activerecord 4.2.1 → 4.2.7.1

data/lib/active_record/persistence.rb

@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Attributes marked as readonly are silently ignored if the record is
     # being updated.
     def save!(*)
-      create_or_update || raise(RecordNotSaved.new(nil, self))
+      create_or_update || raise(RecordNotSaved.new("Failed to save the record", self))
     end
 
     # Deletes the record in the database and freezes this instance to
@@ -168,6 +168,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def destroy
       raise ReadOnlyRecord, "#{self.class} is marked as readonly" if readonly?
       destroy_associations
+      self.class.connection.add_transaction_record(self)
       destroy_row if persisted?
       @destroyed = true
       freeze
@@ -181,7 +182,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # and <tt>destroy!</tt> raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotDestroyed. See
     # ActiveRecord::Callbacks for further details.
     def destroy!
-      destroy || raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotDestroyed, self)
+      destroy || raise(RecordNotDestroyed.new("Failed to destroy the record", self))
     end
 
     # Returns an instance of the specified +klass+ with the attributes of the
@@ -368,7 +369,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   # => #<Account id: 1, email: 'account@example.com'>
     #
     # Attributes are reloaded from the database, and caches busted, in
-    # particular the associations cache.
+    # particular the associations cache and the QueryCache.
     #
     # If the record no longer exists in the database <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound</tt>
     # is raised. Otherwise, in addition to the in-place modification the method
@@ -406,6 +407,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def reload(options = nil)
       clear_aggregation_cache
       clear_association_cache
+      self.class.connection.clear_query_cache
 
       fresh_object =
         if options && options[:lock]

data/lib/active_record/railtie.rb

@@ -147,8 +147,8 @@ end_warning
       ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record) do
         ActionDispatch::Reloader.send(hook) do
           if ActiveRecord::Base.connected?
-            ActiveRecord::Base.clear_reloadable_connections!
             ActiveRecord::Base.clear_cache!
+            ActiveRecord::Base.clear_reloadable_connections!
           end
         end
       end

data/lib/active_record/railties/databases.rake

@@ -42,15 +42,18 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
   desc "Migrate the database (options: VERSION=x, VERBOSE=false, SCOPE=blog)."
   task :migrate => [:environment, :load_config] do
     ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.migrate
-    db_namespace['_dump'].invoke if ActiveRecord::Base.dump_schema_after_migration
+    db_namespace['_dump'].invoke
   end
 
+  # IMPORTANT: This task won't dump the schema if ActiveRecord::Base.dump_schema_after_migration is set to false
   task :_dump do
-    case ActiveRecord::Base.schema_format
-    when :ruby then db_namespace["schema:dump"].invoke
-    when :sql  then db_namespace["structure:dump"].invoke
-    else
-      raise "unknown schema format #{ActiveRecord::Base.schema_format}"
+    if ActiveRecord::Base.dump_schema_after_migration
+      case ActiveRecord::Base.schema_format
+      when :ruby then db_namespace["schema:dump"].invoke
+      when :sql  then db_namespace["structure:dump"].invoke
+      else
+        raise "unknown schema format #{ActiveRecord::Base.schema_format}"
+      end
     end
     # Allow this task to be called as many times as required. An example is the
     # migrate:redo task, which calls other two internally that depend on this one.
@@ -240,7 +243,7 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
     end
 
     desc 'Load a schema.rb file into the database'
-    task :load => [:load_config] do
+    task :load => [:environment, :load_config] do
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.load_schema_current(:ruby, ENV['SCHEMA'])
     end
 

data/lib/active_record/reflection.rb

@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
     included do
-      class_attribute :_reflections
-      class_attribute :aggregate_reflections
+      class_attribute :_reflections, instance_writer: false
+      class_attribute :aggregate_reflections, instance_writer: false
       self._reflections = {}
       self.aggregate_reflections = {}
     end
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def self.add_reflection(ar, name, reflection)
+      ar.clear_reflections_cache
       ar._reflections = ar._reflections.merge(name.to_s => reflection)
     end
 
@@ -67,16 +68,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #
       # @api public
       def reflections
-        ref = {}
-        _reflections.each do |name, reflection|
-          parent_name, parent_reflection = reflection.parent_reflection
-          if parent_name
-            ref[parent_name] = parent_reflection
-          else
-            ref[name] = reflection
+        @__reflections ||= begin
+          ref = {}
+
+          _reflections.each do |name, reflection|
+            parent_name, parent_reflection = reflection.parent_reflection
+
+            if parent_name
+              ref[parent_name] = parent_reflection
+            else
+              ref[name] = reflection
+            end
           end
+
+          ref
         end
-        ref
       end
 
       # Returns an array of AssociationReflection objects for all the
@@ -116,6 +122,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def reflect_on_all_autosave_associations
         reflections.values.select { |reflection| reflection.options[:autosave] }
       end
+
+      def clear_reflections_cache #:nodoc:
+        @__reflections = nil
+      end
     end
 
     # Holds all the methods that are shared between MacroReflection, AssociationReflection
@@ -161,6 +171,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         macro
       end
+
+      def inverse_of
+        return unless inverse_name
+
+        @inverse_of ||= klass._reflect_on_association inverse_name
+      end
+
+      def check_validity_of_inverse!
+        unless polymorphic?
+          if has_inverse? && inverse_of.nil?
+            raise InverseOfAssociationNotFoundError.new(self)
+          end
+        end
+      end
     end
     # Base class for AggregateReflection and AssociationReflection. Objects of
     # AggregateReflection and AssociationReflection are returned by the Reflection::ClassMethods.
@@ -196,7 +220,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @scope         = scope
         @options       = options
         @active_record = active_record
-        @klass         = options[:class]
+        @klass         = options[:anonymous_class]
         @plural_name   = active_record.pluralize_table_names ?
                             name.to_s.pluralize : name.to_s
       end
@@ -303,7 +327,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def foreign_key
-        @foreign_key ||= options[:foreign_key] || derive_foreign_key
+        @foreign_key ||= options[:foreign_key] || derive_foreign_key.freeze
       end
 
       def association_foreign_key
@@ -331,14 +355,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         check_validity_of_inverse!
       end
 
-      def check_validity_of_inverse!
-        unless polymorphic?
-          if has_inverse? && inverse_of.nil?
-            raise InverseOfAssociationNotFoundError.new(self)
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
       def check_preloadable!
         return unless scope
 
@@ -387,12 +403,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         inverse_name
       end
 
-      def inverse_of
-        return unless inverse_name
-
-        @inverse_of ||= klass._reflect_on_association inverse_name
-      end
-
       def polymorphic_inverse_of(associated_class)
         if has_inverse?
           if inverse_relationship = associated_class._reflect_on_association(options[:inverse_of])
@@ -632,7 +642,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def initialize(delegate_reflection)
         @delegate_reflection = delegate_reflection
-        @klass         = delegate_reflection.options[:class]
+        @klass         = delegate_reflection.options[:anonymous_class]
         @source_reflection_name = delegate_reflection.options[:source]
       end
 
@@ -865,6 +875,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
           klass.primary_key || raise(UnknownPrimaryKey.new(klass))
         end
 
+        def inverse_name; delegate_reflection.send(:inverse_name); end
+
       private
         def derive_class_name
           # get the class_name of the belongs_to association of the through reflection

data/lib/active_record/relation/calculations.rb

@@ -36,9 +36,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Note: not all valid +select+ expressions are valid +count+ expressions. The specifics differ
     # between databases. In invalid cases, an error from the database is thrown.
     def count(column_name = nil, options = {})
+      if options.present? && !ActiveRecord.const_defined?(:DeprecatedFinders)
+        raise ArgumentError, "Relation#count does not support finder options anymore. " \
+                             "Please build a scope and then call count on it or use the " \
+                             "activerecord-deprecated_finders gem to enable this functionality."
+
+      end
+
       # TODO: Remove options argument as soon we remove support to
       # activerecord-deprecated_finders.
-      column_name, options = nil, column_name if column_name.is_a?(Hash)
       calculate(:count, column_name, options)
     end
 
@@ -281,6 +287,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       else
         group_fields = group_attrs
       end
+      group_fields = arel_columns(group_fields)
 
       group_aliases = group_fields.map { |field|
         column_alias_for(field)

data/lib/active_record/relation/delegation.rb

@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     BLACKLISTED_ARRAY_METHODS = [
       :compact!, :flatten!, :reject!, :reverse!, :rotate!, :map!,
       :shuffle!, :slice!, :sort!, :sort_by!, :delete_if,
-      :keep_if, :pop, :shift, :delete_at, :compact, :select!
+      :keep_if, :pop, :shift, :delete_at, :select!
     ].to_set # :nodoc:
 
     delegate :to_xml, :to_yaml, :length, :collect, :map, :each, :all?, :include?, :to_ary, :join, to: :to_a

data/lib/active_record/relation/finder_methods.rb

@@ -114,23 +114,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Find the first record (or first N records if a parameter is supplied).
     # If no order is defined it will order by primary key.
     #
-    #   Person.first # returns the first object fetched by SELECT * FROM people
+    #   Person.first # returns the first object fetched by SELECT * FROM people ORDER BY people.id LIMIT 1
     #   Person.where(["user_name = ?", user_name]).first
     #   Person.where(["user_name = :u", { u: user_name }]).first
     #   Person.order("created_on DESC").offset(5).first
-    #   Person.first(3) # returns the first three objects fetched by SELECT * FROM people LIMIT 3
-    #
-    # ==== Rails 3
-    #
-    #   Person.first # SELECT "people".* FROM "people" LIMIT 1
-    #
-    # NOTE: Rails 3 may not order this query by the primary key and the order
-    # will depend on the database implementation. In order to ensure that behavior,
-    # use <tt>User.order(:id).first</tt> instead.
-    #
-    # ==== Rails 4
-    #
-    #   Person.first # SELECT "people".* FROM "people" ORDER BY "people"."id" ASC LIMIT 1
+    #   Person.first(3) # returns the first three objects fetched by SELECT * FROM people ORDER BY people.id LIMIT 3
     #
     def first(limit = nil)
       if limit
@@ -379,7 +367,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def construct_relation_for_association_calculations
       from = arel.froms.first
       if Arel::Table === from
-        apply_join_dependency(self, construct_join_dependency)
+        apply_join_dependency(self, construct_join_dependency(joins_values))
       else
         # FIXME: as far as I can tell, `from` will always be an Arel::Table.
         # There are no tests that test this branch, but presumably it's

data/lib/active_record/relation/merger.rb

@@ -51,7 +51,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       NORMAL_VALUES = Relation::SINGLE_VALUE_METHODS +
                       Relation::MULTI_VALUE_METHODS -
-                      [:joins, :where, :order, :bind, :reverse_order, :lock, :create_with, :reordering, :from] # :nodoc:
+                      [:includes, :preload, :joins, :where, :order, :bind, :reverse_order, :lock, :create_with, :reordering, :from] # :nodoc:
+
 
       def normal_values
         NORMAL_VALUES
@@ -75,6 +76,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         merge_multi_values
         merge_single_values
+        merge_preloads
         merge_joins
 
         relation
@@ -82,6 +84,27 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       private
 
+      def merge_preloads
+        return if other.preload_values.empty? && other.includes_values.empty?
+
+        if other.klass == relation.klass
+          relation.preload!(*other.preload_values) unless other.preload_values.empty?
+          relation.includes!(other.includes_values) unless other.includes_values.empty?
+        else
+          reflection = relation.klass.reflect_on_all_associations.find do |r|
+            r.class_name == other.klass.name
+          end || return
+
+          unless other.preload_values.empty?
+            relation.preload! reflection.name => other.preload_values
+          end
+
+          unless other.includes_values.empty?
+            relation.includes! reflection.name => other.includes_values
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
       def merge_joins
         return if other.joins_values.blank?
 

data/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/array_handler.rb

@@ -14,7 +14,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
             it for 'IN' conditions.
           MSG
 
-          values = values.flatten
+          flat_values = values.flatten
+          values = flat_values unless flat_values.include?(nil)
         end
 
         return attribute.in([]) if values.empty? && nils.empty?

data/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder.rb

@@ -6,7 +6,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
     autoload :ArrayHandler, 'active_record/relation/predicate_builder/array_handler'
 
     def self.resolve_column_aliases(klass, hash)
-      hash = hash.dup
+      # This method is a hot spot, so for now, use Hash[] to dup the hash.
+      #   https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/7166
+      hash = Hash[hash]
       hash.keys.grep(Symbol) do |key|
         if klass.attribute_alias? key
           hash[klass.attribute_alias(key)] = hash.delete key
@@ -112,7 +114,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       @handlers.unshift([klass, handler])
     end
 
-    register_handler(BasicObject, ->(attribute, value) { attribute.eq(value) })
+    BASIC_OBJECT_HANDLER = ->(attribute, value) { attribute.eq(value) } # :nodoc:
+    register_handler(BasicObject, BASIC_OBJECT_HANDLER)
     # FIXME: I think we need to deprecate this behavior
     register_handler(Class, ->(attribute, value) { attribute.eq(value.name) })
     register_handler(Base, ->(attribute, value) { attribute.eq(value.id) })
@@ -142,5 +145,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
         value
       end
     end
+
+    def self.can_be_bound?(value) # :nodoc:
+      !value.nil? &&
+        !value.is_a?(Hash) &&
+        handler_for(value) == BASIC_OBJECT_HANDLER
+    end
   end
 end

data/lib/active_record/relation/query_methods.rb

@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def _select!(*fields) # :nodoc:
       fields.flatten!
       fields.map! do |field|
-        klass.attribute_alias?(field) ? klass.attribute_alias(field) : field
+        klass.attribute_alias?(field) ? klass.attribute_alias(field).to_sym : field
       end
       self.select_values += fields
       self
@@ -907,9 +907,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def where_unscoping(target_value)
       target_value = target_value.to_s
 
-      where_values.reject! do |rel|
+      self.where_values = where_values.reject do |rel|
         case rel
-        when Arel::Nodes::Between, Arel::Nodes::In, Arel::Nodes::NotIn, Arel::Nodes::Equality, Arel::Nodes::NotEqual, Arel::Nodes::LessThanOrEqual, Arel::Nodes::GreaterThanOrEqual
+        when Arel::Nodes::Between, Arel::Nodes::In, Arel::Nodes::NotIn, Arel::Nodes::Equality, Arel::Nodes::NotEqual, Arel::Nodes::LessThan, Arel::Nodes::LessThanOrEqual, Arel::Nodes::GreaterThan, Arel::Nodes::GreaterThanOrEqual
           subrelation = (rel.left.kind_of?(Arel::Attributes::Attribute) ? rel.left : rel.right)
           subrelation.name == target_value
         end
@@ -965,12 +965,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     def create_binds(opts)
       bindable, non_binds = opts.partition do |column, value|
-        case value
-        when String, Integer, ActiveRecord::StatementCache::Substitute
-          @klass.columns_hash.include? column.to_s
-        else
-          false
-        end
+        PredicateBuilder.can_be_bound?(value) &&
+          @klass.columns_hash.include?(column.to_s) &&
+          !@klass.reflect_on_aggregation(column)
       end
 
       association_binds, non_binds = non_binds.partition do |column, value|
@@ -980,6 +977,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       new_opts = {}
       binds = []
 
+      connection = self.connection
+
       bindable.each do |(column,value)|
         binds.push [@klass.columns_hash[column.to_s], value]
         new_opts[column] = connection.substitute_at(column)
@@ -1064,15 +1063,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def arel_columns(columns)
-      if from_value
-        columns
-      else
-        columns.map do |field|
-          if (Symbol === field || String === field) && columns_hash.key?(field.to_s)
-            arel_table[field]
-          else
-            field
-          end
+      columns.map do |field|
+        if (Symbol === field || String === field) && columns_hash.key?(field.to_s) && !from_value
+          arel_table[field]
+        elsif Symbol === field
+          connection.quote_table_name(field.to_s)
+        else
+          field
         end
       end
     end

data/lib/active_record/relation/spawn_methods.rb

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     # Merges in the conditions from <tt>other</tt>, if <tt>other</tt> is an <tt>ActiveRecord::Relation</tt>.
     # Returns an array representing the intersection of the resulting records with <tt>other</tt>, if <tt>other</tt> is an array.
+    #
     #   Post.where(published: true).joins(:comments).merge( Comment.where(spam: false) )
     #   # Performs a single join query with both where conditions.
     #
@@ -37,11 +38,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def merge!(other) # :nodoc:
-      if !other.is_a?(Relation) && other.respond_to?(:to_proc)
+      if other.is_a?(Hash)
+        Relation::HashMerger.new(self, other).merge
+      elsif other.is_a?(Relation)
+        Relation::Merger.new(self, other).merge
+      elsif other.respond_to?(:to_proc)
         instance_exec(&other)
       else
-        klass = other.is_a?(Hash) ? Relation::HashMerger : Relation::Merger
-        klass.new(self, other).merge
+        raise ArgumentError, "#{other.inspect} is not an ActiveRecord::Relation"
       end
     end
 

data/lib/active_record/relation.rb

@@ -474,7 +474,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
           stmt.wheres = arel.constraints
         end
 
-        affected = @klass.connection.delete(stmt, 'SQL', bind_values)
+        bvs = arel.bind_values + bind_values
+        affected = @klass.connection.delete(stmt, 'SQL', bvs)
 
         reset
         affected

data/lib/active_record/scoping/default.rb

@@ -95,6 +95,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def build_default_scope(base_rel = relation) # :nodoc:
+          return if abstract_class?
           if !Base.is_a?(method(:default_scope).owner)
             # The user has defined their own default scope method, so call that
             evaluate_default_scope { default_scope }

data/lib/active_record/tasks/database_tasks.rb

@@ -134,9 +134,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         version = ENV["VERSION"] ? ENV["VERSION"].to_i : nil
         scope   = ENV['SCOPE']
         verbose_was, Migration.verbose = Migration.verbose, verbose
-        Migrator.migrate(Migrator.migrations_paths, version) do |migration|
+        Migrator.migrate(migrations_paths, version) do |migration|
           scope.blank? || scope == migration.scope
         end
+        ActiveRecord::Base.clear_cache!
       ensure
         Migration.verbose = verbose_was
       end
@@ -197,7 +198,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         load_schema_current(format, file)
       end
 
-      def schema_file(format = ActiveSupport::Base.schema_format)
+      def schema_file(format = ActiveRecord::Base.schema_format)
         case format
         when :ruby
           File.join(db_dir, "schema.rb")

data/lib/active_record/tasks/mysql_database_tasks.rb

@@ -56,21 +56,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def structure_dump(filename)
-        args = prepare_command_options('mysqldump')
+        args = prepare_command_options
         args.concat(["--result-file", "#{filename}"])
         args.concat(["--no-data"])
         args.concat(["#{configuration['database']}"])
-        unless Kernel.system(*args)
-          $stderr.puts "Could not dump the database structure. "\
-                       "Make sure `mysqldump` is in your PATH and check the command output for warnings."
-        end
+
+        run_cmd('mysqldump', args, 'dumping')
       end
 
       def structure_load(filename)
-        args = prepare_command_options('mysql')
+        args = prepare_command_options
         args.concat(['--execute', %{SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = 0; SOURCE #{filename}; SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = 1}])
         args.concat(["--database", "#{configuration['database']}"])
-        Kernel.system(*args)
+
+        run_cmd('mysql', args, 'loading')
       end
 
       private
@@ -129,16 +128,31 @@ IDENTIFIED BY '#{configuration['password']}' WITH GRANT OPTION;
         $stdin.gets.strip
       end
 
-      def prepare_command_options(command)
-        args = [command]
-        args.concat(['--user', configuration['username']]) if configuration['username']
-        args << "--password=#{configuration['password']}"  if configuration['password']
-        args.concat(['--default-character-set', configuration['encoding']]) if configuration['encoding']
-        configuration.slice('host', 'port', 'socket').each do |k, v|
-          args.concat([ "--#{k}", v.to_s ]) if v
-        end
+      def prepare_command_options
+        {
+          'host'      => '--host',
+          'port'      => '--port',
+          'socket'    => '--socket',
+          'username'  => '--user',
+          'password'  => '--password',
+          'encoding'  => '--default-character-set',
+          'sslca'     => '--ssl-ca',
+          'sslcert'   => '--ssl-cert',
+          'sslcapath' => '--ssl-capath',
+          'sslcipher' => '--ssl-cipher',
+          'sslkey'    => '--ssl-key'
+        }.map { |opt, arg| "#{arg}=#{configuration[opt]}" if configuration[opt] }.compact
+      end
+
+      def run_cmd(cmd, args, action)
+        fail run_cmd_error(cmd, args, action) unless Kernel.system(cmd, *args)
+      end
 
-        args
+      def run_cmd_error(cmd, args, action)
+        msg = "failed to execute:\n"
+        msg << "#{cmd}"
+        msg << "Please check the output above for any errors and make sure that `#{cmd}` is installed in your PATH and has proper permissions.\n\n"
+        msg
       end
     end
   end

data/lib/active_record/tasks/postgresql_database_tasks.rb

@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-require 'shellwords'
-
 module ActiveRecord
   module Tasks # :nodoc:
     class PostgreSQLDatabaseTasks # :nodoc:
@@ -46,20 +44,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def structure_dump(filename)
         set_psql_env
+        args = ['-s', '-x', '-O', '-f', filename]
         search_path = configuration['schema_search_path']
         unless search_path.blank?
-          search_path = search_path.split(",").map{|search_path_part| "--schema=#{Shellwords.escape(search_path_part.strip)}" }.join(" ")
+          args += search_path.split(',').map do |part|
+            "--schema=#{part.strip}"
+          end
         end
-
-        command = "pg_dump -i -s -x -O -f #{Shellwords.escape(filename)} #{search_path} #{Shellwords.escape(configuration['database'])}"
-        raise 'Error dumping database' unless Kernel.system(command)
-
+        args << configuration['database']
+        run_cmd('pg_dump', args, 'dumping')
         File.open(filename, "a") { |f| f << "SET search_path TO #{connection.schema_search_path};\n\n" }
       end
 
       def structure_load(filename)
         set_psql_env
-        Kernel.system("psql -q -f #{Shellwords.escape(filename)} #{configuration['database']}")
+        args = [ '-q', '-f', filename, configuration['database'] ]
+        run_cmd('psql', args, 'loading')
       end
 
       private
@@ -85,6 +85,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
         ENV['PGPASSWORD'] = configuration['password'].to_s if configuration['password']
         ENV['PGUSER']     = configuration['username'].to_s if configuration['username']
       end
+
+      def run_cmd(cmd, args, action)
+        fail run_cmd_error(cmd, args, action) unless Kernel.system(cmd, *args)
+      end
+
+      def run_cmd_error(cmd, args, action)
+        msg = "failed to execute:\n"
+        msg << "#{cmd} #{args.join(' ')}\n\n"
+        msg << "Please check the output above for any errors and make sure that `#{cmd}` is installed in your PATH and has proper permissions.\n\n"
+        msg
+      end
     end
   end
 end