activerecord 7.0.6 → 7.1.1

data/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite3/quoting.rb

@@ -4,8 +4,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
     module SQLite3
       module Quoting # :nodoc:
+        QUOTED_COLUMN_NAMES = Concurrent::Map.new # :nodoc:
+        QUOTED_TABLE_NAMES = Concurrent::Map.new # :nodoc:
+
         def quote_string(s)
-          @connection.class.quote(s)
+          ::SQLite3::Database.quote(s)
         end
 
         def quote_table_name_for_assignment(table, attr)
@@ -13,11 +16,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def quote_table_name(name)
-          self.class.quoted_table_names[name] ||= super.gsub(".", "\".\"").freeze
+          QUOTED_TABLE_NAMES[name] ||= super.gsub(".", "\".\"").freeze
         end
 
         def quote_column_name(name)
-          self.class.quoted_column_names[name] ||= %Q("#{super.gsub('"', '""')}")
+          QUOTED_COLUMN_NAMES[name] ||= %Q("#{super.gsub('"', '""')}")
         end
 
         def quoted_time(value)
@@ -86,7 +89,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           (
             (?:
               # "table_name"."column_name" | function(one or no argument)
-              ((?:\w+\.|"\w+"\.)?(?:\w+|"\w+")) | \w+\((?:|\g<2>)\)
+              ((?:\w+\.|"\w+"\.)?(?:\w+|"\w+") | \w+\((?:|\g<2>)\))
             )
             (?:(?:\s+AS)?\s+(?:\w+|"\w+"))?
           )
@@ -99,8 +102,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
           (
             (?:
               # "table_name"."column_name" | function(one or no argument)
-              ((?:\w+\.|"\w+"\.)?(?:\w+|"\w+")) | \w+\((?:|\g<2>)\)
+              ((?:\w+\.|"\w+"\.)?(?:\w+|"\w+") | \w+\((?:|\g<2>)\))
             )
+            (?:\s+COLLATE\s+(?:\w+|"\w+"))?
             (?:\s+ASC|\s+DESC)?
           )
           (?:\s*,\s*\g<1>)*

data/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite3/schema_definitions.rb

@@ -3,7 +3,14 @@
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
     module SQLite3
+      # = Active Record SQLite3 Adapter \Table Definition
       class TableDefinition < ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::TableDefinition
+        def change_column(column_name, type, **options)
+          name = column_name.to_s
+          @columns_hash[name] = nil
+          column(name, type, **options)
+        end
+
         def references(*args, **options)
           super(*args, type: :integer, **options)
         end

data/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite3/schema_statements.rb

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       module SchemaStatements # :nodoc:
         # Returns an array of indexes for the given table.
         def indexes(table_name)
-          exec_query("PRAGMA index_list(#{quote_table_name(table_name)})", "SCHEMA").filter_map do |row|
+          internal_exec_query("PRAGMA index_list(#{quote_table_name(table_name)})", "SCHEMA").filter_map do |row|
             # Indexes SQLite creates implicitly for internal use start with "sqlite_".
             # See https://www.sqlite.org/fileformat2.html#intschema
             next if row["name"].start_with?("sqlite_")
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
             /\bON\b\s*"?(\w+?)"?\s*\((?<expressions>.+?)\)(?:\s*WHERE\b\s*(?<where>.+))?(?:\s*\/\*.*\*\/)?\z/i =~ index_sql
 
-            columns = exec_query("PRAGMA index_info(#{quote(row['name'])})", "SCHEMA").map do |col|
+            columns = internal_exec_query("PRAGMA index_info(#{quote(row['name'])})", "SCHEMA").map do |col|
               col["name"]
             end
 
@@ -84,11 +84,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
           table_sql = query_value(<<-SQL, "SCHEMA")
             SELECT sql
             FROM sqlite_master
-            WHERE name = #{quote_table_name(table_name)} AND type = 'table'
+            WHERE name = #{quote(table_name)} AND type = 'table'
             UNION ALL
             SELECT sql
             FROM sqlite_temp_master
-            WHERE name = #{quote_table_name(table_name)} AND type = 'table'
+            WHERE name = #{quote(table_name)} AND type = 'table'
           SQL
 
           table_sql.to_s.scan(/CONSTRAINT\s+(?<name>\w+)\s+CHECK\s+\((?<expression>(:?[^()]|\(\g<expression>\))+)\)/i).map do |name, expression|
@@ -102,7 +102,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
         end
 
-        def remove_check_constraint(table_name, expression = nil, **options)
+        def remove_check_constraint(table_name, expression = nil, if_exists: false, **options)
+          return if if_exists && !check_constraint_exists?(table_name, **options)
+
           check_constraints = check_constraints(table_name)
           chk_name_to_delete = check_constraint_for!(table_name, expression: expression, **options).name
           check_constraints.delete_if { |chk| chk.name == chk_name_to_delete }
@@ -113,9 +115,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
           SQLite3::SchemaDumper.create(self, options)
         end
 
+        def schema_creation # :nodoc
+          SQLite3::SchemaCreation.new(self)
+        end
+
         private
-          def schema_creation
-            SQLite3::SchemaCreation.new(self)
+          def valid_table_definition_options
+            super + [:rename]
           end
 
           def create_table_definition(name, **options)
@@ -126,12 +132,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
             super unless internal
           end
 
-          def new_column_from_field(table_name, field)
+          def new_column_from_field(table_name, field, definitions)
             default = field["dflt_value"]
 
             type_metadata = fetch_type_metadata(field["type"])
             default_value = extract_value_from_default(default)
             default_function = extract_default_function(default_value, default)
+            rowid = is_column_the_rowid?(field, definitions)
 
             Column.new(
               field["name"],
@@ -139,10 +146,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
               type_metadata,
               field["notnull"].to_i == 0,
               default_function,
-              collation: field["collation"]
+              collation: field["collation"],
+              auto_increment: field["auto_increment"],
+              rowid: rowid
             )
           end
 
+          INTEGER_REGEX = /integer/i
+          # if a rowid table has a primary key that consists of a single column
+          # and the declared type of that column is "INTEGER" in any mixture of upper and lower case,
+          # then the column becomes an alias for the rowid.
+          def is_column_the_rowid?(field, column_definitions)
+            return false unless INTEGER_REGEX.match?(field["type"]) && field["pk"] == 1
+            # is the primary key a single column?
+            column_definitions.one? { |c| c["pk"] > 0 }
+          end
+
           def data_source_sql(name = nil, type: nil)
             scope = quoted_scope(name, type: type)
             scope[:type] ||= "'table','view'"

data/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite3_adapter.rb

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 require "active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter"
 require "active_record/connection_adapters/statement_pool"
+require "active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite3/column"
 require "active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite3/explain_pretty_printer"
 require "active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite3/quoting"
 require "active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite3/database_statements"
@@ -15,39 +16,18 @@ require "sqlite3"
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionHandling # :nodoc:
-    def sqlite3_connection(config)
-      config = config.symbolize_keys
-
-      # Require database.
-      unless config[:database]
-        raise ArgumentError, "No database file specified. Missing argument: database"
-      end
-
-      # Allow database path relative to Rails.root, but only if the database
-      # path is not the special path that tells sqlite to build a database only
-      # in memory.
-      if ":memory:" != config[:database] && !config[:database].to_s.start_with?("file:")
-        config[:database] = File.expand_path(config[:database], Rails.root) if defined?(Rails.root)
-        dirname = File.dirname(config[:database])
-        Dir.mkdir(dirname) unless File.directory?(dirname)
-      end
-
-      db = SQLite3::Database.new(
-        config[:database].to_s,
-        config.merge(results_as_hash: true)
-      )
+    def sqlite3_adapter_class
+      ConnectionAdapters::SQLite3Adapter
+    end
 
-      ConnectionAdapters::SQLite3Adapter.new(db, logger, nil, config)
-    rescue Errno::ENOENT => error
-      if error.message.include?("No such file or directory")
-        raise ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError
-      else
-        raise
-      end
+    def sqlite3_connection(config)
+      sqlite3_adapter_class.new(config)
     end
   end
 
   module ConnectionAdapters # :nodoc:
+    # = Active Record SQLite3 Adapter
+    #
     # The SQLite3 adapter works with the sqlite3-ruby drivers
     # (available as gem from https://rubygems.org/gems/sqlite3).
     #
@@ -57,10 +37,42 @@ module ActiveRecord
     class SQLite3Adapter < AbstractAdapter
       ADAPTER_NAME = "SQLite"
 
+      class << self
+        def new_client(config)
+          ::SQLite3::Database.new(config[:database].to_s, config)
+        rescue Errno::ENOENT => error
+          if error.message.include?("No such file or directory")
+            raise ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError
+          else
+            raise
+          end
+        end
+
+        def dbconsole(config, options = {})
+          args = []
+
+          args << "-#{options[:mode]}" if options[:mode]
+          args << "-header" if options[:header]
+          args << File.expand_path(config.database, Rails.respond_to?(:root) ? Rails.root : nil)
+
+          find_cmd_and_exec("sqlite3", *args)
+        end
+      end
+
       include SQLite3::Quoting
       include SQLite3::SchemaStatements
       include SQLite3::DatabaseStatements
 
+      ##
+      # :singleton-method:
+      # Configure the SQLite3Adapter to be used in a strict strings mode.
+      # This will disable double-quoted string literals, because otherwise typos can silently go unnoticed.
+      # For example, it is possible to create an index for a non existing column.
+      # If you wish to enable this mode you can add the following line to your application.rb file:
+      #
+      #   config.active_record.sqlite3_adapter_strict_strings_by_default = true
+      class_attribute :strict_strings_by_default, default: false
+
       NATIVE_DATABASE_TYPES = {
         primary_key:  "integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT NOT NULL",
         string:       { name: "varchar" },
@@ -77,26 +89,48 @@ module ActiveRecord
       }
 
       class StatementPool < ConnectionAdapters::StatementPool # :nodoc:
+        alias reset clear
+
         private
           def dealloc(stmt)
             stmt.close unless stmt.closed?
           end
       end
 
-      def initialize(connection, logger, connection_options, config)
-        @memory_database = config[:database] == ":memory:"
-        super(connection, logger, config)
-        configure_connection
-      end
+      def initialize(...)
+        super
 
-      def self.database_exists?(config)
-        config = config.symbolize_keys
-        if config[:database] == ":memory:"
-          true
+        @memory_database = false
+        case @config[:database].to_s
+        when ""
+          raise ArgumentError, "No database file specified. Missing argument: database"
+        when ":memory:"
+          @memory_database = true
+        when /\Afile:/
         else
-          database_file = defined?(Rails.root) ? File.expand_path(config[:database], Rails.root) : config[:database]
-          File.exist?(database_file)
+          # Otherwise we have a path relative to Rails.root
+          @config[:database] = File.expand_path(@config[:database], Rails.root) if defined?(Rails.root)
+          dirname = File.dirname(@config[:database])
+          unless File.directory?(dirname)
+            begin
+              Dir.mkdir(dirname)
+            rescue Errno::ENOENT => error
+              if error.message.include?("No such file or directory")
+                raise ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError.new(connection_pool: @pool)
+              else
+                raise
+              end
+            end
+          end
         end
+
+        @config[:strict] = ConnectionAdapters::SQLite3Adapter.strict_strings_by_default unless @config.key?(:strict)
+        @connection_parameters = @config.merge(database: @config[:database].to_s, results_as_hash: true)
+        @use_insert_returning = @config.key?(:insert_returning) ? self.class.type_cast_config_to_boolean(@config[:insert_returning]) : true
+      end
+
+      def database_exists?
+        @config[:database] == ":memory:" || File.exist?(@config[:database].to_s)
       end
 
       def supports_ddl_transactions?
@@ -147,6 +181,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         database_version >= "3.8.3"
       end
 
+      def supports_insert_returning?
+        database_version >= "3.35.0"
+      end
+
       def supports_insert_on_conflict?
         database_version >= "3.24.0"
       end
@@ -159,19 +197,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def active?
-        !@connection.closed?
+        @raw_connection && !@raw_connection.closed?
       end
 
-      def reconnect!
-        super
-        connect if @connection.closed?
+      def return_value_after_insert?(column) # :nodoc:
+        column.auto_populated?
       end
 
+      alias :reset! :reconnect!
+
       # Disconnects from the database if already connected. Otherwise, this
       # method does nothing.
       def disconnect!
         super
-        @connection.close rescue nil
+
+        @raw_connection&.close rescue nil
+        @raw_connection = nil
       end
 
       def supports_index_sort_order?
@@ -184,7 +225,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Returns the current database encoding format as a string, e.g. 'UTF-8'
       def encoding
-        @connection.encoding.to_s
+        any_raw_connection.encoding.to_s
       end
 
       def supports_explain?
@@ -211,8 +252,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def all_foreign_keys_valid? # :nodoc:
-        execute("PRAGMA foreign_key_check").blank?
+      def check_all_foreign_keys_valid! # :nodoc:
+        sql = "PRAGMA foreign_key_check"
+        result = execute(sql)
+
+        unless result.blank?
+          tables = result.map { |row| row["table"] }
+          raise ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid.new("Foreign key violations found: #{tables.join(", ")}", sql: sql)
+        end
       end
 
       # SCHEMA STATEMENTS ========================================
@@ -234,7 +281,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #
       # Example:
       #   rename_table('octopuses', 'octopi')
-      def rename_table(table_name, new_name)
+      def rename_table(table_name, new_name, **options)
+        validate_table_length!(new_name) unless options[:_uses_legacy_table_name]
         schema_cache.clear_data_source_cache!(table_name.to_s)
         schema_cache.clear_data_source_cache!(new_name.to_s)
         exec_query "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} RENAME TO #{quote_table_name(new_name)}"
@@ -277,8 +325,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def change_column_null(table_name, column_name, null, default = nil) # :nodoc:
+        validate_change_column_null_argument!(null)
+
         unless null || default.nil?
-          exec_query("UPDATE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} SET #{quote_column_name(column_name)}=#{quote(default)} WHERE #{quote_column_name(column_name)} IS NULL")
+          internal_exec_query("UPDATE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} SET #{quote_column_name(column_name)}=#{quote(default)} WHERE #{quote_column_name(column_name)} IS NULL")
         end
         alter_table(table_name) do |definition|
           definition[column_name].null = null
@@ -287,10 +337,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def change_column(table_name, column_name, type, **options) # :nodoc:
         alter_table(table_name) do |definition|
-          definition[column_name].instance_eval do
-            self.type = aliased_types(type.to_s, type)
-            self.options.merge!(options)
-          end
+          definition.change_column(column_name, type, **options)
         end
       end
 
@@ -300,20 +347,42 @@ module ActiveRecord
         rename_column_indexes(table_name, column.name, new_column_name)
       end
 
+      def add_timestamps(table_name, **options)
+        options[:null] = false if options[:null].nil?
+
+        if !options.key?(:precision)
+          options[:precision] = 6
+        end
+
+        alter_table(table_name) do |definition|
+          definition.column :created_at, :datetime, **options
+          definition.column :updated_at, :datetime, **options
+        end
+      end
+
       def add_reference(table_name, ref_name, **options) # :nodoc:
         super(table_name, ref_name, type: :integer, **options)
       end
       alias :add_belongs_to :add_reference
 
       def foreign_keys(table_name)
-        fk_info = exec_query("PRAGMA foreign_key_list(#{quote(table_name)})", "SCHEMA")
-        fk_info.map do |row|
+        # SQLite returns 1 row for each column of composite foreign keys.
+        fk_info = internal_exec_query("PRAGMA foreign_key_list(#{quote(table_name)})", "SCHEMA")
+        grouped_fk = fk_info.group_by { |row| row["id"] }.values.each { |group| group.sort_by! { |row| row["seq"] } }
+        grouped_fk.map do |group|
+          row = group.first
           options = {
-            column: row["from"],
-            primary_key: row["to"],
             on_delete: extract_foreign_key_action(row["on_delete"]),
             on_update: extract_foreign_key_action(row["on_update"])
           }
+
+          if group.one?
+            options[:column] = row["from"]
+            options[:primary_key] = row["to"]
+          else
+            options[:column] = group.map { |row| row["from"] }
+            options[:primary_key] = group.map { |row| row["to"] }
+          end
           ForeignKeyDefinition.new(table_name, row["table"], options)
         end
       end
@@ -333,6 +402,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
         end
 
+        sql << " RETURNING #{insert.returning}" if insert.returning
         sql
       end
 
@@ -340,6 +410,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @config.fetch(:flags, 0).anybits?(::SQLite3::Constants::Open::SHAREDCACHE)
       end
 
+      def use_insert_returning?
+        @use_insert_returning
+      end
+
       def get_database_version # :nodoc:
         SQLite3Adapter::Version.new(query_value("SELECT sqlite_version(*)", "SCHEMA"))
       end
@@ -370,12 +444,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       TYPE_MAP = Type::TypeMap.new.tap { |m| initialize_type_map(m) }
+      EXTENDED_TYPE_MAPS = Concurrent::Map.new
 
       private
-        def type_map
-          TYPE_MAP
-        end
-
         # See https://www.sqlite.org/limits.html,
         # the default value is 999 when not configured.
         def bind_params_length
@@ -383,7 +454,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def table_structure(table_name)
-          structure = exec_query("PRAGMA table_info(#{quote_table_name(table_name)})", "SCHEMA")
+          structure = internal_exec_query("PRAGMA table_info(#{quote_table_name(table_name)})", "SCHEMA")
           raise(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid, "Could not find table '#{table_name}'") if structure.empty?
           table_structure_with_collation(table_name, structure)
         end
@@ -394,14 +465,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
           when /^null$/i
             nil
           # Quoted types
-          when /^'(.*)'$/m
+          when /^'([^|]*)'$/m
             $1.gsub("''", "'")
           # Quoted types
-          when /^"(.*)"$/m
+          when /^"([^|]*)"$/m
             $1.gsub('""', '"')
           # Numeric types
           when /\A-?\d+(\.\d*)?\z/
             $&
+          # Binary columns
+          when /x'(.*)'/
+            [ $1 ].pack("H*")
           else
             # Anything else is blank or some function
             # and we can't know the value of that, so return nil.
@@ -414,7 +488,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def has_default_function?(default_value, default)
-          !default_value && %r{\w+\(.*\)|CURRENT_TIME|CURRENT_DATE|CURRENT_TIMESTAMP}.match?(default)
+          !default_value && %r{\w+\(.*\)|CURRENT_TIME|CURRENT_DATE|CURRENT_TIMESTAMP|\|\|}.match?(default)
         end
 
         # See: https://www.sqlite.org/lang_altertable.html
@@ -483,12 +557,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
                 default = -> { column.default_function } if default.nil?
               end
 
-              @definition.column(column_name, column.type,
-                limit: column.limit, default: default,
-                precision: column.precision, scale: column.scale,
-                null: column.null, collation: column.collation,
+              column_options = {
+                limit: column.limit,
+                precision: column.precision,
+                scale: column.scale,
+                null: column.null,
+                collation: column.collation,
                 primary_key: column_name == from_primary_key
-              )
+              }
+
+              unless column.auto_increment?
+                column_options[:default] = default
+              end
+
+              column_type = column.bigint? ? :bigint : column.type
+              @definition.column(column_name, column_type, **column_options)
             end
 
             yield @definition if block_given?
@@ -536,7 +619,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           quoted_columns = columns.map { |col| quote_column_name(col) } * ","
           quoted_from_columns = from_columns_to_copy.map { |col| quote_column_name(col) } * ","
 
-          exec_query("INSERT INTO #{quote_table_name(to)} (#{quoted_columns})
+          internal_exec_query("INSERT INTO #{quote_table_name(to)} (#{quoted_columns})
                      SELECT #{quoted_from_columns} FROM #{quote_table_name(from)}")
         end
 
@@ -546,22 +629,24 @@ module ActiveRecord
           # Older versions of SQLite return:
           #   column *column_name* is not unique
           if exception.message.match?(/(column(s)? .* (is|are) not unique|UNIQUE constraint failed: .*)/i)
-            RecordNotUnique.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
+            RecordNotUnique.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds, connection_pool: @pool)
           elsif exception.message.match?(/(.* may not be NULL|NOT NULL constraint failed: .*)/i)
-            NotNullViolation.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
+            NotNullViolation.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds, connection_pool: @pool)
           elsif exception.message.match?(/FOREIGN KEY constraint failed/i)
-            InvalidForeignKey.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
+            InvalidForeignKey.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds, connection_pool: @pool)
           elsif exception.message.match?(/called on a closed database/i)
-            ConnectionNotEstablished.new(exception)
+            ConnectionNotEstablished.new(exception, connection_pool: @pool)
           else
             super
           end
         end
 
-        COLLATE_REGEX = /.*"(\w+)".*collate\s+"(\w+)".*/i.freeze
+        COLLATE_REGEX = /.*"(\w+)".*collate\s+"(\w+)".*/i
+        PRIMARY_KEY_AUTOINCREMENT_REGEX = /.*"(\w+)".+PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT/i
 
         def table_structure_with_collation(table_name, basic_structure)
           collation_hash = {}
+          auto_increments = {}
           sql = <<~SQL
             SELECT sql FROM
               (SELECT * FROM sqlite_master UNION ALL
@@ -583,6 +668,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
               # This regex will match the column name and collation type and will save
               # the value in $1 and $2 respectively.
               collation_hash[$1] = $2 if COLLATE_REGEX =~ column_string
+              auto_increments[$1] = true if PRIMARY_KEY_AUTOINCREMENT_REGEX =~ column_string
             end
 
             basic_structure.map do |column|
@@ -592,6 +678,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
                 column["collation"] = collation_hash[column_name]
               end
 
+              if auto_increments.has_key?(column_name)
+                column["auto_increment"] = true
+              end
+
               column
             end
           else
@@ -608,17 +698,54 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def connect
-          @connection = ::SQLite3::Database.new(
-            @config[:database].to_s,
-            @config.merge(results_as_hash: true)
-          )
-          configure_connection
+          @raw_connection = self.class.new_client(@connection_parameters)
+        rescue ConnectionNotEstablished => ex
+          raise ex.set_pool(@pool)
+        end
+
+        def reconnect
+          if active?
+            @raw_connection.rollback rescue nil
+          else
+            connect
+          end
         end
 
         def configure_connection
-          @connection.busy_timeout(self.class.type_cast_config_to_integer(@config[:timeout])) if @config[:timeout]
+          if @config[:timeout] && @config[:retries]
+            raise ArgumentError, "Cannot specify both timeout and retries arguments"
+          elsif @config[:timeout]
+            @raw_connection.busy_timeout(self.class.type_cast_config_to_integer(@config[:timeout]))
+          elsif @config[:retries]
+            retries = self.class.type_cast_config_to_integer(@config[:retries])
+            raw_connection.busy_handler do |count|
+              count <= retries
+            end
+          end
 
-          execute("PRAGMA foreign_keys = ON", "SCHEMA")
+          # Enforce foreign key constraints
+          # https://www.sqlite.org/pragma.html#pragma_foreign_keys
+          # https://www.sqlite.org/foreignkeys.html
+          raw_execute("PRAGMA foreign_keys = ON", "SCHEMA")
+          unless @memory_database
+            # Journal mode WAL allows for greater concurrency (many readers + one writer)
+            # https://www.sqlite.org/pragma.html#pragma_journal_mode
+            raw_execute("PRAGMA journal_mode = WAL", "SCHEMA")
+            # Set more relaxed level of database durability
+            # 2 = "FULL" (sync on every write), 1 = "NORMAL" (sync every 1000 written pages) and 0 = "NONE"
+            # https://www.sqlite.org/pragma.html#pragma_synchronous
+            raw_execute("PRAGMA synchronous = NORMAL", "SCHEMA")
+            # Set the global memory map so all processes can share some data
+            # https://www.sqlite.org/pragma.html#pragma_mmap_size
+            # https://www.sqlite.org/mmap.html
+            raw_execute("PRAGMA mmap_size = #{128.megabytes}", "SCHEMA")
+          end
+          # Impose a limit on the WAL file to prevent unlimited growth
+          # https://www.sqlite.org/pragma.html#pragma_journal_size_limit
+          raw_execute("PRAGMA journal_size_limit = #{64.megabytes}", "SCHEMA")
+          # Set the local connection cache to 2000 pages
+          # https://www.sqlite.org/pragma.html#pragma_cache_size
+          raw_execute("PRAGMA cache_size = 2000", "SCHEMA")
         end
     end
     ActiveSupport.run_load_hooks(:active_record_sqlite3adapter, SQLite3Adapter)