activerecord 5.2.6 → 6.1.3.2

data/lib/active_record/migration/join_table.rb

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
   class Migration
     module JoinTable #:nodoc:
       private
-
         def find_join_table_name(table_1, table_2, options = {})
           options.delete(:table_name) || join_table_name(table_1, table_2)
         end

data/lib/active_record/model_schema.rb

@@ -102,6 +102,30 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # If true, the default table name for a Product class will be "products". If false, it would just be "product".
     # See table_name for the full rules on table/class naming. This is true, by default.
 
+    ##
+    # :singleton-method: implicit_order_column
+    # :call-seq: implicit_order_column
+    #
+    # The name of the column records are ordered by if no explicit order clause
+    # is used during an ordered finder call. If not set the primary key is used.
+
+    ##
+    # :singleton-method: implicit_order_column=
+    # :call-seq: implicit_order_column=(column_name)
+    #
+    # Sets the column to sort records by when no explicit order clause is used
+    # during an ordered finder call. Useful when the primary key is not an
+    # auto-incrementing integer, for example when it's a UUID. Records are subsorted
+    # by the primary key if it exists to ensure deterministic results.
+
+    ##
+    # :singleton-method: immutable_strings_by_default=
+    # :call-seq: immutable_strings_by_default=(bool)
+    #
+    # Determines whether columns should infer their type as +:string+ or
+    # +:immutable_string+. This setting does not affect the behavior of
+    # <tt>attribute :foo, :string</tt>. Defaults to false.
+
     included do
       mattr_accessor :primary_key_prefix_type, instance_writer: false
 
@@ -110,12 +134,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
       class_attribute :schema_migrations_table_name, instance_accessor: false, default: "schema_migrations"
       class_attribute :internal_metadata_table_name, instance_accessor: false, default: "ar_internal_metadata"
       class_attribute :pluralize_table_names, instance_writer: false, default: true
+      class_attribute :implicit_order_column, instance_accessor: false
+      class_attribute :immutable_strings_by_default, instance_accessor: false
 
       self.protected_environments = ["production"]
       self.inheritance_column = "type"
       self.ignored_columns = [].freeze
 
-      delegate :type_for_attribute, to: :class
+      delegate :type_for_attribute, :column_for_attribute, to: :class
 
       initialize_load_schema_monitor
     end
@@ -218,11 +244,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def full_table_name_prefix #:nodoc:
-        (parents.detect { |p| p.respond_to?(:table_name_prefix) } || self).table_name_prefix
+        (module_parents.detect { |p| p.respond_to?(:table_name_prefix) } || self).table_name_prefix
       end
 
       def full_table_name_suffix #:nodoc:
-        (parents.detect { |p| p.respond_to?(:table_name_suffix) } || self).table_name_suffix
+        (module_parents.detect { |p| p.respond_to?(:table_name_suffix) } || self).table_name_suffix
       end
 
       # The array of names of environments where destructive actions should be prohibited. By default,
@@ -271,12 +297,42 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Sets the columns names the model should ignore. Ignored columns won't have attribute
       # accessors defined, and won't be referenced in SQL queries.
+      #
+      # A common usage pattern for this method is to ensure all references to an attribute
+      # have been removed and deployed, before a migration to drop the column from the database
+      # has been deployed and run. Using this two step approach to dropping columns ensures there
+      # is no code that raises errors due to having a cached schema in memory at the time the
+      # schema migration is run.
+      #
+      # For example, given a model where you want to drop the "category" attribute, first mark it
+      # as ignored:
+      #
+      #   class Project < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     # schema:
+      #     #   id         :bigint
+      #     #   name       :string, limit: 255
+      #     #   category   :string, limit: 255
+      #
+      #     self.ignored_columns = [:category]
+      #   end
+      #
+      # The schema still contains "category", but now the model omits it, so any meta-driven code or
+      # schema caching will not attempt to use the column:
+      #
+      #   Project.columns_hash["category"] => nil
+      #
+      # You will get an error if accessing that attribute directly, so ensure all usages of the
+      # column are removed (automated tests can help you find any usages).
+      #
+      #   user = Project.create!(name: "First Project")
+      #   user.category # => raises NoMethodError
       def ignored_columns=(columns)
-        @ignored_columns = columns.map(&:to_s)
+        reload_schema_from_cache
+        @ignored_columns = columns.map(&:to_s).freeze
       end
 
       def sequence_name
-        if base_class == self
+        if base_class?
           @sequence_name ||= reset_sequence_name
         else
           (@sequence_name ||= nil) || base_class.sequence_name
@@ -339,7 +395,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def columns
         load_schema
-        @columns ||= columns_hash.values
+        @columns ||= columns_hash.values.freeze
       end
 
       def attribute_types # :nodoc:
@@ -364,6 +420,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # a string or a symbol.
       def type_for_attribute(attr_name, &block)
         attr_name = attr_name.to_s
+        attr_name = attribute_aliases[attr_name] || attr_name
+
         if block
           attribute_types.fetch(attr_name, &block)
         else
@@ -371,11 +429,31 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
+      # Returns the column object for the named attribute.
+      # Returns an +ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::NullColumn+ if the
+      # named attribute does not exist.
+      #
+      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   person = Person.new
+      #   person.column_for_attribute(:name) # the result depends on the ConnectionAdapter
+      #   # => #<ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::Column:0x007ff4ab083980 @name="name", @sql_type="varchar(255)", @null=true, ...>
+      #
+      #   person.column_for_attribute(:nothing)
+      #   # => #<ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::NullColumn:0xXXX @name=nil, @sql_type=nil, @cast_type=#<Type::Value>, ...>
+      def column_for_attribute(name)
+        name = name.to_s
+        columns_hash.fetch(name) do
+          ConnectionAdapters::NullColumn.new(name)
+        end
+      end
+
       # Returns a hash where the keys are column names and the values are
       # default values when instantiating the Active Record object for this table.
       def column_defaults
         load_schema
-        @column_defaults ||= _default_attributes.deep_dup.to_hash
+        @column_defaults ||= _default_attributes.deep_dup.to_hash.freeze
       end
 
       def _default_attributes # :nodoc:
@@ -385,7 +463,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Returns an array of column names as strings.
       def column_names
-        @column_names ||= columns.map(&:name)
+        @column_names ||= columns.map(&:name).freeze
+      end
+
+      def symbol_column_to_string(name_symbol) # :nodoc:
+        @symbol_column_to_string_name_hash ||= column_names.index_by(&:to_sym)
+        @symbol_column_to_string_name_hash[name_symbol]
       end
 
       # Returns an array of column objects where the primary id, all columns ending in "_id" or "_count",
@@ -394,9 +477,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @content_columns ||= columns.reject do |c|
           c.name == primary_key ||
           c.name == inheritance_column ||
-          c.name.end_with?("_id") ||
-          c.name.end_with?("_count")
-        end
+          c.name.end_with?("_id", "_count")
+        end.freeze
       end
 
       # Resets all the cached information about columns, which will cause them
@@ -406,7 +488,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # when just after creating a table you want to populate it with some default
       # values, eg:
       #
-      #  class CreateJobLevels < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
+      #  class CreateJobLevels < ActiveRecord::Migration[6.0]
       #    def up
       #      create_table :job_levels do |t|
       #        t.integer :id
@@ -435,13 +517,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       protected
-
         def initialize_load_schema_monitor
           @load_schema_monitor = Monitor.new
         end
 
       private
-
         def inherited(child_class)
           super
           child_class.initialize_load_schema_monitor
@@ -459,15 +539,27 @@ module ActiveRecord
             load_schema!
 
             @schema_loaded = true
+          rescue
+            reload_schema_from_cache # If the schema loading failed half way through, we must reset the state.
+            raise
           end
         end
 
         def load_schema!
-          @columns_hash = connection.schema_cache.columns_hash(table_name).except(*ignored_columns)
+          unless table_name
+            raise ActiveRecord::TableNotSpecified, "#{self} has no table configured. Set one with #{self}.table_name="
+          end
+
+          columns_hash = connection.schema_cache.columns_hash(table_name)
+          columns_hash = columns_hash.except(*ignored_columns) unless ignored_columns.empty?
+          @columns_hash = columns_hash.freeze
           @columns_hash.each do |name, column|
+            type = connection.lookup_cast_type_from_column(column)
+            type = _convert_type_from_options(type)
+            warn_if_deprecated_type(column)
             define_attribute(
               name,
-              connection.lookup_cast_type_from_column(column),
+              type,
               default: column.default,
               user_provided_default: false
             )
@@ -477,6 +569,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def reload_schema_from_cache
           @arel_table = nil
           @column_names = nil
+          @symbol_column_to_string_name_hash = nil
           @attribute_types = nil
           @content_columns = nil
           @default_attributes = nil
@@ -501,19 +594,52 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         # Computes and returns a table name according to default conventions.
         def compute_table_name
-          base = base_class
-          if self == base
+          if base_class?
             # Nested classes are prefixed with singular parent table name.
-            if parent < Base && !parent.abstract_class?
-              contained = parent.table_name
-              contained = contained.singularize if parent.pluralize_table_names
+            if module_parent < Base && !module_parent.abstract_class?
+              contained = module_parent.table_name
+              contained = contained.singularize if module_parent.pluralize_table_names
               contained += "_"
             end
 
             "#{full_table_name_prefix}#{contained}#{undecorated_table_name(name)}#{full_table_name_suffix}"
           else
             # STI subclasses always use their superclass' table.
-            base.table_name
+            base_class.table_name
+          end
+        end
+
+        def _convert_type_from_options(type)
+          if immutable_strings_by_default && type.respond_to?(:to_immutable_string)
+            type.to_immutable_string
+          else
+            type
+          end
+        end
+
+        def warn_if_deprecated_type(column)
+          return if attributes_to_define_after_schema_loads.key?(column.name)
+          return unless column.respond_to?(:oid)
+
+          if column.array?
+            array_arguments = ", array: true"
+          else
+            array_arguments = ""
+          end
+
+          if column.sql_type.start_with?("interval")
+            precision_arguments = column.precision.presence && ", precision: #{column.precision}"
+            ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<~WARNING)
+              The behavior of the `:interval` type will be changing in Rails 6.2
+              to return an `ActiveSupport::Duration` object. If you'd like to keep
+              the old behavior, you can add this line to #{self.name} model:
+
+                attribute :#{column.name}, :string#{precision_arguments}#{array_arguments}
+
+              If you'd like the new behavior today, you can add this line:
+
+                attribute :#{column.name}, :interval#{precision_arguments}#{array_arguments}
+            WARNING
           end
         end
     end

data/lib/active_record/nested_attributes.rb

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 
 require "active_support/core_ext/hash/except"
 require "active_support/core_ext/module/redefine_method"
-require "active_support/core_ext/object/try"
 require "active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access"
 
 module ActiveRecord
@@ -289,7 +288,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # [:allow_destroy]
       #   If true, destroys any members from the attributes hash with a
       #   <tt>_destroy</tt> key and a value that evaluates to +true+
-      #   (eg. 1, '1', true, or 'true'). This option is off by default.
+      #   (e.g. 1, '1', true, or 'true'). This option is off by default.
       # [:reject_if]
       #   Allows you to specify a Proc or a Symbol pointing to a method
       #   that checks whether a record should be built for a certain attribute
@@ -354,7 +353,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       private
-
         # Generates a writer method for this association. Serves as a point for
         # accessing the objects in the association. For example, this method
         # could generate the following:
@@ -386,7 +384,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     private
-
       # Attribute hash keys that should not be assigned as normal attributes.
       # These hash keys are nested attributes implementation details.
       UNASSIGNABLE_KEYS = %w( id _destroy )
@@ -426,7 +423,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
             existing_record.assign_attributes(assignable_attributes)
             association(association_name).initialize_attributes(existing_record)
           else
-            method = "build_#{association_name}"
+            method = :"build_#{association_name}"
             if respond_to?(method)
               send(method, assignable_attributes)
             else
@@ -501,7 +498,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
           if attributes["id"].blank?
             unless reject_new_record?(association_name, attributes)
-              association.build(attributes.except(*UNASSIGNABLE_KEYS))
+              association.reader.build(attributes.except(*UNASSIGNABLE_KEYS))
             end
           elsif existing_record = existing_records.detect { |record| record.id.to_s == attributes["id"].to_s }
             unless call_reject_if(association_name, attributes)
@@ -512,7 +509,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
               if target_record
                 existing_record = target_record
               else
-                association.add_to_target(existing_record, :skip_callbacks)
+                association.add_to_target(existing_record, skip_callbacks: true)
               end
 
               assign_to_or_mark_for_destruction(existing_record, attributes, options[:allow_destroy])

data/lib/active_record/no_touching.rb

@@ -43,6 +43,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
     end
 
+    # Returns +true+ if the class has +no_touching+ set, +false+ otherwise.
+    #
+    #   Project.no_touching do
+    #     Project.first.no_touching? # true
+    #     Message.first.no_touching? # false
+    #   end
+    #
     def no_touching?
       NoTouching.applied_to?(self.class)
     end
@@ -51,7 +58,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       super unless no_touching?
     end
 
-    def touch(*) # :nodoc:
+    def touch(*, **) # :nodoc:
       super unless no_touching?
     end
   end

data/lib/active_record/null_relation.rb

@@ -60,7 +60,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     private
-
       def exec_queries
         @records = [].freeze
       end

data/lib/active_record/persistence.rb

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
+require "active_record/insert_all"
+
 module ActiveRecord
   # = Active Record \Persistence
   module Persistence
@@ -55,6 +57,192 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
+      # Inserts a single record into the database in a single SQL INSERT
+      # statement. It does not instantiate any models nor does it trigger
+      # Active Record callbacks or validations. Though passed values
+      # go through Active Record's type casting and serialization.
+      #
+      # See <tt>ActiveRecord::Persistence#insert_all</tt> for documentation.
+      def insert(attributes, returning: nil, unique_by: nil)
+        insert_all([ attributes ], returning: returning, unique_by: unique_by)
+      end
+
+      # Inserts multiple records into the database in a single SQL INSERT
+      # statement. It does not instantiate any models nor does it trigger
+      # Active Record callbacks or validations. Though passed values
+      # go through Active Record's type casting and serialization.
+      #
+      # The +attributes+ parameter is an Array of Hashes. Every Hash determines
+      # the attributes for a single row and must have the same keys.
+      #
+      # Rows are considered to be unique by every unique index on the table. Any
+      # duplicate rows are skipped.
+      # Override with <tt>:unique_by</tt> (see below).
+      #
+      # Returns an <tt>ActiveRecord::Result</tt> with its contents based on
+      # <tt>:returning</tt> (see below).
+      #
+      # ==== Options
+      #
+      # [:returning]
+      #   (PostgreSQL only) An array of attributes to return for all successfully
+      #   inserted records, which by default is the primary key.
+      #   Pass <tt>returning: %w[ id name ]</tt> for both id and name
+      #   or <tt>returning: false</tt> to omit the underlying <tt>RETURNING</tt> SQL
+      #   clause entirely.
+      #
+      # [:unique_by]
+      #   (PostgreSQL and SQLite only) By default rows are considered to be unique
+      #   by every unique index on the table. Any duplicate rows are skipped.
+      #
+      #   To skip rows according to just one unique index pass <tt>:unique_by</tt>.
+      #
+      #   Consider a Book model where no duplicate ISBNs make sense, but if any
+      #   row has an existing id, or is not unique by another unique index,
+      #   <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotUnique</tt> is raised.
+      #
+      #   Unique indexes can be identified by columns or name:
+      #
+      #     unique_by: :isbn
+      #     unique_by: %i[ author_id name ]
+      #     unique_by: :index_books_on_isbn
+      #
+      # Because it relies on the index information from the database
+      # <tt>:unique_by</tt> is recommended to be paired with
+      # Active Record's schema_cache.
+      #
+      # ==== Example
+      #
+      #   # Insert records and skip inserting any duplicates.
+      #   # Here "Eloquent Ruby" is skipped because its id is not unique.
+      #
+      #   Book.insert_all([
+      #     { id: 1, title: "Rework", author: "David" },
+      #     { id: 1, title: "Eloquent Ruby", author: "Russ" }
+      #   ])
+      def insert_all(attributes, returning: nil, unique_by: nil)
+        InsertAll.new(self, attributes, on_duplicate: :skip, returning: returning, unique_by: unique_by).execute
+      end
+
+      # Inserts a single record into the database in a single SQL INSERT
+      # statement. It does not instantiate any models nor does it trigger
+      # Active Record callbacks or validations. Though passed values
+      # go through Active Record's type casting and serialization.
+      #
+      # See <tt>ActiveRecord::Persistence#insert_all!</tt> for more.
+      def insert!(attributes, returning: nil)
+        insert_all!([ attributes ], returning: returning)
+      end
+
+      # Inserts multiple records into the database in a single SQL INSERT
+      # statement. It does not instantiate any models nor does it trigger
+      # Active Record callbacks or validations. Though passed values
+      # go through Active Record's type casting and serialization.
+      #
+      # The +attributes+ parameter is an Array of Hashes. Every Hash determines
+      # the attributes for a single row and must have the same keys.
+      #
+      # Raises <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotUnique</tt> if any rows violate a
+      # unique index on the table. In that case, no rows are inserted.
+      #
+      # To skip duplicate rows, see <tt>ActiveRecord::Persistence#insert_all</tt>.
+      # To replace them, see <tt>ActiveRecord::Persistence#upsert_all</tt>.
+      #
+      # Returns an <tt>ActiveRecord::Result</tt> with its contents based on
+      # <tt>:returning</tt> (see below).
+      #
+      # ==== Options
+      #
+      # [:returning]
+      #   (PostgreSQL only) An array of attributes to return for all successfully
+      #   inserted records, which by default is the primary key.
+      #   Pass <tt>returning: %w[ id name ]</tt> for both id and name
+      #   or <tt>returning: false</tt> to omit the underlying <tt>RETURNING</tt> SQL
+      #   clause entirely.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #
+      #   # Insert multiple records
+      #   Book.insert_all!([
+      #     { title: "Rework", author: "David" },
+      #     { title: "Eloquent Ruby", author: "Russ" }
+      #   ])
+      #
+      #   # Raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotUnique because "Eloquent Ruby"
+      #   # does not have a unique id.
+      #   Book.insert_all!([
+      #     { id: 1, title: "Rework", author: "David" },
+      #     { id: 1, title: "Eloquent Ruby", author: "Russ" }
+      #   ])
+      def insert_all!(attributes, returning: nil)
+        InsertAll.new(self, attributes, on_duplicate: :raise, returning: returning).execute
+      end
+
+      # Updates or inserts (upserts) a single record into the database in a
+      # single SQL INSERT statement. It does not instantiate any models nor does
+      # it trigger Active Record callbacks or validations. Though passed values
+      # go through Active Record's type casting and serialization.
+      #
+      # See <tt>ActiveRecord::Persistence#upsert_all</tt> for documentation.
+      def upsert(attributes, returning: nil, unique_by: nil)
+        upsert_all([ attributes ], returning: returning, unique_by: unique_by)
+      end
+
+      # Updates or inserts (upserts) multiple records into the database in a
+      # single SQL INSERT statement. It does not instantiate any models nor does
+      # it trigger Active Record callbacks or validations. Though passed values
+      # go through Active Record's type casting and serialization.
+      #
+      # The +attributes+ parameter is an Array of Hashes. Every Hash determines
+      # the attributes for a single row and must have the same keys.
+      #
+      # Returns an <tt>ActiveRecord::Result</tt> with its contents based on
+      # <tt>:returning</tt> (see below).
+      #
+      # ==== Options
+      #
+      # [:returning]
+      #   (PostgreSQL only) An array of attributes to return for all successfully
+      #   inserted records, which by default is the primary key.
+      #   Pass <tt>returning: %w[ id name ]</tt> for both id and name
+      #   or <tt>returning: false</tt> to omit the underlying <tt>RETURNING</tt> SQL
+      #   clause entirely.
+      #
+      # [:unique_by]
+      #   (PostgreSQL and SQLite only) By default rows are considered to be unique
+      #   by every unique index on the table. Any duplicate rows are skipped.
+      #
+      #   To skip rows according to just one unique index pass <tt>:unique_by</tt>.
+      #
+      #   Consider a Book model where no duplicate ISBNs make sense, but if any
+      #   row has an existing id, or is not unique by another unique index,
+      #   <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotUnique</tt> is raised.
+      #
+      #   Unique indexes can be identified by columns or name:
+      #
+      #     unique_by: :isbn
+      #     unique_by: %i[ author_id name ]
+      #     unique_by: :index_books_on_isbn
+      #
+      # Because it relies on the index information from the database
+      # <tt>:unique_by</tt> is recommended to be paired with
+      # Active Record's schema_cache.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #
+      #   # Inserts multiple records, performing an upsert when records have duplicate ISBNs.
+      #   # Here "Eloquent Ruby" overwrites "Rework" because its ISBN is duplicate.
+      #
+      #   Book.upsert_all([
+      #     { title: "Rework", author: "David", isbn: "1" },
+      #     { title: "Eloquent Ruby", author: "Russ", isbn: "1" }
+      #   ], unique_by: :isbn)
+      #
+      #   Book.find_by(isbn: "1").title # => "Eloquent Ruby"
+      def upsert_all(attributes, returning: nil, unique_by: nil)
+        InsertAll.new(self, attributes, on_duplicate: :update, returning: returning, unique_by: unique_by).execute
+      end
+
       # Given an attributes hash, +instantiate+ returns a new instance of
       # the appropriate class. Accepts only keys as strings.
       #
@@ -67,8 +255,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # how this "single-table" inheritance mapping is implemented.
       def instantiate(attributes, column_types = {}, &block)
         klass = discriminate_class_for_record(attributes)
-        attributes = klass.attributes_builder.build_from_database(attributes, column_types)
-        klass.allocate.init_with("attributes" => attributes, "new_record" => false, &block)
+        instantiate_instance_of(klass, attributes, column_types, &block)
       end
 
       # Updates an object (or multiple objects) and saves it to the database, if validations pass.
@@ -143,7 +330,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      # Deletes the row with a primary key matching the +id+ argument, using a
+      # Deletes the row with a primary key matching the +id+ argument, using an
       # SQL +DELETE+ statement, and returns the number of rows deleted. Active
       # Record objects are not instantiated, so the object's callbacks are not
       # executed, including any <tt>:dependent</tt> association options.
@@ -162,10 +349,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   # Delete multiple rows
       #   Todo.delete([2,3,4])
       def delete(id_or_array)
-        where(primary_key => id_or_array).delete_all
+        delete_by(primary_key => id_or_array)
       end
 
       def _insert_record(values) # :nodoc:
+        primary_key = self.primary_key
         primary_key_value = nil
 
         if primary_key && Hash === values
@@ -178,7 +366,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         if values.empty?
-          im = arel_table.compile_insert(connection.empty_insert_statement_value)
+          im = arel_table.compile_insert(connection.empty_insert_statement_value(primary_key))
           im.into arel_table
         else
           im = arel_table.compile_insert(_substitute_values(values))
@@ -208,6 +396,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       private
+        # Given a class, an attributes hash, +instantiate_instance_of+ returns a
+        # new instance of the class. Accepts only keys as strings.
+        def instantiate_instance_of(klass, attributes, column_types = {}, &block)
+          attributes = klass.attributes_builder.build_from_database(attributes, column_types)
+          klass.allocate.init_with_attributes(attributes, &block)
+        end
+
         # Called by +instantiate+ to decide which class to use for a new
         # record instance.
         #
@@ -219,8 +414,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         def _substitute_values(values)
           values.map do |name, value|
-            attr = arel_attribute(name)
-            bind = predicate_builder.build_bind_attribute(name, value)
+            attr = arel_table[name]
+            bind = predicate_builder.build_bind_attribute(attr.name, value)
             [attr, bind]
           end
         end
@@ -229,26 +424,30 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Returns true if this object hasn't been saved yet -- that is, a record
     # for the object doesn't exist in the database yet; otherwise, returns false.
     def new_record?
-      sync_with_transaction_state
       @new_record
     end
 
+    # Returns true if this object was just created -- that is, prior to the last
+    # save, the object didn't exist in the database and new_record? would have
+    # returned true.
+    def previously_new_record?
+      @previously_new_record
+    end
+
     # Returns true if this object has been destroyed, otherwise returns false.
     def destroyed?
-      sync_with_transaction_state
       @destroyed
     end
 
     # Returns true if the record is persisted, i.e. it's not a new record and it was
     # not destroyed, otherwise returns false.
     def persisted?
-      sync_with_transaction_state
       !(@new_record || @destroyed)
     end
 
     ##
     # :call-seq:
-    #   save(*args)
+    #   save(**options)
     #
     # Saves the model.
     #
@@ -271,15 +470,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # Attributes marked as readonly are silently ignored if the record is
     # being updated.
-    def save(*args, &block)
-      create_or_update(*args, &block)
+    def save(**options, &block)
+      create_or_update(**options, &block)
     rescue ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid
       false
     end
 
     ##
     # :call-seq:
-    #   save!(*args)
+    #   save!(**options)
     #
     # Saves the model.
     #
@@ -304,8 +503,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # being updated.
     #
     # Unless an error is raised, returns true.
-    def save!(*args, &block)
-      create_or_update(*args, &block) || raise(RecordNotSaved.new("Failed to save the record", self))
+    def save!(**options, &block)
+      create_or_update(**options, &block) || raise(RecordNotSaved.new("Failed to save the record", self))
     end
 
     # Deletes the record in the database and freezes this instance to
@@ -319,7 +518,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # To enforce the object's +before_destroy+ and +after_destroy+
     # callbacks or any <tt>:dependent</tt> association
-    # options, use <tt>#destroy</tt>.
+    # options, use #destroy.
     def delete
       _delete_row if persisted?
       @destroyed = true
@@ -336,7 +535,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def destroy
       _raise_readonly_record_error if readonly?
       destroy_associations
-      self.class.connection.add_transaction_record(self)
       @_trigger_destroy_callback = if persisted?
         destroy_row > 0
       else
@@ -371,13 +569,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # If you want to change the sti column as well, use #becomes! instead.
     def becomes(klass)
       became = klass.allocate
-      became.send(:initialize)
-      became.instance_variable_set("@attributes", @attributes)
-      became.instance_variable_set("@mutations_from_database", @mutations_from_database ||= nil)
-      became.instance_variable_set("@changed_attributes", attributes_changed_by_setter)
-      became.instance_variable_set("@new_record", new_record?)
-      became.instance_variable_set("@destroyed", destroyed?)
-      became.errors.copy!(errors)
+
+      became.send(:initialize) do |becoming|
+        becoming.instance_variable_set(:@attributes, @attributes)
+        becoming.instance_variable_set(:@mutations_from_database, @mutations_from_database ||= nil)
+        becoming.instance_variable_set(:@new_record, new_record?)
+        becoming.instance_variable_set(:@destroyed, destroyed?)
+        becoming.errors.copy!(errors)
+      end
+
       became
     end
 
@@ -429,8 +629,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
 
-    alias update_attributes update
-
     # Updates its receiver just like #update but calls #save! instead
     # of +save+, so an exception is raised if the record is invalid and saving will fail.
     def update!(attributes)
@@ -442,8 +640,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
 
-    alias update_attributes! update!
-
     # Equivalent to <code>update_columns(name => value)</code>.
     def update_column(name, value)
       update_columns(name => value)
@@ -469,8 +665,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       raise ActiveRecordError, "cannot update a new record" if new_record?
       raise ActiveRecordError, "cannot update a destroyed record" if destroyed?
 
-      attributes.each_key do |key|
-        verify_readonly_attribute(key.to_s)
+      attributes = attributes.transform_keys do |key|
+        name = key.to_s
+        name = self.class.attribute_aliases[name] || name
+        verify_readonly_attribute(name) || name
       end
 
       id_in_database = self.id_in_database
@@ -480,7 +678,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       affected_rows = self.class._update_record(
         attributes,
-        self.class.primary_key => id_in_database
+        @primary_key => id_in_database
       )
 
       affected_rows == 1
@@ -503,9 +701,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Returns +self+.
     def increment!(attribute, by = 1, touch: nil)
       increment(attribute, by)
-      change = public_send(attribute) - (attribute_in_database(attribute.to_s) || 0)
+      change = public_send(attribute) - (public_send(:"#{attribute}_in_database") || 0)
       self.class.update_counters(id, attribute => change, touch: touch)
-      clear_attribute_change(attribute) # eww
+      public_send(:"clear_#{attribute}_change")
       self
     end
 
@@ -609,8 +807,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
           self.class.unscoped { self.class.find(id) }
         end
 
-      @attributes = fresh_object.instance_variable_get("@attributes")
+      @attributes = fresh_object.instance_variable_get(:@attributes)
       @new_record = false
+      @previously_new_record = false
       self
     end
 
@@ -649,15 +848,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   ball.touch(:updated_at)   # => raises ActiveRecordError
     #
     def touch(*names, time: nil)
-      unless persisted?
-        raise ActiveRecordError, <<-MSG.squish
-          cannot touch on a new or destroyed record object. Consider using
-          persisted?, new_record?, or destroyed? before touching
-        MSG
-      end
+      _raise_record_not_touched_error unless persisted?
 
       attribute_names = timestamp_attributes_for_update_in_model
-      attribute_names |= names.map(&:to_s)
+      attribute_names |= names.map! do |name|
+        name = name.to_s
+        self.class.attribute_aliases[name] || name
+      end unless names.empty?
 
       unless attribute_names.empty?
         affected_rows = _touch_row(attribute_names, time)
@@ -668,7 +865,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
   private
-
     # A hook to be overridden by association modules.
     def destroy_associations
     end
@@ -678,15 +874,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def _delete_row
-      self.class._delete_record(self.class.primary_key => id_in_database)
+      self.class._delete_record(@primary_key => id_in_database)
     end
 
     def _touch_row(attribute_names, time)
       time ||= current_time_from_proper_timezone
 
       attribute_names.each do |attr_name|
-        write_attribute(attr_name, time)
-        clear_attribute_change(attr_name)
+        _write_attribute(attr_name, time)
       end
 
       _update_row(attribute_names, "touch")
@@ -695,21 +890,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def _update_row(attribute_names, attempted_action = "update")
       self.class._update_record(
         attributes_with_values(attribute_names),
-        self.class.primary_key => id_in_database
+        @primary_key => id_in_database
       )
     end
 
-    def create_or_update(*args, &block)
+    def create_or_update(**, &block)
       _raise_readonly_record_error if readonly?
       return false if destroyed?
-      result = new_record? ? _create_record(&block) : _update_record(*args, &block)
+      result = new_record? ? _create_record(&block) : _update_record(&block)
       result != false
     end
 
     # Updates the associated record with values matching those of the instance attributes.
     # Returns the number of affected rows.
     def _update_record(attribute_names = self.attribute_names)
-      attribute_names &= self.class.column_names
       attribute_names = attributes_for_update(attribute_names)
 
       if attribute_names.empty?
@@ -720,6 +914,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @_trigger_update_callback = affected_rows == 1
       end
 
+      @previously_new_record = false
+
       yield(self) if block_given?
 
       affected_rows
@@ -728,13 +924,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Creates a record with values matching those of the instance attributes
     # and returns its id.
     def _create_record(attribute_names = self.attribute_names)
-      attribute_names &= self.class.column_names
-      attributes_values = attributes_with_values_for_create(attribute_names)
+      attribute_names = attributes_for_create(attribute_names)
 
-      new_id = self.class._insert_record(attributes_values)
-      self.id ||= new_id if self.class.primary_key
+      new_id = self.class._insert_record(
+        attributes_with_values(attribute_names)
+      )
+
+      self.id ||= new_id if @primary_key
 
       @new_record = false
+      @previously_new_record = true
 
       yield(self) if block_given?
 
@@ -742,7 +941,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def verify_readonly_attribute(name)
-      raise ActiveRecordError, "#{name} is marked as readonly" if self.class.readonly_attributes.include?(name)
+      raise ActiveRecordError, "#{name} is marked as readonly" if self.class.readonly_attribute?(name)
     end
 
     def _raise_record_not_destroyed
@@ -752,12 +951,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
       @_association_destroy_exception = nil
     end
 
-    def belongs_to_touch_method
-      :touch
-    end
-
     def _raise_readonly_record_error
       raise ReadOnlyRecord, "#{self.class} is marked as readonly"
     end
+
+    def _raise_record_not_touched_error
+      raise ActiveRecordError, <<~MSG.squish
+        Cannot touch on a new or destroyed record object. Consider using
+        persisted?, new_record?, or destroyed? before touching.
+      MSG
+    end
+
+    # The name of the method used to touch a +belongs_to+ association when the
+    # +:touch+ option is used.
+    def belongs_to_touch_method
+      :touch
+    end
   end
 end