activerecord 6.0.3.2 → 6.1.0

data/lib/active_record/connection_handling.rb

@@ -47,8 +47,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # The exceptions AdapterNotSpecified, AdapterNotFound and +ArgumentError+
     # may be returned on an error.
     def establish_connection(config_or_env = nil)
-      config_hash = resolve_config_for_connection(config_or_env)
-      connection_handler.establish_connection(config_hash)
+      config_or_env ||= DEFAULT_ENV.call.to_sym
+      db_config, owner_name = resolve_config_for_connection(config_or_env)
+      connection_handler.establish_connection(db_config, owner_name: owner_name, role: current_role, shard: current_shard)
     end
 
     # Connects a model to the databases specified. The +database+ keyword
@@ -64,25 +65,54 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #     connects_to database: { writing: :primary, reading: :primary_replica }
     #   end
     #
-    # Returns an array of established connections.
-    def connects_to(database: {})
+    # +connects_to+ also supports horizontal sharding. The horizontal sharding API
+    # also supports read replicas. Connect a model to a list of shards like this:
+    #
+    #   class AnimalsModel < ApplicationRecord
+    #     self.abstract_class = true
+    #
+    #     connects_to shards: {
+    #       default: { writing: :primary, reading: :primary_replica },
+    #       shard_two: { writing: :primary_shard_two, reading: :primary_shard_replica_two }
+    #     }
+    #   end
+    #
+    # Returns an array of database connections.
+    def connects_to(database: {}, shards: {})
+      raise NotImplementedError, "`connects_to` can only be called on ActiveRecord::Base or abstract classes" unless self == Base || abstract_class?
+
+      if database.present? && shards.present?
+        raise ArgumentError, "`connects_to` can only accept a `database` or `shards` argument, but not both arguments."
+      end
+
       connections = []
 
       database.each do |role, database_key|
-        config_hash = resolve_config_for_connection(database_key)
+        db_config, owner_name = resolve_config_for_connection(database_key)
         handler = lookup_connection_handler(role.to_sym)
 
-        connections << handler.establish_connection(config_hash)
+        connections << handler.establish_connection(db_config, owner_name: owner_name, role: role)
+      end
+
+      shards.each do |shard, database_keys|
+        database_keys.each do |role, database_key|
+          db_config, owner_name = resolve_config_for_connection(database_key)
+          handler = lookup_connection_handler(role.to_sym)
+
+          connections << handler.establish_connection(db_config, owner_name: owner_name, role: role, shard: shard.to_sym)
+        end
       end
 
       connections
     end
 
-    # Connects to a database or role (ex writing, reading, or another
-    # custom role) for the duration of the block.
+    # Connects to a role (ex writing, reading or a custom role) and/or
+    # shard for the duration of the block. At the end of the block the
+    # connection will be returned to the original role / shard.
     #
-    # If a role is passed, Active Record will look up the connection
-    # based on the requested role:
+    # If only a role is passed, Active Record will look up the connection
+    # based on the requested role. If a non-established role is requested
+    # an `ActiveRecord::ConnectionNotEstablished` error will be raised:
     #
     #   ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(role: :writing) do
     #     Dog.create! # creates dog using dog writing connection
@@ -92,93 +122,149 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #     Dog.create! # throws exception because we're on a replica
     #   end
     #
-    #   ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(role: :unknown_role) do
-    #     # raises exception due to non-existent role
-    #   end
+    # When swapping to a shard, the role must be passed as well. If a non-existent
+    # shard is passed, an `ActiveRecord::ConnectionNotEstablished` error will be
+    # raised.
+    #
+    # When a shard and role is passed, Active Record will first lookup the role,
+    # and then look up the connection by shard key.
     #
-    # The `database` kwarg is deprecated in 6.1 and will be removed in 6.2
+    #   ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(role: :reading, shard: :shard_one_replica) do
+    #     Dog.first # finds first Dog record stored on the shard one replica
+    #   end
     #
-    # It is not recommended for use as it re-establishes a connection every
-    # time it is called.
-    def connected_to(database: nil, role: nil, prevent_writes: false, &blk)
-      if database && role
-        raise ArgumentError, "connected_to can only accept a `database` or a `role` argument, but not both arguments."
+    # The database kwarg is deprecated and will be removed in 6.2.0 without replacement.
+    def connected_to(database: nil, role: nil, shard: nil, prevent_writes: false, &blk)
+      if legacy_connection_handling
+        if self != Base
+          raise NotImplementedError, "`connected_to` can only be called on ActiveRecord::Base with legacy connection handling."
+        end
+      else
+        if self != Base && !abstract_class
+          raise NotImplementedError, "calling `connected_to` is only allowed on ActiveRecord::Base or abstract classes."
+        end
+      end
+
+      if database && (role || shard)
+        raise ArgumentError, "`connected_to` cannot accept a `database` argument with any other arguments."
       elsif database
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("The database key in `connected_to` is deprecated. It will be removed in Rails 6.2.0 without replacement.")
+
         if database.is_a?(Hash)
           role, database = database.first
           role = role.to_sym
         end
 
-        config_hash = resolve_config_for_connection(database)
+        db_config, owner_name = resolve_config_for_connection(database)
         handler = lookup_connection_handler(role)
 
-        handler.establish_connection(config_hash)
+        handler.establish_connection(db_config, owner_name: owner_name, role: role)
 
         with_handler(role, &blk)
-      elsif role
-        prevent_writes = true if role == reading_role
-
-        with_handler(role.to_sym) do
-          connection_handler.while_preventing_writes(prevent_writes, &blk)
+      elsif role || shard
+        unless role
+          raise ArgumentError, "`connected_to` cannot accept a `shard` argument without a `role`."
         end
+
+        with_role_and_shard(role, shard, prevent_writes, &blk)
       else
-        raise ArgumentError, "must provide a `database` or a `role`."
+        raise ArgumentError, "must provide a `shard` and/or `role`."
       end
     end
 
-    # Returns true if role is the current connected role.
+    # Connects a role and/or shard to the provided connection names. Optionally `prevent_writes`
+    # can be passed to block writes on a connection. `reading` will automatically set
+    # `prevent_writes` to true.
     #
-    #   ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(role: :writing) do
-    #     ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to?(role: :writing) #=> true
-    #     ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to?(role: :reading) #=> false
+    # `connected_to_many` is an alternative to deeply nested `connected_to` blocks.
+    #
+    # Usage:
+    #
+    #   ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(AnimalsRecord, MealsRecord], role: :reading) do
+    #     Dog.first # Read from animals replica
+    #     Dinner.first # Read from meals replica
+    #     Person.first # Read from primary writer
     #   end
-    def connected_to?(role:)
-      current_role == role.to_sym
+    def connected_to_many(classes, role:, shard: nil, prevent_writes: false)
+      if legacy_connection_handling
+        raise NotImplementedError, "connected_to_many is not available with legacy connection handling"
+      end
+
+      if self != Base || classes.include?(Base)
+        raise NotImplementedError, "connected_to_many can only be called on ActiveRecord::Base."
+      end
+
+      prevent_writes = true if role == reading_role
+
+      connected_to_stack << { role: role, shard: shard, prevent_writes: prevent_writes, klasses: classes }
+      yield
+    ensure
+      connected_to_stack.pop
     end
 
-    # Returns the symbol representing the current connected role.
+    # Use a specified connection.
     #
-    #   ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(role: :writing) do
-    #     ActiveRecord::Base.current_role #=> :writing
-    #   end
+    # This method is useful for ensuring that a specific connection is
+    # being used. For example, when booting a console in readonly mode.
     #
-    #   ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(role: :reading) do
-    #     ActiveRecord::Base.current_role #=> :reading
-    #   end
-    def current_role
-      connection_handlers.key(connection_handler)
-    end
+    # It is not recommended to use this method in a request since it
+    # does not yield to a block like `connected_to`.
+    def connecting_to(role: default_role, shard: default_shard, prevent_writes: false)
+      if legacy_connection_handling
+        raise NotImplementedError, "`connecting_to` is not available with `legacy_connection_handling`."
+      end
 
-    def lookup_connection_handler(handler_key) # :nodoc:
-      handler_key ||= ActiveRecord::Base.writing_role
-      connection_handlers[handler_key] ||= ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionHandler.new
-    end
+      prevent_writes = true if role == reading_role
 
-    def with_handler(handler_key, &blk) # :nodoc:
-      handler = lookup_connection_handler(handler_key)
-      swap_connection_handler(handler, &blk)
+      self.connected_to_stack << { role: role, shard: shard, prevent_writes: prevent_writes, klasses: [self] }
     end
 
-    def resolve_config_for_connection(config_or_env) # :nodoc:
-      raise "Anonymous class is not allowed." unless name
-
-      config_or_env ||= DEFAULT_ENV.call.to_sym
-      pool_name = primary_class? ? "primary" : name
-      self.connection_specification_name = pool_name
+    # Prevent writing to the database regardless of role.
+    #
+    # In some cases you may want to prevent writes to the database
+    # even if you are on a database that can write. `while_preventing_writes`
+    # will prevent writes to the database for the duration of the block.
+    #
+    # This method does not provide the same protection as a readonly
+    # user and is meant to be a safeguard against accidental writes.
+    #
+    # See `READ_QUERY` for the queries that are blocked by this
+    # method.
+    def while_preventing_writes(enabled = true, &block)
+      if legacy_connection_handling
+        connection_handler.while_preventing_writes(enabled, &block)
+      else
+        connected_to(role: current_role, prevent_writes: enabled, &block)
+      end
+    end
 
-      resolver = ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionSpecification::Resolver.new(Base.configurations)
-      config_hash = resolver.resolve(config_or_env, pool_name).symbolize_keys
-      config_hash[:name] = pool_name
+    # Returns true if role is the current connected role.
+    #
+    #   ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(role: :writing) do
+    #     ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to?(role: :writing) #=> true
+    #     ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to?(role: :reading) #=> false
+    #   end
+    def connected_to?(role:, shard: ActiveRecord::Base.default_shard)
+      current_role == role.to_sym && current_shard == shard.to_sym
+    end
 
-      config_hash
+    def lookup_connection_handler(handler_key) # :nodoc:
+      if ActiveRecord::Base.legacy_connection_handling
+        handler_key ||= ActiveRecord::Base.writing_role
+        connection_handlers[handler_key] ||= ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionHandler.new
+      else
+        ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler
+      end
     end
 
     # Clears the query cache for all connections associated with the current thread.
     def clear_query_caches_for_current_thread
-      ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handlers.each_value do |handler|
-        handler.connection_pool_list.each do |pool|
-          pool.connection.clear_query_cache if pool.active_connection?
+      if ActiveRecord::Base.legacy_connection_handling
+        ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handlers.each_value do |handler|
+          clear_on_handler(handler)
         end
+      else
+        clear_on_handler(ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler)
       end
     end
 
@@ -191,10 +277,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     attr_writer :connection_specification_name
 
-    # Return the specification name from the current class or its parent.
+    # Return the connection specification name from the current class or its parent.
     def connection_specification_name
       if !defined?(@connection_specification_name) || @connection_specification_name.nil?
-        return self == Base ? "primary" : superclass.connection_specification_name
+        return self == Base ? Base.name : superclass.connection_specification_name
       end
       @connection_specification_name
     end
@@ -210,20 +296,32 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # Please use only for reading.
     def connection_config
-      connection_pool.spec.config
+      connection_pool.db_config.configuration_hash
+    end
+    deprecate connection_config: "Use connection_db_config instead"
+
+    # Returns the db_config object from the associated connection:
+    #
+    #  ActiveRecord::Base.connection_db_config
+    #    #<ActiveRecord::DatabaseConfigurations::HashConfig:0x00007fd1acbded10 @env_name="development",
+    #      @name="primary", @config={pool: 5, timeout: 5000, database: "db/development.sqlite3", adapter: "sqlite3"}>
+    #
+    # Use only for reading.
+    def connection_db_config
+      connection_pool.db_config
     end
 
     def connection_pool
-      connection_handler.retrieve_connection_pool(connection_specification_name) || raise(ConnectionNotEstablished)
+      connection_handler.retrieve_connection_pool(connection_specification_name, role: current_role, shard: current_shard) || raise(ConnectionNotEstablished)
     end
 
     def retrieve_connection
-      connection_handler.retrieve_connection(connection_specification_name)
+      connection_handler.retrieve_connection(connection_specification_name, role: current_role, shard: current_shard)
     end
 
     # Returns +true+ if Active Record is connected.
     def connected?
-      connection_handler.connected?(connection_specification_name)
+      connection_handler.connected?(connection_specification_name, role: current_role, shard: current_shard)
     end
 
     def remove_connection(name = nil)
@@ -231,11 +329,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # if removing a connection that has a pool, we reset the
       # connection_specification_name so it will use the parent
       # pool.
-      if connection_handler.retrieve_connection_pool(name)
+      if connection_handler.retrieve_connection_pool(name, role: current_role, shard: current_shard)
         self.connection_specification_name = nil
       end
 
-      connection_handler.remove_connection(name)
+      connection_handler.remove_connection_pool(name, role: current_role, shard: current_shard)
     end
 
     def clear_cache! # :nodoc:
@@ -246,6 +344,47 @@ module ActiveRecord
       :clear_all_connections!, :flush_idle_connections!, to: :connection_handler
 
     private
+      def clear_on_handler(handler)
+        handler.all_connection_pools.each do |pool|
+          pool.connection.clear_query_cache if pool.active_connection?
+        end
+      end
+
+      def resolve_config_for_connection(config_or_env)
+        raise "Anonymous class is not allowed." unless name
+
+        owner_name = primary_class? ? Base.name : name
+        self.connection_specification_name = owner_name
+
+        db_config = Base.configurations.resolve(config_or_env)
+        [db_config, owner_name]
+      end
+
+      def with_handler(handler_key, &blk)
+        handler = lookup_connection_handler(handler_key)
+        swap_connection_handler(handler, &blk)
+      end
+
+      def with_role_and_shard(role, shard, prevent_writes)
+        prevent_writes = true if role == reading_role
+
+        if ActiveRecord::Base.legacy_connection_handling
+          with_handler(role.to_sym) do
+            connection_handler.while_preventing_writes(prevent_writes) do
+              self.connected_to_stack << { shard: shard, klasses: [self] }
+              yield
+            end
+          end
+        else
+          self.connected_to_stack << { role: role, shard: shard, prevent_writes: prevent_writes, klasses: [self] }
+          return_value = yield
+          return_value.load if return_value.is_a? ActiveRecord::Relation
+          return_value
+        end
+      ensure
+        self.connected_to_stack.pop
+      end
+
       def swap_connection_handler(handler, &blk) # :nodoc:
         old_handler, ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler, handler
         return_value = yield

data/lib/active_record/core.rb

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
+require "active_support/core_ext/enumerable"
 require "active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access"
 require "active_support/core_ext/string/filters"
 require "active_support/parameter_filter"
@@ -25,6 +26,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # their relevant queries. Defaults to false.
       mattr_accessor :verbose_query_logs, instance_writer: false, default: false
 
+      ##
+      # :singleton-method:
+      #
+      # Specifies the names of the queues used by background jobs.
+      mattr_accessor :queues, instance_accessor: false, default: {}
+
+      ##
+      # :singleton-method:
+      #
+      # Specifies the job used to destroy associations in the background
+      class_attribute :destroy_association_async_job, instance_writer: false, instance_predicate: false, default: false
+
       ##
       # Contains the database configuration - as is typically stored in config/database.yml -
       # as an ActiveRecord::DatabaseConfigurations object.
@@ -43,9 +56,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #
       #   #<ActiveRecord::DatabaseConfigurations:0x00007fd1acbdf800 @configurations=[
       #     #<ActiveRecord::DatabaseConfigurations::HashConfig:0x00007fd1acbded10 @env_name="development",
-      #       @spec_name="primary", @config={"adapter"=>"sqlite3", "database"=>"db/development.sqlite3"}>,
+      #       @name="primary", @config={adapter: "sqlite3", database: "db/development.sqlite3"}>,
       #     #<ActiveRecord::DatabaseConfigurations::HashConfig:0x00007fd1acbdea90 @env_name="production",
-      #       @spec_name="primary", @config={"adapter"=>"mysql2", "database"=>"db/production.sqlite3"}>
+      #       @name="primary", @config={adapter: "sqlite3", database: "db/production.sqlite3"}>
       #   ]>
       def self.configurations=(config)
         @@configurations = ActiveRecord::DatabaseConfigurations.new(config)
@@ -80,14 +93,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # scope being ignored is error-worthy, rather than a warning.
       mattr_accessor :error_on_ignored_order, instance_writer: false, default: false
 
-      # :singleton-method:
-      # Specify the behavior for unsafe raw query methods. Values are as follows
-      #   deprecated - Warnings are logged when unsafe raw SQL is passed to
-      #                query methods.
-      #   disabled   - Unsafe raw SQL passed to query methods results in
-      #                UnknownAttributeReference exception.
-      mattr_accessor :allow_unsafe_raw_sql, instance_writer: false, default: :deprecated
-
       ##
       # :singleton-method:
       # Specify whether or not to use timestamps for migration versions
@@ -103,7 +108,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       ##
       # :singleton-method:
-      # Specifies which database schemas to dump when calling db:structure:dump.
+      # Specifies which database schemas to dump when calling db:schema:dump.
       # If the value is :schema_search_path (the default), any schemas listed in
       # schema_search_path are dumped. Use :all to dump all schemas regardless
       # of schema_search_path, or a string of comma separated schemas for a
@@ -118,29 +123,170 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # potentially cause memory bloat.
       mattr_accessor :warn_on_records_fetched_greater_than, instance_writer: false
 
+      ##
+      # :singleton-method:
+      # Show a warning when Rails couldn't parse your database.yml
+      # for multiple databases.
+      mattr_accessor :suppress_multiple_database_warning, instance_writer: false, default: false
+
       mattr_accessor :maintain_test_schema, instance_accessor: false
 
-      mattr_accessor :belongs_to_required_by_default, instance_accessor: false
+      class_attribute :belongs_to_required_by_default, instance_accessor: false
+
+      ##
+      # :singleton-method:
+      # Set the application to log or raise when an association violates strict loading.
+      # Defaults to :raise.
+      mattr_accessor :action_on_strict_loading_violation, instance_accessor: false, default: :raise
 
-      mattr_accessor :connection_handlers, instance_accessor: false, default: {}
+      class_attribute :strict_loading_by_default, instance_accessor: false, default: false
 
       mattr_accessor :writing_role, instance_accessor: false, default: :writing
 
       mattr_accessor :reading_role, instance_accessor: false, default: :reading
 
+      mattr_accessor :has_many_inversing, instance_accessor: false, default: false
+
       class_attribute :default_connection_handler, instance_writer: false
 
+      class_attribute :default_role, instance_writer: false
+
+      class_attribute :default_shard, instance_writer: false
+
+      mattr_accessor :legacy_connection_handling, instance_writer: false, default: true
+
       self.filter_attributes = []
 
       def self.connection_handler
-        Thread.current.thread_variable_get("ar_connection_handler") || default_connection_handler
+        Thread.current.thread_variable_get(:ar_connection_handler) || default_connection_handler
       end
 
       def self.connection_handler=(handler)
-        Thread.current.thread_variable_set("ar_connection_handler", handler)
+        Thread.current.thread_variable_set(:ar_connection_handler, handler)
+      end
+
+      def self.connection_handlers
+        unless legacy_connection_handling
+          raise NotImplementedError, "The new connection handling does not support accessing multiple connection handlers."
+        end
+
+        @@connection_handlers ||= {}
+      end
+
+      def self.connection_handlers=(handlers)
+        unless legacy_connection_handling
+          raise NotImplementedError, "The new connection handling does not setting support multiple connection handlers."
+        end
+
+        @@connection_handlers = handlers
+      end
+
+      # Returns the symbol representing the current connected role.
+      #
+      #   ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(role: :writing) do
+      #     ActiveRecord::Base.current_role #=> :writing
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(role: :reading) do
+      #     ActiveRecord::Base.current_role #=> :reading
+      #   end
+      def self.current_role
+        if ActiveRecord::Base.legacy_connection_handling
+          connection_handlers.key(connection_handler) || default_role
+        else
+          connected_to_stack.reverse_each do |hash|
+            return hash[:role] if hash[:role] && hash[:klasses].include?(Base)
+            return hash[:role] if hash[:role] && hash[:klasses].include?(abstract_base_class)
+          end
+
+          default_role
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Returns the symbol representing the current connected shard.
+      #
+      #   ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(role: :reading) do
+      #     ActiveRecord::Base.current_shard #=> :default
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(role: :writing, shard: :one) do
+      #     ActiveRecord::Base.current_shard #=> :one
+      #   end
+      def self.current_shard
+        connected_to_stack.reverse_each do |hash|
+          return hash[:shard] if hash[:shard] && hash[:klasses].include?(Base)
+          return hash[:shard] if hash[:shard] && hash[:klasses].include?(abstract_base_class)
+        end
+
+        default_shard
+      end
+
+      # Returns the symbol representing the current setting for
+      # preventing writes.
+      #
+      #   ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(role: :reading) do
+      #     ActiveRecord::Base.current_preventing_writes #=> true
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(role: :writing) do
+      #     ActiveRecord::Base.current_preventing_writes #=> false
+      #   end
+      def self.current_preventing_writes
+        if legacy_connection_handling
+          connection_handler.prevent_writes
+        else
+          connected_to_stack.reverse_each do |hash|
+            return hash[:prevent_writes] if !hash[:prevent_writes].nil? && hash[:klasses].include?(Base)
+            return hash[:prevent_writes] if !hash[:prevent_writes].nil? && hash[:klasses].include?(abstract_base_class)
+          end
+
+          false
+        end
+      end
+
+      def self.connected_to_stack # :nodoc:
+        if connected_to_stack = Thread.current.thread_variable_get(:ar_connected_to_stack)
+          connected_to_stack
+        else
+          connected_to_stack = Concurrent::Array.new
+          Thread.current.thread_variable_set(:ar_connected_to_stack, connected_to_stack)
+          connected_to_stack
+        end
+      end
+
+      def self.abstract_base_class # :nodoc:
+        klass = self
+
+        until klass == Base
+          break if klass.abstract_class?
+          klass = klass.superclass
+        end
+
+        klass
+      end
+
+      def self.allow_unsafe_raw_sql # :nodoc:
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("ActiveRecord::Base.allow_unsafe_raw_sql is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 6.2")
+      end
+
+      def self.allow_unsafe_raw_sql=(value) # :nodoc:
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("ActiveRecord::Base.allow_unsafe_raw_sql= is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 6.2")
       end
 
       self.default_connection_handler = ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionHandler.new
+      self.default_role = writing_role
+      self.default_shard = :default
+
+      def self.strict_loading_violation!(owner:, association:) # :nodoc:
+        case action_on_strict_loading_violation
+        when :raise
+          message = "`#{association}` called on `#{owner}` is marked for strict_loading and cannot be lazily loaded."
+          raise ActiveRecord::StrictLoadingViolationError.new(message)
+        when :log
+          name = "strict_loading_violation.active_record"
+          ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument(name, owner: owner, association: association)
+        end
+      end
     end
 
     module ClassMethods
@@ -151,16 +297,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def inherited(child_class) # :nodoc:
         # initialize cache at class definition for thread safety
         child_class.initialize_find_by_cache
+        unless child_class.base_class?
+          klass = self
+          until klass.base_class?
+            klass.initialize_find_by_cache
+            klass = klass.superclass
+          end
+        end
         super
       end
 
       def find(*ids) # :nodoc:
         # We don't have cache keys for this stuff yet
         return super unless ids.length == 1
-        return super if block_given? ||
-                        primary_key.nil? ||
-                        scope_attributes? ||
-                        columns_hash.key?(inheritance_column) && !base_class?
+        return super if block_given? || primary_key.nil? || scope_attributes?
 
         id = ids.first
 
@@ -172,36 +322,41 @@ module ActiveRecord
           where(key => params.bind).limit(1)
         }
 
-        record = statement.execute([id], connection)&.first
-        unless record
-          raise RecordNotFound.new("Couldn't find #{name} with '#{key}'=#{id}", name, key, id)
-        end
-        record
+        statement.execute([id], connection).first ||
+          raise(RecordNotFound.new("Couldn't find #{name} with '#{key}'=#{id}", name, key, id))
       end
 
       def find_by(*args) # :nodoc:
-        return super if scope_attributes? || reflect_on_all_aggregations.any? ||
-                        columns_hash.key?(inheritance_column) && !base_class?
+        return super if scope_attributes?
 
         hash = args.first
+        return super unless Hash === hash
+
+        values = hash.values.map! { |value| value.respond_to?(:id) ? value.id : value }
+        return super if values.any? { |v| StatementCache.unsupported_value?(v) }
+
+        keys = hash.keys.map! do |key|
+          attribute_aliases[name = key.to_s] || begin
+            reflection = _reflect_on_association(name)
+            if reflection&.belongs_to? && !reflection.polymorphic?
+              reflection.join_foreign_key
+            elsif reflect_on_aggregation(name)
+              return super
+            else
+              name
+            end
+          end
+        end
 
-        return super if !(Hash === hash) || hash.values.any? { |v|
-          StatementCache.unsupported_value?(v)
-        }
-
-        # We can't cache Post.find_by(author: david) ...yet
-        return super unless hash.keys.all? { |k| columns_hash.has_key?(k.to_s) }
-
-        keys = hash.keys
+        return super unless keys.all? { |k| columns_hash.key?(k) }
 
         statement = cached_find_by_statement(keys) { |params|
-          wheres = keys.each_with_object({}) { |param, o|
-            o[param] = params.bind
-          }
+          wheres = keys.index_with { params.bind }
           where(wheres).limit(1)
         }
+
         begin
-          statement.execute(hash.values, connection)&.first
+          statement.execute(values, connection).first
         rescue TypeError
           raise ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid
         end
@@ -264,14 +419,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #     scope :published_and_commented, -> { published.and(arel_table[:comments_count].gt(0)) }
       #   end
       def arel_table # :nodoc:
-        @arel_table ||= Arel::Table.new(table_name, type_caster: type_caster)
+        @arel_table ||= Arel::Table.new(table_name, klass: self)
       end
 
       def arel_attribute(name, table = arel_table) # :nodoc:
-        name = name.to_s
-        name = attribute_aliases[name] || name
         table[name]
       end
+      deprecate :arel_attribute
 
       def predicate_builder # :nodoc:
         @predicate_builder ||= PredicateBuilder.new(table_metadata)
@@ -285,18 +439,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
         false
       end
 
-      private
-        def cached_find_by_statement(key, &block)
-          cache = @find_by_statement_cache[connection.prepared_statements]
-          cache.compute_if_absent(key) { StatementCache.create(connection, &block) }
-        end
+      def cached_find_by_statement(key, &block) # :nodoc:
+        cache = @find_by_statement_cache[connection.prepared_statements]
+        cache.compute_if_absent(key) { StatementCache.create(connection, &block) }
+      end
 
+      private
         def relation
           relation = Relation.create(self)
 
           if finder_needs_type_condition? && !ignore_default_scope?
             relation.where!(type_condition)
-            relation.create_with!(inheritance_column.to_s => sti_name)
           else
             relation
           end
@@ -400,9 +553,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       _run_initialize_callbacks
 
       @new_record               = true
+      @previously_new_record    = false
       @destroyed                = false
       @_start_transaction_state = nil
-      @transaction_state        = nil
 
       super
     end
@@ -462,7 +615,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     # Returns +true+ if the attributes hash has been frozen.
     def frozen?
-      sync_with_transaction_state if @transaction_state&.finalized?
       @attributes.frozen?
     end
 
@@ -483,12 +635,27 @@ module ActiveRecord
       false
     end
 
-    # Returns +true+ if the record is read only. Records loaded through joins with piggy-back
-    # attributes will be marked as read only since they cannot be saved.
+    # Returns +true+ if the record is read only.
     def readonly?
       @readonly
     end
 
+    # Returns +true+ if the record is in strict_loading mode.
+    def strict_loading?
+      @strict_loading
+    end
+
+    # Sets the record to strict_loading mode. This will raise an error
+    # if the record tries to lazily load an association.
+    #
+    #   user = User.first
+    #   user.strict_loading!
+    #   user.comments.to_a
+    #   => ActiveRecord::StrictLoadingViolationError
+    def strict_loading!
+      @strict_loading = true
+    end
+
     # Marks this record as read only.
     def readonly!
       @readonly = true
@@ -504,15 +671,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # allocated but not initialized.
       inspection = if defined?(@attributes) && @attributes
         self.class.attribute_names.collect do |name|
-          if has_attribute?(name)
-            attr = _read_attribute(name)
-            value = if attr.nil?
-              attr.inspect
-            else
-              attr = format_for_inspect(attr)
-              inspection_filter.filter_param(name, attr)
-            end
-            "#{name}: #{value}"
+          if _has_attribute?(name)
+            "#{name}: #{attribute_for_inspect(name)}"
           end
         end.compact.join(", ")
       else
@@ -528,7 +688,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       return super if custom_inspect_method_defined?
       pp.object_address_group(self) do
         if defined?(@attributes) && @attributes
-          attr_names = self.class.attribute_names.select { |name| has_attribute?(name) }
+          attr_names = self.class.attribute_names.select { |name| _has_attribute?(name) }
           pp.seplist(attr_names, proc { pp.text "," }) do |attr_name|
             pp.breakable " "
             pp.group(1) do
@@ -549,7 +709,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     # Returns a hash of the given methods with their names as keys and returned values as values.
     def slice(*methods)
-      Hash[methods.flatten.map! { |method| [method, public_send(method)] }].with_indifferent_access
+      methods.flatten.index_with { |method| public_send(method) }.with_indifferent_access
+    end
+
+    # Returns an array of the values returned by the given methods.
+    def values_at(*methods)
+      methods.flatten.map! { |method| public_send(method) }
     end
 
     private
@@ -568,11 +733,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def init_internals
         @primary_key              = self.class.primary_key
         @readonly                 = false
+        @previously_new_record    = false
         @destroyed                = false
         @marked_for_destruction   = false
         @destroyed_by_association = nil
         @_start_transaction_state = nil
-        @transaction_state        = nil
+        @strict_loading           = self.class.strict_loading_by_default
 
         self.class.define_attribute_methods
       end