activerecord 6.0.6.1 → 6.1.7.4

data/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb

@@ -1,17 +1,9 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
-# Make sure we're using pg high enough for type casts and Ruby 2.2+ compatibility
-gem "pg", ">= 0.18", "< 2.0"
+gem "pg", "~> 1.1"
 require "pg"
 
-# Use async_exec instead of exec_params on pg versions before 1.1
-class ::PG::Connection # :nodoc:
-  unless self.public_method_defined?(:async_exec_params)
-    remove_method :exec_params
-    alias exec_params async_exec
-  end
-end
-
+require "active_support/core_ext/object/try"
 require "active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter"
 require "active_record/connection_adapters/statement_pool"
 require "active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/column"
@@ -31,9 +23,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionHandling # :nodoc:
     # Establishes a connection to the database that's used by all Active Record objects
     def postgresql_connection(config)
-      conn_params = config.symbolize_keys
-
-      conn_params.delete_if { |_, v| v.nil? }
+      conn_params = config.symbolize_keys.compact
 
       # Map ActiveRecords param names to PGs.
       conn_params[:user] = conn_params.delete(:username) if conn_params[:username]
@@ -43,19 +33,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
       valid_conn_param_keys = PG::Connection.conndefaults_hash.keys + [:requiressl]
       conn_params.slice!(*valid_conn_param_keys)
 
-      conn = PG.connect(conn_params)
-      ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter.new(conn, logger, conn_params, config)
-    rescue ::PG::Error => error
-      if error.message.include?(conn_params[:dbname])
-        raise ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError
-      else
-        raise
-      end
+      ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter.new(
+        ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter.new_client(conn_params),
+        logger,
+        conn_params,
+        config,
+      )
     end
   end
 
   module ConnectionAdapters
-    # The PostgreSQL adapter works with the native C (https://bitbucket.org/ged/ruby-pg) driver.
+    # The PostgreSQL adapter works with the native C (https://github.com/ged/ruby-pg) driver.
     #
     # Options:
     #
@@ -85,6 +73,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
     class PostgreSQLAdapter < AbstractAdapter
       ADAPTER_NAME = "PostgreSQL"
 
+      class << self
+        def new_client(conn_params)
+          PG.connect(**conn_params)
+        rescue ::PG::Error => error
+          if conn_params && conn_params[:dbname] && error.message.include?(conn_params[:dbname])
+            raise ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError
+          else
+            raise ActiveRecord::ConnectionNotEstablished, error.message
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
       ##
       # :singleton-method:
       # PostgreSQL allows the creation of "unlogged" tables, which do not record
@@ -176,6 +176,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         true
       end
 
+      def supports_check_constraints?
+        true
+      end
+
       def supports_validate_constraints?
         true
       end
@@ -223,11 +227,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def next_key
-          "a#{@counter + 1}"
-        end
-
-        def []=(sql, key)
-          super.tap { @counter += 1 }
+          "a#{@counter += 1}"
         end
 
         private
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def initialize(connection, logger, connection_parameters, config)
         super(connection, logger, config)
 
-        @connection_parameters = connection_parameters
+        @connection_parameters = connection_parameters || {}
 
         # @local_tz is initialized as nil to avoid warnings when connect tries to use it
         @local_tz = nil
@@ -341,11 +341,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         true
       end
 
-      def supports_ranges?
-        true
-      end
-      deprecate :supports_ranges?
-
       def supports_materialized_views?
         true
       end
@@ -426,16 +421,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @use_insert_returning
       end
 
-      def column_name_for_operation(operation, node) # :nodoc:
-        OPERATION_ALIASES.fetch(operation) { operation.downcase }
-      end
-
-      OPERATION_ALIASES = { # :nodoc:
-        "maximum" => "max",
-        "minimum" => "min",
-        "average" => "avg",
-      }
-
       # Returns the version of the connected PostgreSQL server.
       def get_database_version # :nodoc:
         @connection.server_version
@@ -453,6 +438,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           sql << " ON CONFLICT #{insert.conflict_target} DO NOTHING"
         elsif insert.update_duplicates?
           sql << " ON CONFLICT #{insert.conflict_target} DO UPDATE SET "
+          sql << insert.touch_model_timestamps_unless { |column| "#{insert.model.quoted_table_name}.#{column} IS NOT DISTINCT FROM excluded.#{column}" }
           sql << insert.updatable_columns.map { |column| "#{column}=excluded.#{column}" }.join(",")
         end
 
@@ -475,6 +461,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         UNIQUE_VIOLATION      = "23505"
         SERIALIZATION_FAILURE = "40001"
         DEADLOCK_DETECTED     = "40P01"
+        DUPLICATE_DATABASE    = "42P04"
         LOCK_NOT_AVAILABLE    = "55P03"
         QUERY_CANCELED        = "57014"
 
@@ -482,6 +469,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
           return exception unless exception.respond_to?(:result)
 
           case exception.result.try(:error_field, PG::PG_DIAG_SQLSTATE)
+          when nil
+            if exception.message.match?(/connection is closed/i)
+              ConnectionNotEstablished.new(exception)
+            else
+              super
+            end
           when UNIQUE_VIOLATION
             RecordNotUnique.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
           when FOREIGN_KEY_VIOLATION
@@ -496,6 +489,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
             SerializationFailure.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
           when DEADLOCK_DETECTED
             Deadlocked.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
+          when DUPLICATE_DATABASE
+            DatabaseAlreadyExists.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
           when LOCK_NOT_AVAILABLE
             LockWaitTimeout.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
           when QUERY_CANCELED
@@ -547,7 +542,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           m.register_type "uuid", OID::Uuid.new
           m.register_type "xml", OID::Xml.new
           m.register_type "tsvector", OID::SpecializedString.new(:tsvector)
-          m.register_type "macaddr", OID::SpecializedString.new(:macaddr)
+          m.register_type "macaddr", OID::Macaddr.new
           m.register_type "citext", OID::SpecializedString.new(:citext)
           m.register_type "ltree", OID::SpecializedString.new(:ltree)
           m.register_type "line", OID::SpecializedString.new(:line)
@@ -557,11 +552,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
           m.register_type "polygon", OID::SpecializedString.new(:polygon)
           m.register_type "circle", OID::SpecializedString.new(:circle)
 
-          m.register_type "interval" do |_, _, sql_type|
-            precision = extract_precision(sql_type)
-            OID::SpecializedString.new(:interval, precision: precision)
-          end
-
           register_class_with_precision m, "time", Type::Time
           register_class_with_precision m, "timestamp", OID::DateTime
 
@@ -585,6 +575,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
             end
           end
 
+          m.register_type "interval" do |*args, sql_type|
+            precision = extract_precision(sql_type)
+            OID::Interval.new(precision: precision)
+          end
+
           load_additional_types
         end
 
@@ -650,20 +645,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
             raise ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyError, "Write query attempted while in readonly mode: #{sql}"
           end
 
-          if without_prepared_statement?(binds)
-            result = exec_no_cache(sql, name, [])
-          elsif !prepare
+          if !prepare || without_prepared_statement?(binds)
             result = exec_no_cache(sql, name, binds)
           else
             result = exec_cache(sql, name, binds)
           end
-          ret = yield result
-          result.clear
+          begin
+            ret = yield result
+          ensure
+            result.clear
+          end
           ret
         end
 
         def exec_no_cache(sql, name, binds)
           materialize_transactions
+          mark_transaction_written_if_write(sql)
 
           # make sure we carry over any changes to ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone that have been
           # made since we established the connection
@@ -679,6 +676,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         def exec_cache(sql, name, binds)
           materialize_transactions
+          mark_transaction_written_if_write(sql)
           update_typemap_for_default_timezone
 
           stmt_key = prepare_statement(sql, binds)
@@ -714,11 +712,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         #
         # Check here for more details:
         # https://git.postgresql.org/gitweb/?p=postgresql.git;a=blob;f=src/backend/utils/cache/plancache.c#l573
-        CACHED_PLAN_HEURISTIC = "cached plan must not change result type"
         def is_cached_plan_failure?(e)
           pgerror = e.cause
-          code = pgerror.result.result_error_field(PG::PG_DIAG_SQLSTATE)
-          code == FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED && pgerror.message.include?(CACHED_PLAN_HEURISTIC)
+          pgerror.result.result_error_field(PG::PG_DIAG_SQLSTATE) == FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED &&
+            pgerror.result.result_error_field(PG::PG_DIAG_SOURCE_FUNCTION) == "RevalidateCachedQuery"
         rescue
           false
         end
@@ -756,7 +753,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # Connects to a PostgreSQL server and sets up the adapter depending on the
         # connected server's characteristics.
         def connect
-          @connection = PG.connect(@connection_parameters)
+          @connection = self.class.new_client(@connection_parameters)
           configure_connection
           add_pg_encoders
           add_pg_decoders
@@ -786,6 +783,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
             end
           end
 
+          # Set interval output format to ISO 8601 for ease of parsing by ActiveSupport::Duration.parse
+          execute("SET intervalstyle = iso_8601", "SCHEMA")
+
           # SET statements from :variables config hash
           # https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/sql-set.html
           variables.map do |k, v|
@@ -897,15 +897,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
             "oid" => PG::TextDecoder::Integer,
             "float4" => PG::TextDecoder::Float,
             "float8" => PG::TextDecoder::Float,
+            "numeric" => PG::TextDecoder::Numeric,
             "bool" => PG::TextDecoder::Boolean,
+            "timestamp" => PG::TextDecoder::TimestampUtc,
+            "timestamptz" => PG::TextDecoder::TimestampWithTimeZone,
           }
 
-          if defined?(PG::TextDecoder::TimestampUtc)
-            # Use native PG encoders available since pg-1.1
-            coders_by_name["timestamp"] = PG::TextDecoder::TimestampUtc
-            coders_by_name["timestamptz"] = PG::TextDecoder::TimestampWithTimeZone
-          end
-
           known_coder_types = coders_by_name.keys.map { |n| quote(n) }
           query = <<~SQL % known_coder_types.join(", ")
             SELECT t.oid, t.typname
@@ -922,6 +919,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
           coders.each { |coder| map.add_coder(coder) }
           @connection.type_map_for_results = map
 
+          @type_map_for_results = PG::TypeMapByOid.new
+          @type_map_for_results.default_type_map = map
+          @type_map_for_results.add_coder(PG::TextDecoder::Bytea.new(oid: 17, name: "bytea"))
+          @type_map_for_results.add_coder(MoneyDecoder.new(oid: 790, name: "money"))
+
           # extract timestamp decoder for use in update_typemap_for_default_timezone
           @timestamp_decoder = coders.find { |coder| coder.name == "timestamp" }
           update_typemap_for_default_timezone
@@ -932,6 +934,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
           coder_class.new(oid: row["oid"].to_i, name: row["typname"])
         end
 
+        class MoneyDecoder < PG::SimpleDecoder # :nodoc:
+          TYPE = OID::Money.new
+
+          def decode(value, tuple = nil, field = nil)
+            TYPE.deserialize(value)
+          end
+        end
+
         ActiveRecord::Type.add_modifier({ array: true }, OID::Array, adapter: :postgresql)
         ActiveRecord::Type.add_modifier({ range: true }, OID::Range, adapter: :postgresql)
         ActiveRecord::Type.register(:bit, OID::Bit, adapter: :postgresql)
@@ -944,6 +954,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         ActiveRecord::Type.register(:enum, OID::Enum, adapter: :postgresql)
         ActiveRecord::Type.register(:hstore, OID::Hstore, adapter: :postgresql)
         ActiveRecord::Type.register(:inet, OID::Inet, adapter: :postgresql)
+        ActiveRecord::Type.register(:interval, OID::Interval, adapter: :postgresql)
         ActiveRecord::Type.register(:jsonb, OID::Jsonb, adapter: :postgresql)
         ActiveRecord::Type.register(:money, OID::Money, adapter: :postgresql)
         ActiveRecord::Type.register(:point, OID::Point, adapter: :postgresql)

data/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/schema_cache.rb

@@ -1,8 +1,37 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
+require "active_support/core_ext/file/atomic"
+
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
     class SchemaCache
+      def self.load_from(filename)
+        return unless File.file?(filename)
+
+        read(filename) do |file|
+          if filename.include?(".dump")
+            Marshal.load(file)
+          else
+            if YAML.respond_to?(:unsafe_load)
+              YAML.unsafe_load(file)
+            else
+              YAML.load(file)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def self.read(filename, &block)
+        if File.extname(filename) == ".gz"
+          Zlib::GzipReader.open(filename) { |gz|
+            yield gz.read
+          }
+        else
+          yield File.read(filename)
+        end
+      end
+      private_class_method :read
+
       attr_reader :version
       attr_accessor :connection
 
@@ -26,27 +55,33 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def encode_with(coder)
+        reset_version!
+
         coder["columns"]          = @columns
-        coder["columns_hash"]     = @columns_hash
         coder["primary_keys"]     = @primary_keys
         coder["data_sources"]     = @data_sources
         coder["indexes"]          = @indexes
-        coder["version"]          = connection.migration_context.current_version
+        coder["version"]          = @version
         coder["database_version"] = database_version
       end
 
       def init_with(coder)
         @columns          = coder["columns"]
-        @columns_hash     = coder["columns_hash"]
         @primary_keys     = coder["primary_keys"]
         @data_sources     = coder["data_sources"]
         @indexes          = coder["indexes"] || {}
         @version          = coder["version"]
         @database_version = coder["database_version"]
+
+        derive_columns_hash_and_deduplicate_values
       end
 
       def primary_keys(table_name)
-        @primary_keys[table_name] ||= data_source_exists?(table_name) ? connection.primary_key(table_name) : nil
+        @primary_keys.fetch(table_name) do
+          if data_source_exists?(table_name)
+            @primary_keys[deep_deduplicate(table_name)] = deep_deduplicate(connection.primary_key(table_name))
+          end
+        end
       end
 
       # A cached lookup for table existence.
@@ -54,7 +89,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         prepare_data_sources if @data_sources.empty?
         return @data_sources[name] if @data_sources.key? name
 
-        @data_sources[name] = connection.data_source_exists?(name)
+        @data_sources[deep_deduplicate(name)] = connection.data_source_exists?(name)
       end
 
       # Add internal cache for table with +table_name+.
@@ -73,15 +108,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Get the columns for a table
       def columns(table_name)
-        @columns[table_name] ||= connection.columns(table_name)
+        @columns.fetch(table_name) do
+          @columns[deep_deduplicate(table_name)] = deep_deduplicate(connection.columns(table_name))
+        end
       end
 
       # Get the columns for a table as a hash, key is the column name
       # value is the column object.
       def columns_hash(table_name)
-        @columns_hash[table_name] ||= Hash[columns(table_name).map { |col|
-          [col.name, col]
-        }]
+        @columns_hash.fetch(table_name) do
+          @columns_hash[deep_deduplicate(table_name)] = columns(table_name).index_by(&:name).freeze
+        end
       end
 
       # Checks whether the columns hash is already cached for a table.
@@ -90,7 +127,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def indexes(table_name)
-        @indexes[table_name] ||= connection.indexes(table_name)
+        @indexes.fetch(table_name) do
+          @indexes[deep_deduplicate(table_name)] = deep_deduplicate(connection.indexes(table_name))
+        end
       end
 
       def database_version # :nodoc:
@@ -121,21 +160,97 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @indexes.delete name
       end
 
+      def dump_to(filename)
+        clear!
+        connection.data_sources.each { |table| add(table) }
+        open(filename) { |f|
+          if filename.include?(".dump")
+            f.write(Marshal.dump(self))
+          else
+            f.write(YAML.dump(self))
+          end
+        }
+      end
+
       def marshal_dump
-        # if we get current version during initialization, it happens stack over flow.
-        @version = connection.migration_context.current_version
-        [@version, @columns, @columns_hash, @primary_keys, @data_sources, @indexes, database_version]
+        reset_version!
+
+        [@version, @columns, {}, @primary_keys, @data_sources, @indexes, database_version]
       end
 
       def marshal_load(array)
-        @version, @columns, @columns_hash, @primary_keys, @data_sources, @indexes, @database_version = array
-        @indexes = @indexes || {}
+        @version, @columns, _columns_hash, @primary_keys, @data_sources, @indexes, @database_version = array
+        @indexes ||= {}
+
+        derive_columns_hash_and_deduplicate_values
       end
 
       private
+        def reset_version!
+          @version = connection.migration_context.current_version
+        end
+
+        def derive_columns_hash_and_deduplicate_values
+          @columns      = deep_deduplicate(@columns)
+          @columns_hash = @columns.transform_values { |columns| columns.index_by(&:name) }
+          @primary_keys = deep_deduplicate(@primary_keys)
+          @data_sources = deep_deduplicate(@data_sources)
+          @indexes      = deep_deduplicate(@indexes)
+        end
+
+        if RUBY_VERSION < "2.7"
+          def deep_deduplicate(value)
+            case value
+            when Hash
+              value.transform_keys { |k| deep_deduplicate(k) }.transform_values { |v| deep_deduplicate(v) }
+            when Array
+              value.map { |i| deep_deduplicate(i) }
+            when String
+              if value.tainted?
+                # Ruby 2.6 and 2.7 have slightly different implementations of the String#-@ method.
+                # In Ruby 2.6, the receiver of the String#-@ method is modified under certain
+                # circumstances, and this was later identified as a bug
+                # (https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/15926) and only fixed in Ruby 2.7.
+                value = value.dup
+              end
+              -value
+            when Deduplicable
+              -value
+            else
+              value
+            end
+          end
+        else
+          def deep_deduplicate(value)
+            case value
+            when Hash
+              value.transform_keys { |k| deep_deduplicate(k) }.transform_values { |v| deep_deduplicate(v) }
+            when Array
+              value.map { |i| deep_deduplicate(i) }
+            when String, Deduplicable
+              -value
+            else
+              value
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
         def prepare_data_sources
           connection.data_sources.each { |source| @data_sources[source] = true }
         end
+
+        def open(filename)
+          File.atomic_write(filename) do |file|
+            if File.extname(filename) == ".gz"
+              zipper = Zlib::GzipWriter.new file
+              yield zipper
+              zipper.flush
+              zipper.close
+            else
+              yield file
+            end
+          end
+        end
     end
   end
 end

data/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sql_type_metadata.rb

@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
   # :stopdoc:
   module ConnectionAdapters
     class SqlTypeMetadata
+      include Deduplicable
+
       attr_reader :sql_type, :type, :limit, :precision, :scale
 
       def initialize(sql_type: nil, type: nil, limit: nil, precision: nil, scale: nil)
@@ -32,6 +34,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
           precision.hash >> 1 ^
           scale.hash >> 2
       end
+
+      private
+        def deduplicated
+          @sql_type = -sql_type
+          super
+        end
     end
   end
 end

data/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite3/database_statements.rb

@@ -11,6 +11,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         def write_query?(sql) # :nodoc:
           !READ_QUERY.match?(sql)
+        rescue ArgumentError # Invalid encoding
+          !READ_QUERY.match?(sql.b)
+        end
+
+        def explain(arel, binds = [])
+          sql = "EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN #{to_sql(arel, binds)}"
+          SQLite3::ExplainPrettyPrinter.new.pp(exec_query(sql, "EXPLAIN", []))
         end
 
         def execute(sql, name = nil) #:nodoc:
@@ -19,6 +26,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
 
           materialize_transactions
+          mark_transaction_written_if_write(sql)
 
           log(sql, name) do
             ActiveSupport::Dependencies.interlock.permit_concurrent_loads do
@@ -33,6 +41,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
 
           materialize_transactions
+          mark_transaction_written_if_write(sql)
 
           type_casted_binds = type_casted_binds(binds)
 
@@ -58,7 +67,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
                 records = stmt.to_a
               end
 
-              ActiveRecord::Result.new(cols, records)
+              build_result(columns: cols, rows: records)
             end
           end
         end
@@ -69,20 +78,37 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
         alias :exec_update :exec_delete
 
+        def begin_isolated_db_transaction(isolation) #:nodoc
+          raise TransactionIsolationError, "SQLite3 only supports the `read_uncommitted` transaction isolation level" if isolation != :read_uncommitted
+          raise StandardError, "You need to enable the shared-cache mode in SQLite mode before attempting to change the transaction isolation level" unless shared_cache?
+
+          Thread.current.thread_variable_set("read_uncommitted", @connection.get_first_value("PRAGMA read_uncommitted"))
+          @connection.read_uncommitted = true
+          begin_db_transaction
+        end
+
         def begin_db_transaction #:nodoc:
-          log("begin transaction", nil) { @connection.transaction }
+          log("begin transaction", "TRANSACTION") { @connection.transaction }
         end
 
         def commit_db_transaction #:nodoc:
-          log("commit transaction", nil) { @connection.commit }
+          log("commit transaction", "TRANSACTION") { @connection.commit }
+          reset_read_uncommitted
         end
 
         def exec_rollback_db_transaction #:nodoc:
-          log("rollback transaction", nil) { @connection.rollback }
+          log("rollback transaction", "TRANSACTION") { @connection.rollback }
+          reset_read_uncommitted
         end
 
-
         private
+          def reset_read_uncommitted
+            read_uncommitted = Thread.current.thread_variable_get("read_uncommitted")
+            return unless read_uncommitted
+
+            @connection.read_uncommitted = read_uncommitted
+          end
+
           def execute_batch(statements, name = nil)
             sql = combine_multi_statements(statements)
 
@@ -91,6 +117,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
             end
 
             materialize_transactions
+            mark_transaction_written_if_write(sql)
 
             log(sql, name) do
               ActiveSupport::Dependencies.interlock.permit_concurrent_loads do

data/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite3/quoting.rb

@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
               # "table_name"."column_name" | function(one or no argument)
               ((?:\w+\.|"\w+"\.)?(?:\w+|"\w+")) | \w+\((?:|\g<2>)\)
             )
-            (?:\s+AS\s+(?:\w+|"\w+"))?
+            (?:(?:\s+AS)?\s+(?:\w+|"\w+"))?
           )
           (?:\s*,\s*\g<1>)*
           \z

data/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite3/schema_creation.rb

@@ -3,8 +3,12 @@
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
     module SQLite3
-      class SchemaCreation < AbstractAdapter::SchemaCreation # :nodoc:
+      class SchemaCreation < SchemaCreation # :nodoc:
         private
+          def supports_index_using?
+            false
+          end
+
           def add_column_options!(sql, options)
             if options[:collation]
               sql << " COLLATE \"#{options[:collation]}\""