activerecord 5.2.7 → 6.0.0.beta1

data/lib/active_record/relation.rb

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     SINGLE_VALUE_METHODS = [:limit, :offset, :lock, :readonly, :reordering,
                             :reverse_order, :distinct, :create_with, :skip_query_cache]
+
     CLAUSE_METHODS = [:where, :having, :from]
     INVALID_METHODS_FOR_DELETE_ALL = [:distinct, :group, :having]
 
@@ -18,6 +19,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     include FinderMethods, Calculations, SpawnMethods, QueryMethods, Batches, Explain, Delegation
 
     attr_reader :table, :klass, :loaded, :predicate_builder
+    attr_accessor :skip_preloading_value
     alias :model :klass
     alias :loaded? :loaded
     alias :locked? :lock_value
@@ -41,6 +43,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
       klass.arel_attribute(name, table)
     end
 
+    def bind_attribute(name, value) # :nodoc:
+      if reflection = klass._reflect_on_association(name)
+        name = reflection.foreign_key
+        value = value.read_attribute(reflection.klass.primary_key) unless value.nil?
+      end
+
+      attr = arel_attribute(name)
+      bind = predicate_builder.build_bind_attribute(attr.name, value)
+      yield attr, bind
+    end
+
     # Initializes new record from relation while maintaining the current
     # scope.
     #
@@ -54,7 +67,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   user = users.new { |user| user.name = 'Oscar' }
     #   user.name # => Oscar
     def new(attributes = nil, &block)
-      scoping { klass.new(values_for_create(attributes), &block) }
+      scoping { klass.new(attributes, &block) }
     end
 
     alias build new
@@ -79,11 +92,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   users.create(name: nil) # validation on name
     #   # => #<User id: nil, name: nil, ...>
     def create(attributes = nil, &block)
-      if attributes.is_a?(Array)
-        attributes.collect { |attr| create(attr, &block) }
-      else
-        scoping { klass.create(values_for_create(attributes), &block) }
-      end
+      scoping { klass.create(attributes, &block) }
     end
 
     # Similar to #create, but calls
@@ -93,11 +102,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Expects arguments in the same format as
     # {ActiveRecord::Base.create!}[rdoc-ref:Persistence::ClassMethods#create!].
     def create!(attributes = nil, &block)
-      if attributes.is_a?(Array)
-        attributes.collect { |attr| create!(attr, &block) }
-      else
-        scoping { klass.create!(values_for_create(attributes), &block) }
-      end
+      scoping { klass.create!(attributes, &block) }
     end
 
     def first_or_create(attributes = nil, &block) # :nodoc:
@@ -143,23 +148,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # failed due to validation errors it won't be persisted, you get what
     # #create returns in such situation.
     #
-    # Please note *this method is not atomic*, it runs first a SELECT, and if
+    # Please note <b>this method is not atomic</b>, it runs first a SELECT, and if
     # there are no results an INSERT is attempted. If there are other threads
     # or processes there is a race condition between both calls and it could
     # be the case that you end up with two similar records.
     #
-    # Whether that is a problem or not depends on the logic of the
-    # application, but in the particular case in which rows have a UNIQUE
-    # constraint an exception may be raised, just retry:
-    #
-    #  begin
-    #    CreditAccount.transaction(requires_new: true) do
-    #      CreditAccount.find_or_create_by(user_id: user.id)
-    #    end
-    #  rescue ActiveRecord::RecordNotUnique
-    #    retry
-    #  end
-    #
+    # If this might be a problem for your application, please see #create_or_find_by.
     def find_or_create_by(attributes, &block)
       find_by(attributes) || create(attributes, &block)
     end
@@ -171,6 +165,47 @@ module ActiveRecord
       find_by(attributes) || create!(attributes, &block)
     end
 
+    # Attempts to create a record with the given attributes in a table that has a unique constraint
+    # on one or several of its columns. If a row already exists with one or several of these
+    # unique constraints, the exception such an insertion would normally raise is caught,
+    # and the existing record with those attributes is found using #find_by!.
+    #
+    # This is similar to #find_or_create_by, but avoids the problem of stale reads between the SELECT
+    # and the INSERT, as that method needs to first query the table, then attempt to insert a row
+    # if none is found.
+    #
+    # There are several drawbacks to #create_or_find_by, though:
+    #
+    # * The underlying table must have the relevant columns defined with unique constraints.
+    # * A unique constraint violation may be triggered by only one, or at least less than all,
+    #   of the given attributes. This means that the subsequent #find_by! may fail to find a
+    #   matching record, which will then raise an <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound</tt> exception,
+    #   rather than a record with the given attributes.
+    # * While we avoid the race condition between SELECT -> INSERT from #find_or_create_by,
+    #   we actually have another race condition between INSERT -> SELECT, which can be triggered
+    #   if a DELETE between those two statements is run by another client. But for most applications,
+    #   that's a significantly less likely condition to hit.
+    # * It relies on exception handling to handle control flow, which may be marginally slower.
+    #
+    # This method will return a record if all given attributes are covered by unique constraints
+    # (unless the INSERT -> DELETE -> SELECT race condition is triggered), but if creation was attempted
+    # and failed due to validation errors it won't be persisted, you get what #create returns in
+    # such situation.
+    def create_or_find_by(attributes, &block)
+      transaction(requires_new: true) { create(attributes, &block) }
+    rescue ActiveRecord::RecordNotUnique
+      find_by!(attributes)
+    end
+
+    # Like #create_or_find_by, but calls
+    # {create!}[rdoc-ref:Persistence::ClassMethods#create!] so an exception
+    # is raised if the created record is invalid.
+    def create_or_find_by!(attributes, &block)
+      transaction(requires_new: true) { create!(attributes, &block) }
+    rescue ActiveRecord::RecordNotUnique
+      find_by!(attributes)
+    end
+
     # Like #find_or_create_by, but calls {new}[rdoc-ref:Core#new]
     # instead of {create}[rdoc-ref:Persistence::ClassMethods#create].
     def find_or_initialize_by(attributes, &block)
@@ -185,7 +220,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # are needed by the next ones when eager loading is going on.
     #
     # Please see further details in the
-    # {Active Record Query Interface guide}[http://guides.rubyonrails.org/active_record_querying.html#running-explain].
+    # {Active Record Query Interface guide}[https://guides.rubyonrails.org/active_record_querying.html#running-explain].
     def explain
       exec_explain(collecting_queries_for_explain { exec_queries })
     end
@@ -277,10 +312,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Please check unscoped if you want to remove all previous scopes (including
     # the default_scope) during the execution of a block.
     def scoping
-      previous, klass.current_scope = klass.current_scope(true), self unless @delegate_to_klass
-      yield
-    ensure
-      klass.current_scope = previous unless @delegate_to_klass
+      @delegate_to_klass ? yield : klass._scoping(self) { yield }
     end
 
     def _exec_scope(*args, &block) # :nodoc:
@@ -321,17 +353,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       stmt = Arel::UpdateManager.new
-
-      stmt.set Arel.sql(@klass.sanitize_sql_for_assignment(updates))
-      stmt.table(table)
-
-      if has_join_values? || offset_value
-        @klass.connection.join_to_update(stmt, arel, arel_attribute(primary_key))
+      stmt.table(arel.join_sources.empty? ? table : arel.source)
+      stmt.key = arel_attribute(primary_key)
+      stmt.take(arel.limit)
+      stmt.offset(arel.offset)
+      stmt.order(*arel.orders)
+      stmt.wheres = arel.constraints
+
+      if updates.is_a?(Hash)
+        stmt.set _substitute_values(updates)
       else
-        stmt.key = arel_attribute(primary_key)
-        stmt.take(arel.limit)
-        stmt.order(*arel.orders)
-        stmt.wheres = arel.constraints
+        stmt.set Arel.sql(klass.sanitize_sql_for_assignment(updates, table.name))
       end
 
       @klass.connection.update stmt, "#{@klass} Update All"
@@ -345,6 +377,59 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
 
+    def update_counters(counters) # :nodoc:
+      touch = counters.delete(:touch)
+
+      updates = {}
+      counters.each do |counter_name, value|
+        attr = arel_attribute(counter_name)
+        bind = predicate_builder.build_bind_attribute(attr.name, value.abs)
+        expr = table.coalesce(Arel::Nodes::UnqualifiedColumn.new(attr), 0)
+        expr = value < 0 ? expr - bind : expr + bind
+        updates[counter_name] = expr.expr
+      end
+
+      if touch
+        names = touch if touch != true
+        touch_updates = klass.touch_attributes_with_time(*names)
+        updates.merge!(touch_updates) unless touch_updates.empty?
+      end
+
+      update_all updates
+    end
+
+    # Touches all records in the current relation without instantiating records first with the updated_at/on attributes
+    # set to the current time or the time specified.
+    # This method can be passed attribute names and an optional time argument.
+    # If attribute names are passed, they are updated along with updated_at/on attributes.
+    # If no time argument is passed, the current time is used as default.
+    #
+    # === Examples
+    #
+    #   # Touch all records
+    #   Person.all.touch_all
+    #   # => "UPDATE \"people\" SET \"updated_at\" = '2018-01-04 22:55:23.132670'"
+    #
+    #   # Touch multiple records with a custom attribute
+    #   Person.all.touch_all(:created_at)
+    #   # => "UPDATE \"people\" SET \"updated_at\" = '2018-01-04 22:55:23.132670', \"created_at\" = '2018-01-04 22:55:23.132670'"
+    #
+    #   # Touch multiple records with a specified time
+    #   Person.all.touch_all(time: Time.new(2020, 5, 16, 0, 0, 0))
+    #   # => "UPDATE \"people\" SET \"updated_at\" = '2020-05-16 00:00:00'"
+    #
+    #   # Touch records with scope
+    #   Person.where(name: 'David').touch_all
+    #   # => "UPDATE \"people\" SET \"updated_at\" = '2018-01-04 22:55:23.132670' WHERE \"people\".\"name\" = 'David'"
+    def touch_all(*names, time: nil)
+      if klass.locking_enabled?
+        names << { time: time }
+        update_counters(klass.locking_column => 1, touch: names)
+      else
+        update_all klass.touch_attributes_with_time(*names, time: time)
+      end
+    end
+
     # Destroys the records by instantiating each
     # record and calling its {#destroy}[rdoc-ref:Persistence#destroy] method.
     # Each object's callbacks are executed (including <tt>:dependent</tt> association options).
@@ -398,13 +483,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       stmt = Arel::DeleteManager.new
-      stmt.from(table)
-
-      if has_join_values? || has_limit_or_offset?
-        @klass.connection.join_to_delete(stmt, arel, arel_attribute(primary_key))
-      else
-        stmt.wheres = arel.constraints
-      end
+      stmt.from(arel.join_sources.empty? ? table : arel.source)
+      stmt.key = arel_attribute(primary_key)
+      stmt.take(arel.limit)
+      stmt.offset(arel.offset)
+      stmt.order(*arel.orders)
+      stmt.wheres = arel.constraints
 
       affected = @klass.connection.delete(stmt, "#{@klass} Destroy")
 
@@ -530,6 +614,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
       ActiveRecord::Associations::AliasTracker.create(connection, table.name, joins)
     end
 
+    def preload_associations(records) # :nodoc:
+      preload = preload_values
+      preload += includes_values unless eager_loading?
+      preloader = nil
+      preload.each do |associations|
+        preloader ||= build_preloader
+        preloader.preload records, associations
+      end
+    end
+
     protected
 
       def load_records(records)
@@ -538,9 +632,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
     private
-
-      def has_join_values?
-        joins_values.any? || left_outer_joins_values.any?
+      def _substitute_values(values)
+        values.map do |name, value|
+          attr = arel_attribute(name)
+          unless Arel.arel_node?(value)
+            type = klass.type_for_attribute(attr.name)
+            value = predicate_builder.build_bind_attribute(attr.name, type.cast(value))
+          end
+          [attr, value]
+        end
       end
 
       def exec_queries(&block)
@@ -560,13 +660,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
               klass.find_by_sql(arel, &block).freeze
             end
 
-          preload = preload_values
-          preload += includes_values unless eager_loading?
-          preloader = nil
-          preload.each do |associations|
-            preloader ||= build_preloader
-            preloader.preload @records, associations
-          end
+          preload_associations(@records) unless skip_preloading_value
 
           @records.each(&:readonly!) if readonly_value
 
@@ -612,18 +706,5 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # ignore raw_sql_ that is used by Oracle adapter as alias for limit/offset subqueries
         string.scan(/([a-zA-Z_][.\w]+).?\./).flatten.map(&:downcase).uniq - ["raw_sql_"]
       end
-
-      def values_for_create(attributes = nil)
-        result = attributes ? where_values_hash.merge!(attributes) : where_values_hash
-
-        # NOTE: if there are same keys in both create_with and result, create_with should be used.
-        # This is to make sure nested attributes don't get passed to the klass.new,
-        # while keeping the precedence of the duplicate keys in create_with.
-        create_with_value.stringify_keys.each do |k, v|
-          result[k] = v if result.key?(k)
-        end
-
-        result
-      end
   end
 end

data/lib/active_record/result.rb

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #        ]
   #
   #   # Get an array of hashes representing the result (column => value):
-  #   result.to_hash
+  #   result.to_a
   #   # => [{"id" => 1, "title" => "title_1", "body" => "body_1"},
   #         {"id" => 2, "title" => "title_2", "body" => "body_2"},
   #         ...
@@ -43,6 +43,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       @column_types = column_types
     end
 
+    # Returns true if this result set includes the column named +name+
+    def includes_column?(name)
+      @columns.include? name
+    end
+
     # Returns the number of elements in the rows array.
     def length
       @rows.length
@@ -60,9 +65,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
 
-    # Returns an array of hashes representing each row record.
     def to_hash
-      hash_rows
+      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MSG.squish)
+        `ActiveRecord::Result#to_hash` has been renamed to `to_a`.
+        `to_hash` is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 6.1.
+      MSG
+      to_a
     end
 
     alias :map! :map
@@ -78,6 +86,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       hash_rows
     end
 
+    alias :to_a :to_ary
+
     def [](idx)
       hash_rows[idx]
     end
@@ -97,12 +107,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def cast_values(type_overrides = {}) # :nodoc:
-      types = columns.map { |name| column_type(name, type_overrides) }
-      result = rows.map do |values|
-        types.zip(values).map { |type, value| type.deserialize(value) }
-      end
+      if columns.one?
+        # Separated to avoid allocating an array per row
+
+        type = column_type(columns.first, type_overrides)
 
-      columns.one? ? result.map!(&:first) : result
+        rows.map do |(value)|
+          type.deserialize(value)
+        end
+      else
+        types = columns.map { |name| column_type(name, type_overrides) }
+
+        rows.map do |values|
+          Array.new(values.size) { |i| types[i].deserialize(values[i]) }
+        end
+      end
     end
 
     def initialize_copy(other)
@@ -125,7 +144,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
           begin
             # We freeze the strings to prevent them getting duped when
             # used as keys in ActiveRecord::Base's @attributes hash
-            columns = @columns.map { |c| c.dup.freeze }
+            columns = @columns.map(&:-@)
+            length  = columns.length
+
             @rows.map { |row|
               # In the past we used Hash[columns.zip(row)]
               #  though elegant, the verbose way is much more efficient
@@ -134,8 +155,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
               hash = {}
 
               index = 0
-              length = columns.length
-
               while index < length
                 hash[columns[index]] = row[index]
                 index += 1

data/lib/active_record/sanitization.rb

@@ -61,8 +61,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   # => "id ASC"
       def sanitize_sql_for_order(condition)
         if condition.is_a?(Array) && condition.first.to_s.include?("?")
-          enforce_raw_sql_whitelist([condition.first],
-            whitelist: AttributeMethods::ClassMethods::COLUMN_NAME_ORDER_WHITELIST
+          disallow_raw_sql!([condition.first],
+            permit: AttributeMethods::ClassMethods::COLUMN_NAME_WITH_ORDER
           )
 
           # Ensure we aren't dealing with a subclass of String that might
@@ -134,43 +134,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       private
-        # Accepts a hash of SQL conditions and replaces those attributes
-        # that correspond to a {#composed_of}[rdoc-ref:Aggregations::ClassMethods#composed_of]
-        # relationship with their expanded aggregate attribute values.
-        #
-        # Given:
-        #
-        #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
-        #     composed_of :address, class_name: "Address",
-        #       mapping: [%w(address_street street), %w(address_city city)]
-        #   end
-        #
-        # Then:
-        #
-        #   { address: Address.new("813 abc st.", "chicago") }
-        #   # => { address_street: "813 abc st.", address_city: "chicago" }
-        def expand_hash_conditions_for_aggregates(attrs) # :doc:
-          expanded_attrs = {}
-          attrs.each do |attr, value|
-            if aggregation = reflect_on_aggregation(attr.to_sym)
-              mapping = aggregation.mapping
-              mapping.each do |field_attr, aggregate_attr|
-                expanded_attrs[field_attr] = if value.is_a?(Array)
-                  value.map { |it| it.send(aggregate_attr) }
-                elsif mapping.size == 1 && !value.respond_to?(aggregate_attr)
-                  value
-                else
-                  value.send(aggregate_attr)
-                end
-              end
-            else
-              expanded_attrs[attr] = value
-            end
-          end
-          expanded_attrs
-        end
-        deprecate :expand_hash_conditions_for_aggregates
-
         def replace_bind_variables(statement, values)
           raise_if_bind_arity_mismatch(statement, statement.count("?"), values.size)
           bound = values.dup

data/lib/active_record/schema.rb

@@ -51,20 +51,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       if info[:version].present?
         ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create_table
-        connection.assume_migrated_upto_version(info[:version], migrations_paths)
+        connection.assume_migrated_upto_version(info[:version])
       end
 
       ActiveRecord::InternalMetadata.create_table
       ActiveRecord::InternalMetadata[:environment] = connection.migration_context.current_environment
     end
-
-    private
-      # Returns the migrations paths.
-      #
-      #   ActiveRecord::Schema.new.migrations_paths
-      #   # => ["db/migrate"] # Rails migration path by default.
-      def migrations_paths
-        ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths
-      end
   end
 end

data/lib/active_record/schema_dumper.rb

@@ -17,6 +17,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Only strings are accepted if ActiveRecord::Base.schema_format == :sql.
     cattr_accessor :ignore_tables, default: []
 
+    ##
+    # :singleton-method:
+    # Specify a custom regular expression matching foreign keys which name
+    # should not be dumped to db/schema.rb.
+    cattr_accessor :fk_ignore_pattern, default: /^fk_rails_[0-9a-f]{10}$/
+
     class << self
       def dump(connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection, stream = STDOUT, config = ActiveRecord::Base)
         connection.create_schema_dumper(generate_options(config)).dump(stream)
@@ -65,11 +71,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
 # of editing this file, please use the migrations feature of Active Record to
 # incrementally modify your database, and then regenerate this schema definition.
 #
-# Note that this schema.rb definition is the authoritative source for your
-# database schema. If you need to create the application database on another
-# system, you should be using db:schema:load, not running all the migrations
-# from scratch. The latter is a flawed and unsustainable approach (the more migrations
-# you'll amass, the slower it'll run and the greater likelihood for issues).
+# This file is the source Rails uses to define your schema when running `rails
+# db:schema:load`. When creating a new database, `rails db:schema:load` tends to
+# be faster and is potentially less error prone than running all of your
+# migrations from scratch. Old migrations may fail to apply correctly if those
+# migrations use external dependencies or application code.
 #
 # It's strongly recommended that you check this file into your version control system.
 
@@ -210,7 +216,7 @@ HEADER
               parts << "primary_key: #{foreign_key.primary_key.inspect}"
             end
 
-            if foreign_key.name !~ /^fk_rails_[0-9a-f]{10}$/
+            if foreign_key.export_name_on_schema_dump?
               parts << "name: #{foreign_key.name.inspect}"
             end
 

data/lib/active_record/schema_migration.rb

@@ -10,6 +10,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
   # to be executed the next time.
   class SchemaMigration < ActiveRecord::Base # :nodoc:
     class << self
+      def _internal?
+        true
+      end
+
       def primary_key
         "version"
       end

data/lib/active_record/scoping/default.rb

@@ -31,7 +31,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
         #     Post.limit(10) # Fires "SELECT * FROM posts LIMIT 10"
         #   }
         def unscoped
-          block_given? ? relation.scoping { yield } : relation
+          block_given? ? _scoping(relation) { yield } : relation
+        end
+
+        def _scoping(relation) # :nodoc:
+          previous, self.current_scope = current_scope(true), relation
+          yield
+        ensure
+          self.current_scope = previous
         end
 
         # Are there attributes associated with this scope?
@@ -86,8 +93,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
           #       # Should return a scope, you can call 'super' here etc.
           #     end
           #   end
-          def default_scope(scope = nil, &block) # :doc:
-            scope = block if block_given?
+          def default_scope(scope = nil) # :doc:
+            scope = Proc.new if block_given?
 
             if scope.is_a?(Relation) || !scope.respond_to?(:call)
               raise ArgumentError,

data/lib/active_record/scoping/named.rb

@@ -24,13 +24,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # You can define a scope that applies to all finders using
         # {default_scope}[rdoc-ref:Scoping::Default::ClassMethods#default_scope].
         def all
-          current_scope = self.current_scope
+          scope = current_scope
 
-          if current_scope
-            if self == current_scope.klass
-              current_scope.clone
+          if scope
+            if self == scope.klass
+              scope.clone
             else
-              relation.merge!(current_scope)
+              relation.merge!(scope)
             end
           else
             default_scoped
@@ -38,9 +38,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def scope_for_association(scope = relation) # :nodoc:
-          current_scope = self.current_scope
-
-          if current_scope && current_scope.empty_scope?
+          if current_scope&.empty_scope?
             scope
           else
             default_scoped(scope)
@@ -181,16 +179,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
           extension = Module.new(&block) if block
 
           if body.respond_to?(:to_proc)
-            singleton_class.send(:define_method, name) do |*args|
-              scope = all
-              scope = scope._exec_scope(*args, &body)
+            singleton_class.define_method(name) do |*args|
+              scope = all._exec_scope(*args, &body)
               scope = scope.extending(extension) if extension
               scope
             end
           else
-            singleton_class.send(:define_method, name) do |*args|
-              scope = all
-              scope = scope.scoping { body.call(*args) || scope }
+            singleton_class.define_method(name) do |*args|
+              scope = body.call(*args) || all
               scope = scope.extending(extension) if extension
               scope
             end

data/lib/active_record/scoping.rb

@@ -12,14 +12,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     module ClassMethods # :nodoc:
-      def current_scope(skip_inherited_scope = false)
-        ScopeRegistry.value_for(:current_scope, self, skip_inherited_scope)
-      end
-
-      def current_scope=(scope)
-        ScopeRegistry.set_value_for(:current_scope, self, scope)
-      end
-
       # Collects attributes from scopes that should be applied when creating
       # an AR instance for the particular class this is called on.
       def scope_attributes
@@ -30,6 +22,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def scope_attributes?
         current_scope
       end
+
+      private
+        def current_scope(skip_inherited_scope = false)
+          ScopeRegistry.value_for(:current_scope, self, skip_inherited_scope)
+        end
+
+        def current_scope=(scope)
+          ScopeRegistry.set_value_for(:current_scope, self, scope)
+        end
     end
 
     def populate_with_current_scope_attributes # :nodoc: