activegroonga 0.0.1

data/lib/active_groonga/associations/belongs_to_association.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# Copyright (C) 2009  Kouhei Sutou <kou@clear-code.com>
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License version 2.1 as published by the Free Software Foundation.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA
+
+module ActiveGroonga
+  module Associations
+    class BelongsToAssociation < ActiveRecord::Associations::BelongsToAssociation
+      def find_target
+        @reflection.klass.find(@owner.id,
+                               :readonly => @reflection.options[:readonly])
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/active_groonga/attribute_methods.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+# Copyright (C) 2009  Kouhei Sutou <kou@clear-code.com>
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License version 2.1 as published by the Free Software Foundation.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA
+
+module ActiveGroonga
+  module AttributeMethods
+    def self.included(base)
+      base.module_eval do
+        include ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods
+        extend AttributeMethods::ClassMethods
+      end
+    end
+
+    module ClassMethods
+      def instance_method_already_implemented?(method_name)
+        method_name = method_name.to_s
+        return true if method_name =~ /^id(=$|\?$|$)/
+        @_defined_class_methods         ||= ancestors.first(ancestors.index(ActiveGroonga::Base)).sum([]) { |m| m.public_instance_methods(false) | m.private_instance_methods(false) | m.protected_instance_methods(false) }.map(&:to_s).to_set
+        @@_defined_activegroonga_methods ||= (ActiveGroonga::Base.public_instance_methods(false) | ActiveGroonga::Base.private_instance_methods(false) | ActiveGroonga::Base.protected_instance_methods(false)).map(&:to_s).to_set
+        raise DangerousAttributeError, "#{method_name} is defined by ActiveGroonga" if @@_defined_activegroonga_methods.include?(method_name)
+        @_defined_class_methods.include?(method_name)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/active_groonga/base.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,1579 @@
+# Copyright (C) 2009  Kouhei Sutou <kou@clear-code.com>
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License version 2.1 as published by the Free Software Foundation.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA
+
+# This library includes ActiveRecord based codes temporary.
+# Here is their copyright and license:
+#
+#   Copyright (c) 2004-2009 David Heinemeier Hansson
+#
+#   Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+#   a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+#   "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+#   without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+#   distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+#   permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+#   the following conditions:
+#
+#   The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+#   included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+#
+#   THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+#   EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+#   MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+#   NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+#   LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+#   OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+#   WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+
+require 'active_record/base'
+
+module ActiveGroonga
+  # Generic ActiveGroonga exception class.
+  class ActiveGroongaError < StandardError
+  end
+
+  # Raised when ActiveGroonga cannot find record by given id or set of ids.
+  class RecordNotFound < ActiveGroongaError
+  end
+
+  # Raised when database not specified (or configuration file <tt>config/groonga.yml</tt> misses database field).
+  class DatabaseNotSpecified < ActiveGroongaError
+  end
+
+  class Base
+    ##
+    # :singleton-method:
+    # Accepts a logger conforming to the interface of Log4r or the default Ruby 1.8+ Logger class, which is then passed
+    # on to any new database connections made and which can be retrieved on both a class and instance level by calling +logger+.
+    cattr_accessor :logger, :instance_writer => false
+
+    ##
+    # :singleton-method:
+    # Contains the groonga configuration - as is typically stored in config/groonga.yml -
+    # as a Hash.
+    #
+    # For example, the following groonga.yml...
+    # 
+    #   development:
+    #     database: db/development.groonga
+    #   
+    #   production:
+    #     adapter: groonga
+    #     database: db/production.groonga
+    #
+    # ...would result in ActiveGroonga::Base.configurations to look like this:
+    #
+    #   {
+    #      'development' => {
+    #         'database' => 'db/development.groonga'
+    #      },
+    #      'production' => {
+    #         'database' => 'db/production.groonga'
+    #      }
+    #   }
+    cattr_accessor :configurations, :instance_writer => false
+    @@configurations = {}
+
+    ##
+    # :singleton-method:
+    # Accessor for the name of the prefix string to prepend to every table name. So if set to "basecamp_", all
+    # table names will be named like "basecamp_projects", "basecamp_people", etc. This is a convenient way of creating a namespace
+    # for tables in a shared database. By default, the prefix is the empty string.
+    cattr_accessor :table_name_prefix, :instance_writer => false
+    @@table_name_prefix = ""
+
+    ##
+    # :singleton-method:
+    # Works like +table_name_prefix+, but appends instead of prepends (set to "_basecamp" gives "projects_basecamp",
+    # "people_basecamp"). By default, the suffix is the empty string.
+    cattr_accessor :table_name_suffix, :instance_writer => false
+    @@table_name_suffix = ""
+
+    ##
+    # :singleton-method:
+    # Indicates whether table names should be the pluralized versions of the corresponding class names.
+    # If true, the default table name for a Product class will be +products+. If false, it would just be +product+.
+    # See table_name for the full rules on table/class naming. This is true, by default.
+    cattr_accessor :pluralize_table_names, :instance_writer => false
+    @@pluralize_table_names = true
+
+    ##
+    # :singleton-method:
+    # Determines whether to use ANSI codes to colorize the logging statements committed by the connection adapter. These colors
+    # make it much easier to overview things during debugging (when used through a reader like +tail+ and on a black background), but
+    # may complicate matters if you use software like syslog. This is true, by default.
+    cattr_accessor :colorize_logging, :instance_writer => false
+    @@colorize_logging = true
+
+    ##
+    # :singleton-method:
+    # Determines whether to use Time.local (using :local) or Time.utc (using :utc) when pulling dates and times from the database.
+    # This is set to :local by default.
+    cattr_accessor :default_timezone, :instance_writer => false
+    @@default_timezone = :local
+
+    # Determine whether to store the full constant name including namespace when using STI
+    superclass_delegating_accessor :store_full_sti_class
+    self.store_full_sti_class = false
+
+    # Stores the default scope for the class
+    class_inheritable_accessor :default_scoping, :instance_writer => false
+    self.default_scoping = []
+
+    ##
+    # :singleton-method:
+    # Specifies the format to use when dumping the database schema with Rails'
+    # Rakefile.  If :sql, the schema is dumped as (potentially database-
+    # specific) SQL statements.  If :ruby, the schema is dumped as an
+    # ActiveRecord::Schema file which can be loaded into any database that
+    # supports migrations.  Use :ruby if you want to have different database
+    # adapters for, e.g., your development and test environments.
+    cattr_accessor :schema_format , :instance_writer => false
+    @@schema_format = :ruby
+
+    cattr_accessor :database_directory, :instance_writer => false
+    @@database_directory = nil
+
+    class << self
+      # Creates an object (or multiple objects) and saves it to the database, if validations pass.
+      # The resulting object is returned whether the object was saved successfully to the database or not.
+      #
+      # The +attributes+ parameter can be either be a Hash or an Array of Hashes.  These Hashes describe the
+      # attributes on the objects that are to be created.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #   # Create a single new object
+      #   User.create(:first_name => 'Jamie')
+      #
+      #   # Create an Array of new objects
+      #   User.create([{ :first_name => 'Jamie' }, { :first_name => 'Jeremy' }])
+      #
+      #   # Create a single object and pass it into a block to set other attributes.
+      #   User.create(:first_name => 'Jamie') do |u|
+      #     u.is_admin = false
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   # Creating an Array of new objects using a block, where the block is executed for each object:
+      #   User.create([{ :first_name => 'Jamie' }, { :first_name => 'Jeremy' }]) do |u|
+      #     u.is_admin = false
+      #   end
+      def create(attributes = nil, &block)
+        if attributes.is_a?(Array)
+          attributes.collect { |attr| create(attr, &block) }
+        else
+          object = new(attributes)
+          yield(object) if block_given?
+          object.save
+          object
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Attributes named in this macro are protected from mass-assignment,
+      # such as <tt>new(attributes)</tt>,
+      # <tt>update_attributes(attributes)</tt>, or
+      # <tt>attributes=(attributes)</tt>.
+      #
+      # Mass-assignment to these attributes will simply be ignored, to assign
+      # to them you can use direct writer methods. This is meant to protect
+      # sensitive attributes from being overwritten by malicious users
+      # tampering with URLs or forms.
+      #
+      #   class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     attr_protected :credit_rating
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   customer = Customer.new("name" => David, "credit_rating" => "Excellent")
+      #   customer.credit_rating # => nil
+      #   customer.attributes = { "description" => "Jolly fellow", "credit_rating" => "Superb" }
+      #   customer.credit_rating # => nil
+      #
+      #   customer.credit_rating = "Average"
+      #   customer.credit_rating # => "Average"
+      #
+      # To start from an all-closed default and enable attributes as needed,
+      # have a look at +attr_accessible+.
+      def attr_protected(*attributes)
+        write_inheritable_attribute(:attr_protected, Set.new(attributes.map(&:to_s)) + (protected_attributes || []))
+      end
+
+      # Returns an array of all the attributes that have been protected from mass-assignment.
+      def protected_attributes # :nodoc:
+        read_inheritable_attribute(:attr_protected)
+      end
+
+      # Specifies a white list of model attributes that can be set via
+      # mass-assignment, such as <tt>new(attributes)</tt>,
+      # <tt>update_attributes(attributes)</tt>, or
+      # <tt>attributes=(attributes)</tt>
+      #
+      # This is the opposite of the +attr_protected+ macro: Mass-assignment
+      # will only set attributes in this list, to assign to the rest of
+      # attributes you can use direct writer methods. This is meant to protect
+      # sensitive attributes from being overwritten by malicious users
+      # tampering with URLs or forms. If you'd rather start from an all-open
+      # default and restrict attributes as needed, have a look at
+      # +attr_protected+.
+      #
+      #   class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     attr_accessible :name, :nickname
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   customer = Customer.new(:name => "David", :nickname => "Dave", :credit_rating => "Excellent")
+      #   customer.credit_rating # => nil
+      #   customer.attributes = { :name => "Jolly fellow", :credit_rating => "Superb" }
+      #   customer.credit_rating # => nil
+      #
+      #   customer.credit_rating = "Average"
+      #   customer.credit_rating # => "Average"
+      def attr_accessible(*attributes)
+        write_inheritable_attribute(:attr_accessible, Set.new(attributes.map(&:to_s)) + (accessible_attributes || []))
+      end
+
+      # Returns an array of all the attributes that have been made accessible to mass-assignment.
+      def accessible_attributes # :nodoc:
+        read_inheritable_attribute(:attr_accessible)
+      end
+
+      # Attributes listed as readonly can be set for a new record, but will be ignored in database updates afterwards.
+      def attr_readonly(*attributes)
+        write_inheritable_attribute(:attr_readonly, Set.new(attributes.map(&:to_s)) + (readonly_attributes || []))
+      end
+
+      # Returns an array of all the attributes that have been specified as readonly.
+      def readonly_attributes
+        read_inheritable_attribute(:attr_readonly)
+      end
+
+
+      # If you have an attribute that needs to be saved to the database as an object, and retrieved as the same object,
+      # then specify the name of that attribute using this method and it will be handled automatically.
+      # The serialization is done through YAML. If +class_name+ is specified, the serialized object must be of that
+      # class on retrieval or SerializationTypeMismatch will be raised.
+      #
+      # ==== Parameters
+      #
+      # * +attr_name+ - The field name that should be serialized.
+      # * +class_name+ - Optional, class name that the object type should be equal to.
+      #
+      # ==== Example
+      #   # Serialize a preferences attribute
+      #   class User
+      #     serialize :preferences
+      #   end
+      def serialize(attr_name, class_name = Object)
+        serialized_attributes[attr_name.to_s] = class_name
+      end
+
+      # Returns a hash of all the attributes that have been specified for serialization as keys and their class restriction as values.
+      def serialized_attributes
+        read_inheritable_attribute(:attr_serialized) or write_inheritable_attribute(:attr_serialized, {})
+      end
+
+      # Guesses the table name (in forced lower-case) based on the name of the class in the inheritance hierarchy descending
+      # directly from ActiveGroonga::Base. So if the hierarchy looks like: Reply < Message < ActiveGroonga::Base, then Message is used
+      # to guess the table name even when called on Reply. The rules used to do the guess are handled by the Inflector class
+      # in Active Support, which knows almost all common English inflections. You can add new inflections in config/initializers/inflections.rb.
+      #
+      # Nested classes are given table names prefixed by the singular form of
+      # the parent's table name. Enclosing modules are not considered.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #
+      #   class Invoice < ActiveGroonga::Base; end;
+      #   file                  class               table_name
+      #   invoice.rb            Invoice             invoices
+      #
+      #   class Invoice < ActiveGroonga::Base; class Lineitem < ActiveGroonga::Base; end; end;
+      #   file                  class               table_name
+      #   invoice.rb            Invoice::Lineitem   invoice_lineitems
+      #
+      #   module Invoice; class Lineitem < ActiveGroonga::Base; end; end;
+      #   file                  class               table_name
+      #   invoice/lineitem.rb   Invoice::Lineitem   lineitems
+      #
+      # Additionally, the class-level +table_name_prefix+ is prepended and the
+      # +table_name_suffix+ is appended.  So if you have "myapp_" as a prefix,
+      # the table name guess for an Invoice class becomes "myapp_invoices".
+      # Invoice::Lineitem becomes "myapp_invoice_lineitems".
+      #
+      # You can also overwrite this class method to allow for unguessable
+      # links, such as a Mouse class with a link to a "mice" table. Example:
+      #
+      #   class Mouse < ActiveGroonga::Base
+      #     set_table_name "mice"
+      #   end
+      def table_name
+        reset_table_name
+      end
+
+      def reset_table_name #:nodoc:
+        base = base_class
+
+        name =
+          # STI subclasses always use their superclass' table.
+          unless self == base
+            base.table_name
+          else
+            # Nested classes are prefixed with singular parent table name.
+            if parent < ActiveGroonga::Base && !parent.abstract_class?
+              contained = parent.table_name
+              contained = contained.singularize if parent.pluralize_table_names
+              contained << '_'
+            end
+            name = "#{table_name_prefix}#{contained}#{undecorated_table_name(base.name)}#{table_name_suffix}"
+          end
+
+        set_table_name(name)
+        name
+      end
+
+      # Defines the column name for use with single table inheritance
+      # -- can be set in subclasses like so: self.inheritance_column = "type_id"
+      def inheritance_column
+        @inheritance_column ||= "type".freeze
+      end
+
+      # Sets the table name to use to the given value, or (if the value
+      # is nil or false) to the value returned by the given block.
+      #
+      #   class Project < ActiveGroonga::Base
+      #     set_table_name "project"
+      #   end
+      def set_table_name(value = nil, &block)
+        define_attr_method :table_name, value, &block
+      end
+      alias :table_name= :set_table_name
+
+      # Turns the +table_name+ back into a class name following the reverse rules of +table_name+.
+      def class_name(table_name = table_name) # :nodoc:
+        # remove any prefix and/or suffix from the table name
+        class_name = table_name[table_name_prefix.length..-(table_name_suffix.length + 1)].camelize
+        class_name = class_name.singularize if pluralize_table_names
+        class_name
+      end
+
+      # Indicates whether the table associated with this class exists
+      def table_exists?
+        not table.nil?
+      end
+
+      def primary_key
+        "id"
+      end
+
+      # Returns an array of column objects for the table associated with this class.
+      def columns
+        @columns ||= table.columns.collect do |column|
+          Column.new(column)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Returns a hash of column objects for the table associated with this class.
+      def columns_hash
+        @columns_hash ||= columns.inject({}) { |hash, column| hash[column.name] = column; hash }
+      end
+
+      # Returns an array of column names as strings.
+      def column_names
+        @column_names ||= columns.map { |column| column.name }
+      end
+
+      # Returns an array of column objects where the primary id, all columns ending in "_id" or "_count",
+      # and columns used for single table inheritance have been removed.
+      def content_columns
+        @content_columns ||= columns.reject do |c|
+          c.primary || c.type == :references || c.name == inheritance_column
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Returns a hash of all the methods added to query each of the columns in the table with the name of the method as the key
+      # and true as the value. This makes it possible to do O(1) lookups in respond_to? to check if a given method for attribute
+      # is available.
+      def column_methods_hash #:nodoc:
+        @dynamic_methods_hash ||= column_names.inject(Hash.new(false)) do |methods, attr|
+          attr_name = attr.to_s
+          methods[attr.to_sym]       = attr_name
+          methods["#{attr}=".to_sym] = attr_name
+          methods["#{attr}?".to_sym] = attr_name
+          methods["#{attr}_before_type_cast".to_sym] = attr_name
+          methods
+        end
+      end
+
+      # True if this isn't a concrete subclass needing a STI type condition.
+      def descends_from_active_groonga?
+        if superclass.abstract_class?
+          superclass.descends_from_active_groonga?
+        else
+          superclass == Base || !columns_hash.include?(inheritance_column)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Returns a string like 'Post id:integer, title:string, body:text'
+      def inspect
+        if self == Base
+          super
+        elsif abstract_class?
+          "#{super}(abstract)"
+        elsif table_exists?
+          attr_list = columns.map { |c| "#{c.name}: #{c.type}" } * ', '
+          "#{super}(#{attr_list})"
+        else
+          "#{super}(Table doesn't exist)"
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Log and benchmark multiple statements in a single block. Example:
+      #
+      #   Project.benchmark("Creating project") do
+      #     project = Project.create("name" => "stuff")
+      #     project.create_manager("name" => "David")
+      #     project.milestones << Milestone.find(:all)
+      #   end
+      #
+      # The benchmark is only recorded if the current level of the logger is less than or equal to the <tt>log_level</tt>,
+      # which makes it easy to include benchmarking statements in production software that will remain inexpensive because
+      # the benchmark will only be conducted if the log level is low enough.
+      #
+      # The logging of the multiple statements is turned off unless <tt>use_silence</tt> is set to false.
+      def benchmark(title, log_level=Logger::DEBUG, use_silence=true)
+        if logger && logger.level <= log_level
+          result = nil
+          ms = Benchmark.ms { result = use_silence ? silence { yield } : yield }
+          logger.add(log_level, '%s (%.1fms)' % [title, ms])
+          result
+        else
+          yield
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Overwrite the default class equality method to provide support for association proxies.
+      def ===(object)
+        object.is_a?(self)
+      end
+
+      # Returns the base AR subclass that this class descends from. If A
+      # extends AR::Base, A.base_class will return A. If B descends from A
+      # through some arbitrarily deep hierarchy, B.base_class will return A.
+      def base_class
+        class_of_active_groonga_descendant(self)
+      end
+
+      # Set this to true if this is an abstract class (see <tt>abstract_class?</tt>).
+      attr_accessor :abstract_class
+
+      # Returns whether this class is a base AR class.  If A is a base class and
+      # B descends from A, then B.base_class will return B.
+      def abstract_class?
+        defined?(@abstract_class) && @abstract_class == true
+      end
+
+      def find(*args)
+        options = args.extract_options!
+        validate_find_options(options)
+        set_readonly_option!(options)
+
+        case args.first
+        when :first
+          find_initial(options)
+        when :last
+          find_last(options)
+        when :all
+          find_every(options)
+        else
+          find_from_ids(args, options)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # A convenience wrapper for <tt>find(:first, *args)</tt>. You can pass in all the
+      # same arguments to this method as you can to <tt>find(:first)</tt>.
+      def first(*args)
+        find(:first, *args)
+      end
+
+      # A convenience wrapper for <tt>find(:last, *args)</tt>. You can pass in all the
+      # same arguments to this method as you can to <tt>find(:last)</tt>.
+      def last(*args)
+        find(:last, *args)
+      end
+
+      # This is an alias for find(:all).  You can pass in all the same arguments to this method as you can
+      # to find(:all)
+      def all(*args)
+        find(:all, *args)
+      end
+
+      def context
+        Groonga::Context.default
+      end
+
+      def database
+        context.database
+      end
+
+      def table
+        context[groonga_table_name]
+      end
+
+      def groonga_table_name(name=nil)
+        "<table:#{name || table_name}>"
+      end
+
+      def groonga_metadata_table_name(name)
+        "<metadata:#{name}>"
+      end
+
+      # Defines an "attribute" method (like +inheritance_column+ or
+      # +table_name+). A new (class) method will be created with the
+      # given name. If a value is specified, the new method will
+      # return that value (as a string). Otherwise, the given block
+      # will be used to compute the value of the method.
+      #
+      # The original method will be aliased, with the new name being
+      # prefixed with "original_". This allows the new method to
+      # access the original value.
+      #
+      # Example:
+      #
+      #   class A < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     define_attr_method :primary_key, "sysid"
+      #     define_attr_method( :inheritance_column ) do
+      #       original_inheritance_column + "_id"
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      def define_attr_method(name, value=nil, &block)
+        sing = class << self; self; end
+        sing.send :alias_method, "original_#{name}", name
+        if block_given?
+          sing.send :define_method, name, &block
+        else
+          # use eval instead of a block to work around a memory leak in dev
+          # mode in fcgi
+          sing.class_eval "def #{name}; #{value.to_s.inspect}; end"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def setup_database(spec=nil)
+        case spec
+        when nil
+          raise DatabaseNotSpecified unless defined? RAILS_ENV
+          setup_database(RAILS_ENV)
+        when Symbol, String
+          if configuration = configurations[spec.to_s]
+            setup_database(configuration)
+          else
+            raise DatabaseNotSpecified, "#{spec} database is not configured"
+          end
+        else
+          spec = spec.symbolize_keys
+          unless spec.key?(:database)
+            raise DatabaseNotSpecified, "groonga configuration does not specify database"
+          end
+          database_directory = spec[:database]
+
+          Groonga::Context.default = nil
+          Groonga::Context.default_options = {:encoding => spec[:encoding]}
+          unless File.exist?(database_directory)
+            FileUtils.mkdir_p(database_directory)
+          end
+          database_file = File.join(database_directory, "database.groonga")
+          if File.exist?(database_file)
+            Groonga::Database.new(database_file)
+          else
+            Groonga::Database.create(:path => database_file)
+          end
+          self.database_directory = database_directory
+        end
+      end
+
+      def tables_directory
+        directory = File.join(database_directory, "tables")
+        FileUtils.mkdir_p(directory) unless File.exist?(directory)
+        directory
+      end
+
+      def columns_directory(table_name)
+        directory = File.join(tables_directory, table_name.to_s, "columns")
+        FileUtils.mkdir_p(directory) unless File.exist?(directory)
+        directory
+      end
+
+      def metadata_directory
+        directory = File.join(database_directory, "metadata")
+        FileUtils.mkdir_p(directory) unless File.exist?(directory)
+        directory
+      end
+
+      def count
+        table.size
+      end
+
+      private
+      def find_initial(options)
+        options.update(:limit => 1)
+        find_every(options).first
+      end
+
+      def find_every(options)
+        limit = options[:limit] ||= 0
+        conditions = (options[:conditions] || {}).stringify_keys
+        include_associations = merge_includes(scope(:find, :include), options[:include])
+
+        if include_associations.any? && references_eager_loaded_tables?(options)
+          records = find_with_associations(options)
+        else
+          records = []
+          target_records = []
+          original_table = table
+          index_records = nil
+          Schema.indexes(table_name).each do |index_definition|
+            if conditions.has_key?(index_definition.column)
+              index_column_name =
+                "#{index_definition.table}/#{index_definition.column}"
+              index = Schema.index_table.column(index_column_name)
+              key = conditions.delete(index_definition.column)
+              index_records = index.search(key, :result => index_records)
+            end
+          end
+          if index_records
+            sorted_records = index_records.sort([".:score"], :limit => limit)
+            limit = sorted_records.size
+            target_records = sorted_records.records(:order => :ascending).collect do |record|
+              index_record_id = record.value.unpack("i")[0]
+              index_record = Groonga::Record.new(index_records, index_record_id)
+              target_record = index_record.key
+              target_record.instance_variable_set("@score", index_record.score)
+              def target_record.score
+                @score
+              end
+              target_record
+            end
+          else
+            target_records = original_table.records
+            limit = target_records.size if limit.zero?
+          end
+          target_records.each_with_index do |record, i|
+            break if records.size >= limit
+            unless conditions.all? do |name, value|
+                record[name] == value or
+                  (record.reference_column?(name) and record[name].id == value)
+              end
+              next
+            end
+            records << instantiate(record)
+          end
+          if include_associations.any?
+            preload_associations(records, include_associations)
+          end
+        end
+
+        records.each {|record| record.readonly!} if options[:readonly]
+
+        records
+      end
+
+      def find_from_ids(ids, options)
+        expects_array = ids.first.kind_of?(Array)
+        return ids.first if expects_array && ids.first.empty?
+
+        ids = ids.flatten.compact.uniq
+
+        case ids.size
+        when 0
+          raise RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find #{name} without an ID"
+        when 1
+          result = find_one(ids.first, options)
+          expects_array ? [result] : result
+        else
+          find_some(ids, options)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def find_one(id, options)
+        if id.is_a?(Groonga::Record)
+          record = id
+        else
+          if id.is_a?(ActiveGroonga::Base)
+            id = id.id
+          else
+            id = Integer(id)
+          end
+          record = Groonga::Record.new(table, id)
+        end
+        result = instantiate(record)
+        if result.nil?
+          raise RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find #{name} with ID=#{id}"
+        end
+        result
+      end
+
+      def find_some(ids, options)
+        result = ids.collect do |id|
+          context[id]
+        end
+        n_not_found_ids = result.count(nil)
+        if n_not_found_ids.zero?
+          result
+        else
+          raise RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find all #{name.pluralize} with IDs (#{ids}) (found #{result.compact.size} results, but was looking for #{ids.size})"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def merge_includes(first, second)
+        (safe_to_array(first) + safe_to_array(second)).uniq
+      end
+
+      # ugly. derived from Active Record. FIXME: remove it.
+      def safe_to_array(o)
+        case o
+        when NilClass
+          []
+        when Array
+          o
+        else
+          [o]
+        end
+      end
+
+      VALID_FIND_OPTIONS = [:conditions, :readonly, :limit]
+      def validate_find_options(options)
+        options.assert_valid_keys(VALID_FIND_OPTIONS)
+      end
+
+      def set_readonly_option!(options) #:nodoc:
+        # Inherit :readonly from finder scope if set.  Otherwise,
+        # if :joins is not blank then :readonly defaults to true.
+        unless options.has_key?(:readonly)
+          if scoped_readonly = scope(:find, :readonly)
+            options[:readonly] = scoped_readonly
+          elsif !options[:joins].blank? && !options[:select]
+            options[:readonly] = true
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Guesses the table name, but does not decorate it with prefix and suffix information.
+      def undecorated_table_name(class_name = base_class.name)
+        table_name = class_name.to_s.demodulize.underscore
+        table_name = table_name.pluralize if pluralize_table_names
+        table_name
+      end
+
+      # Finder methods must instantiate through this method to work with the
+      # single-table inheritance model that makes it possible to create
+      # objects of different types from the same table.
+      def instantiate(record)
+        object =
+          if subclass_name = record[inheritance_column]
+            # No type given.
+            if subclass_name.empty?
+              allocate
+
+            else
+              # Ignore type if no column is present since it was probably
+              # pulled in from a sloppy join.
+              unless columns_hash.include?(inheritance_column)
+                allocate
+
+              else
+                begin
+                  compute_type(subclass_name).allocate
+                rescue NameError
+                  raise SubclassNotFound,
+                    "The single-table inheritance mechanism failed to locate the subclass: '#{record[inheritance_column]}'. " +
+                    "This error is raised because the column '#{inheritance_column}' is reserved for storing the class in case of inheritance. " +
+                    "Please rename this column if you didn't intend it to be used for storing the inheritance class " +
+                    "or overwrite #{self.to_s}.inheritance_column to use another column for that information."
+                end
+              end
+            end
+          else
+            allocate
+          end
+
+        object.instance_variable_set("@id", record.id)
+        object.instance_variable_set("@score", record.score)
+        attributes = {}
+        record.table.columns.each do |column|
+          _, column_name = column.name.split(/\A#{record.table.name}\./, 2)
+          attributes[column_name] = column[record.id]
+        end
+        object.instance_variable_set("@attributes", attributes)
+        object.instance_variable_set("@attributes_cache", Hash.new)
+
+        if object.respond_to_without_attributes?(:after_find)
+          object.send(:callback, :after_find)
+        end
+
+        if object.respond_to_without_attributes?(:after_initialize)
+          object.send(:callback, :after_initialize)
+        end
+
+        object
+      end
+
+      # Enables dynamic finders like <tt>find_by_user_name(user_name)</tt> and <tt>find_by_user_name_and_password(user_name, password)</tt>
+      # that are turned into <tt>find(:first, :conditions => ["user_name = ?", user_name])</tt> and
+      # <tt>find(:first, :conditions => ["user_name = ? AND password = ?", user_name, password])</tt> respectively. Also works for
+      # <tt>find(:all)</tt> by using <tt>find_all_by_amount(50)</tt> that is turned into <tt>find(:all, :conditions => ["amount = ?", 50])</tt>.
+      #
+      # It's even possible to use all the additional parameters to +find+. For example, the full interface for +find_all_by_amount+
+      # is actually <tt>find_all_by_amount(amount, options)</tt>.
+      #
+      # Also enables dynamic scopes like scoped_by_user_name(user_name) and scoped_by_user_name_and_password(user_name, password) that
+      # are turned into scoped(:conditions => ["user_name = ?", user_name]) and scoped(:conditions => ["user_name = ? AND password = ?", user_name, password])
+      # respectively.
+      #
+      # Each dynamic finder, scope or initializer/creator is also defined in the class after it is first invoked, so that future
+      # attempts to use it do not run through method_missing.
+      def method_missing(method_id, *arguments, &block)
+        if match = ActiveRecord::DynamicFinderMatch.match(method_id)
+          attribute_names = match.attribute_names
+          super unless all_attributes_exists?(attribute_names)
+          if match.finder?
+            finder = match.finder
+            bang = match.bang?
+            # def self.find_by_login_and_activated(*args)
+            #   options = args.extract_options!
+            #   attributes = construct_attributes_from_arguments(
+            #     [:login,:activated],
+            #     args
+            #   )
+            #   finder_options = { :conditions => attributes }
+            #   validate_find_options(options)
+            #   set_readonly_option!(options)
+            #
+            #   if options[:conditions]
+            #     with_scope(:find => finder_options) do
+            #       find(:first, options)
+            #     end
+            #   else
+            #     find(:first, options.merge(finder_options))
+            #   end
+            # end
+            self.class_eval <<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__
+              def self.#{method_id}(*args)
+                options = args.extract_options!
+                attributes = construct_attributes_from_arguments(
+                  [:#{attribute_names.join(',:')}],
+                  args
+                )
+                finder_options = { :conditions => attributes }
+                validate_find_options(options)
+                set_readonly_option!(options)
+
+                #{'result = ' if bang}if options[:conditions]
+                  with_scope(:find => finder_options) do
+                    find(:#{finder}, options)
+                  end
+                else
+                  find(:#{finder}, options.merge(finder_options))
+                end
+                #{'result || raise(RecordNotFound, "Couldn\'t find #{name} with #{attributes.to_a.collect {|pair| "#{pair.first} = #{pair.second}"}.join(\', \')}")' if bang}
+              end
+            EOC
+            send(method_id, *arguments)
+          elsif match.instantiator?
+            instantiator = match.instantiator
+            # def self.find_or_create_by_user_id(*args)
+            #   guard_protected_attributes = false
+            #
+            #   if args[0].is_a?(Hash)
+            #     guard_protected_attributes = true
+            #     attributes = args[0].with_indifferent_access
+            #     find_attributes = attributes.slice(*[:user_id])
+            #   else
+            #     find_attributes = attributes = construct_attributes_from_arguments([:user_id], args)
+            #   end
+            #
+            #   options = { :conditions => find_attributes }
+            #   set_readonly_option!(options)
+            #
+            #   record = find(:first, options)
+            #
+            #   if record.nil?
+            #     record = self.new { |r| r.send(:attributes=, attributes, guard_protected_attributes) }
+            #     yield(record) if block_given?
+            #     record.save
+            #     record
+            #   else
+            #     record
+            #   end
+            # end
+            self.class_eval <<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__
+              def self.#{method_id}(*args)
+                guard_protected_attributes = false
+
+                if args[0].is_a?(Hash)
+                  guard_protected_attributes = true
+                  attributes = args[0].with_indifferent_access
+                  find_attributes = attributes.slice(*[:#{attribute_names.join(',:')}])
+                else
+                  find_attributes = attributes = construct_attributes_from_arguments([:#{attribute_names.join(',:')}], args)
+                end
+
+                options = { :conditions => find_attributes }
+                set_readonly_option!(options)
+
+                record = find(:first, options)
+
+                if record.nil?
+                  record = self.new { |r| r.send(:attributes=, attributes, guard_protected_attributes) }
+                  #{'yield(record) if block_given?'}
+                  #{'record.save' if instantiator == :create}
+                  record
+                else
+                  record
+                end
+              end
+            EOC
+            send(method_id, *arguments, &block)
+          end
+        elsif match = ActiveRecord::DynamicScopeMatch.match(method_id)
+          attribute_names = match.attribute_names
+          super unless all_attributes_exists?(attribute_names)
+          if match.scope?
+            self.class_eval <<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__
+              def self.#{method_id}(*args)                        # def self.scoped_by_user_name_and_password(*args)
+                options = args.extract_options!                   #   options = args.extract_options!
+                attributes = construct_attributes_from_arguments( #   attributes = construct_attributes_from_arguments(
+                  [:#{attribute_names.join(',:')}], args          #     [:user_name, :password], args
+                )                                                 #   )
+                                                                  # 
+                scoped(:conditions => attributes)                 #   scoped(:conditions => attributes)
+              end                                                 # end
+            EOC
+            send(method_id, *arguments)
+          end
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
+
+      def construct_attributes_from_arguments(attribute_names, arguments)
+        attributes = {}
+        attribute_names.each_with_index { |name, idx| attributes[name] = arguments[idx] }
+        attributes
+      end
+
+      # Similar in purpose to +expand_hash_conditions_for_aggregates+.
+      def expand_attribute_names_for_aggregates(attribute_names)
+        expanded_attribute_names = []
+        attribute_names.each do |attribute_name|
+          unless (aggregation = reflect_on_aggregation(attribute_name.to_sym)).nil?
+            aggregate_mapping(aggregation).each do |field_attr, aggregate_attr|
+              expanded_attribute_names << field_attr
+            end
+          else
+            expanded_attribute_names << attribute_name
+          end
+        end
+        expanded_attribute_names
+      end
+
+      def all_attributes_exists?(attribute_names)
+        attribute_names = expand_attribute_names_for_aggregates(attribute_names)
+        attribute_names.all? { |name| column_methods_hash.include?(name.to_sym) }
+      end
+
+      # Nest the type name in the same module as this class.
+      # Bar is "MyApp::Business::Bar" relative to MyApp::Business::Foo
+      def type_name_with_module(type_name)
+        if store_full_sti_class
+          type_name
+        else
+          (/^::/ =~ type_name) ? type_name : "#{parent.name}::#{type_name}"
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Test whether the given method and optional key are scoped.
+      def scoped?(method, key = nil) #:nodoc:
+        if current_scoped_methods && (scope = current_scoped_methods[method])
+          !key || !scope[key].nil?
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Retrieve the scope for the given method and optional key.
+      def scope(method, key = nil) #:nodoc:
+        if current_scoped_methods && (scope = current_scoped_methods[method])
+          key ? scope[key] : scope
+        end
+      end
+
+      def scoped_methods #:nodoc:
+        Thread.current[:"#{self}_scoped_methods"] ||= default_scoping.dup
+      end
+
+      def current_scoped_methods #:nodoc:
+        scoped_methods.last
+      end
+
+      # Returns the class type of the record using the current module as a prefix. So descendants of
+      # MyApp::Business::Account would appear as MyApp::Business::AccountSubclass.
+      def compute_type(type_name)
+        modularized_name = type_name_with_module(type_name)
+        silence_warnings do
+          begin
+            class_eval(modularized_name, __FILE__, __LINE__)
+          rescue NameError
+            class_eval(type_name, __FILE__, __LINE__)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Returns the class descending directly from ActiveGroonga::Base or an
+      # abstract class, if any, in the inheritance hierarchy.
+      def class_of_active_groonga_descendant(klass)
+        if klass.superclass == Base || klass.superclass.abstract_class?
+          klass
+        elsif klass.superclass.nil?
+          raise ActiveGroongaError, "#{name} doesn't belong in a hierarchy descending from ActiveRecord"
+        else
+          class_of_active_record_descendant(klass.superclass)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def initialize(attributes=nil)
+      @id = nil
+      @score = nil
+      @attributes = attributes_from_column_definition
+      @attributes_cache = {}
+      @new_record = true
+      ensure_proper_type
+      self.attributes = attributes unless attributes.nil?
+      self.class.send(:scope, :create).each { |att,value| self.send("#{att}=", value) } if self.class.send(:scoped?, :create)
+      result = yield self if block_given?
+      callback(:after_initialize) if respond_to_without_attributes?(:after_initialize)
+      result
+    end
+
+    # A model instance's primary key is always available as model.id
+    # whether you name it the default 'id' or set it to something else.
+    def id
+      @id
+    end
+
+    def score
+      @score
+    end
+
+    # Returns a String, which Action Pack uses for constructing an URL to this
+    # object. The default implementation returns this record's id as a String,
+    # or nil if this record's unsaved.
+    #
+    # For example, suppose that you have a User model, and that you have a
+    # <tt>map.resources :users</tt> route. Normally, +user_path+ will
+    # construct a path with the user object's 'id' in it:
+    #
+    #   user = User.find_by_name('Phusion')
+    #   user_path(user)  # => "/users/1"
+    #
+    # You can override +to_param+ in your model to make +user_path+ construct
+    # a path using the user's name instead of the user's id:
+    #
+    #   class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #     def to_param  # overridden
+    #       name
+    #     end
+    #   end
+    #   
+    #   user = User.find_by_name('Phusion')
+    #   user_path(user)  # => "/users/Phusion"
+    def to_param
+      # We can't use alias_method here, because method 'id' optimizes itself on the fly.
+      (id = self.id) ? id.to_s : nil # Be sure to stringify the id for routes
+    end
+
+    # Sets the primary ID.
+    def id=(value)
+      @id = value
+    end
+
+    # Returns true if this object hasn't been saved yet -- that is, a record for the object doesn't exist yet; otherwise, returns false.
+    def new_record?
+      @new_record || false
+    end
+
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   save(perform_validation = true)
+    #
+    # Saves the model.
+    #
+    # If the model is new a record gets created in the database, otherwise
+    # the existing record gets updated.
+    #
+    # If +perform_validation+ is true validations run. If any of them fail
+    # the action is cancelled and +save+ returns +false+. If the flag is
+    # false validations are bypassed altogether. See
+    # ActiveRecord::Validations for more information.
+    #
+    # There's a series of callbacks associated with +save+. If any of the
+    # <tt>before_*</tt> callbacks return +false+ the action is cancelled and
+    # +save+ returns +false+. See ActiveRecord::Callbacks for further
+    # details.
+    def save
+      create_or_update
+    end
+
+    # Saves the model.
+    #
+    # If the model is new a record gets created in the database, otherwise
+    # the existing record gets updated.
+    #
+    # With <tt>save!</tt> validations always run. If any of them fail
+    # ActiveGroonga::RecordInvalid gets raised. See ActiveRecord::Validations
+    # for more information.
+    #
+    # There's a series of callbacks associated with <tt>save!</tt>. If any of
+    # the <tt>before_*</tt> callbacks return +false+ the action is cancelled
+    # and <tt>save!</tt> raises ActiveGroonga::RecordNotSaved. See
+    # ActiveRecord::Callbacks for further details.
+    def save!
+      create_or_update || raise(RecordNotSaved)
+    end
+
+    # Deletes the record in the database and freezes this instance to
+    # reflect that no changes should be made (since they can't be
+    # persisted). Returns the frozen instance.
+    #
+    # The row is simply removed with a SQL +DELETE+ statement on the
+    # record's primary key, and no callbacks are executed.
+    #
+    # To enforce the object's +before_destroy+ and +after_destroy+
+    # callbacks, Observer methods, or any <tt>:dependent</tt> association
+    # options, use <tt>#destroy</tt>.
+    def delete
+      self.class.delete(id) unless new_record?
+      freeze
+    end
+
+    # Deletes the record in the database and freezes this instance to reflect that no changes should
+    # be made (since they can't be persisted).
+    def destroy
+      self.class.table.delete(id) unless new_record?
+      freeze
+    end
+
+    # Updates a single attribute and saves the record without going through the normal validation procedure.
+    # This is especially useful for boolean flags on existing records. The regular +update_attribute+ method
+    # in Base is replaced with this when the validations module is mixed in, which it is by default.
+    def update_attribute(name, value)
+      send(name.to_s + '=', value)
+      save(false)
+    end
+
+    # Updates all the attributes from the passed-in Hash and saves the record. If the object is invalid, the saving will
+    # fail and false will be returned.
+    def update_attributes(attributes)
+      self.attributes = attributes
+      save
+    end
+
+    # Updates an object just like Base.update_attributes but calls save! instead of save so an exception is raised if the record is invalid.
+    def update_attributes!(attributes)
+      self.attributes = attributes
+      save!
+    end
+
+    # Reloads the attributes of this object from the database.
+    # The optional options argument is passed to find when reloading so you
+    # may do e.g. record.reload(:lock => true) to reload the same record with
+    # an exclusive row lock.
+    def reload(options = nil)
+      clear_aggregation_cache
+      clear_association_cache
+      @attributes.update(self.class.find(self.id, options).instance_variable_get('@attributes'))
+      @attributes_cache = {}
+      self
+    end
+
+    # Returns the value of the attribute identified by <tt>attr_name</tt> after it has been typecast (for example,
+    # "2004-12-12" in a data column is cast to a date object, like Date.new(2004, 12, 12)).
+    # (Alias for the protected read_attribute method).
+    def [](attr_name)
+      read_attribute(attr_name)
+    end
+
+    # Updates the attribute identified by <tt>attr_name</tt> with the specified +value+.
+    # (Alias for the protected write_attribute method).
+    def []=(attr_name, value)
+      write_attribute(attr_name, value)
+    end
+
+    # Allows you to set all the attributes at once by passing in a hash with keys
+    # matching the attribute names (which again matches the column names).
+    #
+    # If +guard_protected_attributes+ is true (the default), then sensitive
+    # attributes can be protected from this form of mass-assignment by using
+    # the +attr_protected+ macro. Or you can alternatively specify which
+    # attributes *can* be accessed with the +attr_accessible+ macro. Then all the
+    # attributes not included in that won't be allowed to be mass-assigned.
+    #
+    #   class User < ActiveGroonga::Base
+    #     attr_protected :is_admin
+    #   end
+    #   
+    #   user = User.new
+    #   user.attributes = { :username => 'Phusion', :is_admin => true }
+    #   user.username   # => "Phusion"
+    #   user.is_admin?  # => false
+    #   
+    #   user.send(:attributes=, { :username => 'Phusion', :is_admin => true }, false)
+    #   user.is_admin?  # => true
+    def attributes=(new_attributes, guard_protected_attributes = true)
+      return if new_attributes.nil?
+      attributes = new_attributes.dup
+      attributes.stringify_keys!
+
+      multi_parameter_attributes = []
+      attributes = remove_attributes_protected_from_mass_assignment(attributes) if guard_protected_attributes
+
+      attributes.each do |k, v|
+        if k.include?("(")
+          multi_parameter_attributes << [ k, v ]
+        else
+          respond_to?(:"#{k}=") ? send(:"#{k}=", v) : raise(UnknownAttributeError, "unknown attribute: #{k}")
+        end
+      end
+
+      assign_multiparameter_attributes(multi_parameter_attributes)
+    end
+
+    # Returns a hash of all the attributes with their names as keys and the values of the attributes as values.
+    def attributes
+      self.attribute_names.inject({}) do |attrs, name|
+        attrs[name] = read_attribute(name)
+        attrs
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Returns a hash of attributes before typecasting and deserialization.
+    def attributes_before_type_cast
+      self.attribute_names.inject({}) do |attrs, name|
+        attrs[name] = read_attribute_before_type_cast(name)
+        attrs
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Returns an <tt>#inspect</tt>-like string for the value of the
+    # attribute +attr_name+. String attributes are elided after 50
+    # characters, and Date and Time attributes are returned in the
+    # <tt>:db</tt> format. Other attributes return the value of
+    # <tt>#inspect</tt> without modification.
+    #
+    #   person = Person.create!(:name => "David Heinemeier Hansson " * 3)
+    #
+    #   person.attribute_for_inspect(:name)
+    #   # => '"David Heinemeier Hansson David Heinemeier Hansson D..."'
+    #
+    #   person.attribute_for_inspect(:created_at)
+    #   # => '"2009-01-12 04:48:57"'
+    def attribute_for_inspect(attr_name)
+      value = read_attribute(attr_name)
+
+      if value.is_a?(String) && value.length > 50
+        "#{value[0..50]}...".inspect
+      elsif value.is_a?(Date) || value.is_a?(Time)
+        %("#{value.to_s(:db)}")
+      else
+        value.inspect
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Returns true if the specified +attribute+ has been set by the user or by a database load and is neither
+    # nil nor empty? (the latter only applies to objects that respond to empty?, most notably Strings).
+    def attribute_present?(attribute)
+      value = read_attribute(attribute)
+      !value.blank?
+    end
+
+    # Returns true if the given attribute is in the attributes hash
+    def has_attribute?(attr_name)
+      @attributes.has_key?(attr_name.to_s)
+    end
+
+    # Returns an array of names for the attributes available on this object sorted alphabetically.
+    def attribute_names
+      @attributes.keys.sort
+    end
+
+    # Returns the column object for the named attribute.
+    def column_for_attribute(name)
+      self.class.columns_hash[name.to_s]
+    end
+
+    # Returns true if the +comparison_object+ is the same object, or is of the same type and has the same id.
+    def ==(comparison_object)
+      comparison_object.equal?(self) ||
+        (comparison_object.instance_of?(self.class) &&
+         comparison_object.id == id &&
+         !comparison_object.new_record?)
+    end
+
+    # Delegates to ==
+    def eql?(comparison_object)
+      self == (comparison_object)
+    end
+
+    # Delegates to id in order to allow two records of the same type and id to work with something like:
+    #   [ Person.find(1), Person.find(2), Person.find(3) ] & [ Person.find(1), Person.find(4) ] # => [ Person.find(1) ]
+    def hash
+      id.hash
+    end
+
+    # Freeze the attributes hash such that associations are still accessible, even on destroyed records.
+    def freeze
+      @attributes.freeze; self
+    end
+
+    # Returns +true+ if the attributes hash has been frozen.
+    def frozen?
+      @attributes.frozen?
+    end
+
+    # Returns +true+ if the record is read only. Records loaded through joins with piggy-back
+    # attributes will be marked as read only since they cannot be saved.
+    def readonly?
+      defined?(@readonly) && @readonly == true
+    end
+
+    # Marks this record as read only.
+    def readonly!
+      @readonly = true
+    end
+
+    # Returns the contents of the record as a nicely formatted string.
+    def inspect
+      attributes_as_nice_string = self.class.column_names.collect { |name|
+        if has_attribute?(name) || new_record?
+          "#{name}: #{attribute_for_inspect(name)}"
+        end
+      }.compact.join(", ")
+      "#<#{self.class} #{attributes_as_nice_string}>"
+    end
+
+    private
+    def create_or_update
+      raise ReadOnlyRecord if readonly?
+      result = new_record? ? create : update
+      result != false
+    end
+
+    # Updates the associated record with values matching those of the instance attributes.
+    # Returns the number of affected rows.
+    def update(attribute_names=@attributes.keys)
+      attribute_names = remove_readonly_attributes(attribute_names)
+      table = self.class.table
+      indexes = Schema.indexes(table)
+      quoted_attributes = attributes_with_quotes(false, attribute_names)
+      quoted_attributes.each do |name, value|
+        column = table.column(name)
+        next if column.nil?
+        column[id] = value
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Creates a record with values matching those of the instance attributes
+    # and returns its id.
+    def create
+      table = self.class.table
+      record = table.add
+      indexes = Schema.indexes(table)
+      quoted_attributes = attributes_with_quotes
+      quoted_attributes.each do |name, value|
+        record[name] = value
+      end
+      self.id = record.id
+      @new_record = false
+      id
+    end
+
+    # Sets the attribute used for single table inheritance to this class name if this is not the ActiveRecord::Base descendant.
+    # Considering the hierarchy Reply < Message < ActiveRecord::Base, this makes it possible to do Reply.new without having to
+    # set <tt>Reply[Reply.inheritance_column] = "Reply"</tt> yourself. No such attribute would be set for objects of the
+    # Message class in that example.
+    def ensure_proper_type
+      unless self.class.descends_from_active_groonga?
+        write_attribute(self.class.inheritance_column, self.class.sti_name)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def convert_number_column_value(value)
+      if value == false
+        0
+      elsif value == true
+        1
+      elsif value.is_a?(String) && value.blank?
+        nil
+      else
+        value
+      end
+    end
+
+    def remove_attributes_protected_from_mass_assignment(attributes)
+      safe_attributes =
+        if self.class.accessible_attributes.nil? && self.class.protected_attributes.nil?
+          attributes.reject { |key, value| attributes_protected_by_default.include?(key.gsub(/\(.+/, "")) }
+        elsif self.class.protected_attributes.nil?
+          attributes.reject { |key, value| !self.class.accessible_attributes.include?(key.gsub(/\(.+/, "")) || attributes_protected_by_default.include?(key.gsub(/\(.+/, "")) }
+        elsif self.class.accessible_attributes.nil?
+          attributes.reject { |key, value| self.class.protected_attributes.include?(key.gsub(/\(.+/,"")) || attributes_protected_by_default.include?(key.gsub(/\(.+/, "")) }
+        else
+          raise "Declare either attr_protected or attr_accessible for #{self.class}, but not both."
+        end
+
+      removed_attributes = attributes.keys - safe_attributes.keys
+
+      if removed_attributes.any?
+        log_protected_attribute_removal(removed_attributes)
+      end
+
+      safe_attributes
+    end
+
+    # Removes attributes which have been marked as readonly.
+    def remove_readonly_attributes(attributes)
+      unless self.class.readonly_attributes.nil?
+        attributes.delete_if { |key, value| self.class.readonly_attributes.include?(key.gsub(/\(.+/,"")) }
+      else
+        attributes
+      end
+    end
+
+    def log_protected_attribute_removal(*attributes)
+      logger.debug "WARNING: Can't mass-assign these protected attributes: #{attributes.join(', ')}"
+    end
+
+    # The primary key and inheritance column can never be set by mass-assignment for security reasons.
+    def attributes_protected_by_default
+      default = [ self.class.primary_key, self.class.inheritance_column ]
+      default << 'id' unless self.class.primary_key.eql? 'id'
+      default
+    end
+
+    # Initializes the attributes array with keys matching the columns from the linked table and
+    # the values matching the corresponding default value of that column, so
+    # that a new instance, or one populated from a passed-in Hash, still has all the attributes
+    # that instances loaded from the database would.
+    def attributes_from_column_definition
+      self.class.columns.inject({}) do |attributes, column|
+        attributes[column.name] = column.default
+        attributes
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Instantiates objects for all attribute classes that needs more than one constructor parameter. This is done
+    # by calling new on the column type or aggregation type (through composed_of) object with these parameters.
+    # So having the pairs written_on(1) = "2004", written_on(2) = "6", written_on(3) = "24", will instantiate
+    # written_on (a date type) with Date.new("2004", "6", "24"). You can also specify a typecast character in the
+    # parentheses to have the parameters typecasted before they're used in the constructor. Use i for Fixnum, f for Float,
+    # s for String, and a for Array. If all the values for a given attribute are empty, the attribute will be set to nil.
+    def assign_multiparameter_attributes(pairs)
+      execute_callstack_for_multiparameter_attributes(
+        extract_callstack_for_multiparameter_attributes(pairs)
+      )
+    end
+
+    def execute_callstack_for_multiparameter_attributes(callstack)
+      errors = []
+      callstack.each do |name, values|
+        klass = (self.class.reflect_on_aggregation(name.to_sym) || column_for_attribute(name)).klass
+        if values.empty?
+          send(name + "=", nil)
+        else
+          begin
+            value = if Time == klass
+              instantiate_time_object(name, values)
+            elsif Date == klass
+              begin
+                Date.new(*values)
+              rescue ArgumentError => ex # if Date.new raises an exception on an invalid date
+                instantiate_time_object(name, values).to_date # we instantiate Time object and convert it back to a date thus using Time's logic in handling invalid dates
+              end
+            else
+              klass.new(*values)
+            end
+
+            send(name + "=", value)
+          rescue => ex
+            errors << AttributeAssignmentError.new("error on assignment #{values.inspect} to #{name}", ex, name)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      unless errors.empty?
+        raise MultiparameterAssignmentErrors.new(errors), "#{errors.size} error(s) on assignment of multiparameter attributes"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def extract_callstack_for_multiparameter_attributes(pairs)
+      attributes = { }
+
+      for pair in pairs
+        multiparameter_name, value = pair
+        attribute_name = multiparameter_name.split("(").first
+        attributes[attribute_name] = [] unless attributes.include?(attribute_name)
+
+        unless value.empty?
+          attributes[attribute_name] <<
+            [ find_parameter_position(multiparameter_name), type_cast_attribute_value(multiparameter_name, value) ]
+        end
+      end
+
+      attributes.each { |name, values| attributes[name] = values.sort_by{ |v| v.first }.collect { |v| v.last } }
+    end
+
+    # Returns a copy of the attributes hash where all the values have been safely quoted for use in
+    # an SQL statement.
+    def attributes_with_quotes(include_readonly_attributes=true, attribute_names=@attributes.keys)
+      quoted = {}
+      attribute_names.each do |name|
+        column = column_for_attribute(name)
+        next if column.nil?
+
+        value = read_attribute(name)
+        # We need explicit to_yaml because quote() does not properly convert Time/Date fields to YAML.
+        if value && self.class.serialized_attributes.has_key?(name) && (value.acts_like?(:date) || value.acts_like?(:time))
+          value = value.to_yaml
+        end
+        quoted[name] = column.quote(value)
+      end
+      include_readonly_attributes ? quoted : remove_readonly_attributes(quoted)
+    end
+
+    # Quote strings appropriately for SQL statements.
+    def quote_value(value, column=nil)
+      if column
+        column.quote(value)
+      else
+        value
+      end
+    end
+
+    def clone_attribute_value(reader_method, attribute_name)
+      value = send(reader_method, attribute_name)
+      value.duplicable? ? value.clone : value
+    rescue TypeError, NoMethodError
+      value
+    end
+
+    include Validations
+    include AttributeMethods
+    include Dirty
+    include Timestamp
+    include Associations
+    include Aggregations, Reflection
+  end
+end