_arguments(self, args, false))
           end
         end
       end
@@ -141,20 +152,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
         end
       end
-
-      module InWithAdditionalValues
-        def proc_for_binds
-          -> value { ActiveModel::Attribute.with_cast_value(attribute.name, value, encryption_aware_type_caster) }
-        end
-
-        def encryption_aware_type_caster
-          if attribute.type_caster.is_a?(ActiveRecord::Encryption::EncryptedAttributeType)
-            attribute.type_caster.cast_type
-          else
-            attribute.type_caster
-          end
-        end
-      end
     end
   end
 end

data/lib/active_record/encryption/extended_deterministic_uniqueness_validator.rb

@@ -12,9 +12,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
           super(record, attribute, value)
 
           klass = record.class
-          klass.deterministic_encrypted_attributes&.each do |attribute_name|
-            encrypted_type = klass.type_for_attribute(attribute_name)
-            [ encrypted_type, *encrypted_type.previous_types ].each do |type|
+          if klass.deterministic_encrypted_attributes&.include?(attribute)
+            encrypted_type = klass.type_for_attribute(attribute)
+            encrypted_type.previous_types.each do |type|
               encrypted_value = type.serialize(value)
               ActiveRecord::Encryption.without_encryption do
                 super(record, attribute, encrypted_value)

data/lib/active_record/encryption/key_generator.rb

@@ -6,6 +6,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
   module Encryption
     # Utility for generating and deriving random keys.
     class KeyGenerator
+      attr_reader :hash_digest_class
+
+      def initialize(hash_digest_class: ActiveRecord::Encryption.config.hash_digest_class)
+        @hash_digest_class = hash_digest_class
+      end
+
       # Returns a random key. The key will have a size in bytes of +:length+ (configured +Cipher+'s length by default)
       def generate_random_key(length: key_length)
         SecureRandom.random_bytes(length)
@@ -30,10 +36,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #
       # The generated key will be salted with the value of +ActiveRecord::Encryption.key_derivation_salt+
       def derive_key_from(password, length: key_length)
-        ActiveSupport::KeyGenerator.new(password).generate_key(ActiveRecord::Encryption.config.key_derivation_salt, length)
+        ActiveSupport::KeyGenerator.new(password, hash_digest_class: hash_digest_class)
+          .generate_key(key_derivation_salt, length)
       end
 
       private
+        def key_derivation_salt
+          @key_derivation_salt ||= ActiveRecord::Encryption.config.key_derivation_salt
+        end
+
         def key_length
           @key_length ||= ActiveRecord::Encryption.cipher.key_length
         end

data/lib/active_record/encryption/key_provider.rb

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @keys = Array(keys)
       end
 
-      # Returns the first key in the list as the active key to perform encryptions
+      # Returns the last key in the list as the active key to perform encryptions
       #
       # When +ActiveRecord::Encryption.config.store_key_references+ is true, the key will include
       # a public tag referencing the key itself. That key will be stored in the public

data/lib/active_record/encryption/message_pack_message_serializer.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "active_support/message_pack"
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Encryption
+    # A message serializer that serializes +Messages+ with MessagePack.
+    #
+    # The message is converted to a hash with this structure:
+    #
+    #   {
+    #     p: <payload>,
+    #     h: {
+    #       header1: value1,
+    #       header2: value2,
+    #       ...
+    #     }
+    #   }
+    #
+    # Then it is converted to the MessagePack format.
+    class MessagePackMessageSerializer
+      def dump(message)
+        raise Errors::ForbiddenClass unless message.is_a?(Message)
+        ActiveSupport::MessagePack.dump(message_to_hash(message))
+      end
+
+      def load(serialized_content)
+        data = ActiveSupport::MessagePack.load(serialized_content)
+        hash_to_message(data, 1)
+      rescue RuntimeError
+        raise Errors::Decryption
+      end
+
+      def binary?
+        true
+      end
+
+      private
+        def message_to_hash(message)
+          {
+            "p" => message.payload,
+            "h" => headers_to_hash(message.headers)
+          }
+        end
+
+        def headers_to_hash(headers)
+          headers.transform_values do |value|
+            value.is_a?(Message) ? message_to_hash(value) : value
+          end
+        end
+
+        def hash_to_message(data, level)
+          validate_message_data_format(data, level)
+          Message.new(payload: data["p"], headers: parse_properties(data["h"], level))
+        end
+
+        def validate_message_data_format(data, level)
+          if level > 2
+            raise Errors::Decryption, "More than one level of hash nesting in headers is not supported"
+          end
+
+          unless data.is_a?(Hash) && data.has_key?("p")
+            raise Errors::Decryption, "Invalid data format: hash without payload"
+          end
+        end
+
+        def parse_properties(headers, level)
+          Properties.new.tap do |properties|
+            headers&.each do |key, value|
+              properties[key] = value.is_a?(Hash) ? hash_to_message(value, level + 1) : value
+            end
+          end
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end