activerecord 4.2.11.2 → 6.0.0

data/lib/active_record/associations/builder/collection_association.rb

@@ -1,28 +1,16 @@
-# This class is inherited by the has_many and has_many_and_belongs_to_many association classes
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 
-require 'active_record/associations'
+require "active_record/associations"
 
-module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
+module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder # :nodoc:
   class CollectionAssociation < Association #:nodoc:
-
     CALLBACKS = [:before_add, :after_add, :before_remove, :after_remove]
 
-    def valid_options
+    def self.valid_options(options)
       super + [:table_name, :before_add,
                :after_add, :before_remove, :after_remove, :extend]
     end
 
-    attr_reader :block_extension
-
-    def initialize(model, name, scope, options)
-      super
-      @mod = nil
-      if block_given?
-        @mod = Module.new(&Proc.new)
-        @scope = wrap_scope @scope, @mod
-      end
-    end
-
     def self.define_callbacks(model, reflection)
       super
       name    = reflection.name
@@ -32,10 +20,11 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
       }
     end
 
-    def define_extensions(model)
-      if @mod
-        extension_module_name = "#{model.name.demodulize}#{name.to_s.camelize}AssociationExtension"
-        model.parent.const_set(extension_module_name, @mod)
+    def self.define_extensions(model, name, &block)
+      if block_given?
+        extension_module_name = "#{name.to_s.camelize}AssociationExtension"
+        extension = Module.new(&block)
+        model.const_set(extension_module_name, extension)
       end
     end
 
@@ -78,18 +67,6 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
       CODE
     end
 
-    private
-
-    def wrap_scope(scope, mod)
-      if scope
-        if scope.arity > 0
-          proc { |owner| instance_exec(owner, &scope).extending(mod) }
-        else
-          proc { instance_exec(&scope).extending(mod) }
-        end
-      else
-        proc { extending(mod) }
-      end
-    end
+    private_class_method :valid_options, :define_callback, :define_extensions, :define_readers, :define_writers
   end
 end

data/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_and_belongs_to_many.rb

@@ -1,38 +1,7 @@
-module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
-  class HasAndBelongsToMany # :nodoc:
-    class JoinTableResolver
-      KnownTable = Struct.new :join_table
-
-      class KnownClass
-        def initialize(lhs_class, rhs_class_name)
-          @lhs_class      = lhs_class
-          @rhs_class_name = rhs_class_name
-          @join_table     = nil
-        end
-
-        def join_table
-          @join_table ||= [@lhs_class.table_name, klass.table_name].sort.join("\0").gsub(/^(.*[._])(.+)\0\1(.+)/, '\1\2_\3').tr("\0", "_")
-        end
-
-        private
-
-        def klass
-          @lhs_class.send(:compute_type, @rhs_class_name)
-        end
-      end
-
-      def self.build(lhs_class, name, options)
-        if options[:join_table]
-          KnownTable.new options[:join_table].to_s
-        else
-          class_name = options.fetch(:class_name) {
-            name.to_s.camelize.singularize
-          }
-          KnownClass.new lhs_class, class_name
-        end
-      end
-    end
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 
+module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder # :nodoc:
+  class HasAndBelongsToMany # :nodoc:
     attr_reader :lhs_model, :association_name, :options
 
     def initialize(association_name, lhs_model, options)
@@ -42,10 +11,8 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
     end
 
     def through_model
-      habtm = JoinTableResolver.build lhs_model, association_name, options
-
       join_model = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) {
-        class << self;
+        class << self
           attr_accessor :left_model
           attr_accessor :name
           attr_accessor :table_name_resolver
@@ -54,7 +21,9 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
         end
 
         def self.table_name
-          table_name_resolver.join_table
+          # Table name needs to be resolved lazily
+          # because RHS class might not have been loaded
+          @table_name ||= table_name_resolver.call
         end
 
         def self.compute_type(class_name)
@@ -62,13 +31,13 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
         end
 
         def self.add_left_association(name, options)
-          belongs_to name, options
+          belongs_to name, required: false, **options
           self.left_reflection = _reflect_on_association(name)
         end
 
         def self.add_right_association(name, options)
           rhs_name = name.to_s.singularize.to_sym
-          belongs_to rhs_name, options
+          belongs_to rhs_name, required: false, **options
           self.right_reflection = _reflect_on_association(rhs_name)
         end
 
@@ -76,10 +45,15 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
           left_model.retrieve_connection
         end
 
+        private
+
+          def self.suppress_composite_primary_key(pk)
+            pk unless pk.is_a?(Array)
+          end
       }
 
       join_model.name                = "HABTM_#{association_name.to_s.camelize}"
-      join_model.table_name_resolver = habtm
+      join_model.table_name_resolver = -> { table_name }
       join_model.left_model          = lhs_model
 
       join_model.add_left_association :left_side, anonymous_class: lhs_model
@@ -89,40 +63,52 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
 
     def middle_reflection(join_model)
       middle_name = [lhs_model.name.downcase.pluralize,
-                     association_name].join('_').gsub(/::/, '_').to_sym
+                     association_name.to_s].sort.join("_").gsub("::", "_").to_sym
       middle_options = middle_options join_model
-      hm_builder = HasMany.create_builder(lhs_model,
-                                          middle_name,
-                                          nil,
-                                          middle_options)
-      hm_builder.build lhs_model
+
+      HasMany.create_reflection(lhs_model,
+                                middle_name,
+                                nil,
+                                middle_options)
     end
 
     private
 
-    def middle_options(join_model)
-      middle_options = {}
-      middle_options[:class_name] = "#{lhs_model.name}::#{join_model.name}"
-      middle_options[:source] = join_model.left_reflection.name
-      if options.key? :foreign_key
-        middle_options[:foreign_key] = options[:foreign_key]
+      def middle_options(join_model)
+        middle_options = {}
+        middle_options[:class_name] = "#{lhs_model.name}::#{join_model.name}"
+        middle_options[:source] = join_model.left_reflection.name
+        if options.key? :foreign_key
+          middle_options[:foreign_key] = options[:foreign_key]
+        end
+        middle_options
       end
-      middle_options
-    end
 
-    def belongs_to_options(options)
-      rhs_options = {}
-
-      if options.key? :class_name
-        rhs_options[:foreign_key] = options[:class_name].to_s.foreign_key
-        rhs_options[:class_name] = options[:class_name]
+      def table_name
+        if options[:join_table]
+          options[:join_table].to_s
+        else
+          class_name = options.fetch(:class_name) {
+            association_name.to_s.camelize.singularize
+          }
+          klass = lhs_model.send(:compute_type, class_name.to_s)
+          [lhs_model.table_name, klass.table_name].sort.join("\0").gsub(/^(.*[._])(.+)\0\1(.+)/, '\1\2_\3').tr("\0", "_")
+        end
       end
 
-      if options.key? :association_foreign_key
-        rhs_options[:foreign_key] = options[:association_foreign_key]
-      end
+      def belongs_to_options(options)
+        rhs_options = {}
 
-      rhs_options
-    end
+        if options.key? :class_name
+          rhs_options[:foreign_key] = options[:class_name].to_s.foreign_key
+          rhs_options[:class_name] = options[:class_name]
+        end
+
+        if options.key? :association_foreign_key
+          rhs_options[:foreign_key] = options[:association_foreign_key]
+        end
+
+        rhs_options
+      end
   end
 end

data/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_many.rb

@@ -1,15 +1,19 @@
-module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder # :nodoc:
   class HasMany < CollectionAssociation #:nodoc:
-    def macro
+    def self.macro
       :has_many
     end
 
-    def valid_options
-      super + [:primary_key, :dependent, :as, :through, :source, :source_type, :inverse_of, :counter_cache, :join_table, :foreign_type]
+    def self.valid_options(options)
+      super + [:primary_key, :dependent, :as, :through, :source, :source_type, :inverse_of, :counter_cache, :join_table, :foreign_type, :index_errors]
     end
 
     def self.valid_dependent_options
       [:destroy, :delete_all, :nullify, :restrict_with_error, :restrict_with_exception]
     end
+
+    private_class_method :macro, :valid_options, :valid_dependent_options
   end
 end

data/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_one.rb

@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
-module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder # :nodoc:
   class HasOne < SingularAssociation #:nodoc:
-    def macro
+    def self.macro
       :has_one
     end
 
-    def valid_options
-      valid = super + [:as, :foreign_type]
+    def self.valid_options(options)
+      valid = super + [:as, :touch]
       valid += [:through, :source, :source_type] if options[:through]
       valid
     end
@@ -14,10 +16,49 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
       [:destroy, :delete, :nullify, :restrict_with_error, :restrict_with_exception]
     end
 
-    private
+    def self.define_callbacks(model, reflection)
+      super
+      add_touch_callbacks(model, reflection) if reflection.options[:touch]
+    end
 
     def self.add_destroy_callbacks(model, reflection)
       super unless reflection.options[:through]
     end
+
+    def self.define_validations(model, reflection)
+      super
+      if reflection.options[:required]
+        model.validates_presence_of reflection.name, message: :required
+      end
+    end
+
+    def self.touch_record(o, name, touch)
+      record = o.send name
+
+      return unless record && record.persisted?
+
+      if touch != true
+        record.touch(touch)
+      else
+        record.touch
+      end
+    end
+
+    def self.add_touch_callbacks(model, reflection)
+      name  = reflection.name
+      touch = reflection.options[:touch]
+
+      callback = lambda { |record|
+        HasOne.touch_record(record, name, touch)
+      }
+
+      model.after_create callback, if: :saved_changes?
+      model.after_update callback, if: :saved_changes?
+      model.after_destroy callback
+      model.after_touch callback
+    end
+
+    private_class_method :macro, :valid_options, :valid_dependent_options, :add_destroy_callbacks,
+      :define_callbacks, :define_validations, :add_touch_callbacks
   end
 end

data/lib/active_record/associations/builder/singular_association.rb

@@ -1,14 +1,25 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 # This class is inherited by the has_one and belongs_to association classes
 
-module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
+module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder # :nodoc:
   class SingularAssociation < Association #:nodoc:
-    def valid_options
-      super + [:dependent, :primary_key, :inverse_of, :required]
+    def self.valid_options(options)
+      super + [:foreign_type, :dependent, :primary_key, :inverse_of, :required]
     end
 
     def self.define_accessors(model, reflection)
       super
-      define_constructors(model.generated_association_methods, reflection.name) if reflection.constructable?
+      mixin = model.generated_association_methods
+      name = reflection.name
+
+      define_constructors(mixin, name) if reflection.constructable?
+
+      mixin.class_eval <<-CODE, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
+        def reload_#{name}
+          association(:#{name}).force_reload_reader
+        end
+      CODE
     end
 
     # Defines the (build|create)_association methods for belongs_to or has_one association
@@ -28,11 +39,6 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
       CODE
     end
 
-    def self.define_validations(model, reflection)
-      super
-      if reflection.options[:required]
-        model.validates_presence_of reflection.name
-      end
-    end
+    private_class_method :valid_options, :define_accessors, :define_constructors
   end
 end

data/lib/active_record/associations/collection_association.rb

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module ActiveRecord
   module Associations
     # = Active Record Association Collection
@@ -10,9 +12,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #     HasManyAssociation => has_many
     #       HasManyThroughAssociation + ThroughAssociation => has_many :through
     #
-    # CollectionAssociation class provides common methods to the collections
+    # The CollectionAssociation class provides common methods to the collections
     # defined by +has_and_belongs_to_many+, +has_many+ or +has_many+ with
-    # +:through association+ option.
+    # the +:through association+ option.
     #
     # You need to be careful with assumptions regarding the target: The proxy
     # does not fetch records from the database until it needs them, but new
@@ -24,22 +26,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # If you need to work on all current children, new and existing records,
     # +load_target+ and the +loaded+ flag are your friends.
     class CollectionAssociation < Association #:nodoc:
-
       # Implements the reader method, e.g. foo.items for Foo.has_many :items
-      def reader(force_reload = false)
-        if force_reload
-          klass.uncached { reload }
-        elsif stale_target?
+      def reader
+        if stale_target?
           reload
         end
 
-        if owner.new_record?
-          # Cache the proxy separately before the owner has an id
-          # or else a post-save proxy will still lack the id
-          @new_record_proxy ||= CollectionProxy.create(klass, self)
-        else
-          @proxy ||= CollectionProxy.create(klass, self)
-        end
+        @proxy ||= CollectionProxy.create(klass, self)
+        @proxy.reset_scope
       end
 
       # Implements the writer method, e.g. foo.items= for Foo.has_many :items
@@ -50,103 +44,60 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Implements the ids reader method, e.g. foo.item_ids for Foo.has_many :items
       def ids_reader
         if loaded?
-          load_target.map do |record|
-            record.send(reflection.association_primary_key)
-          end
+          target.pluck(reflection.association_primary_key)
+        elsif !target.empty?
+          load_target.pluck(reflection.association_primary_key)
         else
-          column  = "#{reflection.quoted_table_name}.#{reflection.association_primary_key}"
-          scope.pluck(column)
+          @association_ids ||= scope.pluck(reflection.association_primary_key)
         end
       end
 
       # Implements the ids writer method, e.g. foo.item_ids= for Foo.has_many :items
       def ids_writer(ids)
-        pk_column = reflection.association_primary_key
-        pk_type = klass.type_for_attribute(pk_column)
-        ids = Array(ids).reject(&:blank?).map do |i|
-          pk_type.type_cast_from_user(i)
-        end
+        primary_key = reflection.association_primary_key
+        pk_type = klass.type_for_attribute(primary_key)
+        ids = Array(ids).reject(&:blank?)
+        ids.map! { |i| pk_type.cast(i) }
 
-        objs = klass.where(pk_column => ids).index_by do |r|
-          r.send(pk_column)
+        records = klass.where(primary_key => ids).index_by do |r|
+          r.public_send(primary_key)
         end.values_at(*ids).compact
 
-        if objs.size == ids.size
-          replace(objs.index_by { |r| r.send(pk_column) }.values_at(*ids))
+        if records.size != ids.size
+          found_ids = records.map { |record| record.public_send(primary_key) }
+          not_found_ids = ids - found_ids
+          klass.all.raise_record_not_found_exception!(ids, records.size, ids.size, primary_key, not_found_ids)
         else
-          klass.all.raise_record_not_found_exception!(ids, objs.size, ids.size)
+          replace(records)
         end
       end
 
       def reset
         super
         @target = []
-      end
-
-      def select(*fields)
-        if block_given?
-          load_target.select.each { |e| yield e }
-        else
-          scope.select(*fields)
-        end
+        @association_ids = nil
       end
 
       def find(*args)
-        if block_given?
-          load_target.find(*args) { |*block_args| yield(*block_args) }
-        else
-          if options[:inverse_of] && loaded?
-            args_flatten = args.flatten
-            raise RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find #{scope.klass.name} without an ID" if args_flatten.blank?
-            result = find_by_scan(*args)
-
-            result_size = Array(result).size
-            if !result || result_size != args_flatten.size
-              scope.raise_record_not_found_exception!(args_flatten, result_size, args_flatten.size)
-            else
-              result
-            end
-          else
-            scope.find(*args)
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      def first(*args)
-        first_nth_or_last(:first, *args)
-      end
-
-      def second(*args)
-        first_nth_or_last(:second, *args)
-      end
+        if options[:inverse_of] && loaded?
+          args_flatten = args.flatten
+          model = scope.klass
 
-      def third(*args)
-        first_nth_or_last(:third, *args)
-      end
-
-      def fourth(*args)
-        first_nth_or_last(:fourth, *args)
-      end
-
-      def fifth(*args)
-        first_nth_or_last(:fifth, *args)
-      end
-
-      def forty_two(*args)
-        first_nth_or_last(:forty_two, *args)
-      end
+          if args_flatten.blank?
+            error_message = "Couldn't find #{model.name} without an ID"
+            raise RecordNotFound.new(error_message, model.name, model.primary_key, args)
+          end
 
-      def last(*args)
-        first_nth_or_last(:last, *args)
-      end
+          result = find_by_scan(*args)
 
-      def take(n = nil)
-        if loaded?
-          n ? target.take(n) : target.first
-        else
-          scope.take(n).tap do |record|
-            set_inverse_instance record if record.is_a? ActiveRecord::Base
+          result_size = Array(result).size
+          if !result || result_size != args_flatten.size
+            scope.raise_record_not_found_exception!(args_flatten, result_size, args_flatten.size)
+          else
+            result
           end
+        else
+          scope.find(*args)
         end
       end
 
@@ -154,24 +105,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
         if attributes.is_a?(Array)
           attributes.collect { |attr| build(attr, &block) }
         else
-          add_to_target(build_record(attributes)) do |record|
-            yield(record) if block_given?
-          end
+          add_to_target(build_record(attributes, &block))
         end
       end
 
-      def create(attributes = {}, &block)
-        _create_record(attributes, &block)
-      end
-
-      def create!(attributes = {}, &block)
-        _create_record(attributes, true, &block)
-      end
-
-      # Add +records+ to this association. Returns +self+ so method calls may
-      # be chained. Since << flattens its argument list and inserts each record,
-      # +push+ and +concat+ behave identically.
+      # Add +records+ to this association. Since +<<+ flattens its argument list
+      # and inserts each record, +push+ and +concat+ behave identically.
       def concat(*records)
+        records = records.flatten
         if owner.new_record?
           load_target
           concat_records(records)
@@ -214,12 +155,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         dependent = if dependent
-                      dependent
-                    elsif options[:dependent] == :destroy
-                      :delete_all
-                    else
-                      options[:dependent]
-                    end
+          dependent
+        elsif options[:dependent] == :destroy
+          :delete_all
+        else
+          options[:dependent]
+        end
 
         delete_or_nullify_all_records(dependent).tap do
           reset
@@ -237,32 +178,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      # Count all records using SQL.  Construct options and pass them with
-      # scope to the target class's +count+.
-      def count(column_name = nil, count_options = {})
-        # TODO: Remove count_options argument as soon we remove support to
-        # activerecord-deprecated_finders.
-        column_name, count_options = nil, column_name if column_name.is_a?(Hash)
-
-        relation = scope
-        if association_scope.distinct_value
-          # This is needed because 'SELECT count(DISTINCT *)..' is not valid SQL.
-          column_name ||= reflection.klass.primary_key
-          relation = relation.distinct
-        end
-
-        value = relation.count(column_name)
-
-        limit  = options[:limit]
-        offset = options[:offset]
-
-        if limit || offset
-          [ [value - offset.to_i, 0].max, limit.to_i ].min
-        else
-          value
-        end
-      end
-
       # Removes +records+ from this association calling +before_remove+ and
       # +after_remove+ callbacks.
       #
@@ -271,12 +186,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # are actually removed from the database, that depends precisely on
       # +delete_records+. They are in any case removed from the collection.
       def delete(*records)
-        return if records.empty?
-        _options = records.extract_options!
-        dependent = _options[:dependent] || options[:dependent]
-
-        records = find(records) if records.any? { |record| record.kind_of?(Integer) || record.kind_of?(String) }
-        delete_or_destroy(records, dependent)
+        delete_or_destroy(records, options[:dependent])
       end
 
       # Deletes the +records+ and removes them from this association calling
@@ -285,8 +195,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Note that this method removes records from the database ignoring the
       # +:dependent+ option.
       def destroy(*records)
-        return if records.empty?
-        records = find(records) if records.any? { |record| record.kind_of?(Integer) || record.kind_of?(String) }
         delete_or_destroy(records, :destroy)
       end
 
@@ -302,30 +210,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # +count_records+, which is a method descendants have to provide.
       def size
         if !find_target? || loaded?
-          if association_scope.distinct_value
-            target.uniq.size
-          else
-            target.size
-          end
-        elsif !loaded? && !association_scope.group_values.empty?
+          target.size
+        elsif @association_ids
+          @association_ids.size
+        elsif !association_scope.group_values.empty?
           load_target.size
-        elsif !loaded? && !association_scope.distinct_value && target.is_a?(Array)
-          unsaved_records = target.select { |r| r.new_record? }
+        elsif !association_scope.distinct_value && !target.empty?
+          unsaved_records = target.select(&:new_record?)
           unsaved_records.size + count_records
         else
           count_records
         end
       end
 
-      # Returns the size of the collection calling +size+ on the target.
-      #
-      # If the collection has been already loaded +length+ and +size+ are
-      # equivalent. If not and you are going to need the records anyway this
-      # method will take one less query. Otherwise +size+ is more efficient.
-      def length
-        load_target.size
-      end
-
       # Returns true if the collection is empty.
       #
       # If the collection has been loaded
@@ -335,41 +232,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # loaded and you are going to fetch the records anyway it is better to
       # check <tt>collection.length.zero?</tt>.
       def empty?
-        if loaded?
+        if loaded? || @association_ids || reflection.has_cached_counter?
           size.zero?
         else
-          @target.blank? && !scope.exists?
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Returns true if the collections is not empty.
-      # Equivalent to +!collection.empty?+.
-      def any?
-        if block_given?
-          load_target.any? { |*block_args| yield(*block_args) }
-        else
-          !empty?
+          target.empty? && !scope.exists?
         end
       end
 
-      # Returns true if the collection has more than 1 record.
-      # Equivalent to +collection.size > 1+.
-      def many?
-        if block_given?
-          load_target.many? { |*block_args| yield(*block_args) }
-        else
-          size > 1
-        end
-      end
-
-      def distinct
-        seen = {}
-        load_target.find_all do |record|
-          seen[record.id] = true unless seen.key?(record.id)
-        end
-      end
-      alias uniq distinct
-
       # Replace this collection with +other_array+. This will perform a diff
       # and delete/add only records that have changed.
       def replace(other_array)
@@ -382,6 +251,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
           replace_common_records_in_memory(other_array, original_target)
           if other_array != original_target
             transaction { replace_records(other_array, original_target) }
+          else
+            other_array
           end
         end
       end
@@ -414,25 +285,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
         replace_on_target(record, index, skip_callbacks, &block)
       end
 
-      def replace_on_target(record, index, skip_callbacks)
-        callback(:before_add, record) unless skip_callbacks
-        yield(record) if block_given?
-
-        if index
-          @target[index] = record
-        else
-          @target << record
-        end
-
-        callback(:after_add, record) unless skip_callbacks
-        set_inverse_instance(record)
-
-        record
-      end
-
-      def scope(opts = {})
-        scope = super()
-        scope.none! if opts.fetch(:nullify, true) && null_scope?
+      def scope
+        scope = super
+        scope.none! if null_scope?
         scope
       end
 
@@ -440,28 +295,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
         owner.new_record? && !foreign_key_present?
       end
 
-      private
-      def get_records
-        return scope.to_a if skip_statement_cache?
-
-        conn = klass.connection
-        sc = reflection.association_scope_cache(conn, owner) do
-          StatementCache.create(conn) { |params|
-            as = AssociationScope.create { params.bind }
-            target_scope.merge as.scope(self, conn)
-          }
-        end
-
-        binds = AssociationScope.get_bind_values(owner, reflection.chain)
-        sc.execute binds, klass, klass.connection
+      def find_from_target?
+        loaded? ||
+          owner.new_record? ||
+          target.any? { |record| record.new_record? || record.changed? }
       end
 
-        def find_target
-          records = get_records
-          records.each { |record| set_inverse_instance(record) }
-          records
-        end
-
+      private
         # We have some records loaded from the database (persisted) and some that are
         # in-memory (memory). The same record may be represented in the persisted array
         # and in the memory array.
@@ -479,7 +319,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           persisted.map! do |record|
             if mem_record = memory.delete(record)
 
-              ((record.attribute_names & mem_record.attribute_names) - mem_record.changes.keys).each do |name|
+              ((record.attribute_names & mem_record.attribute_names) - mem_record.changed_attribute_names_to_save).each do |name|
                 mem_record[name] = record[name]
               end
 
@@ -500,28 +340,35 @@ module ActiveRecord
           if attributes.is_a?(Array)
             attributes.collect { |attr| _create_record(attr, raise, &block) }
           else
+            record = build_record(attributes, &block)
             transaction do
-              add_to_target(build_record(attributes)) do |record|
-                yield(record) if block_given?
-                insert_record(record, true, raise)
+              result = nil
+              add_to_target(record) do
+                result = insert_record(record, true, raise) {
+                  @_was_loaded = loaded?
+                }
               end
+              raise ActiveRecord::Rollback unless result
             end
+            record
           end
         end
 
         # Do the relevant stuff to insert the given record into the association collection.
-        def insert_record(record, validate = true, raise = false)
-          raise NotImplementedError
-        end
-
-        def create_scope
-          scope.scope_for_create.stringify_keys
+        def insert_record(record, validate = true, raise = false, &block)
+          if raise
+            record.save!(validate: validate, &block)
+          else
+            record.save(validate: validate, &block)
+          end
         end
 
         def delete_or_destroy(records, method)
+          return if records.empty?
+          records = find(records) if records.any? { |record| record.kind_of?(Integer) || record.kind_of?(String) }
           records = records.flatten
           records.each { |record| raise_on_type_mismatch!(record) }
-          existing_records = records.reject { |r| r.new_record? }
+          existing_records = records.reject(&:new_record?)
 
           if existing_records.empty?
             remove_records(existing_records, records, method)
@@ -534,21 +381,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
           records.each { |record| callback(:before_remove, record) }
 
           delete_records(existing_records, method) if existing_records.any?
-          records.each { |record| target.delete(record) }
+          @target -= records
+          @association_ids = nil
 
           records.each { |record| callback(:after_remove, record) }
         end
 
-        # Delete the given records from the association, using one of the methods :destroy,
-        # :delete_all or :nullify (or nil, in which case a default is used).
+        # Delete the given records from the association,
+        # using one of the methods +:destroy+, +:delete_all+
+        # or +:nullify+ (or +nil+, in which case a default is used).
         def delete_records(records, method)
           raise NotImplementedError
         end
 
         def replace_records(new_target, original_target)
-          delete(target - new_target)
+          delete(difference(target, new_target))
 
-          unless concat(new_target - target)
+          unless concat(difference(new_target, target))
             @target = original_target
             raise RecordNotSaved, "Failed to replace #{reflection.name} because one or more of the " \
                                   "new records could not be saved."
@@ -558,24 +407,53 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def replace_common_records_in_memory(new_target, original_target)
-          common_records = new_target & original_target
+          common_records = intersection(new_target, original_target)
           common_records.each do |record|
             skip_callbacks = true
             replace_on_target(record, @target.index(record), skip_callbacks)
           end
         end
 
-        def concat_records(records, should_raise = false)
+        def concat_records(records, raise = false)
           result = true
 
-          records.flatten.each do |record|
+          records.each do |record|
             raise_on_type_mismatch!(record)
-            add_to_target(record) do |rec|
-              result &&= insert_record(rec, true, should_raise) unless owner.new_record?
+            add_to_target(record) do
+              unless owner.new_record?
+                result &&= insert_record(record, true, raise) {
+                  @_was_loaded = loaded?
+                }
+              end
             end
           end
 
-          result && records
+          raise ActiveRecord::Rollback unless result
+
+          records
+        end
+
+        def replace_on_target(record, index, skip_callbacks)
+          callback(:before_add, record) unless skip_callbacks
+
+          set_inverse_instance(record)
+
+          @_was_loaded = true
+
+          yield(record) if block_given?
+
+          if index
+            target[index] = record
+          elsif @_was_loaded || !loaded?
+            @association_ids = nil
+            target << record
+          end
+
+          callback(:after_add, record) unless skip_callbacks
+
+          record
+        ensure
+          @_was_loaded = nil
         end
 
         def callback(method, record)
@@ -589,36 +467,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
           owner.class.send(full_callback_name)
         end
 
-        # Should we deal with assoc.first or assoc.last by issuing an independent query to
-        # the database, or by getting the target, and then taking the first/last item from that?
-        #
-        # If the args is just a non-empty options hash, go to the database.
-        #
-        # Otherwise, go to the database only if none of the following are true:
-        #   * target already loaded
-        #   * owner is new record
-        #   * target contains new or changed record(s)
-        def fetch_first_nth_or_last_using_find?(args)
-          if args.first.is_a?(Hash)
-            true
-          else
-            !(loaded? ||
-              owner.new_record? ||
-              target.any? { |record| record.new_record? || record.changed? })
-          end
-        end
-
         def include_in_memory?(record)
           if reflection.is_a?(ActiveRecord::Reflection::ThroughReflection)
             assoc = owner.association(reflection.through_reflection.name)
             assoc.reader.any? { |source|
-              target_association = source.send(reflection.source_reflection.name)
-
-              if target_association.respond_to?(:include?)
-                target_association.include?(record)
-              else
-                target_association == record
-              end
+              target_reflection = source.send(reflection.source_reflection.name)
+              target_reflection.respond_to?(:include?) ? target_reflection.include?(record) : target_reflection == record
             } || target.include?(record)
           else
             target.include?(record)
@@ -629,7 +483,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # specified, then #find scans the entire collection.
         def find_by_scan(*args)
           expects_array = args.first.kind_of?(Array)
-          ids           = args.flatten.compact.map{ |arg| arg.to_s }.uniq
+          ids           = args.flatten.compact.map(&:to_s).uniq
 
           if ids.size == 1
             id = ids.first
@@ -639,16 +493,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
             load_target.select { |r| ids.include?(r.id.to_s) }
           end
         end
-
-        # Fetches the first/last using SQL if possible, otherwise from the target array.
-        def first_nth_or_last(type, *args)
-          args.shift if args.first.is_a?(Hash) && args.first.empty?
-
-          collection = fetch_first_nth_or_last_using_find?(args) ? scope : load_target
-          collection.send(type, *args).tap do |record|
-            set_inverse_instance record if record.is_a? ActiveRecord::Base
-          end
-        end
     end
   end
 end