activerecord-redshift-adapter 8.0.0.beta2 → 8.1.0

data/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/redshift_8_1_adapter.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,858 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/statement_pool'
+
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/redshift_8_1/utils'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/redshift_8_1/column'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/redshift_8_1/oid'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/redshift_8_1/quoting'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/redshift_8_1/referential_integrity'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/redshift_8_1/schema_definitions'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/redshift_8_1/schema_dumper'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/redshift_8_1/schema_statements'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/redshift_8_1/type_metadata'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/redshift_8_1/database_statements'
+
+require 'active_record/tasks/database_tasks'
+
+require 'pg'
+
+require 'ipaddr'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionHandling # :nodoc:
+
+    def redshift_adapter_class
+      ConnectionAdapters::RedshiftAdapter
+    end
+
+    # Establishes a connection to the database that's used by all Active Record objects
+    def redshift_connection(config)
+      redshift_adapter_class.new(config)
+    end
+  end
+
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    # The PostgreSQL adapter works with the native C (https://bitbucket.org/ged/ruby-pg) driver.
+    #
+    # Options:
+    #
+    # * <tt>:host</tt> - Defaults to a Unix-domain socket in /tmp. On machines without Unix-domain sockets,
+    #   the default is to connect to localhost.
+    # * <tt>:port</tt> - Defaults to 5432.
+    # * <tt>:username</tt> - Defaults to be the same as the operating system name of the user running the application.
+    # * <tt>:password</tt> - Password to be used if the server demands password authentication.
+    # * <tt>:database</tt> - Defaults to be the same as the user name.
+    # * <tt>:schema_search_path</tt> - An optional schema search path for the connection given
+    #   as a string of comma-separated schema names. This is backward-compatible with the <tt>:schema_order</tt> option.
+    # * <tt>:encoding</tt> - An optional client encoding that is used in a <tt>SET client_encoding TO
+    #   <encoding></tt> call on the connection.
+    # * <tt>:min_messages</tt> - An optional client min messages that is used in a
+    #   <tt>SET client_min_messages TO <min_messages></tt> call on the connection.
+    # * <tt>:variables</tt> - An optional hash of additional parameters that
+    #   will be used in <tt>SET SESSION key = val</tt> calls on the connection.
+    # * <tt>:insert_returning</tt> - Does nothing for Redshift.
+    #
+    # Any further options are used as connection parameters to libpq. See
+    # http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.1/static/libpq-connect.html for the
+    # list of parameters.
+    #
+    # In addition, default connection parameters of libpq can be set per environment variables.
+    # See http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.1/static/libpq-envars.html .
+    class RedshiftAdapter < AbstractAdapter
+      ADAPTER_NAME = 'Redshift'
+
+      RS_VALID_CONN_PARAMS = %i[host hostaddr port dbname user password connect_timeout
+                              client_encoding options application_name fallback_application_name
+                              keepalives keepalives_idle keepalives_interval keepalives_count
+                              tty sslmode requiressl sslcompression sslcert sslkey
+                              sslrootcert sslcrl requirepeer krbsrvname gsslib service].freeze
+
+      NATIVE_DATABASE_TYPES = {
+        primary_key: 'integer identity primary key',
+        string: { name: 'varchar' },
+        text: { name: 'varchar' },
+        integer: { name: 'integer' },
+        float: { name: 'decimal' },
+        decimal: { name: 'decimal' },
+        datetime: { name: 'timestamp' },
+        time: { name: 'timestamp' },
+        date: { name: 'date' },
+        bigint: { name: 'bigint' },
+        boolean: { name: 'boolean' }
+      }.freeze
+
+      OID = Redshift::OID # :nodoc:
+
+      include Redshift::Quoting
+      include Redshift::ReferentialIntegrity
+      include Redshift::SchemaStatements
+      include Redshift::DatabaseStatements
+
+      # Rails 8.1 removed AbstractAdapter#mark_transaction_written_if_write
+      # and replaced it with mark_transaction_written (no parameters).
+      # This method provides backward compatibility for our adapter.
+      def mark_transaction_written_if_write(sql) # :nodoc:
+        transaction = current_transaction
+        if transaction.open? && write_query?(sql)
+          mark_transaction_written
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Compatibility: in_transaction? is defined in PostgreSQLAdapter but not in AbstractAdapter.
+      # Since RedshiftAdapter inherits from AbstractAdapter (not PostgreSQLAdapter),
+      # we need to provide this method. It's used for prepared statement cache handling.
+      def in_transaction? # :nodoc:
+        open_transactions > 0
+      end
+
+      def schema_creation # :nodoc:
+        Redshift::SchemaCreation.new self
+      end
+
+      def supports_index_sort_order?
+        false
+      end
+
+      def supports_partial_index?
+        false
+      end
+
+      def supports_transaction_isolation?
+        false
+      end
+
+      def supports_foreign_keys?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def supports_deferrable_constraints?
+        false
+      end
+
+      def supports_views?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def supports_virtual_columns?
+        false
+      end
+
+      def index_algorithms
+        { concurrently: 'CONCURRENTLY' }
+      end
+
+      class StatementPool < ConnectionAdapters::StatementPool # :nodoc:
+        def initialize(connection, max)
+          super(max)
+          @raw_connection = connection
+          @counter = 0
+        end
+
+        def next_key
+          "a#{@counter += 1}"
+        end
+
+        private
+
+        def dealloc(key)
+          # This is ugly, but safe: the statement pool is only
+          # accessed while holding the connection's lock. (And we
+          # don't need the complication of with_raw_connection because
+          # a reconnect would invalidate the entire statement pool.)
+          if conn = @connection.instance_variable_get(:@raw_connection)
+            conn.query "DEALLOCATE #{key}" if conn.status == PG::CONNECTION_OK
+          end
+        rescue PG::Error
+        end
+      end
+
+      class << self
+        def new_client(conn_params)
+          PG.connect(**conn_params)
+        rescue ::PG::Error => error
+          if conn_params && conn_params[:dbname] == "postgres"
+            raise ActiveRecord::ConnectionNotEstablished, error.message
+          elsif conn_params && conn_params[:dbname] && error.message.include?(conn_params[:dbname])
+            raise ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError.db_error(conn_params[:dbname])
+          elsif conn_params && conn_params[:user] && error.message.include?(conn_params[:user])
+            raise ActiveRecord::DatabaseConnectionError.username_error(conn_params[:user])
+          elsif conn_params && conn_params[:host] && error.message.include?(conn_params[:host])
+            raise ActiveRecord::DatabaseConnectionError.hostname_error(conn_params[:host])
+          else
+            raise ActiveRecord::ConnectionNotEstablished, error.message
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Initializes and connects a PostgreSQL adapter.
+      def initialize(...)
+        super
+
+        conn_params = @config.compact
+
+        # Map ActiveRecords param names to PGs.
+        conn_params[:user] = conn_params.delete(:username) if conn_params[:username]
+        conn_params[:dbname] = conn_params.delete(:database) if conn_params[:database]
+
+        # Forward only valid config params to PG::Connection.connect.
+        conn_params.slice!(*RS_VALID_CONN_PARAMS)
+
+        @connection_parameters = conn_params
+
+        @max_identifier_length = nil
+        @type_map = nil
+        @raw_connection = nil
+        @notice_receiver_sql_warnings = []
+        @table_alias_length = nil
+
+        @use_insert_returning = @config.key?(:insert_returning) ? self.class.type_cast_config_to_boolean(@config[:insert_returning]) : true
+      end
+
+      def truncate(table_name, name = nil)
+        exec_query "TRUNCATE TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)}", name, []
+      end
+
+      # Is this connection alive and ready for queries?
+      def active?
+        @lock.synchronize do
+          return false unless @raw_connection
+          @raw_connection.query ";"
+        end
+        true
+      rescue PG::Error
+        false
+      end
+
+      def reload_type_map # :nodoc:
+        @lock.synchronize do
+          if @type_map
+            type_map.clear
+          else
+            @type_map = Type::HashLookupTypeMap.new
+          end
+
+          initialize_type_map
+        end
+      end
+
+      def reset!
+        @lock.synchronize do
+          return connect! unless @raw_connection
+
+          unless @raw_connection.transaction_status == ::PG::PQTRANS_IDLE
+            @raw_connection.query "ROLLBACK"
+          end
+
+          super
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Disconnects from the database if already connected. Otherwise, this
+      # method does nothing.
+      def disconnect!
+        @lock.synchronize do
+          super
+          @raw_connection&.close rescue nil
+          @raw_connection = nil
+        end
+      end
+
+      def discard! # :nodoc:
+        super
+        @raw_connection&.socket_io&.reopen(IO::NULL) rescue nil
+        @raw_connection = nil
+      end
+
+      def native_database_types # :nodoc:
+        NATIVE_DATABASE_TYPES
+      end
+
+      # Returns true, since this connection adapter supports migrations.
+      def supports_migrations?
+        true
+      end
+
+      # Does PostgreSQL support finding primary key on non-Active Record tables?
+      def supports_primary_key? # :nodoc:
+        true
+      end
+
+      def supports_ddl_transactions?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def supports_explain?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def supports_extensions?
+        false
+      end
+
+      def supports_ranges?
+        false
+      end
+
+      def supports_materialized_views?
+        false
+      end
+
+      def supports_import?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def enable_extension(name)
+        ;
+      end
+
+      def disable_extension(name)
+        ;
+      end
+
+      def extension_enabled?(_name)
+        false
+      end
+
+      def supports_common_table_expressions?
+        true
+      end
+
+      # Returns the configured supported identifier length supported by PostgreSQL
+      def table_alias_length
+        @table_alias_length ||= query('SHOW max_identifier_length', 'SCHEMA')[0][0].to_i
+      end
+
+      # Set the authorized user for this session
+      def session_auth=(user)
+        clear_cache!
+        exec_query "SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION #{user}"
+      end
+
+      def use_insert_returning?
+        false
+      end
+
+      def valid_type?(type)
+        !native_database_types[type].nil?
+      end
+
+      def update_table_definition(table_name, base)
+        # :nodoc:
+        Redshift::Table.new(table_name, base)
+      end
+
+      def lookup_cast_type(sql_type)
+        # :nodoc:
+        oid = execute("SELECT #{quote(sql_type)}::regtype::oid", 'SCHEMA').first['oid'].to_i
+        super(oid)
+      end
+
+      def column_name_for_operation(operation, _node)
+        # :nodoc:
+        OPERATION_ALIASES.fetch(operation) { operation.downcase }
+      end
+
+      OPERATION_ALIASES = { # :nodoc:
+                            'maximum' => 'max',
+                            'minimum' => 'min',
+                            'average' => 'avg'
+      }.freeze
+
+      protected
+
+      # Returns the version of the connected PostgreSQL server.
+      def redshift_version
+        @raw_connection.server_version
+      end
+
+      def translate_exception(exception, message:, sql:, binds:)
+        return exception unless exception.respond_to?(:result)
+
+        if exception.is_a?(PG::DuplicateDatabase)
+          DatabaseAlreadyExists.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Rails 8.1 removed AbstractAdapter#check_if_write_query.
+      # Implement it here for compatibility since our #execute_and_clear still relies on it.
+      def check_if_write_query(sql)
+        return unless preventing_writes? && write_query?(sql)
+
+        raise ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyError, "Write query attempted while in readonly mode: #{sql}"
+      end
+
+      class << self
+        def initialize_type_map(m)
+          # :nodoc:
+          m.register_type 'int2', Type::Integer.new(limit: 2)
+          m.register_type 'int4', Type::Integer.new(limit: 4)
+          m.register_type 'int8', Type::Integer.new(limit: 8)
+          m.alias_type 'oid', 'int2'
+          m.register_type 'float4', Type::Float.new
+          m.alias_type 'float8', 'float4'
+          m.register_type 'text', Type::Text.new
+          register_class_with_limit m, 'varchar', Type::String
+          m.alias_type 'char', 'varchar'
+          m.alias_type 'name', 'varchar'
+          m.alias_type 'bpchar', 'varchar'
+          m.register_type 'bool', Type::Boolean.new
+          m.alias_type 'timestamptz', 'timestamp'
+          m.register_type 'date', Type::Date.new
+          m.register_type 'time', Type::Time.new
+
+          m.register_type 'timestamp' do |_, _, sql_type|
+            precision = extract_precision(sql_type)
+            OID::DateTime.new(precision: precision)
+          end
+
+          m.register_type 'numeric' do |_, fmod, sql_type|
+            precision = extract_precision(sql_type)
+            scale = extract_scale(sql_type)
+
+            # The type for the numeric depends on the width of the field,
+            # so we'll do something special here.
+            #
+            # When dealing with decimal columns:
+            #
+            # places after decimal  = fmod - 4 & 0xffff
+            # places before decimal = (fmod - 4) >> 16 & 0xffff
+            if fmod && (fmod - 4 & 0xffff) == 0
+              # FIXME: Remove this class, and the second argument to
+              # lookups on PG
+              Type::DecimalWithoutScale.new(precision: precision)
+            else
+              OID::Decimal.new(precision: precision, scale: scale)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def get_oid_type(oid, fmod, column_name, sql_type = '')
+        # :nodoc:
+        load_additional_types(type_map, [oid]) unless type_map.key?(oid)
+
+        type_map.fetch(oid, fmod, sql_type) do
+          warn "unknown OID #{oid}: failed to recognize type of '#{column_name}'. It will be treated as String."
+          Type::Value.new.tap do |cast_type|
+            type_map.register_type(oid, cast_type)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def type_map
+        @type_map ||= Type::HashLookupTypeMap.new
+      end
+
+      def initialize_type_map(m = type_map)
+        self.class.initialize_type_map(m)
+        load_additional_types(m)
+      end
+
+      def extract_limit(sql_type)
+        # :nodoc:
+        case sql_type
+        when /^bigint/i, /^int8/i
+          8
+        when /^smallint/i
+          2
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Extracts the value from a PostgreSQL column default definition.
+      def extract_value_from_default(default)
+        # :nodoc:
+        case default
+          # Quoted types
+        when /\A[(B]?'(.*)'::/m
+          Regexp.last_match(1).gsub(/''/, "'")
+          # Boolean types
+        when 'true', 'false'
+          default
+          # Numeric types
+        when /\A\(?(-?\d+(\.\d*)?)\)?\z/
+          Regexp.last_match(1)
+          # Object identifier types
+        when /\A-?\d+\z/
+          Regexp.last_match(1)
+        else # rubocop:disable Style/EmptyElse
+          # Anything else is blank, some user type, or some function
+          # and we can't know the value of that, so return nil.
+          nil
+        end
+      end
+
+      def extract_default_function(default_value, default)
+        # :nodoc:
+        default if has_default_function?(default_value, default)
+      end
+
+      def has_default_function?(default_value, default)
+        # :nodoc:
+        !default_value && (/\w+\(.*\)/ === default)
+      end
+
+      def load_additional_types(type_map, oids = nil)
+        # :nodoc:
+        initializer = OID::TypeMapInitializer.new(type_map)
+
+        load_types_queries(initializer, oids) do |query|
+          execute_and_clear(query, 'SCHEMA', [], allow_retry: true, materialize_transactions: false) do |records|
+            initializer.run(records)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def load_types_queries(_initializer, oids)
+        query =
+          if supports_ranges?
+            <<-SQL
+              SELECT t.oid, t.typname, t.typelem, t.typdelim, t.typinput, r.rngsubtype, t.typtype, t.typbasetype
+              FROM pg_type as t
+              LEFT JOIN pg_range as r ON oid = rngtypid
+            SQL
+          else
+            <<-SQL
+              SELECT t.oid, t.typname, t.typelem, t.typdelim, t.typinput, t.typtype, t.typbasetype
+              FROM pg_type as t
+            SQL
+          end
+
+        if oids
+          yield query + 'WHERE t.oid::integer IN (%s)' % oids.join(', ')
+        else
+          yield query
+        end
+      end
+
+      FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED = '0A000' # :nodoc:
+
+      def execute_and_clear(sql, name, binds, prepare: false, async: false, allow_retry: false, materialize_transactions: true)
+        check_if_write_query(sql)
+
+        if !prepare || binds.nil? || binds.empty?
+          result = exec_no_cache(sql, name, binds, async: async, allow_retry: allow_retry, materialize_transactions: materialize_transactions)
+        else
+          result = exec_cache(sql, name, binds, async: async, allow_retry: allow_retry, materialize_transactions: materialize_transactions)
+        end
+        begin
+          ret = yield result
+        ensure
+          result.clear
+        end
+        ret
+      end
+
+      def exec_no_cache(sql, name, binds, async:, allow_retry:, materialize_transactions:)
+        mark_transaction_written_if_write(sql)
+
+        # make sure we carry over any changes to ActiveRecord.default_timezone that have been
+        # made since we established the connection
+        update_typemap_for_default_timezone
+
+        type_casted_binds = type_casted_binds(binds)
+        log(sql, name, binds, type_casted_binds, async: async) do
+          with_raw_connection do |conn|
+            result = conn.exec_params(sql, type_casted_binds)
+            verified!
+            result
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def exec_cache(sql, name, binds, async:, allow_retry:, materialize_transactions:)
+        mark_transaction_written_if_write(sql)
+
+        update_typemap_for_default_timezone
+
+        with_raw_connection do |conn|
+          stmt_key = prepare_statement(sql, binds, conn)
+          type_casted_binds = type_casted_binds(binds)
+
+          log(sql, name, binds, type_casted_binds, async: async) do
+            result = conn.exec_prepared(stmt_key, type_casted_binds)
+            verified!
+            result
+          end
+        end
+      rescue ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid => e
+        raise unless is_cached_plan_failure?(e)
+
+        # Nothing we can do if we are in a transaction because all commands
+        # will raise InFailedSQLTransaction
+        if in_transaction?
+          raise ActiveRecord::PreparedStatementCacheExpired.new(e.cause.message)
+        else
+          @lock.synchronize do
+            # outside of transactions we can simply flush this query and retry
+            @statements.delete sql_key(sql)
+          end
+          retry
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Annoyingly, the code for prepared statements whose return value may
+      # have changed is FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED.
+      #
+      # This covers various different error types so we need to do additional
+      # work to classify the exception definitively as a
+      # ActiveRecord::PreparedStatementCacheExpired
+      #
+      # Check here for more details:
+      # https://git.postgresql.org/gitweb/?p=postgresql.git;a=blob;f=src/backend/utils/cache/plancache.c#l573
+      CACHED_PLAN_HEURISTIC = 'cached plan must not change result type'
+
+      def is_cached_plan_failure?(e)
+        pgerror = e.cause
+        code = pgerror.result.result_error_field(PG::PG_DIAG_SQLSTATE)
+        code == FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED && pgerror.message.include?(CACHED_PLAN_HEURISTIC)
+      rescue StandardError
+        false
+      end
+
+      # Returns the statement identifier for the client side cache
+      # of statements
+      def sql_key(sql)
+        "#{schema_search_path}-#{sql}"
+      end
+
+      # Prepare the statement if it hasn't been prepared, return
+      # the statement key.
+      def prepare_statement(sql, binds, conn)
+        sql_key = sql_key(sql)
+        unless @statements.key? sql_key
+          nextkey = @statements.next_key
+          begin
+            conn.prepare nextkey, sql
+          rescue => e
+            raise translate_exception_class(e, sql, binds)
+          end
+          # Clear the queue
+          conn.get_last_result
+          @statements[sql_key] = nextkey
+        end
+        @statements[sql_key]
+      end
+
+      # Connects to a PostgreSQL server and sets up the adapter depending on the
+      # connected server's characteristics.
+      def connect
+        @raw_connection = self.class.new_client(@connection_parameters)
+      rescue ConnectionNotEstablished => ex
+        raise ex.set_pool(@pool)
+      end
+
+      def reconnect
+        begin
+          @raw_connection&.reset
+        rescue PG::ConnectionBad
+          @raw_connection = nil
+        end
+
+        connect unless @raw_connection
+      end
+
+      def reconnect
+        begin
+          @raw_connection&.reset
+        rescue PG::ConnectionBad
+          @raw_connection = nil
+        end
+
+        connect unless @raw_connection
+      end
+
+      # Configures the encoding, verbosity, schema search path, and time zone of the connection.
+      # This is called by #connect and should not be called manually.
+      def configure_connection
+        if @config[:encoding]
+          @raw_connection.set_client_encoding(@config[:encoding])
+        end
+        self.schema_search_path = @config[:schema_search_path] || @config[:schema_order]
+
+        variables = @config.fetch(:variables, {}).stringify_keys
+
+        # SET statements from :variables config hash
+        # https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/sql-set.html
+        variables.map do |k, v|
+          if [':default', :default].include?(v)
+            # Sets the value to the global or compile default
+            execute("SET #{k} TO DEFAULT", 'SCHEMA')
+          elsif !v.nil?
+            execute("SET #{k} TO #{quote(v)}", 'SCHEMA')
+          end
+        end
+
+        add_pg_encoders
+        add_pg_decoders
+
+        reload_type_map
+      end
+
+      def reconfigure_connection_timezone
+        variables = @config.fetch(:variables, {}).stringify_keys
+
+        # If it's been directly configured as a connection variable, we don't
+        # need to do anything here; it will be set up by configure_connection
+        # and then never changed.
+        return if variables["timezone"]
+
+        # If using Active Record's time zone support configure the connection
+        # to return TIMESTAMP WITH ZONE types in UTC.
+        if default_timezone == :utc
+          internal_execute("SET timezone TO 'UTC'")
+        else
+          internal_execute("SET timezone TO DEFAULT")
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Returns the list of a table's column names, data types, and default values.
+      #
+      # The underlying query is roughly:
+      #  SELECT column.name, column.type, default.value
+      #    FROM column LEFT JOIN default
+      #      ON column.table_id = default.table_id
+      #     AND column.num = default.column_num
+      #   WHERE column.table_id = get_table_id('table_name')
+      #     AND column.num > 0
+      #     AND NOT column.is_dropped
+      #   ORDER BY column.num
+      #
+      # If the table name is not prefixed with a schema, the database will
+      # take the first match from the schema search path.
+      #
+      # Query implementation notes:
+      #  - format_type includes the column size constraint, e.g. varchar(50)
+      #  - ::regclass is a function that gives the id for a table name
+      def column_definitions(table_name)
+        # :nodoc:
+        query(<<-END_SQL, 'SCHEMA')
+              SELECT a.attname, format_type(a.atttypid, a.atttypmod),
+                     pg_get_expr(d.adbin, d.adrelid), a.attnotnull, a.atttypid, a.atttypmod
+                FROM pg_attribute a LEFT JOIN pg_attrdef d
+                  ON a.attrelid = d.adrelid AND a.attnum = d.adnum
+               WHERE a.attrelid = '#{quote_table_name(table_name)}'::regclass
+                 AND a.attnum > 0 AND NOT a.attisdropped
+               ORDER BY a.attnum
+        END_SQL
+      end
+
+      def arel_visitor
+        Arel::Visitors::PostgreSQL.new(self)
+      end
+
+      def build_statement_pool
+        StatementPool.new(@raw_connection, self.class.type_cast_config_to_integer(@config[:statement_limit]))
+      end
+
+      def can_perform_case_insensitive_comparison_for?(column)
+        @case_insensitive_cache ||= {}
+        @case_insensitive_cache[column.sql_type] ||= begin
+                                                       sql = <<~SQL
+                                                         SELECT exists(
+                                                           SELECT * FROM pg_proc
+                                                           WHERE proname = 'lower'
+                                                             AND proargtypes = ARRAY[#{quote column.sql_type}::regtype]::oidvector
+                                                         ) OR exists(
+                                                           SELECT * FROM pg_proc
+                                                           INNER JOIN pg_cast
+                                                             ON ARRAY[casttarget]::oidvector = proargtypes
+                                                           WHERE proname = 'lower'
+                                                             AND castsource = #{quote column.sql_type}::regtype
+                                                         )
+                                                       SQL
+                                                       execute_and_clear(sql, 'SCHEMA', []) do |result|
+                                                         result.getvalue(0, 0)
+                                                       end
+                                                     end
+      end
+
+      def add_pg_encoders
+        map = PG::TypeMapByClass.new
+        map[Integer] = PG::TextEncoder::Integer.new
+        map[TrueClass] = PG::TextEncoder::Boolean.new
+        map[FalseClass] = PG::TextEncoder::Boolean.new
+        @raw_connection.type_map_for_queries = map
+      end
+
+      def update_typemap_for_default_timezone
+        if @raw_connection && @mapped_default_timezone != default_timezone && @timestamp_decoder
+          decoder_class = default_timezone == :utc ?
+                            PG::TextDecoder::TimestampUtc :
+                            PG::TextDecoder::TimestampWithoutTimeZone
+
+          @timestamp_decoder = decoder_class.new(**@timestamp_decoder.to_h)
+          @raw_connection.type_map_for_results.add_coder(@timestamp_decoder)
+
+          @mapped_default_timezone = default_timezone
+
+          # if default timezone has changed, we need to reconfigure the connection
+          # (specifically, the session time zone)
+          reconfigure_connection_timezone
+
+          true
+        end
+      end
+
+      def add_pg_decoders
+        @default_timezone = nil
+        @timestamp_decoder = nil
+
+        coders_by_name = {
+          'int2' => PG::TextDecoder::Integer,
+          'int4' => PG::TextDecoder::Integer,
+          'int8' => PG::TextDecoder::Integer,
+          'oid' => PG::TextDecoder::Integer,
+          'float4' => PG::TextDecoder::Float,
+          'float8' => PG::TextDecoder::Float,
+          'bool' => PG::TextDecoder::Boolean
+        }
+
+        if defined?(PG::TextDecoder::TimestampUtc)
+          # Use native PG encoders available since pg-1.1
+          coders_by_name['timestamp'] = PG::TextDecoder::TimestampUtc
+          coders_by_name['timestamptz'] = PG::TextDecoder::TimestampWithTimeZone
+        end
+
+        known_coder_types = coders_by_name.keys.map { |n| quote(n) }
+        query = <<~SQL % known_coder_types.join(', ')
+          SELECT t.oid, t.typname
+          FROM pg_type as t
+          WHERE t.typname IN (%s)
+        SQL
+        coders = execute_and_clear(query, 'SCHEMA', [], allow_retry: true, materialize_transactions: false) do |result|
+          result.filter_map { |row| construct_coder(row, coders_by_name[row['typname']]) }
+        end
+
+        map = PG::TypeMapByOid.new
+        coders.each { |coder| map.add_coder(coder) }
+        @raw_connection.type_map_for_results = map
+
+        @type_map_for_results = PG::TypeMapByOid.new
+        @type_map_for_results.default_type_map = map
+
+        # extract timestamp decoder for use in update_typemap_for_default_timezone
+        @timestamp_decoder = coders.find { |coder| coder.name == 'timestamp' }
+        update_typemap_for_default_timezone
+      end
+
+      def construct_coder(row, coder_class)
+        return unless coder_class
+
+        coder_class.new(oid: row['oid'].to_i, name: row['typname'])
+      end
+
+      def create_table_definition(*args, **options)
+        # :nodoc:
+        Redshift::TableDefinition.new(self, *args, **options)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end