activerecord 6.1.7 → 7.0.0.alpha1

data/CHANGELOG.md

@@ -1,1767 +1,1164 @@
-## Rails 6.1.7 (September 09, 2022) ##
+## Rails 7.0.0.alpha1 (September 15, 2021) ##
 
-*   Symbol is allowed by default for YAML columns
+*   Remove warning when overwriting existing scopes
 
-    *Étienne Barrié*
+    Removes the following unnecessary warning message that appeared when overwriting existing scopes
 
-*   Fix `ActiveRecord::Store` to serialize as a regular Hash
-
-    Previously it would serialize as an `ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess`
-    which is wasteful and cause problem with YAML safe_load.
-
-    *Jean Boussier*
-
-*   Fix PG.connect keyword arguments deprecation warning on ruby 2.7
-
-    Fixes #44307.
-
-    *Nikita Vasilevsky*
-
-## Rails 6.1.6.1 (July 12, 2022) ##
-
-*   Change ActiveRecord::Coders::YAMLColumn default to safe_load
-
-    This adds two new configuration options The configuration options are as
-    follows:
-    
-    * `config.active_storage.use_yaml_unsafe_load`
-    
-    When set to true, this configuration option tells Rails to use the old
-    "unsafe" YAML loading strategy, maintaining the existing behavior but leaving
-    the possible escalation vulnerability in place.  Setting this option to true
-    is *not* recommended, but can aid in upgrading.
-    
-    * `config.active_record.yaml_column_permitted_classes`
-    
-    The "safe YAML" loading method does not allow all classes to be deserialized
-    by default.  This option allows you to specify classes deemed "safe" in your
-    application.  For example, if your application uses Symbol and Time in
-    serialized data, you can add Symbol and Time to the allowed list as follows:
-    
     ```
-    config.active_record.yaml_column_permitted_classes = [Symbol, Date, Time]
+    Creating scope :my_scope_name. Overwriting existing method "MyClass.my_scope_name" when overwriting existing scopes
     ```
 
-    [CVE-2022-32224]
-
-
-## Rails 6.1.6 (May 09, 2022) ##
-
-*   No changes.
-
-
-## Rails 6.1.5.1 (April 26, 2022) ##
-
-*   No changes.
+     *Weston Ganger*
 
+*   Use full precision for `updated_at` in `insert_all`/`upsert_all`
 
-## Rails 6.1.5 (March 09, 2022) ##
+    `CURRENT_TIMESTAMP` provides differing precision depending on the database,
+    and not all databases support explicitly specifying additional precision.
 
-*   Fix `ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::SchemaCache#deep_deduplicate` for Ruby 2.6.
+    Instead, we delegate to the new `connection.high_precision_current_timestamp`
+    for the SQL to produce a high precision timestamp on the current database.
 
-    Ruby 2.6 and 2.7 have slightly different implementations of the `String#-@` method.
-    In Ruby 2.6, the receiver of the `String#-@` method is modified under certain circumstances.
-    This was later identified as a bug (https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/15926) and only
-    fixed in Ruby 2.7.
+    Fixes #42992
 
-    Before the changes in this commit, the
-    `ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::SchemaCache#deep_deduplicate` method, which internally
-    calls the `String#-@` method, could also modify an input string argument in Ruby 2.6 --
-    changing a tainted, unfrozen string into a tainted, frozen string.
+    *Sam Bostock*
 
-    Fixes #43056
+* Add ssl support for postgresql database tasks
 
-    *Eric O'Hanlon*
+    Add `PGSSLMODE`, `PGSSLCERT`, `PGSSLKEY` and `PGSSLROOTCERT` to pg_env from database config
+    when running postgresql database tasks.
 
-*   Fix migration compatibility to create SQLite references/belongs_to column as integer when
-    migration version is 6.0.
-
-    `reference`/`belongs_to` in migrations with version 6.0 were creating columns as
-    bigint instead of integer for the SQLite Adapter.
-
-    *Marcelo Lauxen*
-
-*   Fix dbconsole for 3-tier config.
-
-    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*
-
-*   Better handle SQL queries with invalid encoding.
+    ```yaml
+    # config/database.yml
 
-    ```ruby
-    Post.create(name: "broken \xC8 UTF-8")
+    production:
+      sslmode: verify-full
+      sslcert: client.crt
+      sslkey: client.key
+      sslrootcert: ca.crt
     ```
 
-    Would cause all adapters to fail in a non controlled way in the code
-    responsible to detect write queries.
-
-    The query is now properly passed to the database connection, which might or might
-    not be able to handle it, but will either succeed or failed in a more correct way.
-
-    *Jean Boussier*
-
-*   Ignore persisted in-memory records when merging target lists.
-
-    *Kevin Sjöberg*
-
-*   Fix regression bug that caused ignoring additional conditions for preloading
-    `has_many` through relations.
-
-    Fixes #43132
-
-    *Alexander Pauly*
-
-*   Fix `ActiveRecord::InternalMetadata` to not be broken by
-    `config.active_record.record_timestamps = false`
-
-    Since the model always create the timestamp columns, it has to set them, otherwise it breaks
-    various DB management tasks.
-
-    Fixes #42983
-
-    *Jean Boussier*
-
-*   Fix duplicate active record objects on `inverse_of`.
-
-    *Justin Carvalho*
-
-*   Fix duplicate objects stored in has many association after save.
-
-    Fixes #42549.
-
-    *Alex Ghiculescu*
-
-*   Fix performance regression in `CollectionAssocation#build`.
-
-    *Alex Ghiculescu*
-
-*   Fix retrieving default value for text column for MariaDB.
-
-    *fatkodima*
-
-
-## Rails 6.1.4.7 (March 08, 2022) ##
-
-*   No changes.
-
-
-## Rails 6.1.4.6 (February 11, 2022) ##
-
-*   No changes.
-
-
-## Rails 6.1.4.5 (February 11, 2022) ##
-
-*   No changes.
-
-
-## Rails 6.1.4.4 (December 15, 2021) ##
-
-*   No changes.
-
-
-## Rails 6.1.4.3 (December 14, 2021) ##
-
-*   No changes.
-
-
-## Rails 6.1.4.2 (December 14, 2021) ##
-
-*   No changes.
-
-
-## Rails 6.1.4.1 (August 19, 2021) ##
-
-*   No changes.
-
-
-## Rails 6.1.4 (June 24, 2021) ##
-
-*   Do not try to rollback transactions that failed due to a `ActiveRecord::TransactionRollbackError`.
-
-    *Jamie McCarthy*
-
-*   Raise an error if `pool_config` is `nil` in `set_pool_config`.
-
-    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*
-
-*   Fix compatibility with `psych >= 4`.
-
-    Starting in Psych 4.0.0 `YAML.load` behaves like `YAML.safe_load`. To preserve compatibility
-    Active Record's schema cache loader and `YAMLColumn` now uses `YAML.unsafe_load` if available.
-
-    *Jean Boussier*
-
-*   Support using replicas when using `rails dbconsole`.
-
-    *Christopher Thornton*
-
-*   Restore connection pools after transactional tests.
-
-    *Eugene Kenny*
-
-*   Change `upsert_all` to fails cleanly for MySQL when `:unique_by` is used.
-
-    *Bastian Bartmann*
-
-*   Fix user-defined `self.default_scope` to respect table alias.
-
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
-
-*   Clear `@cache_keys` cache after `update_all`, `delete_all`, `destroy_all`.
-
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
-
-*   Changed Arel predications `contains` and `overlaps` to use
-    `quoted_node` so that PostgreSQL arrays are quoted properly.
-
-    *Bradley Priest*
-
-*   Fix `merge` when the `where` clauses have string contents.
-
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
-
-*   Fix rollback of parent destruction with nested `dependent: :destroy`.
-
-    *Jacopo Beschi*
-
-*   Fix binds logging for `"WHERE ... IN ..."` statements.
-
-    *Ricardo Díaz*
-
-*   Handle `false` in relation strict loading checks.
-
-    Previously when a model had strict loading set to true and then had a
-    relation set `strict_loading` to false the false wasn't considered when
-    deciding whether to raise/warn about strict loading.
+    Environment variables
 
     ```
-    class Dog < ActiveRecord::Base
-      self.strict_loading_by_default = true
-
-      has_many :treats, strict_loading: false
-    end
+    PGSSLMODE=verify-full
+    PGSSLCERT=client.crt
+    PGSSLKEY=client.key
+    PGSSLROOTCERT=ca.crt
     ```
 
-    In the example, `dog.treats` would still raise even though
-    `strict_loading` was set to false. This is a bug affecting more than
-    Active Storage which is why I made this PR superseding #41461. We need
-    to fix this for all applications since the behavior is a little
-    surprising. I took the test from #41461 and the code suggestion from #41453
-    with some additions.
+    Fixes #42994
 
-    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*, *Radamés Roriz*
+    *Michael Bayucot*
 
-*   Fix numericality validator without precision.
+*   Avoid scoping update callbacks in `ActiveRecord::Relation#update!`.
 
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
-
-*   Fix aggregate attribute on Enum types.
-
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+    Making it consistent with how scoping is applied only to the query in `ActiveRecord::Relation#update`
+    and not also to the callbacks from the update itself.
 
-*   Fix `CREATE INDEX` statement generation for PostgreSQL.
-
-    *eltongo*
-
-*   Fix where clause on enum attribute when providing array of strings.
-
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
-
-*   Fix `unprepared_statement` to work it when nesting.
-
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
-
-
-## Rails 6.1.3.2 (May 05, 2021) ##
-
-*   No changes.
-
-
-## Rails 6.1.3.1 (March 26, 2021) ##
-
-*   No changes.
-
-
-## Rails 6.1.3 (February 17, 2021) ##
-
-*   Fix the MySQL adapter to always set the right collation and charset
-    to the connection session.
-
-    *Rafael Mendonça França*
-
-*   Fix MySQL adapter handling of time objects when prepared statements
-    are enabled.
+    *Dylan Thacker-Smith*
 
-    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+*   Fix 2 cases that inferred polymorphic class from the association's `foreign_type`
+    using `String#constantize` instead of the model's `polymorphic_class_for`.
 
-*   Fix scoping in enum fields using conditions that would generate
-    an `IN` clause.
+    When updating a polymorphic association, the old `foreign_type` was not inferred correctly when:
+    1. `touch`ing the previously associated record
+    2. updating the previously associated record's `counter_cache`
 
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+    *Jimmy Bourassa*
 
-*   Skip optimised #exist? query when #include? is called on a relation
-    with a having clause
+*   Add config option for ignoring tables when dumping the schema cache.
 
-    Relations that have aliased select values AND a having clause that
-    references an aliased select value would generate an error when
-    #include? was called, due to an optimisation that would generate
-    call #exists? on the relation instead, which effectively alters
-    the select values of the query (and thus removes the aliased select
-    values), but leaves the having clause intact. Because the having
-    clause is then referencing an aliased column that is no longer
-    present in the simplified query, an ActiveRecord::InvalidStatement
-    error was raised.
+    Applications can now be configured to ignore certain tables when dumping the schema cache.
 
-    An sample query affected by this problem:
+    The configuration option can table an array of tables:
 
     ```ruby
-    Author.select('COUNT(*) as total_posts', 'authors.*')
-          .joins(:posts)
-          .group(:id)
-          .having('total_posts > 2')
-          .include?(Author.first)
+    config.active_record.schema_cache_ignored_tables = ["ignored_table", "another_ignored_table"]
     ```
 
-    This change adds an addition check to the condition that skips the
-    simplified #exists? query, which simply checks for the presence of
-    a having clause.
-
-    Fixes #41417
-
-    *Michael Smart*
-
-*   Increment postgres prepared statement counter before making a prepared statement, so if the statement is aborted
-    without Rails knowledge (e.g., if app gets kill -9d during long-running query or due to Rack::Timeout), app won't end
-    up in perpetual crash state for being inconsistent with Postgres.
-
-    *wbharding*, *Martin Tepper*
-
-
-## Rails 6.1.2.1 (February 10, 2021) ##
-
-*   Fix possible DoS vector in PostgreSQL money type
-
-    Carefully crafted input can cause a DoS via the regular expressions used
-    for validating the money format in the PostgreSQL adapter.  This patch
-    fixes the regexp.
-
-    Thanks to @dee-see from Hackerone for this patch!
+    Or a regex:
 
-    [CVE-2021-22880]
-
-    *Aaron Patterson*
-
-
-## Rails 6.1.2 (February 09, 2021) ##
-
-*   Fix timestamp type for sqlite3.
-
-    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*
-
-*   Make destroy async transactional.
-
-    An active record rollback could occur while enqueuing a job. In this
-    case the job would enqueue even though the database deletion
-    rolledback putting things in a funky state.
-
-    Now the jobs are only enqueued until after the db transaction has been committed.
-
-    *Cory Gwin*
-
-*   Fix malformed packet error in MySQL statement for connection configuration.
-
-    *robinroestenburg*
-
-*   Connection specification now passes the "url" key as a configuration for the
-    adapter if the "url" protocol is "jdbc", "http", or "https". Previously only
-    urls with the "jdbc" prefix were passed to the Active Record Adapter, others
-    are assumed to be adapter specification urls.
-
-    Fixes #41137.
-
-    *Jonathan Bracy*
-
-*   Fix granular connection swapping when there are multiple abstract classes.
+    ```ruby
+    config.active_record.schema_cache_ignored_tables = [/^_/]
+    ```
 
     *Eileen M. Uchitelle*
 
-*   Fix `find_by` with custom primary key for belongs_to association.
-
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+*   Make schema cache methods return consistent results.
 
-*   Add support for `rails console --sandbox` for multiple database applications.
+    Previously the schema cache methods `primary_keys`, `columns`, `columns_hash`, and `indexes`
+    would behave differently than one another when a table didn't exist and differently across
+    database adapters. This change unifies the behavior so each method behaves the same regardless
+    of adapter.
 
-    *alpaca-tc*
-
-*   Fix `where` on polymorphic association with empty array.
-
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+    The behavior now is:
 
-*   Fix preventing writes for `ApplicationRecord`.
+    `columns`: (unchanged) raises a db error if the table does not exist
+    `columns_hash`: (unchanged) raises a db error if the table does not exist
+    `primary_keys`: (unchanged) returns `nil` if the table does not exist
+    `indexes`: (changed for mysql2) returns `[]` if the table does not exist
 
     *Eileen M. Uchitelle*
 
+*   Reestablish connection to previous database after after running `db:schema:load:name`
 
-## Rails 6.1.1 (January 07, 2021) ##
+    After running `db:schema:load:name` the previous connection is restored.
 
-*   Fix fixtures loading when strict loading is enabled for the association.
-
-    *Alex Ghiculescu*
-
-*   Fix `where` with custom primary key for belongs_to association.
-
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
-
-*   Fix `where` with aliased associations.
-
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
-
-*   Fix `composed_of` with symbol mapping.
-
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
-
-*   Don't skip money's type cast for pluck and calculations.
-
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
-
-*   Fix `where` on polymorphic association with non Active Record object.
-
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
-
-*   Make sure `db:prepare` works even the schema file doesn't exist.
-
-    *Rafael Mendonça França*
-
-*   Fix complicated `has_many :through` with nested where condition.
-
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
-
-*   Handle STI models for `has_many dependent: :destroy_async`.
-
-    *Muhammad Usman*
-
-*   Restore possibility of passing `false` to :polymorphic option of `belongs_to`.
-
-    Previously, passing `false` would trigger the option validation logic
-    to throw an error saying :polymorphic would not be a valid option.
-
-    *glaszig*
+    *Jacopo Beschi*
 
-*   Allow adding nonnamed expression indexes to be revertible.
+*   Add database config option `database_tasks`
 
-    Fixes #40732.
+    If you would like to connect to an external database without any database
+    management tasks such as schema management, migrations, seeds, etc. you can set
+    the per database config option `database_tasks: false`
 
-    Previously, the following code would raise an error, when executed while rolling back,
-    and the index name should be specified explicitly. Now, the index name is inferred
-    automatically.
+    ```yaml
+    # config/database.yml
 
-    ```ruby
-    add_index(:items, "to_tsvector('english', description)")
+    production:
+      primary:
+        database: my_database
+        adapter: mysql2
+      animals:
+        database: my_animals_database
+        adapter: mysql2
+        database_tasks: false
     ```
 
-    *fatkodima*
-
-
-## Rails 6.1.0 (December 09, 2020) ##
-
-*   Only warn about negative enums if a positive form that would cause conflicts exists.
-
-    Fixes #39065.
-
-    *Alex Ghiculescu*
-
-*   Change `attribute_for_inspect` to take `filter_attributes` in consideration.
+    *Weston Ganger*
 
-    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+*   Fix `ActiveRecord::InternalMetadata` to not be broken by `config.active_record.record_timestamps = false`
 
-*   Fix odd behavior of inverse_of with multiple belongs_to to same class.
+    Since the model always create the timestamp columns, it has to set them, otherwise it breaks
+    various DB management tasks.
 
-    Fixes #35204.
+    Fixes #42983
 
-    *Tomoyuki Kai*
+*   Add `ActiveRecord::QueryLogs`.
 
-*   Build predicate conditions with objects that delegate `#id` and primary key:
+    Configurable tags can be automatically added to all SQL queries generated by Active Record.
 
     ```ruby
-    class AdminAuthor
-      delegate_missing_to :@author
-
-      def initialize(author)
-        @author = author
+    # config/application.rb
+    module MyApp
+      class Application < Rails::Application
+        config.active_record.query_log_tags_enabled = true
       end
     end
-
-    Post.where(author: AdminAuthor.new(author))
     ```
 
-    *Sean Doyle*
-
-*   Add `connected_to_many` API.
-
-    This API allows applications to connect to multiple databases at once without switching all of them or implementing a deeply nested stack.
-
-    Before:
-
-        AnimalsRecord.connected_to(role: :reading) do
-          MealsRecord.connected_to(role: :reading) do
-            Dog.first # read from animals replica
-            Dinner.first # read from meals replica
-            Person.first # read from primary writer
-          end
-        end
-
-    After:
-
-        ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to_many([AnimalsRecord, MealsRecord], role: :reading) do
-          Dog.first # read from animals replica
-          Dinner.first # read from meals replica
-          Person.first # read from primary writer
-        end
-
-    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*, *John Crepezzi*
-
-*   Add option to raise or log for `ActiveRecord::StrictLoadingViolationError`.
-
-    Some applications may not want to raise an error in production if using `strict_loading`. This would allow an application to set strict loading to log for the production environment while still raising in development and test environments.
-
-    Set `config.active_record.action_on_strict_loading_violation` to `:log` errors instead of raising.
-
-    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*
-
-*   Allow the inverse of a `has_one` association that was previously autosaved to be loaded.
-
-    Fixes #34255.
-
-    *Steven Weber*
-
-*   Optimise the length of index names for polymorphic references by using the reference name rather than the type and id column names.
-
-    Because the default behaviour when adding an index with multiple columns is to use all column names in the index name, this could frequently lead to overly long index names for polymorphic references which would fail the migration if it exceeded the database limit.
-
-    This change reduces the chance of that happening by using the reference name, e.g. `index_my_table_on_my_reference`.
-
-    Fixes #38655.
-
-    *Luke Redpath*
-
-*   MySQL: Uniqueness validator now respects default database collation,
-    no longer enforce case sensitive comparison by default.
-
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
-
-*   Remove deprecated methods from `ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::DatabaseLimits`.
-
-    `column_name_length`
-    `table_name_length`
-    `columns_per_table`
-    `indexes_per_table`
-    `columns_per_multicolumn_index`
-    `sql_query_length`
-    `joins_per_query`
-
-    *Rafael Mendonça França*
-
-*   Remove deprecated `ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::AbstractAdapter#supports_multi_insert?`.
-
-    *Rafael Mendonça França*
-
-*   Remove deprecated `ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::AbstractAdapter#supports_foreign_keys_in_create?`.
-
-    *Rafael Mendonça França*
-
-*   Remove deprecated `ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter#supports_ranges?`.
-
-    *Rafael Mendonça França*
-
-*   Remove deprecated `ActiveRecord::Base#update_attributes` and `ActiveRecord::Base#update_attributes!`.
-
-    *Rafael Mendonça França*
-
-*   Remove deprecated `migrations_path` argument in `ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapter::SchemaStatements#assume_migrated_upto_version`.
-
-    *Rafael Mendonça França*
-
-*   Remove deprecated `config.active_record.sqlite3.represent_boolean_as_integer`.
-
-    *Rafael Mendonça França*
-
-*   `relation.create` does no longer leak scope to class level querying methods
-    in initialization block and callbacks.
-
-    Before:
-
-        User.where(name: "John").create do |john|
-          User.find_by(name: "David") # => nil
-        end
-
-    After:
-
-        User.where(name: "John").create do |john|
-          User.find_by(name: "David") # => #<User name: "David", ...>
-        end
-
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
-
-*   Named scope chain does no longer leak scope to class level querying methods.
-
-        class User < ActiveRecord::Base
-          scope :david, -> { User.where(name: "David") }
-        end
-
-    Before:
-
-        User.where(name: "John").david
-        # SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = 'John' AND name = 'David'
-
-    After:
-
-        User.where(name: "John").david
-        # SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = 'David'
-
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
-
-*   Remove deprecated methods from `ActiveRecord::DatabaseConfigurations`.
-
-    `fetch`
-    `each`
-    `first`
-    `values`
-    `[]=`
-
-    *Rafael Mendonça França*
-
-*   `where.not` now generates NAND predicates instead of NOR.
-
-     Before:
-
-        User.where.not(name: "Jon", role: "admin")
-        # SELECT * FROM users WHERE name != 'Jon' AND role != 'admin'
-
-     After:
-
-        User.where.not(name: "Jon", role: "admin")
-        # SELECT * FROM users WHERE NOT (name == 'Jon' AND role == 'admin')
-
-    *Rafael Mendonça França*
-
-*   Remove deprecated `ActiveRecord::Result#to_hash` method.
-
-    *Rafael Mendonça França*
-
-*   Deprecate `ActiveRecord::Base.allow_unsafe_raw_sql`.
-
-    *Rafael Mendonça França*
-
-*   Remove deprecated support for using unsafe raw SQL in `ActiveRecord::Relation` methods.
-
-    *Rafael Mendonça França*
-
-*   Allow users to silence the "Rails couldn't infer whether you are using multiple databases..."
-    message using `config.active_record.suppress_multiple_database_warning`.
-
-    *Omri Gabay*
-
-*   Connections can be granularly switched for abstract classes when `connected_to` is called.
-
-    This change allows `connected_to` to switch a `role` and/or `shard` for a single abstract class instead of all classes globally. Applications that want to use the new feature need to set `config.active_record.legacy_connection_handling` to `false` in their application configuration.
-
-    Example usage:
-
-    Given an application we have a `User` model that inherits from `ApplicationRecord` and a `Dog` model that inherits from `AnimalsRecord`. `AnimalsRecord` and `ApplicationRecord` have writing and reading connections as well as shard `default`, `one`, and `two`.
+    By default the application, controller and action details are added to the query tags:
 
     ```ruby
-    ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(role: :reading) do
-      User.first # reads from default replica
-      Dog.first # reads from default replica
-
-      AnimalsRecord.connected_to(role: :writing, shard: :one) do
-        User.first # reads from default replica
-        Dog.first # reads from shard one primary
-      end
-
-      User.first # reads from default replica
-      Dog.first # reads from default replica
-
-      ApplicationRecord.connected_to(role: :writing, shard: :two) do
-        User.first # reads from shard two primary
-        Dog.first # reads from default replica
+    class BooksController < ApplicationController
+      def index
+        @books = Book.all
       end
     end
     ```
 
-    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*, *John Crepezzi*
-
-*   Allow double-dash comment syntax when querying read-only databases
-
-    *James Adam*
-
-*   Add `values_at` method.
-
-    Returns an array containing the values associated with the given methods.
-
     ```ruby
-    topic = Topic.first
-    topic.values_at(:title, :author_name)
-    # => ["Budget", "Jason"]
+    GET /books
+    # SELECT * FROM books /*application:MyApp;controller:books;action:index*/
     ```
 
-    Similar to `Hash#values_at` but on an Active Record instance.
-
-    *Guillaume Briday*
-
-*   Fix `read_attribute_before_type_cast` to consider attribute aliases.
-
-    *Marcelo Lauxen*
-
-*   Support passing record to uniqueness validator `:conditions` callable:
+    Custom tags containing static values and Procs can be defined in the application configuration:
 
     ```ruby
-    class Article < ApplicationRecord
-      validates_uniqueness_of :title, conditions: ->(article) {
-        published_at = article.published_at
-        where(published_at: published_at.beginning_of_year..published_at.end_of_year)
+    config.active_record.query_log_tags = [
+      :application,
+      :controller,
+      :action,
+      {
+        custom_static: "foo",
+        custom_dynamic: -> { Time.now }
       }
-    end
-    ```
-
-    *Eliot Sykes*
-
-*   `BatchEnumerator#update_all` and `BatchEnumerator#delete_all` now return the
-    total number of rows affected, just like their non-batched counterparts.
-
-    ```ruby
-    Person.in_batches.update_all("first_name = 'Eugene'") # => 42
-    Person.in_batches.delete_all # => 42
-    ```
-
-    Fixes #40287.
-
-    *Eugene Kenny*
-
-*   Add support for PostgreSQL `interval` data type with conversion to
-    `ActiveSupport::Duration` when loading records from database and
-    serialization to ISO 8601 formatted duration string on save.
-    Add support to define a column in migrations and get it in a schema dump.
-    Optional column precision is supported.
-
-    To use this in 6.1, you need to place the next string to your model file:
-
-        attribute :duration, :interval
-
-    To keep old behavior until 7.0 is released:
-
-        attribute :duration, :string
-
-    Example:
-
-        create_table :events do |t|
-          t.string   :name
-          t.interval :duration
-        end
-
-        class Event < ApplicationRecord
-          attribute :duration, :interval
-        end
-
-        Event.create!(name: 'Rock Fest', duration: 2.days)
-        Event.last.duration # => 2 days
-        Event.last.duration.iso8601 # => "P2D"
-        Event.new(duration: 'P1DT12H3S').duration # => 1 day, 12 hours, and 3 seconds
-        Event.new(duration: '1 day') # Unknown value will be ignored and NULL will be written to database
-
-    *Andrey Novikov*
-
-*   Allow associations supporting the `dependent:` key to take `dependent: :destroy_async`.
-
-    ```ruby
-    class Account < ActiveRecord::Base
-        belongs_to :supplier, dependent: :destroy_async
-    end
-    ```
-
-    `:destroy_async` will enqueue a job to destroy associated records in the background.
-
-    *DHH*, *George Claghorn*, *Cory Gwin*, *Rafael Mendonça França*, *Adrianna Chang*
-
-*   Add `SKIP_TEST_DATABASE` environment variable to disable modifying the test database when `rails db:create` and `rails db:drop` are called.
-
-    *Jason Schweier*
-
-*   `connects_to` can only be called on `ActiveRecord::Base` or abstract classes.
-
-    Ensure that `connects_to` can only be called from `ActiveRecord::Base` or abstract classes. This protects the application from opening duplicate or too many connections.
-
-    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*, *John Crepezzi*
-
-*   All connection adapters `execute` now raises `ActiveRecord::ConnectionNotEstablished` rather than
-    `ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid` when they encounter a connection error.
-
-    *Jean Boussier*
-
-*   `Mysql2Adapter#quote_string` now raises `ActiveRecord::ConnectionNotEstablished` rather than
-    `ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid` when it can't connect to the MySQL server.
-
-    *Jean Boussier*
-
-*   Add support for check constraints that are `NOT VALID` via `validate: false` (PostgreSQL-only).
-
-    *Alex Robbin*
-
-*   Ensure the default configuration is considered primary or first for an environment
-
-    If a multiple database application provides a configuration named primary, that will be treated as default. In applications that do not have a primary entry, the default database configuration will be the first configuration for an environment.
-
-    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*
-
-*   Allow `where` references association names as joined table name aliases.
-
-    ```ruby
-    class Comment < ActiveRecord::Base
-      enum label: [:default, :child]
-      has_many :children, class_name: "Comment", foreign_key: :parent_id
-    end
-
-    # ... FROM comments LEFT OUTER JOIN comments children ON ... WHERE children.label = 1
-    Comment.includes(:children).where("children.label": "child")
+    ]
     ```
 
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+    *Keeran Raj Hawoldar*, *Eileen M. Uchitelle*, *Kasper Timm Hansen*
 
-*   Support storing demodulized class name for polymorphic type.
+*   Added support for multiple databases to `rails db:setup` and `rails db:reset`.
 
-    Before Rails 6.1, storing demodulized class name is supported only for STI type
-    by `store_full_sti_class` class attribute.
+    *Ryan Hall*
 
-    Now `store_full_class_name` class attribute can handle both STI and polymorphic types.
+*   Add `ActiveRecord::Relation#structurally_compatible?`.
 
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+    Adds a query method by which a user can tell if the relation that they're
+    about to use for `#or` or `#and` is structurally compatible with the
+    receiver.
 
-*   Deprecate `rails db:structure:{load, dump}` tasks and extend
-    `rails db:schema:{load, dump}` tasks to work with either `:ruby` or `:sql` format,
-    depending on `config.active_record.schema_format` configuration value.
+    *Kevin Newton*
 
-    *fatkodima*
+*   Add `ActiveRecord::QueryMethods#in_order_of`.
 
-*   Respect the `select` values for eager loading.
+    This allows you to specify an explicit order that you'd like records
+    returned in based on a SQL expression. By default, this will be accomplished
+    using a case statement, as in:
 
     ```ruby
-    post = Post.select("UPPER(title) AS title").first
-    post.title # => "WELCOME TO THE WEBLOG"
-    post.body  # => ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError
-
-    # Rails 6.0 (ignore the `select` values)
-    post = Post.select("UPPER(title) AS title").eager_load(:comments).first
-    post.title # => "Welcome to the weblog"
-    post.body  # => "Such a lovely day"
-
-    # Rails 6.1 (respect the `select` values)
-    post = Post.select("UPPER(title) AS title").eager_load(:comments).first
-    post.title # => "WELCOME TO THE WEBLOG"
-    post.body  # => ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError
+    Post.in_order_of(:id, [3, 5, 1])
     ```
 
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
-
-*   Allow attribute's default to be configured but keeping its own type.
-
-    ```ruby
-    class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
-      attribute :written_at, default: -> { Time.now.utc }
-    end
-
-    # Rails 6.0
-    Post.type_for_attribute(:written_at) # => #<Type::Value ... precision: nil, ...>
+    will generate the SQL:
 
-    # Rails 6.1
-    Post.type_for_attribute(:written_at) # => #<Type::DateTime ... precision: 6, ...>
+    ```sql
+    SELECT "posts".* FROM "posts" ORDER BY CASE "posts"."id" WHEN 3 THEN 1 WHEN 5 THEN 2 WHEN 1 THEN 3 ELSE 4 END ASC
     ```
 
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
-
-*   Allow default to be configured for Enum.
+    However, because this functionality is built into MySQL in the form of the
+    `FIELD` function, that connection adapter will generate the following SQL
+    instead:
 
-    ```ruby
-    class Book < ActiveRecord::Base
-      enum status: [:proposed, :written, :published], _default: :published
-    end
-
-    Book.new.status # => "published"
+    ```sql
+    SELECT "posts".* FROM "posts" ORDER BY FIELD("posts"."id", 1, 5, 3) DESC
     ```
 
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
-
-*   Deprecate YAML loading from legacy format older than Rails 5.0.
-
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
-
-*   Added the setting `ActiveRecord::Base.immutable_strings_by_default`, which
-    allows you to specify that all string columns should be frozen unless
-    otherwise specified. This will reduce memory pressure for applications which
-    do not generally mutate string properties of Active Record objects.
+    *Kevin Newton*
 
-    *Sean Griffin*, *Ryuta Kamizono*
-
-*   Deprecate `map!` and `collect!` on `ActiveRecord::Result`.
-
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+*   Fix `eager_loading?` when ordering with `Symbol`.
 
-*   Support `relation.and` for intersection as Set theory.
+    `eager_loading?` is triggered correctly when using `order` with symbols.
 
     ```ruby
-    david_and_mary = Author.where(id: [david, mary])
-    mary_and_bob   = Author.where(id: [mary, bob])
-
-    david_and_mary.merge(mary_and_bob) # => [mary, bob]
-
-    david_and_mary.and(mary_and_bob) # => [mary]
-    david_and_mary.or(mary_and_bob)  # => [david, mary, bob]
-    ```
-
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
-
-*   Merging conditions on the same column no longer maintain both conditions,
-    and will be consistently replaced by the latter condition in Rails 7.0.
-    To migrate to Rails 7.0's behavior, use `relation.merge(other, rewhere: true)`.
-
-    ```ruby
-    # Rails 6.1 (IN clause is replaced by merger side equality condition)
-    Author.where(id: [david.id, mary.id]).merge(Author.where(id: bob)) # => [bob]
-
-    # Rails 6.1 (both conflict conditions exists, deprecated)
-    Author.where(id: david.id..mary.id).merge(Author.where(id: bob)) # => []
-
-    # Rails 6.1 with rewhere to migrate to Rails 7.0's behavior
-    Author.where(id: david.id..mary.id).merge(Author.where(id: bob), rewhere: true) # => [bob]
-
-    # Rails 7.0 (same behavior with IN clause, mergee side condition is consistently replaced)
-    Author.where(id: [david.id, mary.id]).merge(Author.where(id: bob)) # => [bob]
-    Author.where(id: david.id..mary.id).merge(Author.where(id: bob)) # => [bob]
+    scope = Post.includes(:comments).order(:"comments.label")
+    => true
     ```
 
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
-
-*   Do not mark Postgresql MAC address and UUID attributes as changed when the assigned value only varies by case.
-
-    *Peter Fry*
+    *Jacopo Beschi*
 
-*   Resolve issue with insert_all unique_by option when used with expression index.
+*   Two change tracking methods are added for `belongs_to` associations.
 
-    When the `:unique_by` option of `ActiveRecord::Persistence.insert_all` and
-    `ActiveRecord::Persistence.upsert_all` was used with the name of an expression index, an error
-    was raised. Adding a guard around the formatting behavior for the `:unique_by` corrects this.
+    The `association_changed?` method (assuming an association named `:association`) returns true
+    if a different associated object has been assigned and the foreign key will be updated in the
+    next save.
 
-    Usage:
+    The `association_previously_changed?` method returns true if the previous save updated the
+    association to reference a different associated object.
 
-    ```ruby
-    create_table :books, id: :integer, force: true do |t|
-      t.column :name, :string
-      t.index "lower(name)", unique: true
-    end
+    *George Claghorn*
 
-    Book.insert_all [{ name: "MyTest" }], unique_by: :index_books_on_lower_name
-    ```
+*   Add option to disable schema dump per-database.
 
-    Fixes #39516.
+    Dumping the schema is on by default for all databases in an application. To turn it off for a
+    specific database use the `schema_dump` option:
 
-    *Austen Madden*
-
-*   Add basic support for CHECK constraints to database migrations.
-
-    Usage:
+    ```yaml
+    # config/database.yml
 
-    ```ruby
-    add_check_constraint :products, "price > 0", name: "price_check"
-    remove_check_constraint :products, name: "price_check"
+    production:
+      schema_dump: false
     ```
 
-    *fatkodima*
+    *Luis Vasconcellos*, *Eileen M. Uchitelle*
 
-*   Add `ActiveRecord::Base.strict_loading_by_default` and `ActiveRecord::Base.strict_loading_by_default=`
-    to enable/disable strict_loading mode by default for a model. The configuration's value is
-    inheritable by subclasses, but they can override that value and it will not impact parent class.
+*   Fix `eager_loading?` when ordering with `Hash` syntax.
 
-    Usage:
+    `eager_loading?` is triggered correctly when using `order` with hash syntax
+    on an outer table.
 
     ```ruby
-    class Developer < ApplicationRecord
-      self.strict_loading_by_default = true
-
-      has_many :projects
-    end
-
-    dev = Developer.first
-    dev.projects.first
-    # => ActiveRecord::StrictLoadingViolationError Exception: Developer is marked as strict_loading and Project cannot be lazily loaded.
+    Post.includes(:comments).order({ "comments.label": :ASC }).eager_loading?
+    # => true
     ```
 
-    *bogdanvlviv*
-
-*   Deprecate passing an Active Record object to `quote`/`type_cast` directly.
+    *Jacopo Beschi*
 
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+*   Move the forcing of clear text encoding to the `ActiveRecord::Encryption::Encryptor`.
 
-*   Default engine `ENGINE=InnoDB` is no longer dumped to make schema more agnostic.
+    Fixes #42699.
 
-    Before:
+    *J Smith*
 
-    ```ruby
-    create_table "accounts", options: "ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci", force: :cascade do |t|
-    end
-    ```
+*   `partial_inserts` is now disabled by default in new apps.
 
-    After:
+    This will be the default for new apps in Rails 7. To opt in:
 
     ```ruby
-    create_table "accounts", charset: "utf8mb4", collation: "utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci", force: :cascade do |t|
-    end
+    config.active_record.partial_inserts = true
     ```
 
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+    If a migration remove the default value of a column, this option
+    would cause old processes to no longer be able to create new records.
 
-*   Added delegated type as an alternative to single-table inheritance for representing class hierarchies.
-    See ActiveRecord::DelegatedType for the full description.
+    If you need to remove a column, you should first use `ignored_columns`
+    to stop using it.
 
-    *DHH*
+    *Jean Boussier*
 
-*   Deprecate aggregations with group by duplicated fields.
+*   Rails can now verify foreign keys after loading fixtures in tests.
 
-    To migrate to Rails 7.0's behavior, use `uniq!(:group)` to deduplicate group fields.
+    This will be the default for new apps in Rails 7. To opt in:
 
     ```ruby
-    accounts = Account.group(:firm_id)
-
-    # duplicated group fields, deprecated.
-    accounts.merge(accounts.where.not(credit_limit: nil)).sum(:credit_limit)
-    # => {
-    #   [1, 1] => 50,
-    #   [2, 2] => 60
-    # }
-
-    # use `uniq!(:group)` to deduplicate group fields.
-    accounts.merge(accounts.where.not(credit_limit: nil)).uniq!(:group).sum(:credit_limit)
-    # => {
-    #   1 => 50,
-    #   2 => 60
-    # }
+    config.active_record.verify_foreign_keys_for_fixtures = true
     ```
 
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+    Tests will not run if there is a foreign key constraint violation in your fixture data.
 
-*   Deprecate duplicated query annotations.
+    The feature is supported by SQLite and PostgreSQL, other adapters can also add support for it.
 
-    To migrate to Rails 7.0's behavior, use `uniq!(:annotate)` to deduplicate query annotations.
+    *Alex Ghiculescu*
 
-    ```ruby
-    accounts = Account.where(id: [1, 2]).annotate("david and mary")
+*   Clear cached `has_one` association after setting `belongs_to` association to `nil`.
 
-    # duplicated annotations, deprecated.
-    accounts.merge(accounts.rewhere(id: 3))
-    # SELECT accounts.* FROM accounts WHERE accounts.id = 3 /* david and mary */ /* david and mary */
+    After setting a `belongs_to` relation to `nil` and updating an unrelated attribute on the owner,
+    the owner should still return `nil` on the `has_one` relation.
 
-    # use `uniq!(:annotate)` to deduplicate annotations.
-    accounts.merge(accounts.rewhere(id: 3)).uniq!(:annotate)
-    # SELECT accounts.* FROM accounts WHERE accounts.id = 3 /* david and mary */
-    ```
+    Fixes #42597.
 
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+    *Michiel de Mare*
 
-*   Resolve conflict between counter cache and optimistic locking.
+*   OpenSSL constants are now used for Digest computations.
 
-    Bump an Active Record instance's lock version after updating its counter
-    cache. This avoids raising an unnecessary `ActiveRecord::StaleObjectError`
-    upon subsequent transactions by maintaining parity with the corresponding
-    database record's `lock_version` column.
+    *Dirkjan Bussink*
 
-    Fixes #16449.
+*   Adds support for `if_not_exists` to `add_foreign_key` and `if_exists` to `remove_foreign_key`.
 
-    *Aaron Lipman*
+    Applications can set their migrations to ignore exceptions raised when adding a foreign key
+    that already exists or when removing a foreign key that does not exist.
 
-*   Support merging option `:rewhere` to allow mergee side condition to be replaced exactly.
+    Example Usage:
 
     ```ruby
-    david_and_mary = Author.where(id: david.id..mary.id)
+    class AddAuthorsForeignKeyToArticles < ActiveRecord::Migration[7.0]
+      def change
+        add_foreign_key :articles, :authors, if_not_exists: true
+      end
+    end
+    ```
 
-    # both conflict conditions exists
-    david_and_mary.merge(Author.where(id: bob)) # => []
+    ```ruby
+    class RemoveAuthorsForeignKeyFromArticles < ActiveRecord::Migration[7.0]
+      def change
+        remove_foreign_key :articles, :authors, if_exists: true
+      end
+    end
+    ```
 
-    # mergee side condition is replaced by rewhere
-    david_and_mary.merge(Author.rewhere(id: bob)) # => [bob]
+    *Roberto Miranda*
 
-    # mergee side condition is replaced by rewhere option
-    david_and_mary.merge(Author.where(id: bob), rewhere: true) # => [bob]
-    ```
+*   Prevent polluting ENV during postgresql structure dump/load.
 
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+    Some configuration parameters were provided to pg_dump / psql via
+    environment variables which persisted beyond the command being run, and may
+    have caused subsequent commands and connections to fail. Tasks running
+    across multiple postgresql databases like `rails db:test:prepare` may have
+    been affected.
 
-*   Add support for finding records based on signed ids, which are tamper-proof, verified ids that can be
-    set to expire and scoped with a purpose. This is particularly useful for things like password reset
-    or email verification, where you want the bearer of the signed id to be able to interact with the
-    underlying record, but usually only within a certain time period.
+    *Samuel Cochran*
 
-    ```ruby
-    signed_id = User.first.signed_id expires_in: 15.minutes, purpose: :password_reset
+*   Set precision 6 by default for `datetime` columns.
 
-    User.find_signed signed_id # => nil, since the purpose does not match
+    By default, datetime columns will have microseconds precision instead of seconds precision.
 
-    travel 16.minutes
-    User.find_signed signed_id, purpose: :password_reset # => nil, since the signed id has expired
+    *Roberto Miranda*
 
-    travel_back
-    User.find_signed signed_id, purpose: :password_reset # => User.first
+*   Allow preloading of associations with instance dependent scopes.
 
-    User.find_signed! "bad data" # => ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier::InvalidSignature
-    ```
+    *John Hawthorn*, *John Crepezzi*, *Adam Hess*, *Eileen M. Uchitelle*, *Dinah Shi*
 
-    *DHH*
+*   Do not try to rollback transactions that failed due to a `ActiveRecord::TransactionRollbackError`.
 
-*   Support `ALGORITHM = INSTANT` DDL option for index operations on MySQL.
+    *Jamie McCarthy*
 
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+*   Active Record Encryption will now encode values as UTF-8 when using deterministic
+    encryption. The encoding is part of the encrypted payload, so different encodings for
+    different values result in different ciphertexts. This can break unique constraints and
+    queries.
 
-*   Fix index creation to preserve index comment in bulk change table on MySQL.
+    The new behavior is configurable via `active_record.encryption.forced_encoding_for_deterministic_encryption`
+    that is `Encoding::UTF_8` by default. It can be disabled by setting it to `nil`.
 
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+    *Jorge Manrubia*
 
-*   Allow `unscope` to be aware of table name qualified values.
+*   The MySQL adapter now cast numbers and booleans bind parameters to string for safety reasons.
 
-    It is possible to unscope only the column in the specified table.
+    When comparing a string and a number in a query, MySQL converts the string to a number. So for
+    instance `"foo" = 0`, will implicitly cast `"foo"` to `0` and will evaluate to `TRUE` which can
+    lead to security vulnerabilities.
 
-    ```ruby
-    posts = Post.joins(:comments).group(:"posts.hidden")
-    posts = posts.where("posts.hidden": false, "comments.hidden": false)
+    Active Record already protect against that vulnerability when it knows the type of the column
+    being compared, however until now it was still vulnerable when using bind parameters:
 
-    posts.count
-    # => { false => 10 }
+    ```ruby
+    User.where("login_token = ?", 0).first
+    ```
 
-    # unscope both hidden columns
-    posts.unscope(where: :hidden).count
-    # => { false => 11, true => 1 }
+    Would perform:
 
-    # unscope only comments.hidden column
-    posts.unscope(where: :"comments.hidden").count
-    # => { false => 11 }
+    ```sql
+    SELECT * FROM `users` WHERE `login_token` = 0 LIMIT 1;
     ```
 
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*, *Slava Korolev*
+    Now it will perform:
 
-*   Fix `rewhere` to truly overwrite collided where clause by new where clause.
+    ```sql
+    SELECT * FROM `users` WHERE `login_token` = '0' LIMIT 1;
+    ```
 
-    ```ruby
-    steve = Person.find_by(name: "Steve")
-    david = Author.find_by(name: "David")
+    *Jean Boussier*
 
-    relation = Essay.where(writer: steve)
+*   Fixture configurations (`_fixture`) are now strictly validated.
 
-    # Before
-    relation.rewhere(writer: david).to_a # => []
+    If an error will be raised if that entry contains unknown keys while previously it
+    would silently have no effects.
 
-    # After
-    relation.rewhere(writer: david).to_a # => [david]
-    ```
+    *Jean Boussier*
 
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+*   Add `ActiveRecord::Base.update!` that works like `ActiveRecord::Base.update` but raises exceptions.
 
-*   Inspect time attributes with subsec and time zone offset.
+    This allows for the same behavior as the instance method `#update!` at a class level.
 
     ```ruby
-    p Knot.create
-    => #<Knot id: 1, created_at: "2016-05-05 01:29:47.116928000 +0000">
+    Person.update!(:all, state: "confirmed")
     ```
 
-    *akinomaeni*, *Jonathan Hefner*
+    *Dorian Marié*
 
-*   Deprecate passing a column to `type_cast`.
+*   Add `ActiveRecord::Base#attributes_for_database`.
 
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+    Returns attributes with values for assignment to the database.
 
-*   Deprecate `in_clause_length` and `allowed_index_name_length` in `DatabaseLimits`.
+    *Chris Salzberg*
 
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+*   Use an empty query to check if the PostgreSQL connection is still active.
 
-*   Support bulk insert/upsert on relation to preserve scope values.
+    An empty query is faster than `SELECT 1`.
 
-    *Josef Šimánek*, *Ryuta Kamizono*
+    *Heinrich Lee Yu*
 
-*   Preserve column comment value on changing column name on MySQL.
+*   Add `ActiveRecord::Base#previously_persisted?`.
 
-    *Islam Taha*
+    Returns `true` if the object has been previously persisted but now it has been deleted.
 
-*   Add support for `if_exists` option for removing an index.
+*   Deprecate `partial_writes` in favor of `partial_inserts` and `partial_updates`.
 
-    The `remove_index` method can take an `if_exists` option. If this is set to true an error won't be raised if the index doesn't exist.
+    This allows to have a different behavior on update and create.
 
-    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*
+    *Jean Boussier*
 
-*   Remove ibm_db, informix, mssql, oracle, and oracle12 Arel visitors which are not used in the code base.
+*   Fix compatibility with `psych >= 4`.
 
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+    Starting in Psych 4.0.0 `YAML.load` behaves like `YAML.safe_load`. To preserve compatibility
+    Active Record's schema cache loader and `YAMLColumn` now uses `YAML.unsafe_load` if available.
 
-*   Prevent `build_association` from `touching` a parent record if the record isn't persisted for `has_one` associations.
+    *Jean Boussier*
 
-    Fixes #38219.
+*   `ActiveRecord::Base.logger` is now a `class_attribute`.
 
-    *Josh Brody*
+    This means it can no longer be accessed directly through `@@logger`, and that setting `logger =`
+    on a subclass won't change the parent's logger.
 
-*   Add support for `if_not_exists` option for adding index.
+    *Jean Boussier*
 
-    The `add_index` method respects `if_not_exists` option. If it is set to true
-    index won't be added.
+*   Add `.asc.nulls_first` for all databases. Unfortunately MySQL still doesn't like `nulls_last`.
 
-    Usage:
+    *Keenan Brock*
 
-    ```ruby
-      add_index :users, :account_id, if_not_exists: true
-    ```
+*   Improve performance of `one?` and `many?` by limiting the generated count query to 2 results.
+
+    *Gonzalo Riestra*
+
+*   Don't check type when using `if_not_exists` on `add_column`.
+
+    Previously, if a migration called `add_column` with the `if_not_exists` option set to true
+    the `column_exists?` check would look for a column with the same name and type as the migration.
 
-    The `if_not_exists` option passed to `create_table` also gets propagated to indexes
-    created within that migration so that if table and its indexes exist then there is no
-    attempt to create them again.
+    Recently it was discovered that the type passed to the migration is not always the same type
+    as the column after migration. For example a column set to `:mediumblob` in the migration will
+    be casted to `binary` when calling `column.type`. Since there is no straightforward way to cast
+    the type to the database type without running the migration, we opted to drop the type check from
+    `add_column`. This means that migrations adding a duplicate column with a different type will no
+    longer raise an error.
 
-    *Prathamesh Sonpatki*
+    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*
+
+*   Log a warning message when running SQLite in production.
 
-*   Add `ActiveRecord::Base#previously_new_record?` to show if a record was new before the last save.
+    Using SQLite in production ENV is generally discouraged. SQLite is also the default adapter
+    in a new Rails application.
+    For the above reasons log a warning message when running SQLite in production.
 
-    *Tom Ward*
+    The warning can be disabled by setting `config.active_record.sqlite3_production_warning=false`.
 
-*   Support descending order for `find_each`, `find_in_batches`, and `in_batches`.
+    *Jacopo Beschi*
 
-    Batch processing methods allow you to work with the records in batches, greatly reducing memory consumption, but records are always batched from oldest id to newest.
+*   Add option to disable joins for `has_one` associations.
 
-    This change allows reversing the order, batching from newest to oldest. This is useful when you need to process newer batches of records first.
+    In a multiple database application, associations can't join across
+    databases. When set, this option instructs Rails to generate 2 or
+    more queries rather than generating joins for `has_one` associations.
 
-    Pass `order: :desc` to yield batches in descending order. The default remains `order: :asc`.
+    Set the option on a has one through association:
 
     ```ruby
-    Person.find_each(order: :desc) do |person|
-      person.party_all_night!
+    class Person
+      belongs_to :dog
+      has_one :veterinarian, through: :dog, disable_joins: true
     end
     ```
 
-    *Alexey Vasiliev*
+    Then instead of generating join SQL, two queries are used for `@person.veterinarian`:
+
+    ```
+    SELECT "dogs"."id" FROM "dogs" WHERE "dogs"."person_id" = ?  [["person_id", 1]]
+    SELECT "veterinarians".* FROM "veterinarians" WHERE "veterinarians"."dog_id" = ?  [["dog_id", 1]]
+    ```
 
-*   Fix `insert_all` with enum values.
+    *Sarah Vessels*, *Eileen M. Uchitelle*
 
-    Fixes #38716.
+*   `Arel::Visitors::Dot` now renders a complete set of properties when visiting
+    `Arel::Nodes::SelectCore`, `SelectStatement`, `InsertStatement`, `UpdateStatement`, and
+    `DeleteStatement`, which fixes #42026. Previously, some properties were omitted.
 
-    *Joel Blum*
+    *Mike Dalessio*
 
-*   Add support for `db:rollback:name` for multiple database applications.
+*   `Arel::Visitors::Dot` now supports `Arel::Nodes::Bin`, `Case`, `CurrentRow`, `Distinct`,
+    `DistinctOn`, `Else`, `Except`, `InfixOperation`, `Intersect`, `Lock`, `NotRegexp`, `Quoted`,
+    `Regexp`, `UnaryOperation`, `Union`, `UnionAll`, `When`, and `With`. Previously, these node
+    types caused an exception to be raised by `Arel::Visitors::Dot#accept`.
 
-    Multiple database applications will now raise if `db:rollback` is call and recommend using the `db:rollback:[NAME]` to rollback migrations.
+    *Mike Dalessio*
 
-    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*
+*   Optimize `remove_columns` to use a single SQL statement.
 
-*   `Relation#pick` now uses already loaded results instead of making another query.
+    ```ruby
+    remove_columns :my_table, :col_one, :col_two
+    ```
 
-    *Eugene Kenny*
+    Now results in the following SQL:
 
-*   Deprecate using `return`, `break` or `throw` to exit a transaction block after writes.
+    ```sql
+    ALTER TABLE "my_table" DROP COLUMN "col_one", DROP COLUMN "col_two"
+    ```
 
-    *Dylan Thacker-Smith*
+    *Jon Dufresne*
 
-*   Dump the schema or structure of a database when calling `db:migrate:name`.
+*   Ensure `has_one` autosave association callbacks get called once.
 
-    In previous versions of Rails, `rails db:migrate` would dump the schema of the database. In Rails 6, that holds true (`rails db:migrate` dumps all databases' schemas), but `rails db:migrate:name` does not share that behavior.
+    Change the `has_one` autosave callback to be non cyclic as well.
+    By doing this the autosave callback are made more consistent for
+    all 3 cases: `has_many`, `has_one`, and `belongs_to`.
 
-    Going forward, calls to `rails db:migrate:name` will dump the schema (or structure) of the database being migrated.
+    *Petrik de Heus*
 
-    *Kyle Thompson*
+*   Add option to disable joins for associations.
 
-*   Reset the `ActiveRecord::Base` connection after `rails db:migrate:name`.
+    In a multiple database application, associations can't join across
+    databases. When set, this option instructs Rails to generate 2 or
+    more queries rather than generating joins for associations.
 
-    When `rails db:migrate` has finished, it ensures the `ActiveRecord::Base` connection is reset to its original configuration. Going forward, `rails db:migrate:name` will have the same behavior.
+    Set the option on a has many through association:
 
-    *Kyle Thompson*
+    ```ruby
+    class Dog
+      has_many :treats, through: :humans, disable_joins: true
+      has_many :humans
+    end
+    ```
 
-*   Disallow calling `connected_to` on subclasses of `ActiveRecord::Base`.
+    Then instead of generating join SQL, two queries are used for `@dog.treats`:
 
-    Behavior has not changed here but the previous API could be misleading to people who thought it would switch connections for only that class. `connected_to` switches the context from which we are getting connections, not the connections themselves.
+    ```
+    SELECT "humans"."id" FROM "humans" WHERE "humans"."dog_id" = ?  [["dog_id", 1]]
+    SELECT "treats".* FROM "treats" WHERE "treats"."human_id" IN (?, ?, ?)  [["human_id", 1], ["human_id", 2], ["human_id", 3]]
+    ```
 
-    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*, *John Crepezzi*
+    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*, *Aaron Patterson*, *Lee Quarella*
 
-*   Add support for horizontal sharding to `connects_to` and `connected_to`.
+*   Add setting for enumerating column names in SELECT statements.
 
-    Applications can now connect to multiple shards and switch between their shards in an application. Note that the shard swapping is still a manual process as this change does not include an API for automatic shard swapping.
+    Adding a column to a PostgreSQL database, for example, while the application is running can
+    change the result of wildcard `SELECT *` queries, which invalidates the result
+    of cached prepared statements and raises a `PreparedStatementCacheExpired` error.
 
-    Usage:
+    When enabled, Active Record will avoid wildcards and always include column names
+    in `SELECT` queries, which will return consistent results and avoid prepared
+    statement errors.
 
-    Given the following configuration:
+    Before:
 
-    ```yaml
-    # config/database.yml
-    production:
-      primary:
-        database: my_database
-      primary_shard_one:
-        database: my_database_shard_one
+    ```ruby
+    Book.limit(5)
+    # SELECT * FROM books LIMIT 5
     ```
 
-    Connect to multiple shards:
+    After:
 
     ```ruby
-    class ApplicationRecord < ActiveRecord::Base
-      self.abstract_class = true
+    # config/application.rb
+    module MyApp
+      class Application < Rails::Application
+        config.active_record.enumerate_columns_in_select_statements = true
+      end
+    end
 
-      connects_to shards: {
-        default: { writing: :primary },
-        shard_one: { writing: :primary_shard_one }
-      }
+    # or, configure per-model
+    class Book < ApplicationRecord
+      self.enumerate_columns_in_select_statements = true
+    end
     ```
 
-    Swap between shards in your controller / model code:
-
     ```ruby
-    ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(shard: :shard_one) do
-      # Read from shard one
-    end
+    Book.limit(5)
+    # SELECT id, author_id, name, format, status, language, etc FROM books LIMIT 5
     ```
 
-    The horizontal sharding API also supports read replicas. See guides for more details.
+    *Matt Duszynski*
 
-    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*, *John Crepezzi*
+*   Allow passing SQL as `on_duplicate` value to `#upsert_all` to make it possible to use raw SQL to update columns on conflict:
 
-*   Deprecate `spec_name` in favor of `name` on database configurations.
+    ```ruby
+    Book.upsert_all(
+      [{ id: 1, status: 1 }, { id: 2, status: 1 }],
+      on_duplicate: Arel.sql("status = GREATEST(books.status, EXCLUDED.status)")
+    )
+    ```
 
-    The accessors for `spec_name` on `configs_for` and `DatabaseConfig` are deprecated. Please use `name` instead.
+    *Vladimir Dementyev*
 
-    Deprecated behavior:
+*   Allow passing SQL as `returning` statement to `#upsert_all`:
 
     ```ruby
-    db_config = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for(env_name: "development", spec_name: "primary")
-    db_config.spec_name
+    Article.insert_all(
+      [
+        { title: "Article 1", slug: "article-1", published: false },
+        { title: "Article 2", slug: "article-2", published: false }
+      ],
+      returning: Arel.sql("id, (xmax = '0') as inserted, name as new_name")
+    )
     ```
 
-    New behavior:
+    *Vladimir Dementyev*
 
-    ```ruby
-    db_config = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for(env_name: "development", name: "primary")
-    db_config.name
-    ```
+*   Deprecate `legacy_connection_handling`.
 
     *Eileen M. Uchitelle*
 
-*   Add additional database-specific rake tasks for multi-database users.
+*   Add attribute encryption support.
 
-    Previously, `rails db:create`, `rails db:drop`, and `rails db:migrate` were the only rails tasks that could operate on a single
-    database. For example:
+    Encrypted attributes are declared at the model level. These
+    are regular Active Record attributes backed by a column with
+    the same name. The system will transparently encrypt these
+    attributes before saving them into the database and will
+    decrypt them when retrieving their values.
 
-    ```
-    rails db:create
-    rails db:create:primary
-    rails db:create:animals
-    rails db:drop
-    rails db:drop:primary
-    rails db:drop:animals
-    rails db:migrate
-    rails db:migrate:primary
-    rails db:migrate:animals
+
+    ```ruby
+    class Person < ApplicationRecord
+      encrypts :name
+      encrypts :email_address, deterministic: true
+    end
     ```
 
-    With these changes, `rails db:schema:dump`, `rails db:schema:load`, `rails db:structure:dump`, `rails db:structure:load` and
-    `rails db:test:prepare` can additionally operate on a single database. For example:
+    You can learn more in the [Active Record Encryption
+    guide](https://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org/active_record_encryption.html).
 
-    ```
-    rails db:schema:dump
-    rails db:schema:dump:primary
-    rails db:schema:dump:animals
-    rails db:schema:load
-    rails db:schema:load:primary
-    rails db:schema:load:animals
-    rails db:structure:dump
-    rails db:structure:dump:primary
-    rails db:structure:dump:animals
-    rails db:structure:load
-    rails db:structure:load:primary
-    rails db:structure:load:animals
-    rails db:test:prepare
-    rails db:test:prepare:primary
-    rails db:test:prepare:animals
-    ```
+    *Jorge Manrubia*
 
-    *Kyle Thompson*
+*   Changed Arel predications `contains` and `overlaps` to use
+    `quoted_node` so that PostgreSQL arrays are quoted properly.
 
-*   Add support for `strict_loading` mode on association declarations.
+    *Bradley Priest*
 
-    Raise an error if attempting to load a record from an association that has been marked as `strict_loading` unless it was explicitly eager loaded.
+*   Add mode argument to record level `strict_loading!`.
 
-    Usage:
+    This argument can be used when enabling strict loading for a single record
+    to specify that we only want to raise on n plus one queries.
 
     ```ruby
-    class Developer < ApplicationRecord
-      has_many :projects, strict_loading: true
-    end
+    developer.strict_loading!(mode: :n_plus_one_only)
 
-    dev = Developer.first
-    dev.projects.first
-    # => ActiveRecord::StrictLoadingViolationError: The projects association is marked as strict_loading and cannot be lazily loaded.
+    developer.projects.to_a # Does not raise
+    developer.projects.first.client # Raises StrictLoadingViolationError
     ```
 
-    *Kevin Deisz*
+    Previously, enabling strict loading would cause any lazily loaded
+    association to raise an error. Using `n_plus_one_only` mode allows us to
+    lazily load belongs_to, has_many, and other associations that are fetched
+    through a single query.
 
-*   Add support for `strict_loading` mode to prevent lazy loading of records.
+    *Dinah Shi*
 
-    Raise an error if a parent record is marked as `strict_loading` and attempts to lazily load its associations. This is useful for finding places you may want to preload an association and avoid additional queries.
+*   Fix Float::INFINITY assignment to datetime column with postgresql adapter.
 
-    Usage:
+    Before:
 
     ```ruby
-    dev = Developer.strict_loading.first
-    dev.audit_logs.to_a
-    # => ActiveRecord::StrictLoadingViolationError: Developer is marked as strict_loading and AuditLog cannot be lazily loaded.
-    ```
+    # With this config
+    ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_attributes = true
 
-    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*, *Aaron Patterson*
+    # and the following schema:
+    create_table "postgresql_infinities" do |t|
+      t.datetime "datetime"
+    end
 
-*   Add support for PostgreSQL 11+ partitioned indexes when using `upsert_all`.
+    # This test fails
+    record = PostgresqlInfinity.create!(datetime: Float::INFINITY)
+    assert_equal Float::INFINITY, record.datetime # record.datetime gets nil
+    ```
 
-    *Sebastián Palma*
+    After this commit, `record.datetime` gets `Float::INFINITY` as expected.
 
-*   Adds support for `if_not_exists` to `add_column` and `if_exists` to `remove_column`.
+    *Shunichi Ikegami*
 
-    Applications can set their migrations to ignore exceptions raised when adding a column that already exists or when removing a column that does not exist.
+*   Type cast enum values by the original attribute type.
 
-    Example Usage:
+    The notable thing about this change is that unknown labels will no longer match 0 on MySQL.
 
     ```ruby
-    class AddColumnTitle < ActiveRecord::Migration[6.1]
-      def change
-        add_column :posts, :title, :string, if_not_exists: true
-      end
+    class Book < ActiveRecord::Base
+      enum :status, { proposed: 0, written: 1, published: 2 }
     end
     ```
 
+    Before:
+
     ```ruby
-    class RemoveColumnTitle < ActiveRecord::Migration[6.1]
-      def change
-        remove_column :posts, :title, if_exists: true
-      end
-    end
+    # SELECT `books`.* FROM `books` WHERE `books`.`status` = 'prohibited' LIMIT 1
+    Book.find_by(status: :prohibited)
+    # => #<Book id: 1, status: "proposed", ...> (for mysql2 adapter)
+    # => ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid: PG::InvalidTextRepresentation: ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type integer: "prohibited" (for postgresql adapter)
+    # => nil (for sqlite3 adapter)
     ```
 
-    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*
-
-*   Regexp-escape table name for MS SQL Server.
-
-    Add `Regexp.escape` to one method in ActiveRecord, so that table names with regular expression characters in them work as expected. Since MS SQL Server uses "[" and "]" to quote table and column names, and those characters are regular expression characters, methods like `pluck` and `select` fail in certain cases when used with the MS SQL Server adapter.
-
-    *Larry Reid*
-
-*   Store advisory locks on their own named connection.
+    After:
 
-    Previously advisory locks were taken out against a connection when a migration started. This works fine in single database applications but doesn't work well when migrations need to open new connections which results in the lock getting dropped.
+    ```ruby
+    # SELECT `books`.* FROM `books` WHERE `books`.`status` IS NULL LIMIT 1
+    Book.find_by(status: :prohibited)
+    # => nil (for all adapters)
+    ```
 
-    In order to fix this we are storing the advisory lock on a new connection with the connection specification name `AdvisoryLockBase`. The caveat is that we need to maintain at least 2 connections to a database while migrations are running in order to do this.
+    *Ryuta Kamizono*
 
-    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*, *John Crepezzi*
+*   Fixtures for `has_many :through` associations now load timestamps on join tables.
 
-*   Allow schema cache path to be defined in the database configuration file.
+    Given this fixture:
 
-    For example:
+    ```yml
+    ### monkeys.yml
+    george:
+      name: George the Monkey
+      fruits: apple
 
-    ```yaml
-    development:
-      adapter: postgresql
-      database: blog_development
-      pool: 5
-      schema_cache_path: tmp/schema/main.yml
+    ### fruits.yml
+    apple:
+      name: apple
     ```
 
-    *Katrina Owen*
-
-*   Deprecate `#remove_connection` in favor of `#remove_connection_pool` when called on the handler.
+    If the join table (`fruit_monkeys`) contains `created_at` or `updated_at` columns,
+    these will now be populated when loading the fixture. Previously, fixture loading
+    would crash if these columns were required, and leave them as null otherwise.
 
-    `#remove_connection` is deprecated in order to support returning a `DatabaseConfig` object instead of a `Hash`. Use `#remove_connection_pool`, `#remove_connection` will be removed in Rails 7.0.
-
-    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*, *John Crepezzi*
-
-*   Deprecate `#default_hash` and it's alias `#[]` on database configurations.
+    *Alex Ghiculescu*
 
-    Applications should use `configs_for`. `#default_hash` and `#[]` will be removed in Rails 7.0.
+*   Allow applications to configure the thread pool for async queries.
 
-    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*, *John Crepezzi*
+    Some applications may want one thread pool per database whereas others want to use
+    a single global thread pool for all queries. By default, Rails will set `async_query_executor`
+    to `nil` which will not initialize any executor. If `load_async` is called and no executor
+    has been configured, the query will be executed in the foreground.
 
-*   Add scale support to `ActiveRecord::Validations::NumericalityValidator`.
+    To create one thread pool for all database connections to use applications can set
+    `config.active_record.async_query_executor` to `:global_thread_pool` and optionally define
+    `config.active_record.global_executor_concurrency`. This defaults to 4. For applications that want
+    to have a thread pool for each database connection, `config.active_record.async_query_executor` can
+    be set to `:multi_thread_pool`. The configuration for each thread pool is set in the database
+    configuration.
 
-    *Gannon McGibbon*
+    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*
 
-*   Find orphans by looking for missing relations through chaining `where.missing`:
+*   Allow new syntax for `enum` to avoid leading `_` from reserved options.
 
     Before:
 
     ```ruby
-    Post.left_joins(:author).where(authors: { id: nil })
+    class Book < ActiveRecord::Base
+      enum status: [ :proposed, :written ], _prefix: true, _scopes: false
+      enum cover: [ :hard, :soft ], _suffix: true, _default: :hard
+    end
     ```
 
     After:
 
     ```ruby
-    Post.where.missing(:author)
+    class Book < ActiveRecord::Base
+      enum :status, [ :proposed, :written ], prefix: true, scopes: false
+      enum :cover, [ :hard, :soft ], suffix: true, default: :hard
+    end
     ```
 
-    *Tom Rossi*
-
-*   Ensure `:reading` connections always raise if a write is attempted.
-
-    Now Rails will raise an `ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyError` if any connection on the reading handler attempts to make a write. If your reading role needs to write you should name the role something other than `:reading`.
-
-    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*
-
-*   Deprecate `"primary"` as the `connection_specification_name` for `ActiveRecord::Base`.
-
-    `"primary"` has been deprecated as the `connection_specification_name` for `ActiveRecord::Base` in favor of using `"ActiveRecord::Base"`. This change affects calls to `ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler.retrieve_connection` and `ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler.remove_connection`. If you're calling these methods with `"primary"`, please switch to `"ActiveRecord::Base"`.
+    *Ryuta Kamizono*
 
-    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*, *John Crepezzi*
+*   Add `ActiveRecord::Relation#load_async`.
 
-*   Add `ActiveRecord::Validations::NumericalityValidator` with
-    support for casting floats using a database columns' precision value.
+    This method schedules the query to be performed asynchronously from a thread pool.
 
-    *Gannon McGibbon*
+    If the result is accessed before a background thread had the opportunity to perform
+    the query, it will be performed in the foreground.
 
-*   Enforce fresh ETag header after a collection's contents change by adding
-    ActiveRecord::Relation#cache_key_with_version. This method will be used by
-    ActionController::ConditionalGet to ensure that when collection cache versioning
-    is enabled, requests using ConditionalGet don't return the same ETag header
-    after a collection is modified.
+    This is useful for queries that can be performed long enough before their result will be
+    needed, or for controllers which need to perform several independent queries.
 
-    Fixes #38078.
+    ```ruby
+    def index
+      @categories = Category.some_complex_scope.load_async
+      @posts = Post.some_complex_scope.load_async
+    end
+    ```
 
-    *Aaron Lipman*
+    Active Record logs will also include timing info for the duration of how long
+    the main thread had to wait to access the result. This timing is useful to know
+    whether or not it's worth to load the query asynchronously.
 
-*   Skip test database when running `db:create` or `db:drop` in development
-    with `DATABASE_URL` set.
+    ```
+    DEBUG -- :   Category Load (62.1ms)  SELECT * FROM `categories` LIMIT 50
+    DEBUG -- :   ASYNC Post Load (64ms) (db time 126.1ms)  SELECT * FROM `posts` LIMIT 100
+    ```
 
-    *Brian Buchalter*
+    The duration in the first set of parens is how long the main thread was blocked
+    waiting for the results, and the second set of parens with "db time" is how long
+    the entire query took to execute.
 
-*   Don't allow mutations on the database configurations hash.
+    *Jean Boussier*
 
-    Freeze the configurations hash to disallow directly changing it. If applications need to change the hash, for example to create databases for parallelization, they should use the `DatabaseConfig` object directly.
+*   Implemented `ActiveRecord::Relation#excluding` method.
 
-    Before:
+    This method excludes the specified record (or collection of records) from
+    the resulting relation:
 
     ```ruby
-    @db_config = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for(env_name: "test", spec_name: "primary")
-    @db_config.configuration_hash.merge!(idle_timeout: "0.02")
+    Post.excluding(post)
+    Post.excluding(post_one, post_two)
     ```
 
-    After:
+    Also works on associations:
 
     ```ruby
-    @db_config = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for(env_name: "test", spec_name: "primary")
-    config = @db_config.configuration_hash.merge(idle_timeout: "0.02")
-    db_config = ActiveRecord::DatabaseConfigurations::HashConfig.new(@db_config.env_name, @db_config.spec_name, config)
+    post.comments.excluding(comment)
+    post.comments.excluding(comment_one, comment_two)
     ```
 
-    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*, *John Crepezzi*
-
-*   Remove `:connection_id` from the `sql.active_record` notification.
+    This is short-hand for `Post.where.not(id: post.id)` (for a single record)
+    and `Post.where.not(id: [post_one.id, post_two.id])` (for a collection).
 
-    *Aaron Patterson*, *Rafael Mendonça França*
+    *Glen Crawford*
 
-*   The `:name` key will no longer be returned as part of `DatabaseConfig#configuration_hash`. Please use `DatabaseConfig#owner_name` instead.
+*   Skip optimised #exist? query when #include? is called on a relation
+    with a having clause.
 
-    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*, *John Crepezzi*
+    Relations that have aliased select values AND a having clause that
+    references an aliased select value would generate an error when
+    #include? was called, due to an optimisation that would generate
+    call #exists? on the relation instead, which effectively alters
+    the select values of the query (and thus removes the aliased select
+    values), but leaves the having clause intact. Because the having
+    clause is then referencing an aliased column that is no longer
+    present in the simplified query, an ActiveRecord::InvalidStatement
+    error was raised.
 
-*   ActiveRecord's `belongs_to_required_by_default` flag can now be set per model.
+    A sample query affected by this problem:
 
-    You can now opt-out/opt-in specific models from having their associations required
-    by default.
+    ```ruby
+    Author.select('COUNT(*) as total_posts', 'authors.*')
+          .joins(:posts)
+          .group(:id)
+          .having('total_posts > 2')
+          .include?(Author.first)
+    ```
 
-    This change is meant to ease the process of migrating all your models to have
-    their association required.
+    This change adds an addition check to the condition that skips the
+    simplified #exists? query, which simply checks for the presence of
+    a having clause.
 
-    *Edouard Chin*
+    Fixes #41417.
 
-*   The `connection_config` method has been deprecated, please use `connection_db_config` instead which will return a `DatabaseConfigurations::DatabaseConfig` instead of a `Hash`.
+    *Michael Smart*
 
-    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*, *John Crepezzi*
+*   Increment postgres prepared statement counter before making a prepared statement, so if the statement is aborted
+    without Rails knowledge (e.g., if app gets killed during long-running query or due to Rack::Timeout), app won't end
+    up in perpetual crash state for being inconsistent with PostgreSQL.
 
-*   Retain explicit selections on the base model after applying `includes` and `joins`.
+    *wbharding*, *Martin Tepper*
 
-    Resolves #34889.
+*   Add ability to apply `scoping` to `all_queries`.
 
-    *Patrick Rebsch*
+    Some applications may want to use the `scoping` method but previously it only
+    worked on certain types of queries. This change allows the `scoping` method to apply
+    to all queries for a model in a block.
 
-*   The `database` kwarg is deprecated without replacement because it can't be used for sharding and creates an issue if it's used during a request. Applications that need to create new connections should use `connects_to` instead.
+    ```ruby
+    Post.where(blog_id: post.blog_id).scoping(all_queries: true) do
+      post.update(title: "a post title") # adds `posts.blog_id = 1` to the query
+    end
+    ```
 
-    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*, *John Crepezzi*
+    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*
 
-*   Allow attributes to be fetched from Arel node groupings.
+*   `ActiveRecord::Calculations.calculate` called with `:average`
+    (aliased as `ActiveRecord::Calculations.average`) will now use column-based
+    type casting. This means that floating-point number columns will now be
+    aggregated as `Float` and decimal columns will be aggregated as `BigDecimal`.
 
-    *Jeff Emminger*, *Gannon McGibbon*
+    Integers are handled as a special case returning `BigDecimal` always
+    (this was the case before already).
 
-*   A database URL can now contain a querystring value that contains an equal sign. This is needed to support passing PostgreSQL `options`.
+    ```ruby
+    # With the following schema:
+    create_table "measurements" do |t|
+      t.float "temperature"
+    end
 
-    *Joshua Flanagan*
+    # Before:
+    Measurement.average(:temperature).class
+    # => BigDecimal
 
-*   Calling methods like `establish_connection` with a `Hash` which is invalid (eg: no `adapter`) will now raise an error the same way as connections defined in `config/database.yml`.
+    # After:
+    Measurement.average(:temperature).class
+    # => Float
+    ```
 
-    *John Crepezzi*
+    Before this change, Rails just called `to_d` on average aggregates from the
+    database adapter. This is not the case anymore. If you relied on that kind
+    of magic, you now need to register your own `ActiveRecord::Type`
+    (see `ActiveRecord::Attributes::ClassMethods` for documentation).
 
-*   Specifying `implicit_order_column` now subsorts the records by primary key if available to ensure deterministic results.
+    *Josua Schmid*
 
-    *Paweł Urbanek*
+*   PostgreSQL: introduce `ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter.datetime_type`.
 
-*   `where(attr => [])` now loads an empty result without making a query.
+    This setting controls what native type Active Record should use when you call `datetime` in
+    a migration or schema. It takes a symbol which must correspond to one of the configured
+    `NATIVE_DATABASE_TYPES`. The default is `:timestamp`, meaning `t.datetime` in a migration
+    will create a "timestamp without time zone" column. To use "timestamp with time zone",
+    change this to `:timestamptz` in an initializer.
 
-    *John Hawthorn*
+    You should run `bin/rails db:migrate` to rebuild your schema.rb if you change this.
 
-*   Fixed the performance regression for `primary_keys` introduced MySQL 8.0.
+    *Alex Ghiculescu*
 
-    *Hiroyuki Ishii*
+*   PostgreSQL: handle `timestamp with time zone` columns correctly in `schema.rb`.
 
-*   Add support for `belongs_to` to `has_many` inversing.
+    Previously they dumped as `t.datetime :column_name`, now they dump as `t.timestamptz :column_name`,
+    and are created as `timestamptz` columns when the schema is loaded.
 
-    *Gannon McGibbon*
+    *Alex Ghiculescu*
 
-*   Allow length configuration for `has_secure_token` method. The minimum length
-    is set at 24 characters.
+*   Removing trailing whitespace when matching columns in
+    `ActiveRecord::Sanitization.disallow_raw_sql!`.
 
-    Before:
+    *Gannon McGibbon*, *Adrian Hirt*
 
-    ```ruby
-    has_secure_token :auth_token
-    ```
+*   Expose a way for applications to set a `primary_abstract_class`.
 
-    After:
+    Multiple database applications that use a primary abstract class that is not
+    named `ApplicationRecord` can now set a specific class to be the `primary_abstract_class`.
 
     ```ruby
-    has_secure_token :default_token             # 24 characters
-    has_secure_token :auth_token, length: 36    # 36 characters
-    has_secure_token :invalid_token, length: 12 # => ActiveRecord::SecureToken::MinimumLengthError
+    class PrimaryApplicationRecord
+      self.primary_abstract_class
+    end
     ```
 
-    *Bernardo de Araujo*
+    When an application boots it automatically connects to the primary or first database in the
+    database configuration file. In a multiple database application that then call `connects_to`
+    needs to know that the default connection is the same as the `ApplicationRecord` connection.
+    However, some applications have a differently named `ApplicationRecord`. This prevents Active
+    Record from opening duplicate connections to the same database.
 
-*   Deprecate `DatabaseConfigurations#to_h`. These connection hashes are still available via `ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for`.
-
-    *Eileen Uchitelle*, *John Crepezzi*
+    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*, *John Crepezzi*
 
-*   Add `DatabaseConfig#configuration_hash` to return database configuration hashes with symbol keys, and use all symbol-key configuration hashes internally. Deprecate `DatabaseConfig#config` which returns a String-keyed `Hash` with the same values.
+*   Support hash config for `structure_dump_flags` and `structure_load_flags` flags
+    Now that Active Record supports multiple databases configuration
+    we need a way to pass specific flags for dump/load databases since
+    the options are not the same for different adapters.
+    We can use in the original way:
 
-    *John Crepezzi*, *Eileen Uchitelle*
+    ```ruby
+    ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.structure_dump_flags = ['--no-defaults', '--skip-add-drop-table']
+    # or
+    ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.structure_dump_flags = '--no-defaults --skip-add-drop-table'
+    ```
 
-*   Allow column names to be passed to `remove_index` positionally along with other options.
+    And also use it passing a hash, with one or more keys, where the key
+    is the adapter
 
-    Passing other options can be necessary to make `remove_index` correctly reversible.
+    ```ruby
+    ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.structure_dump_flags = {
+      mysql2: ['--no-defaults', '--skip-add-drop-table'],
+      postgres: '--no-tablespaces'
+    }
+    ```
 
-    Before:
+    *Gustavo Gonzalez*
 
-        add_index    :reports, :report_id               # => works
-        add_index    :reports, :report_id, unique: true # => works
-        remove_index :reports, :report_id               # => works
-        remove_index :reports, :report_id, unique: true # => ArgumentError
+*   Connection specification now passes the "url" key as a configuration for the
+    adapter if the "url" protocol is "jdbc", "http", or "https". Previously only
+    urls with the "jdbc" prefix were passed to the Active Record Adapter, others
+    are assumed to be adapter specification urls.
 
-    After:
+    Fixes #41137.
 
-        remove_index :reports, :report_id, unique: true # => works
+    *Jonathan Bracy*
 
-    *Eugene Kenny*
+*   Allow to opt-out of `strict_loading` mode on a per-record base.
 
-*   Allow bulk `ALTER` statements to drop and recreate indexes with the same name.
+    This is useful when strict loading is enabled application wide or on a
+    model level.
 
-    *Eugene Kenny*
+    ```ruby
+    class User < ApplicationRecord
+      has_many :bookmarks
+      has_many :articles, strict_loading: true
+    end
 
-*   `insert`, `insert_all`, `upsert`, and `upsert_all` now clear the query cache.
+    user = User.first
+    user.articles                        # => ActiveRecord::StrictLoadingViolationError
+    user.bookmarks                       # => #<ActiveRecord::Associations::CollectionProxy>
 
-    *Eugene Kenny*
+    user.strict_loading!(true)           # => true
+    user.bookmarks                       # => ActiveRecord::StrictLoadingViolationError
 
-*   Call `while_preventing_writes` directly from `connected_to`.
+    user.strict_loading!(false)          # => false
+    user.bookmarks                       # => #<ActiveRecord::Associations::CollectionProxy>
+    user.articles.strict_loading!(false) # => #<ActiveRecord::Associations::CollectionProxy>
+    ```
 
-    In some cases application authors want to use the database switching middleware and make explicit calls with `connected_to`. It's possible for an app to turn off writes and not turn them back on by the time we call `connected_to(role: :writing)`.
+    *Ayrton De Craene*
 
-    This change allows apps to fix this by assuming if a role is writing we want to allow writes, except in the case it's explicitly turned off.
+*   Add `FinderMethods#sole` and `#find_sole_by` to find and assert the
+    presence of exactly one record.
 
-    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*
+    Used when you need a single row, but also want to assert that there aren't
+    multiple rows matching the condition; especially for when database
+    constraints aren't enough or are impractical.
 
-*   Improve detection of ActiveRecord::StatementTimeout with mysql2 adapter in the edge case when the query is terminated during filesort.
+    ```ruby
+    Product.where(["price = %?", price]).sole
+    # => ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound      (if no Product with given price)
+    # => #<Product ...>                    (if one Product with given price)
+    # => ActiveRecord::SoleRecordExceeded  (if more than one Product with given price)
 
-    *Kir Shatrov*
+    user.api_keys.find_sole_by(key: key)
+    # as above
+    ```
 
-*   Stop trying to read yaml file fixtures when loading Active Record fixtures.
+    *Asherah Connor*
 
-    *Gannon McGibbon*
+*   Makes `ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods::Query` respect the getter overrides defined in the model.
 
-*   Deprecate `.reorder(nil)` with `.first` / `.first!` taking non-deterministic result.
+    Before:
 
-    To continue taking non-deterministic result, use `.take` / `.take!` instead.
+    ```ruby
+    class User
+      def admin
+        false # Overriding the getter to always return false
+      end
+    end
 
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+    user = User.first
+    user.update(admin: true)
 
-*   Preserve user supplied joins order as much as possible.
+    user.admin # false (as expected, due to the getter overwrite)
+    user.admin? # true (not expected, returned the DB column value)
+    ```
 
-    Fixes #36761, #34328, #24281, #12953.
+    After this commit, `user.admin?` above returns false, as expected.
 
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+    Fixes #40771.
 
-*   Allow `matches_regex` and `does_not_match_regexp` on the MySQL Arel visitor.
+    *Felipe*
 
-    *James Pearson*
+*   Allow delegated_type to be specified primary_key and foreign_key.
 
-*   Allow specifying fixtures to be ignored by setting `ignore` in YAML file's '_fixture' section.
+    Since delegated_type assumes that the foreign_key ends with `_id`,
+    `singular_id` defined by it does not work when the foreign_key does
+    not end with `id`. This change fixes it by taking into account
+    `primary_key` and `foreign_key` in the options.
 
-    *Tongfei Gao*
+    *Ryota Egusa*
 
-*   Make the DATABASE_URL env variable only affect the primary connection. Add new env variables for multiple databases.
+*   Expose an `invert_where` method that will invert all scope conditions.
 
-    *John Crepezzi*, *Eileen Uchitelle*
+    ```ruby
+    class User
+      scope :active, -> { where(accepted: true, locked: false) }
+    end
 
-*   Add a warning for enum elements with 'not_' prefix.
+    User.active
+    # ... WHERE `accepted` = 1 AND `locked` = 0
 
-        class Foo
-          enum status: [:sent, :not_sent]
-        end
+    User.active.invert_where
+    # ... WHERE NOT (`accepted` = 1 AND `locked` = 0)
+    ```
 
-    *Edu Depetris*
+    *Kevin Deisz*
 
-*   Make currency symbols optional for money column type in PostgreSQL.
+*   Restore possibility of passing `false` to :polymorphic option of `belongs_to`.
 
-    *Joel Schneider*
+    Previously, passing `false` would trigger the option validation logic
+    to throw an error saying :polymorphic would not be a valid option.
 
-*   Add support for beginless ranges, introduced in Ruby 2.7.
+    *glaszig*
 
-    *Josh Goodall*
+*   Remove deprecated `database` kwarg from `connected_to`.
 
-*   Add `database_exists?` method to connection adapters to check if a database exists.
+    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*, *John Crepezzi*
 
-    *Guilherme Mansur*
+*   Allow adding nonnamed expression indexes to be revertible.
 
-*   Loading the schema for a model that has no `table_name` raises a `TableNotSpecified` error.
+    Previously, the following code would raise an error, when executed while rolling back,
+    and the index name should be specified explicitly. Now, the index name is inferred
+    automatically.
 
-    *Guilherme Mansur*, *Eugene Kenny*
+    ```ruby
+    add_index(:items, "to_tsvector('english', description)")
+    ```
 
-*   PostgreSQL: Fix GROUP BY with ORDER BY virtual count attribute.
+    Fixes #40732.
 
-    Fixes #36022.
+    *fatkodima*
 
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+*   Only warn about negative enums if a positive form that would cause conflicts exists.
 
-*   Make ActiveRecord `ConnectionPool.connections` method thread-safe.
+    Fixes #39065.
 
-    Fixes #36465.
+    *Alex Ghiculescu*
 
-    *Jeff Doering*
+*   Add option to run `default_scope` on all queries.
 
-*   Add support for multiple databases to `rails db:abort_if_pending_migrations`.
+    Previously, a `default_scope` would only run on select or insert queries. In some cases, like non-Rails tenant sharding solutions, it may be desirable to run `default_scope` on all queries in order to ensure queries are including a foreign key for the shard (i.e. `blog_id`).
 
-    *Mark Lee*
+    Now applications can add an option to run on all queries including select, insert, delete, and update by adding an `all_queries` option to the default scope definition.
 
-*   Fix sqlite3 collation parsing when using decimal columns.
+    ```ruby
+    class Article < ApplicationRecord
+      default_scope -> { where(blog_id: Current.blog.id) }, all_queries: true
+    end
+    ```
 
-    *Martin R. Schuster*
+    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*
 
-*   Fix invalid schema when primary key column has a comment.
+*   Add `where.associated` to check for the presence of an association.
 
-    Fixes #29966.
+    ```ruby
+    # Before:
+    account.users.joins(:contact).where.not(contact_id: nil)
 
-    *Guilherme Goettems Schneider*
+    # After:
+    account.users.where.associated(:contact)
+    ```
 
-*   Fix table comment also being applied to the primary key column.
+    Also mirrors `where.missing`.
 
-    *Guilherme Goettems Schneider*
+    *Kasper Timm Hansen*
 
-*   Allow generated `create_table` migrations to include or skip timestamps.
+*   Allow constructors (`build_association` and `create_association`) on
+    `has_one :through` associations.
 
-    *Michael Duchemin*
+    *Santiago Perez Perret*
 
 
-Please check [6-0-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/6-0-stable/activerecord/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
+Please check [6-1-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/6-1-stable/activerecord/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.