activerecord 4.2.11.1 → 6.0.3

data/lib/active_record/relation/finder_methods.rb

@@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
-require 'active_support/deprecation'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/string/filters'
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "active_support/core_ext/string/filters"
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module FinderMethods
-    ONE_AS_ONE = '1 AS one'
+    ONE_AS_ONE = "1 AS one"
 
     # Find by id - This can either be a specific id (1), a list of ids (1, 5, 6), or an array of ids ([5, 6, 10]).
-    # If no record can be found for all of the listed ids, then RecordNotFound will be raised. If the primary key
-    # is an integer, find by id coerces its arguments using +to_i+.
+    # If one or more records cannot be found for the requested ids, then ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound will be raised.
+    # If the primary key is an integer, find by id coerces its arguments by using +to_i+.
     #
     #   Person.find(1)          # returns the object for ID = 1
     #   Person.find("1")        # returns the object for ID = 1
@@ -17,11 +18,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   Person.find([1])        # returns an array for the object with ID = 1
     #   Person.where("administrator = 1").order("created_on DESC").find(1)
     #
-    # <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound</tt> will be raised if one or more ids are not found.
-    #
-    # NOTE: The returned records may not be in the same order as the ids you
-    # provide since database rows are unordered. You'd need to provide an explicit <tt>order</tt>
-    # option if you want the results are sorted.
+    # NOTE: The returned records are in the same order as the ids you provide.
+    # If you want the results to be sorted by database, you can use ActiveRecord::QueryMethods#where
+    # method and provide an explicit ActiveRecord::QueryMethods#order option.
+    # But ActiveRecord::QueryMethods#where method doesn't raise ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound.
     #
     # ==== Find with lock
     #
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #     person.save!
     #   end
     #
-    # ==== Variations of +find+
+    # ==== Variations of #find
     #
     #   Person.where(name: 'Spartacus', rating: 4)
     #   # returns a chainable list (which can be empty).
@@ -45,13 +45,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   Person.find_by(name: 'Spartacus', rating: 4)
     #   # returns the first item or nil.
     #
-    #   Person.where(name: 'Spartacus', rating: 4).first_or_initialize
+    #   Person.find_or_initialize_by(name: 'Spartacus', rating: 4)
     #   # returns the first item or returns a new instance (requires you call .save to persist against the database).
     #
-    #   Person.where(name: 'Spartacus', rating: 4).first_or_create
-    #   # returns the first item or creates it and returns it, available since Rails 3.2.1.
+    #   Person.find_or_create_by(name: 'Spartacus', rating: 4)
+    #   # returns the first item or creates it and returns it.
     #
-    # ==== Alternatives for +find+
+    # ==== Alternatives for #find
     #
     #   Person.where(name: 'Spartacus', rating: 4).exists?(conditions = :none)
     #   # returns a boolean indicating if any record with the given conditions exist.
@@ -60,16 +60,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   # returns a chainable list of instances with only the mentioned fields.
     #
     #   Person.where(name: 'Spartacus', rating: 4).ids
-    #   # returns an Array of ids, available since Rails 3.2.1.
+    #   # returns an Array of ids.
     #
     #   Person.where(name: 'Spartacus', rating: 4).pluck(:field1, :field2)
-    #   # returns an Array of the required fields, available since Rails 3.1.
+    #   # returns an Array of the required fields.
     def find(*args)
-      if block_given?
-        to_a.find(*args) { |*block_args| yield(*block_args) }
-      else
-        find_with_ids(*args)
-      end
+      return super if block_given?
+      find_with_ids(*args)
     end
 
     # Finds the first record matching the specified conditions. There
@@ -80,18 +77,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     #   Post.find_by name: 'Spartacus', rating: 4
     #   Post.find_by "published_at < ?", 2.weeks.ago
-    def find_by(*args)
-      where(*args).take
-    rescue RangeError
-      nil
+    def find_by(arg, *args)
+      where(arg, *args).take
     end
 
-    # Like <tt>find_by</tt>, except that if no record is found, raises
-    # an <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound</tt> error.
-    def find_by!(*args)
-      where(*args).take!
-    rescue RangeError
-      raise RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find #{@klass.name} with an out of range value"
+    # Like #find_by, except that if no record is found, raises
+    # an ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound error.
+    def find_by!(arg, *args)
+      where(arg, *args).take!
     end
 
     # Gives a record (or N records if a parameter is supplied) without any implied
@@ -102,13 +95,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   Person.take(5) # returns 5 objects fetched by SELECT * FROM people LIMIT 5
     #   Person.where(["name LIKE '%?'", name]).take
     def take(limit = nil)
-      limit ? limit(limit).to_a : find_take
+      limit ? find_take_with_limit(limit) : find_take
     end
 
-    # Same as +take+ but raises <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound</tt> if no record
-    # is found. Note that <tt>take!</tt> accepts no arguments.
+    # Same as #take but raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound if no record
+    # is found. Note that #take! accepts no arguments.
     def take!
-      take or raise RecordNotFound.new("Couldn't find #{@klass.name} with [#{arel.where_sql}]")
+      take || raise_record_not_found_exception!
     end
 
     # Find the first record (or first N records if a parameter is supplied).
@@ -122,16 +115,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     def first(limit = nil)
       if limit
-        find_nth_with_limit(offset_index, limit)
+        find_nth_with_limit(0, limit)
       else
-        find_nth(0, offset_index)
+        find_nth 0
       end
     end
 
-    # Same as +first+ but raises <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound</tt> if no record
-    # is found. Note that <tt>first!</tt> accepts no arguments.
+    # Same as #first but raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound if no record
+    # is found. Note that #first! accepts no arguments.
     def first!
-      find_nth! 0
+      first || raise_record_not_found_exception!
     end
 
     # Find the last record (or last N records if a parameter is supplied).
@@ -150,21 +143,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     #   [#<Person id:4>, #<Person id:3>, #<Person id:2>]
     def last(limit = nil)
-      if limit
-        if order_values.empty? && primary_key
-          order(arel_table[primary_key].desc).limit(limit).reverse
-        else
-          to_a.last(limit)
-        end
-      else
-        find_last
-      end
+      return find_last(limit) if loaded? || has_limit_or_offset?
+
+      result = ordered_relation.limit(limit)
+      result = result.reverse_order!
+
+      limit ? result.reverse : result.first
     end
 
-    # Same as +last+ but raises <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound</tt> if no record
-    # is found. Note that <tt>last!</tt> accepts no arguments.
+    # Same as #last but raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound if no record
+    # is found. Note that #last! accepts no arguments.
     def last!
-      last or raise RecordNotFound.new("Couldn't find #{@klass.name} with [#{arel.where_sql}]")
+      last || raise_record_not_found_exception!
     end
 
     # Find the second record.
@@ -174,13 +164,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   Person.offset(3).second # returns the second object from OFFSET 3 (which is OFFSET 4)
     #   Person.where(["user_name = :u", { u: user_name }]).second
     def second
-      find_nth(1, offset_index)
+      find_nth 1
     end
 
-    # Same as +second+ but raises <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound</tt> if no record
+    # Same as #second but raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound if no record
     # is found.
     def second!
-      find_nth! 1
+      second || raise_record_not_found_exception!
     end
 
     # Find the third record.
@@ -190,13 +180,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   Person.offset(3).third # returns the third object from OFFSET 3 (which is OFFSET 5)
     #   Person.where(["user_name = :u", { u: user_name }]).third
     def third
-      find_nth(2, offset_index)
+      find_nth 2
     end
 
-    # Same as +third+ but raises <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound</tt> if no record
+    # Same as #third but raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound if no record
     # is found.
     def third!
-      find_nth! 2
+      third || raise_record_not_found_exception!
     end
 
     # Find the fourth record.
@@ -206,13 +196,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   Person.offset(3).fourth # returns the fourth object from OFFSET 3 (which is OFFSET 6)
     #   Person.where(["user_name = :u", { u: user_name }]).fourth
     def fourth
-      find_nth(3, offset_index)
+      find_nth 3
     end
 
-    # Same as +fourth+ but raises <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound</tt> if no record
+    # Same as #fourth but raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound if no record
     # is found.
     def fourth!
-      find_nth! 3
+      fourth || raise_record_not_found_exception!
     end
 
     # Find the fifth record.
@@ -222,13 +212,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   Person.offset(3).fifth # returns the fifth object from OFFSET 3 (which is OFFSET 7)
     #   Person.where(["user_name = :u", { u: user_name }]).fifth
     def fifth
-      find_nth(4, offset_index)
+      find_nth 4
     end
 
-    # Same as +fifth+ but raises <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound</tt> if no record
+    # Same as #fifth but raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound if no record
     # is found.
     def fifth!
-      find_nth! 4
+      fifth || raise_record_not_found_exception!
     end
 
     # Find the forty-second record. Also known as accessing "the reddit".
@@ -238,17 +228,49 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   Person.offset(3).forty_two # returns the forty-second object from OFFSET 3 (which is OFFSET 44)
     #   Person.where(["user_name = :u", { u: user_name }]).forty_two
     def forty_two
-      find_nth(41, offset_index)
+      find_nth 41
     end
 
-    # Same as +forty_two+ but raises <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound</tt> if no record
+    # Same as #forty_two but raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound if no record
     # is found.
     def forty_two!
-      find_nth! 41
+      forty_two || raise_record_not_found_exception!
+    end
+
+    # Find the third-to-last record.
+    # If no order is defined it will order by primary key.
+    #
+    #   Person.third_to_last # returns the third-to-last object fetched by SELECT * FROM people
+    #   Person.offset(3).third_to_last # returns the third-to-last object from OFFSET 3
+    #   Person.where(["user_name = :u", { u: user_name }]).third_to_last
+    def third_to_last
+      find_nth_from_last 3
     end
 
-    # Returns +true+ if a record exists in the table that matches the +id+ or
-    # conditions given, or +false+ otherwise. The argument can take six forms:
+    # Same as #third_to_last but raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound if no record
+    # is found.
+    def third_to_last!
+      third_to_last || raise_record_not_found_exception!
+    end
+
+    # Find the second-to-last record.
+    # If no order is defined it will order by primary key.
+    #
+    #   Person.second_to_last # returns the second-to-last object fetched by SELECT * FROM people
+    #   Person.offset(3).second_to_last # returns the second-to-last object from OFFSET 3
+    #   Person.where(["user_name = :u", { u: user_name }]).second_to_last
+    def second_to_last
+      find_nth_from_last 2
+    end
+
+    # Same as #second_to_last but raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound if no record
+    # is found.
+    def second_to_last!
+      second_to_last || raise_record_not_found_exception!
+    end
+
+    # Returns true if a record exists in the table that matches the +id+ or
+    # conditions given, or false otherwise. The argument can take six forms:
     #
     # * Integer - Finds the record with this primary key.
     # * String - Finds the record with a primary key corresponding to this
@@ -258,10 +280,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # * Hash - Finds the record that matches these +find+-style conditions
     #   (such as <tt>{name: 'David'}</tt>).
     # * +false+ - Returns always +false+.
-    # * No args - Returns +false+ if the table is empty, +true+ otherwise.
+    # * No args - Returns +false+ if the relation is empty, +true+ otherwise.
     #
     # For more information about specifying conditions as a hash or array,
-    # see the Conditions section in the introduction to <tt>ActiveRecord::Base</tt>.
+    # see the Conditions section in the introduction to ActiveRecord::Base.
     #
     # Note: You can't pass in a condition as a string (like <tt>name =
     # 'Jamie'</tt>), since it would be sanitized and then queried against
@@ -274,243 +296,265 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   Person.exists?(name: 'David')
     #   Person.exists?(false)
     #   Person.exists?
+    #   Person.where(name: 'Spartacus', rating: 4).exists?
     def exists?(conditions = :none)
       if Base === conditions
-        conditions = conditions.id
-        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MSG.squish)
+        raise ArgumentError, <<-MSG.squish
           You are passing an instance of ActiveRecord::Base to `exists?`.
-          Please pass the id of the object by calling `.id`
+          Please pass the id of the object by calling `.id`.
         MSG
       end
 
-      return false if !conditions
-
-      relation = apply_join_dependency(self, construct_join_dependency)
-      return false if ActiveRecord::NullRelation === relation
+      return false if !conditions || limit_value == 0
 
-      relation = relation.except(:select, :order).select(ONE_AS_ONE).limit(1)
-
-      case conditions
-      when Array, Hash
-        relation = relation.where(conditions)
-      else
-        unless conditions == :none
-          relation = relation.where(primary_key => conditions)
-        end
+      if eager_loading?
+        relation = apply_join_dependency(eager_loading: false)
+        return relation.exists?(conditions)
       end
 
-      connection.select_value(relation, "#{name} Exists", relation.arel.bind_values + relation.bind_values) ? true : false
+      relation = construct_relation_for_exists(conditions)
+
+      skip_query_cache_if_necessary { connection.select_one(relation.arel, "#{name} Exists?") } ? true : false
     end
 
     # This method is called whenever no records are found with either a single
-    # id or multiple ids and raises a +ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound+ exception.
+    # id or multiple ids and raises an ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound exception.
     #
     # The error message is different depending on whether a single id or
     # multiple ids are provided. If multiple ids are provided, then the number
     # of results obtained should be provided in the +result_size+ argument and
     # the expected number of results should be provided in the +expected_size+
     # argument.
-    def raise_record_not_found_exception!(ids, result_size, expected_size) #:nodoc:
-      conditions = arel.where_sql
+    def raise_record_not_found_exception!(ids = nil, result_size = nil, expected_size = nil, key = primary_key, not_found_ids = nil) # :nodoc:
+      conditions = arel.where_sql(@klass)
       conditions = " [#{conditions}]" if conditions
-
-      if Array(ids).size == 1
-        error = "Couldn't find #{@klass.name} with '#{primary_key}'=#{ids}#{conditions}"
+      name = @klass.name
+
+      if ids.nil?
+        error = +"Couldn't find #{name}"
+        error << " with#{conditions}" if conditions
+        raise RecordNotFound.new(error, name, key)
+      elsif Array(ids).size == 1
+        error = "Couldn't find #{name} with '#{key}'=#{ids}#{conditions}"
+        raise RecordNotFound.new(error, name, key, ids)
       else
-        error = "Couldn't find all #{@klass.name.pluralize} with '#{primary_key}': "
-        error << "(#{ids.join(", ")})#{conditions} (found #{result_size} results, but was looking for #{expected_size})"
+        error = +"Couldn't find all #{name.pluralize} with '#{key}': "
+        error << "(#{ids.join(", ")})#{conditions} (found #{result_size} results, but was looking for #{expected_size})."
+        error << " Couldn't find #{name.pluralize(not_found_ids.size)} with #{key.to_s.pluralize(not_found_ids.size)} #{not_found_ids.join(', ')}." if not_found_ids
+        raise RecordNotFound.new(error, name, key, ids)
       end
-
-      raise RecordNotFound, error
     end
 
     private
+      def offset_index
+        offset_value || 0
+      end
 
-    def offset_index
-      offset_value || 0
-    end
+      def construct_relation_for_exists(conditions)
+        conditions = sanitize_forbidden_attributes(conditions)
 
-    def find_with_associations
-      # NOTE: the JoinDependency constructed here needs to know about
-      #       any joins already present in `self`, so pass them in
-      #
-      # failing to do so means that in cases like activerecord/test/cases/associations/inner_join_association_test.rb:136
-      # incorrect SQL is generated. In that case, the join dependency for
-      # SpecialCategorizations is constructed without knowledge of the
-      # preexisting join in joins_values to categorizations (by way of
-      # the `has_many :through` for categories).
-      #
-      join_dependency = construct_join_dependency(joins_values)
-
-      aliases  = join_dependency.aliases
-      relation = select aliases.columns
-      relation = apply_join_dependency(relation, join_dependency)
-
-      if block_given?
-        yield relation
-      else
-        if ActiveRecord::NullRelation === relation
-          []
+        if distinct_value && offset_value
+          relation = except(:order).limit!(1)
         else
-          arel = relation.arel
-          rows = connection.select_all(arel, 'SQL', arel.bind_values + relation.bind_values)
-          join_dependency.instantiate(rows, aliases)
+          relation = except(:select, :distinct, :order)._select!(ONE_AS_ONE).limit!(1)
         end
-      end
-    end
 
-    def construct_join_dependency(joins = [])
-      including = eager_load_values + includes_values
-      ActiveRecord::Associations::JoinDependency.new(@klass, including, joins)
-    end
+        case conditions
+        when Array, Hash
+          relation.where!(conditions) unless conditions.empty?
+        else
+          relation.where!(primary_key => conditions) unless conditions == :none
+        end
 
-    def construct_relation_for_association_calculations
-      from = arel.froms.first
-      if Arel::Table === from
-        apply_join_dependency(self, construct_join_dependency(joins_values))
-      else
-        # FIXME: as far as I can tell, `from` will always be an Arel::Table.
-        # There are no tests that test this branch, but presumably it's
-        # possible for `from` to be a list?
-        apply_join_dependency(self, construct_join_dependency(from))
+        relation
       end
-    end
 
-    def apply_join_dependency(relation, join_dependency)
-      relation = relation.except(:includes, :eager_load, :preload)
-      relation = relation.joins join_dependency
+      def apply_join_dependency(eager_loading: group_values.empty?)
+        join_dependency = construct_join_dependency(
+          eager_load_values + includes_values, Arel::Nodes::OuterJoin
+        )
+        relation = except(:includes, :eager_load, :preload).joins!(join_dependency)
+
+        if eager_loading && !(
+            using_limitable_reflections?(join_dependency.reflections) &&
+            using_limitable_reflections?(
+              construct_join_dependency(
+                select_association_list(joins_values).concat(
+                  select_association_list(left_outer_joins_values)
+                ), nil
+              ).reflections
+            )
+        )
+          if has_limit_or_offset?
+            limited_ids = limited_ids_for(relation)
+            limited_ids.empty? ? relation.none! : relation.where!(primary_key => limited_ids)
+          end
+          relation.limit_value = relation.offset_value = nil
+        end
 
-      if using_limitable_reflections?(join_dependency.reflections)
-        relation
-      else
-        if relation.limit_value
-          limited_ids = limited_ids_for(relation)
-          limited_ids.empty? ? relation.none! : relation.where!(table[primary_key].in(limited_ids))
+        if block_given?
+          yield relation, join_dependency
+        else
+          relation
         end
-        relation.except(:limit, :offset)
       end
-    end
 
-    def limited_ids_for(relation)
-      values = @klass.connection.columns_for_distinct(
-        "#{quoted_table_name}.#{quoted_primary_key}", relation.order_values)
+      def limited_ids_for(relation)
+        values = @klass.connection.columns_for_distinct(
+          connection.visitor.compile(arel_attribute(primary_key)),
+          relation.order_values
+        )
 
-      relation = relation.except(:select).select(values).distinct!
-      arel = relation.arel
+        relation = relation.except(:select).select(values).distinct!
 
-      id_rows = @klass.connection.select_all(arel, 'SQL', arel.bind_values + relation.bind_values)
-      id_rows.map {|row| row[primary_key]}
-    end
+        id_rows = skip_query_cache_if_necessary { @klass.connection.select_all(relation.arel, "SQL") }
+        id_rows.map { |row| row[primary_key] }
+      end
 
-    def using_limitable_reflections?(reflections)
-      reflections.none? { |r| r.collection? }
-    end
+      def using_limitable_reflections?(reflections)
+        reflections.none?(&:collection?)
+      end
 
-    protected
+      def find_with_ids(*ids)
+        raise UnknownPrimaryKey.new(@klass) if primary_key.nil?
 
-    def find_with_ids(*ids)
-      raise UnknownPrimaryKey.new(@klass) if primary_key.nil?
+        expects_array = ids.first.kind_of?(Array)
+        return [] if expects_array && ids.first.empty?
 
-      expects_array = ids.first.kind_of?(Array)
-      return ids.first if expects_array && ids.first.empty?
+        ids = ids.flatten.compact.uniq
 
-      ids = ids.flatten.compact.uniq
+        model_name = @klass.name
 
-      case ids.size
-      when 0
-        raise RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find #{@klass.name} without an ID"
-      when 1
-        result = find_one(ids.first)
-        expects_array ? [ result ] : result
-      else
-        find_some(ids)
+        case ids.size
+        when 0
+          error_message = "Couldn't find #{model_name} without an ID"
+          raise RecordNotFound.new(error_message, model_name, primary_key)
+        when 1
+          result = find_one(ids.first)
+          expects_array ? [ result ] : result
+        else
+          find_some(ids)
+        end
       end
-    rescue RangeError
-      raise RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find #{@klass.name} with an out of range ID"
-    end
 
-    def find_one(id)
-      if ActiveRecord::Base === id
-        id = id.id
-        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MSG.squish)
-          You are passing an instance of ActiveRecord::Base to `find`.
-          Please pass the id of the object by calling `.id`
-        MSG
+      def find_one(id)
+        if ActiveRecord::Base === id
+          raise ArgumentError, <<-MSG.squish
+            You are passing an instance of ActiveRecord::Base to `find`.
+            Please pass the id of the object by calling `.id`.
+          MSG
+        end
+
+        relation = where(primary_key => id)
+        record = relation.take
+
+        raise_record_not_found_exception!(id, 0, 1) unless record
+
+        record
       end
 
-      relation = where(primary_key => id)
-      record = relation.take
+      def find_some(ids)
+        return find_some_ordered(ids) unless order_values.present?
 
-      raise_record_not_found_exception!(id, 0, 1) unless record
+        result = where(primary_key => ids).to_a
 
-      record
-    end
+        expected_size =
+          if limit_value && ids.size > limit_value
+            limit_value
+          else
+            ids.size
+          end
 
-    def find_some(ids)
-      result = where(primary_key => ids).to_a
+        # 11 ids with limit 3, offset 9 should give 2 results.
+        if offset_value && (ids.size - offset_value < expected_size)
+          expected_size = ids.size - offset_value
+        end
 
-      expected_size =
-        if limit_value && ids.size > limit_value
-          limit_value
+        if result.size == expected_size
+          result
         else
-          ids.size
+          raise_record_not_found_exception!(ids, result.size, expected_size)
         end
+      end
+
+      def find_some_ordered(ids)
+        ids = ids.slice(offset_value || 0, limit_value || ids.size) || []
+
+        result = except(:limit, :offset).where(primary_key => ids).records
 
-      # 11 ids with limit 3, offset 9 should give 2 results.
-      if offset_value && (ids.size - offset_value < expected_size)
-        expected_size = ids.size - offset_value
+        if result.size == ids.size
+          pk_type = @klass.type_for_attribute(primary_key)
+
+          records_by_id = result.index_by(&:id)
+          ids.map { |id| records_by_id.fetch(pk_type.cast(id)) }
+        else
+          raise_record_not_found_exception!(ids, result.size, ids.size)
+        end
       end
 
-      if result.size == expected_size
-        result
-      else
-        raise_record_not_found_exception!(ids, result.size, expected_size)
+      def find_take
+        if loaded?
+          records.first
+        else
+          @take ||= limit(1).records.first
+        end
       end
-    end
 
-    def find_take
-      if loaded?
-        @records.first
-      else
-        @take ||= limit(1).to_a.first
+      def find_take_with_limit(limit)
+        if loaded?
+          records.take(limit)
+        else
+          limit(limit).to_a
+        end
       end
-    end
 
-    def find_nth(index, offset)
-      if loaded?
-        @records[index]
-      else
-        offset += index
-        @offsets[offset] ||= find_nth_with_limit(offset, 1).first
+      def find_nth(index)
+        @offsets[offset_index + index] ||= find_nth_with_limit(index, 1).first
       end
-    end
 
-    def find_nth!(index)
-      find_nth(index, offset_index) or raise RecordNotFound.new("Couldn't find #{@klass.name} with [#{arel.where_sql}]")
-    end
+      def find_nth_with_limit(index, limit)
+        if loaded?
+          records[index, limit] || []
+        else
+          relation = ordered_relation
 
-    def find_nth_with_limit(offset, limit)
-      relation = if order_values.empty? && primary_key
-                   order(arel_table[primary_key].asc)
-                 else
-                   self
-                 end
+          if limit_value
+            limit = [limit_value - index, limit].min
+          end
 
-      relation = relation.offset(offset) unless offset.zero?
-      relation.limit(limit).to_a
-    end
+          if limit > 0
+            relation = relation.offset(offset_index + index) unless index.zero?
+            relation.limit(limit).to_a
+          else
+            []
+          end
+        end
+      end
 
-    def find_last
-      if loaded?
-        @records.last
-      else
-        @last ||=
-          if limit_value
-            to_a.last
+      def find_nth_from_last(index)
+        if loaded?
+          records[-index]
+        else
+          relation = ordered_relation
+
+          if equal?(relation) || has_limit_or_offset?
+            relation.records[-index]
           else
-            reverse_order.limit(1).to_a.first
+            relation.last(index)[-index]
           end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def find_last(limit)
+        limit ? records.last(limit) : records.last
+      end
+
+      def ordered_relation
+        if order_values.empty? && (implicit_order_column || primary_key)
+          order(arel_attribute(implicit_order_column || primary_key).asc)
+        else
+          self
+        end
       end
-    end
   end
 end