activerecord 2.0.5 → 2.1.0

data/lib/active_record/test_case.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+require "active_support/test_case"
+
+module ActiveRecord 
+  class TestCase < ActiveSupport::TestCase #:nodoc:
+    self.fixture_path               = FIXTURES_ROOT
+    self.use_instantiated_fixtures  = false
+    self.use_transactional_fixtures = true
+
+    def create_fixtures(*table_names, &block)
+      Fixtures.create_fixtures(FIXTURES_ROOT, table_names, {}, &block)
+    end
+
+    def assert_date_from_db(expected, actual, message = nil)
+      # SQL Server doesn't have a separate column type just for dates,
+      # so the time is in the string and incorrectly formatted
+      if current_adapter?(:SQLServerAdapter)
+        assert_equal expected.strftime("%Y/%m/%d 00:00:00"), actual.strftime("%Y/%m/%d 00:00:00")
+      elsif current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter)
+        assert_equal expected.to_s, actual.to_date.to_s, message
+      else
+        assert_equal expected.to_s, actual.to_s, message
+      end
+    end
+
+    def assert_queries(num = 1)
+      $query_count = 0
+      yield
+    ensure
+      assert_equal num, $query_count, "#{$query_count} instead of #{num} queries were executed."
+    end
+
+    def assert_no_queries(&block)
+      assert_queries(0, &block)
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/active_record/timestamp.rb

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   # Timestamping can be turned off by setting
   #   <tt>ActiveRecord::Base.record_timestamps = false</tt>
   #
-  # Timestamps are in the local timezone by default but can use UTC by setting
+  # Timestamps are in the local timezone by default but you can use UTC by setting
   #   <tt>ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone = :utc</tt>
   module Timestamp
     def self.included(base) #:nodoc:
@@ -29,13 +29,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
         create_without_timestamps
       end
 
-      def update_with_timestamps #:nodoc:
-        if record_timestamps
+      def update_with_timestamps(*args) #:nodoc:
+        if record_timestamps && (!partial_updates? || changed?)
           t = self.class.default_timezone == :utc ? Time.now.utc : Time.now
           write_attribute('updated_at', t) if respond_to?(:updated_at)
           write_attribute('updated_on', t) if respond_to?(:updated_on)
         end
-        update_without_timestamps
+        update_without_timestamps(*args)
       end
   end
 end

data/lib/active_record/transactions.rb

@@ -28,11 +28,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # This example will only take money from David and give to Mary if neither +withdrawal+ nor +deposit+ raises an exception.
     # Exceptions will force a ROLLBACK that returns the database to the state before the transaction was begun. Be aware, though,
-    # that the objects by default will _not_ have their instance data returned to their pre-transactional state.
+    # that the objects will _not_ have their instance data returned to their pre-transactional state.
     #
-    # == Different ActiveRecord classes in a single transaction
+    # == Different Active Record classes in a single transaction
     #
-    # Though the transaction class method is called on some ActiveRecord class,
+    # Though the transaction class method is called on some Active Record class,
     # the objects within the transaction block need not all be instances of
     # that class.
     # In this example a <tt>Balance</tt> record is transactionally saved even

data/lib/active_record/validations.rb

@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     alias_method :count, :size
     alias_method :length, :size
 
-    # Return an XML representation of this error object.
+    # Returns an XML representation of this error object.
     #
     #   class Company < ActiveRecord::Base
     #     validates_presence_of :name, :address, :email
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #   person.attributes = { "last_name" => "Heinemeier", "phone_number" => "555-555" }
   #   person.save # => true (and person is now saved in the database)
   #
-  # An +Errors+ object is automatically created for every Active Record.
+  # An Errors object is automatically created for every Active Record.
   #
   # Please do have a look at ActiveRecord::Validations::ClassMethods for a higher level of validations.
   module Validations
@@ -279,11 +279,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
         alias_method_chain :save!, :validation
         alias_method_chain :update_attribute, :validation_skipping
       end
+
+      base.send :include, ActiveSupport::Callbacks
+      base.define_callbacks *VALIDATIONS
     end
 
     # All of the following validations are defined in the class scope of the model that you're interested in validating.
     # They offer a more declarative way of specifying when the model is valid and when it is not. It is recommended to use
-    # these over the low-level calls to validate and validate_on_create when possible.
+    # these over the low-level calls to +validate+ and +validate_on_create+ when possible.
     module ClassMethods
       DEFAULT_VALIDATION_OPTIONS = {
         :on => :save,
@@ -298,7 +301,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
                                   :odd => 'odd?', :even => 'even?' }.freeze
 
       # Adds a validation method or block to the class. This is useful when
-      # overriding the #validate instance method becomes too unwieldly and
+      # overriding the +validate+ instance method becomes too unwieldly and
       # you're looking for more descriptive declaration of your validations.
       #
       # This can be done with a symbol pointing to a method:
@@ -323,44 +326,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #     end
       #   end
       #
-      # This usage applies to #validate_on_create and #validate_on_update as well.
-      def validate(*methods, &block)
-        methods << block if block_given?
-        write_inheritable_set(:validate, methods)
-      end
-
-      def validate_on_create(*methods, &block)
-        methods << block if block_given?
-        write_inheritable_set(:validate_on_create, methods)
-      end
-
-      def validate_on_update(*methods, &block)
-        methods << block if block_given?
-        write_inheritable_set(:validate_on_update, methods)
-      end
-
-      def condition_block?(condition)
-        condition.respond_to?("call") && (condition.arity == 1 || condition.arity == -1)
-      end
-
-      # Determine from the given condition (whether a block, procedure, method or string)
-      # whether or not to validate the record.  See #validates_each.
-      def evaluate_condition(condition, record)
-        case condition
-          when Symbol; record.send(condition)
-          when String; eval(condition, record.send(:binding))
-          else
-            if condition_block?(condition)
-              condition.call(record)
-            else
-              raise(
-                ActiveRecordError,
-                "Validations need to be either a symbol, string (to be eval'ed), proc/method, or " +
-                "class implementing a static validation method"
-              )
-            end
-          end
-      end
+      # This usage applies to +validate_on_create+ and +validate_on_update+ as well.
 
       # Validates each attribute against a block.
       #
@@ -371,28 +337,25 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   end
       #
       # Options:
-      # * <tt>on</tt> - Specifies when this validation is active (default is :save, other options :create, :update)
-      # * <tt>allow_nil</tt> - Skip validation if attribute is nil.
-      # * <tt>allow_blank</tt> - Skip validation if attribute is blank.
-      # * <tt>if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
-      #   occur (e.g. :if => :allow_validation, or :if => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }).  The
+      # * <tt>:on</tt> - Specifies when this validation is active (default is <tt>:save</tt>, other options <tt>:create</tt>, <tt>:update</tt>).
+      # * <tt>:allow_nil</tt> - Skip validation if attribute is +nil+.
+      # * <tt>:allow_blank</tt> - Skip validation if attribute is blank.
+      # * <tt>:if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
+      #   occur (e.g. <tt>:if => :allow_validation</tt>, or <tt>:if => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }</tt>).  The
+      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
+      # * <tt>:unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
+      #   not occur (e.g. <tt>:unless => :skip_validation</tt>, or <tt>:unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }</tt>).  The
       #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
-      # * <tt>unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
-      #   not occur (e.g. :unless => :skip_validation, or :unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }).  The
-      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.      
       def validates_each(*attrs)
         options = attrs.extract_options!.symbolize_keys
         attrs   = attrs.flatten
 
         # Declare the validation.
-        send(validation_method(options[:on] || :save)) do |record|
-          # Don't validate when there is an :if condition and that condition is false or there is an :unless condition and that condition is true
-          unless (options[:if] && !evaluate_condition(options[:if], record)) || (options[:unless] && evaluate_condition(options[:unless], record))
-            attrs.each do |attr|
-              value = record.send(attr)
-              next if (value.nil? && options[:allow_nil]) || (value.blank? && options[:allow_blank])
-              yield record, attr, value
-            end
+        send(validation_method(options[:on] || :save), options) do |record|
+          attrs.each do |attr|
+            value = record.send(attr)
+            next if (value.nil? && options[:allow_nil]) || (value.blank? && options[:allow_blank])
+            yield record, attr, value
           end
         end
       end
@@ -410,21 +373,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #     <%= password_field "person", "password_confirmation" %>
       #
       # The added +password_confirmation+ attribute is virtual; it exists only as an in-memory attribute for validating the password.
-      # To achieve this, the validation adds acccessors to the model for the confirmation attribute. NOTE: This check is performed
-      # only if +password_confirmation+ is not nil, and by default only on save. To require confirmation, make sure to add a presence
+      # To achieve this, the validation adds accessors to the model for the confirmation attribute. NOTE: This check is performed
+      # only if +password_confirmation+ is not +nil+, and by default only on save. To require confirmation, make sure to add a presence
       # check for the confirmation attribute:
       #
       #   validates_presence_of :password_confirmation, :if => :password_changed?
       #
       # Configuration options:
-      # * <tt>message</tt> - A custom error message (default is: "doesn't match confirmation")
-      # * <tt>on</tt> - Specifies when this validation is active (default is :save, other options :create, :update)
-      # * <tt>if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
-      #   occur (e.g. :if => :allow_validation, or :if => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }).  The
+      # * <tt>:message</tt> - A custom error message (default is: "doesn't match confirmation").
+      # * <tt>:on</tt> - Specifies when this validation is active (default is <tt>:save</tt>, other options <tt>:create</tt>, <tt>:update</tt>).
+      # * <tt>:if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
+      #   occur (e.g. <tt>:if => :allow_validation</tt>, or <tt>:if => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }</tt>).  The
+      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
+      # * <tt>:unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
+      #   not occur (e.g. <tt>:unless => :skip_validation</tt>, or <tt>:unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }</tt>).  The
       #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
-      # * <tt>unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
-      #   not occur (e.g. :unless => :skip_validation, or :unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }).  The
-      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.      
       def validates_confirmation_of(*attr_names)
         configuration = { :message => ActiveRecord::Errors.default_error_messages[:confirmation], :on => :save }
         configuration.update(attr_names.extract_options!)
@@ -443,22 +406,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #     validates_acceptance_of :eula, :message => "must be abided"
       #   end
       #
-      # If the database column does not exist, the terms_of_service attribute is entirely virtual. This check is
-      # performed only if terms_of_service is not nil and by default on save.
+      # If the database column does not exist, the +terms_of_service+ attribute is entirely virtual. This check is
+      # performed only if +terms_of_service+ is not +nil+ and by default on save.
       #
       # Configuration options:
-      # * <tt>message</tt> - A custom error message (default is: "must be accepted")
-      # * <tt>on</tt> - Specifies when this validation is active (default is :save, other options :create, :update)
-      # * <tt>allow_nil</tt> - Skip validation if attribute is nil. (default is true)
-      # * <tt>accept</tt> - Specifies value that is considered accepted.  The default value is a string "1", which
-      #   makes it easy to relate to an HTML checkbox. This should be set to 'true' if you are validating a database
-      #   column, since the attribute is typecast from "1" to <tt>true</tt> before validation.
-      # * <tt>if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
-      #   occur (e.g. :if => :allow_validation, or :if => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }).  The
+      # * <tt>:message</tt> - A custom error message (default is: "must be accepted").
+      # * <tt>:on</tt> - Specifies when this validation is active (default is <tt>:save</tt>, other options <tt>:create</tt>, <tt>:update</tt>).
+      # * <tt>:allow_nil</tt> - Skip validation if attribute is +nil+ (default is true).
+      # * <tt>:accept</tt> - Specifies value that is considered accepted.  The default value is a string "1", which
+      #   makes it easy to relate to an HTML checkbox. This should be set to +true+ if you are validating a database
+      #   column, since the attribute is typecast from "1" to +true+ before validation.
+      # * <tt>:if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
+      #   occur (e.g. <tt>:if => :allow_validation</tt>, or <tt>:if => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }</tt>).  The
+      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
+      # * <tt>:unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
+      #   not occur (e.g. <tt>:unless => :skip_validation</tt>, or <tt>:unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }</tt>).  The
       #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
-      # * <tt>unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
-      #   not occur (e.g. :unless => :skip_validation, or :unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }).  The
-      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.      
       def validates_acceptance_of(*attr_names)
         configuration = { :message => ActiveRecord::Errors.default_error_messages[:accepted], :on => :save, :allow_nil => true, :accept => "1" }
         configuration.update(attr_names.extract_options!)
@@ -489,8 +452,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # This is due to the way Object#blank? handles boolean values. false.blank? # => true
       #
       # Configuration options:
-      # * <tt>message</tt> - A custom error message (default is: "can't be blank")
-      # * <tt>on</tt> - Specifies when this validation is active (default is :save, other options :create, :update)
+      # * <tt>message</tt> - A custom error message (default is: "can't be blank").
+      # * <tt>on</tt> - Specifies when this validation is active (default is <tt>:save</tt>, other options <tt>:create</tt>, <tt>:update</tt>).
       # * <tt>if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
       #   occur (e.g. :if => :allow_validation, or :if => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }).  The
       #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
@@ -498,28 +461,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   not occur (e.g. :unless => :skip_validation, or :unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }).  The
       #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
       #
-      # === Warning
-      # Validate the presence of the foreign key, not the instance variable itself.
-      # Do this:
-      #  validates_presence_of :invoice_id
-      #
-      # Not this:
-      #  validates_presence_of :invoice
-      #
-      # If you validate the presence of the associated object, you will get
-      # failures on saves when both the parent object and the child object are
-      # new.
       def validates_presence_of(*attr_names)
         configuration = { :message => ActiveRecord::Errors.default_error_messages[:blank], :on => :save }
         configuration.update(attr_names.extract_options!)
 
         # can't use validates_each here, because it cannot cope with nonexistent attributes,
         # while errors.add_on_empty can
-	send(validation_method(configuration[:on])) do |record|
-	  unless (configuration[:if] && !evaluate_condition(configuration[:if], record)) || (configuration[:unless] && evaluate_condition(configuration[:unless], record))
-	    record.errors.add_on_blank(attr_names, configuration[:message])
-	  end
-	end
+        send(validation_method(configuration[:on]), configuration) do |record|
+          record.errors.add_on_blank(attr_names, configuration[:message])
+        end
       end
 
       # Validates that the specified attribute matches the length restrictions supplied. Only one option can be used at a time:
@@ -535,25 +485,25 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   end
       #
       # Configuration options:
-      # * <tt>minimum</tt> - The minimum size of the attribute
-      # * <tt>maximum</tt> - The maximum size of the attribute
-      # * <tt>is</tt> - The exact size of the attribute
-      # * <tt>within</tt> - A range specifying the minimum and maximum size of the attribute
-      # * <tt>in</tt> - A synonym(or alias) for :within
-      # * <tt>allow_nil</tt> - Attribute may be nil; skip validation.
-      # * <tt>allow_blank</tt> - Attribute may be blank; skip validation.
-      #
-      # * <tt>too_long</tt> - The error message if the attribute goes over the maximum (default is: "is too long (maximum is %d characters)")
-      # * <tt>too_short</tt> - The error message if the attribute goes under the minimum (default is: "is too short (min is %d characters)")
-      # * <tt>wrong_length</tt> - The error message if using the :is method and the attribute is the wrong size (default is: "is the wrong length (should be %d characters)")
-      # * <tt>message</tt> - The error message to use for a :minimum, :maximum, or :is violation.  An alias of the appropriate too_long/too_short/wrong_length message
-      # * <tt>on</tt> - Specifies when this validation is active (default is :save, other options :create, :update)
-      # * <tt>if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
-      #   occur (e.g. :if => :allow_validation, or :if => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }).  The
+      # * <tt>:minimum</tt> - The minimum size of the attribute.
+      # * <tt>:maximum</tt> - The maximum size of the attribute.
+      # * <tt>:is</tt> - The exact size of the attribute.
+      # * <tt>:within</tt> - A range specifying the minimum and maximum size of the attribute.
+      # * <tt>:in</tt> - A synonym(or alias) for <tt>:within</tt>.
+      # * <tt>:allow_nil</tt> - Attribute may be +nil+; skip validation.
+      # * <tt>:allow_blank</tt> - Attribute may be blank; skip validation.
+      #
+      # * <tt>:too_long</tt> - The error message if the attribute goes over the maximum (default is: "is too long (maximum is %d characters)").
+      # * <tt>:too_short</tt> - The error message if the attribute goes under the minimum (default is: "is too short (min is %d characters)").
+      # * <tt>:wrong_length</tt> - The error message if using the <tt>:is</tt> method and the attribute is the wrong size (default is: "is the wrong length (should be %d characters)").
+      # * <tt>:message</tt> - The error message to use for a <tt>:minimum</tt>, <tt>:maximum</tt>, or <tt>:is</tt> violation.  An alias of the appropriate <tt>too_long</tt>/<tt>too_short</tt>/<tt>wrong_length</tt> message.
+      # * <tt>:on</tt> - Specifies when this validation is active (default is <tt>:save</tt>, other options <tt>:create</tt>, <tt>:update</tt>).
+      # * <tt>:if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
+      #   occur (e.g. <tt>:if => :allow_validation</tt>, or <tt>:if => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }</tt>).  The
+      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
+      # * <tt>:unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
+      #   not occur (e.g. <tt>:unless => :skip_validation</tt>, or <tt>:unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }</tt>).  The
       #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
-      # * <tt>unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
-      #   not occur (e.g. :unless => :skip_validation, or :unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }).  The
-      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.      
       def validates_length_of(*attrs)
         # Merge given options with defaults.
         options = {
@@ -586,9 +536,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
             too_long  = options[:too_long]  % option_value.end
 
             validates_each(attrs, options) do |record, attr, value|
-              if value.nil? or value.split(//).size < option_value.begin
+              value = value.split(//) if value.kind_of?(String)
+              if value.nil? or value.size < option_value.begin
                 record.errors.add(attr, too_short)
-              elsif value.split(//).size > option_value.end
+              elsif value.size > option_value.end
                 record.errors.add(attr, too_long)
               end
             end
@@ -602,11 +553,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
             message = (options[:message] || options[message_options[option]]) % option_value
 
             validates_each(attrs, options) do |record, attr, value|
-              if value.kind_of?(String)
-                record.errors.add(attr, message) unless !value.nil? and value.split(//).size.method(validity_checks[option])[option_value]
-              else
-                record.errors.add(attr, message) unless !value.nil? and value.size.method(validity_checks[option])[option_value]
-              end
+              value = value.split(//) if value.kind_of?(String)
+              record.errors.add(attr, message) unless !value.nil? and value.size.method(validity_checks[option])[option_value]
             end
         end
       end
@@ -632,63 +580,83 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # attribute (that maps to a column). When the record is updated, the same check is made but disregarding the record itself.
       #
       # Because this check is performed outside the database there is still a chance that duplicate values
-      # will be inserted in two parallel transactions.  To guarantee against this you should create a 
+      # will be inserted in two parallel transactions.  To guarantee against this you should create a
       # unique index on the field. See +add_index+ for more information.
       #
       # Configuration options:
-      # * <tt>message</tt> - Specifies a custom error message (default is: "has already been taken")
-      # * <tt>scope</tt> - One or more columns by which to limit the scope of the uniquness constraint.
-      # * <tt>case_sensitive</tt> - Looks for an exact match.  Ignored by non-text columns (true by default).
-      # * <tt>allow_nil</tt> - If set to true, skips this validation if the attribute is null (default is: false)
-      # * <tt>allow_blank</tt> - If set to true, skips this validation if the attribute is blank (default is: false)
-      # * <tt>if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
-      #   occur (e.g. :if => :allow_validation, or :if => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }).  The
+      # * <tt>:message</tt> - Specifies a custom error message (default is: "has already been taken").
+      # * <tt>:scope</tt> - One or more columns by which to limit the scope of the uniqueness constraint.
+      # * <tt>:case_sensitive</tt> - Looks for an exact match.  Ignored by non-text columns (+false+ by default).
+      # * <tt>:allow_nil</tt> - If set to true, skips this validation if the attribute is +nil+ (default is +false+).
+      # * <tt>:allow_blank</tt> - If set to true, skips this validation if the attribute is blank (default is +false+).
+      # * <tt>:if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
+      #   occur (e.g. <tt>:if => :allow_validation</tt>, or <tt>:if => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }</tt>).  The
       #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
-      # * <tt>unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
-      #   not occur (e.g. :unless => :skip_validation, or :unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }).  The
+      # * <tt>:unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
+      #   not occur (e.g. <tt>:unless => :skip_validation</tt>, or <tt>:unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }</tt>).  The
       #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
       def validates_uniqueness_of(*attr_names)
         configuration = { :message => ActiveRecord::Errors.default_error_messages[:taken], :case_sensitive => true }
         configuration.update(attr_names.extract_options!)
 
         validates_each(attr_names,configuration) do |record, attr_name, value|
-          if value.nil? || (configuration[:case_sensitive] || !columns_hash[attr_name.to_s].text?)
-            condition_sql = "#{record.class.table_name}.#{attr_name} #{attribute_condition(value)}"
+          # The check for an existing value should be run from a class that
+          # isn't abstract. This means working down from the current class
+          # (self), to the first non-abstract class. Since classes don't know
+          # their subclasses, we have to build the hierarchy between self and
+          # the record's class.
+          class_hierarchy = [record.class]
+          while class_hierarchy.first != self
+            class_hierarchy.insert(0, class_hierarchy.first.superclass)
+          end
+
+          # Now we can work our way down the tree to the first non-abstract
+          # class (which has a database table to query from).
+          finder_class = class_hierarchy.detect { |klass| !klass.abstract_class? }
+
+          if value.nil? || (configuration[:case_sensitive] || !finder_class.columns_hash[attr_name.to_s].text?)
+            condition_sql = "#{record.class.quoted_table_name}.#{attr_name} #{attribute_condition(value)}"
             condition_params = [value]
           else
-            condition_sql = "LOWER(#{record.class.table_name}.#{attr_name}) #{attribute_condition(value)}"
+            # sqlite has case sensitive SELECT query, while MySQL/Postgresql don't.
+            # Hence, this is needed only for sqlite.
+            condition_sql = "LOWER(#{record.class.quoted_table_name}.#{attr_name}) #{attribute_condition(value)}"
             condition_params = [value.downcase]
           end
 
           if scope = configuration[:scope]
             Array(scope).map do |scope_item|
               scope_value = record.send(scope_item)
-              condition_sql << " AND #{record.class.table_name}.#{scope_item} #{attribute_condition(scope_value)}"
+              condition_sql << " AND #{record.class.quoted_table_name}.#{scope_item} #{attribute_condition(scope_value)}"
               condition_params << scope_value
             end
           end
 
           unless record.new_record?
-            condition_sql << " AND #{record.class.table_name}.#{record.class.primary_key} <> ?"
+            condition_sql << " AND #{record.class.quoted_table_name}.#{record.class.primary_key} <> ?"
             condition_params << record.send(:id)
           end
 
-          # The check for an existing value should be run from a class that
-          # isn't abstract. This means working down from the current class
-          # (self), to the first non-abstract class. Since classes don't know
-          # their subclasses, we have to build the hierarchy between self and
-          # the record's class.
-          class_hierarchy = [record.class]
-          while class_hierarchy.first != self
-            class_hierarchy.insert(0, class_hierarchy.first.superclass)
+          results = finder_class.with_exclusive_scope do
+            connection.select_all(
+              construct_finder_sql(
+                :select     => "#{connection.quote_column_name(attr_name)}",
+                :from       => "#{finder_class.quoted_table_name}",
+                :conditions => [condition_sql, *condition_params]
+              )
+            )
           end
 
-          # Now we can work our way down the tree to the first non-abstract
-          # class (which has a database table to query from).
-          finder_class = class_hierarchy.detect { |klass| !klass.abstract_class? }
+          unless results.length.zero?
+            found = true
 
-          if finder_class.find(:first, :conditions => [condition_sql, *condition_params])
-            record.errors.add(attr_name, configuration[:message])
+            # As MySQL/Postgres don't have case sensitive SELECT queries, we try to find duplicate
+            # column in ruby when case sensitive option
+            if configuration[:case_sensitive] && finder_class.columns_hash[attr_name.to_s].text?
+              found = results.any? { |a| a[attr_name.to_s] == value }
+            end
+
+            record.errors.add(attr_name, configuration[:message]) if found
           end
         end
       end
@@ -701,21 +669,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #     validates_format_of :email, :with => /\A([^@\s]+)@((?:[-a-z0-9]+\.)+[a-z]{2,})\Z/i, :on => :create
       #   end
       #
-      # Note: use \A and \Z to match the start and end of the string, ^ and $ match the start/end of a line.
+      # Note: use <tt>\A</tt> and <tt>\Z</tt> to match the start and end of the string, <tt>^</tt> and <tt>$</tt> match the start/end of a line.
       #
       # A regular expression must be provided or else an exception will be raised.
       #
       # Configuration options:
-      # * <tt>message</tt> - A custom error message (default is: "is invalid")
-      # * <tt>allow_nil</tt> - If set to true, skips this validation if the attribute is null (default is: false)
-      # * <tt>allow_blank</tt> - If set to true, skips this validation if the attribute is blank (default is: false)
-      # * <tt>with</tt> - The regular expression used to validate the format with (note: must be supplied!)
-      # * <tt>on</tt> Specifies when this validation is active (default is :save, other options :create, :update)
-      # * <tt>if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
-      #   occur (e.g. :if => :allow_validation, or :if => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }).  The
+      # * <tt>:message</tt> - A custom error message (default is: "is invalid").
+      # * <tt>:allow_nil</tt> - If set to true, skips this validation if the attribute is +nil+ (default is +false+).
+      # * <tt>:allow_blank</tt> - If set to true, skips this validation if the attribute is blank (default is +false+).
+      # * <tt>:with</tt> - The regular expression used to validate the format with (note: must be supplied!).
+      # * <tt>:on</tt> - Specifies when this validation is active (default is <tt>:save</tt>, other options <tt>:create</tt>, <tt>:update</tt>).
+      # * <tt>:if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
+      #   occur (e.g. <tt>:if => :allow_validation</tt>, or <tt>:if => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }</tt>).  The
       #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
-      # * <tt>unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
-      #   not occur (e.g. :unless => :skip_validation, or :unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }).  The
+      # * <tt>:unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
+      #   not occur (e.g. <tt>:unless => :skip_validation</tt>, or <tt>:unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }</tt>).  The
       #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
       def validates_format_of(*attr_names)
         configuration = { :message => ActiveRecord::Errors.default_error_messages[:invalid], :on => :save, :with => nil }
@@ -724,7 +692,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         raise(ArgumentError, "A regular expression must be supplied as the :with option of the configuration hash") unless configuration[:with].is_a?(Regexp)
 
         validates_each(attr_names, configuration) do |record, attr_name, value|
-          record.errors.add(attr_name, configuration[:message]) unless value.to_s =~ configuration[:with]
+          record.errors.add(attr_name, configuration[:message] % value) unless value.to_s =~ configuration[:with]
         end
       end
 
@@ -737,15 +705,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   end
       #
       # Configuration options:
-      # * <tt>in</tt> - An enumerable object of available items
-      # * <tt>message</tt> - Specifies a customer error message (default is: "is not included in the list")
-      # * <tt>allow_nil</tt> - If set to true, skips this validation if the attribute is null (default is: false)
-      # * <tt>allow_blank</tt> - If set to true, skips this validation if the attribute is blank (default is: false)
-      # * <tt>if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
-      #   occur (e.g. :if => :allow_validation, or :if => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }).  The
+      # * <tt>:in</tt> - An enumerable object of available items.
+      # * <tt>:message</tt> - Specifies a custom error message (default is: "is not included in the list").
+      # * <tt>:allow_nil</tt> - If set to true, skips this validation if the attribute is +nil+ (default is +false+).
+      # * <tt>:allow_blank</tt> - If set to true, skips this validation if the attribute is blank (default is +false+).
+      # * <tt>:if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
+      #   occur (e.g. <tt>:if => :allow_validation</tt>, or <tt>:if => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }</tt>).  The
       #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
-      # * <tt>unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
-      #   not occur (e.g. :unless => :skip_validation, or :unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }).  The
+      # * <tt>:unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
+      #   not occur (e.g. <tt>:unless => :skip_validation</tt>, or <tt>:unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }</tt>).  The
       #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
       def validates_inclusion_of(*attr_names)
         configuration = { :message => ActiveRecord::Errors.default_error_messages[:inclusion], :on => :save }
@@ -769,15 +737,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   end
       #
       # Configuration options:
-      # * <tt>in</tt> - An enumerable object of items that the value shouldn't be part of
-      # * <tt>message</tt> - Specifies a customer error message (default is: "is reserved")
-      # * <tt>allow_nil</tt> - If set to true, skips this validation if the attribute is null (default is: false)
-      # * <tt>allow_blank</tt> - If set to true, skips this validation if the attribute is blank (default is: false)
-      # * <tt>if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
-      #   occur (e.g. :if => :allow_validation, or :if => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }).  The
+      # * <tt>:in</tt> - An enumerable object of items that the value shouldn't be part of.
+      # * <tt>:message</tt> - Specifies a custom error message (default is: "is reserved").
+      # * <tt>:allow_nil</tt> - If set to true, skips this validation if the attribute is +nil+ (default is +false+).
+      # * <tt>:allow_blank</tt> - If set to true, skips this validation if the attribute is blank (default is +false+).
+      # * <tt>:if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
+      #   occur (e.g. <tt>:if => :allow_validation</tt>, or <tt>:if => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }</tt>).  The
       #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
-      # * <tt>unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
-      #   not occur (e.g. :unless => :skip_validation, or :unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }).  The
+      # * <tt>:unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
+      #   not occur (e.g. <tt>:unless => :skip_validation</tt>, or <tt>:unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }</tt>).  The
       #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
       def validates_exclusion_of(*attr_names)
         configuration = { :message => ActiveRecord::Errors.default_error_messages[:exclusion], :on => :save }
@@ -809,19 +777,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #     validates_associated :book
       #   end
       #
-      # ...this would specify a circular dependency and cause infinite recursion.
+      # this would specify a circular dependency and cause infinite recursion.
       #
       # NOTE: This validation will not fail if the association hasn't been assigned. If you want to ensure that the association
-      # is both present and guaranteed to be valid, you also need to use validates_presence_of.
+      # is both present and guaranteed to be valid, you also need to use +validates_presence_of+.
       #
       # Configuration options:
-      # * <tt>message</tt> - A custom error message (default is: "is invalid")
-      # * <tt>on</tt> Specifies when this validation is active (default is :save, other options :create, :update)
-      # * <tt>if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
-      #   occur (e.g. :if => :allow_validation, or :if => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }).  The
+      # * <tt>:message</tt> - A custom error message (default is: "is invalid")
+      # * <tt>:on</tt> - Specifies when this validation is active (default is <tt>:save</tt>, other options <tt>:create</tt>, <tt>:update</tt>).
+      # * <tt>:if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
+      #   occur (e.g. <tt>:if => :allow_validation</tt>, or <tt>:if => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }</tt>).  The
       #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
-      # * <tt>unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
-      #   not occur (e.g. :unless => :skip_validation, or :unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }).  The
+      # * <tt>:unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
+      #   not occur (e.g. <tt>:unless => :skip_validation</tt>, or <tt>:unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }</tt>).  The
       #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
       def validates_associated(*attr_names)
         configuration = { :message => ActiveRecord::Errors.default_error_messages[:invalid], :on => :save }
@@ -834,30 +802,30 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       # Validates whether the value of the specified attribute is numeric by trying to convert it to
-      # a float with Kernel.Float (if <tt>integer</tt> is false) or applying it to the regular expression
-      # <tt>/\A[\+\-]?\d+\Z/</tt> (if <tt>integer</tt> is set to true).
+      # a float with Kernel.Float (if <tt>only_integer</tt> is false) or applying it to the regular expression
+      # <tt>/\A[\+\-]?\d+\Z/</tt> (if <tt>only_integer</tt> is set to true).
       #
       #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
       #     validates_numericality_of :value, :on => :create
       #   end
       #
       # Configuration options:
-      # * <tt>message</tt> - A custom error message (default is: "is not a number")
-      # * <tt>on</tt> Specifies when this validation is active (default is :save, other options :create, :update)
-      # * <tt>only_integer</tt> Specifies whether the value has to be an integer, e.g. an integral value (default is false)
-      # * <tt>allow_nil</tt> Skip validation if attribute is nil (default is false). Notice that for fixnum and float columns empty strings are converted to nil
-      # * <tt>greater_than</tt> Specifies the value must be greater than the supplied value
-      # * <tt>greater_than_or_equal_to</tt> Specifies the value must be greater than or equal the supplied value
-      # * <tt>equal_to</tt> Specifies the value must be equal to the supplied value
-      # * <tt>less_than</tt> Specifies the value must be less than the supplied value
-      # * <tt>less_than_or_equal_to</tt> Specifies the value must be less than or equal the supplied value
-      # * <tt>odd</tt> Specifies the value must be an odd number
-      # * <tt>even</tt> Specifies the value must be an even number
-      # * <tt>if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
-      #   occur (e.g. :if => :allow_validation, or :if => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }).  The
+      # * <tt>:message</tt> - A custom error message (default is: "is not a number").
+      # * <tt>:on</tt> - Specifies when this validation is active (default is <tt>:save</tt>, other options <tt>:create</tt>, <tt>:update</tt>).
+      # * <tt>:only_integer</tt> - Specifies whether the value has to be an integer, e.g. an integral value (default is +false+).
+      # * <tt>:allow_nil</tt> - Skip validation if attribute is +nil+ (default is +false+). Notice that for fixnum and float columns empty strings are converted to +nil+.
+      # * <tt>:greater_than</tt> - Specifies the value must be greater than the supplied value.
+      # * <tt>:greater_than_or_equal_to</tt> - Specifies the value must be greater than or equal the supplied value.
+      # * <tt>:equal_to</tt> - Specifies the value must be equal to the supplied value.
+      # * <tt>:less_than</tt> - Specifies the value must be less than the supplied value.
+      # * <tt>:less_than_or_equal_to</tt> - Specifies the value must be less than or equal the supplied value.
+      # * <tt>:odd</tt> - Specifies the value must be an odd number.
+      # * <tt>:even</tt> - Specifies the value must be an even number.
+      # * <tt>:if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
+      #   occur (e.g. <tt>:if => :allow_validation</tt>, or <tt>:if => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }</tt>).  The
       #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
-      # * <tt>unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
-      #   not occur (e.g. :unless => :skip_validation, or :unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }).  The
+      # * <tt>:unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
+      #   not occur (e.g. <tt>:unless => :skip_validation</tt>, or <tt>:unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }</tt>).  The
       #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
       def validates_numericality_of(*attr_names)
         configuration = { :on => :save, :only_integer => false, :allow_nil => false }
@@ -895,7 +863,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
               when :odd, :even
                 record.errors.add(attr_name, configuration[:message] || ActiveRecord::Errors.default_error_messages[option]) unless raw_value.to_i.method(ALL_NUMERICALITY_CHECKS[option])[]
               else
-                record.errors.add(attr_name, configuration[:message] || (ActiveRecord::Errors.default_error_messages[option] % configuration[option])) unless raw_value.method(ALL_NUMERICALITY_CHECKS[option])[configuration[option]]
+                message = configuration[:message] || ActiveRecord::Errors.default_error_messages[option]
+                message = message % configuration[option] if configuration[option]
+                record.errors.add(attr_name, message) unless raw_value.method(ALL_NUMERICALITY_CHECKS[option])[configuration[option]]
             end
           end
         end
@@ -903,23 +873,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Creates an object just like Base.create but calls save! instead of save
       # so an exception is raised if the record is invalid.
-      def create!(attributes = nil)
+      def create!(attributes = nil, &block)
         if attributes.is_a?(Array)
-          attributes.collect { |attr| create!(attr) }
+          attributes.collect { |attr| create!(attr, &block) }
         else
           object = new(attributes)
+          yield(object) if block_given?
           object.save!
           object
         end
       end
 
-
       private
-        def write_inheritable_set(key, methods)
-          existing_methods = read_inheritable_attribute(key) || []
-          write_inheritable_attribute(key, existing_methods | methods)
-        end
-
         def validation_method(on)
           case on
             when :save   then :validate
@@ -957,18 +922,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
       save(false)
     end
 
-    # Runs validate and validate_on_create or validate_on_update and returns true if no errors were added otherwise false.
+    # Runs +validate+ and +validate_on_create+ or +validate_on_update+ and returns true if no errors were added otherwise false.
     def valid?
       errors.clear
 
-      run_validations(:validate)
+      run_callbacks(:validate)
       validate
 
       if new_record?
-        run_validations(:validate_on_create)
+        run_callbacks(:validate_on_create)
         validate_on_create
       else
-        run_validations(:validate_on_update)
+        run_callbacks(:validate_on_update)
         validate_on_update
       end
 
@@ -981,7 +946,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     protected
-      # Overwrite this method for validation checks on all saves and use Errors.add(field, msg) for invalid attributes.
+      # Overwrite this method for validation checks on all saves and use <tt>Errors.add(field, msg)</tt> for invalid attributes.
       def validate #:doc:
       end
 
@@ -992,36 +957,5 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Overwrite this method for validation checks used only on updates.
       def validate_on_update # :doc:
       end
-
-    private
-      def run_validations(validation_method)
-        validations = self.class.read_inheritable_attribute(validation_method.to_sym)
-        if validations.nil? then return end
-        validations.each do |validation|
-          if validation.is_a?(Symbol)
-            self.send(validation)
-          elsif validation.is_a?(String)
-            eval(validation, binding)
-          elsif validation_block?(validation)
-            validation.call(self)
-          elsif validation_class?(validation, validation_method)
-            validation.send(validation_method, self)
-          else
-            raise(
-              ActiveRecordError,
-              "Validations need to be either a symbol, string (to be eval'ed), proc/method, or " +
-              "class implementing a static validation method"
-            )
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      def validation_block?(validation)
-        validation.respond_to?("call") && (validation.arity == 1 || validation.arity == -1)
-      end
-
-      def validation_class?(validation, validation_method)
-        validation.respond_to?(validation_method)
-      end
   end
 end