actionpack 4.2.11.1 → 5.2.4.3

data/lib/action_controller/metal/strong_parameters.rb

@@ -1,20 +1,25 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/array/wrap'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/string/filters'
-require 'active_support/deprecation'
-require 'active_support/rescuable'
-require 'action_dispatch/http/upload'
-require 'stringio'
-require 'set'
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access"
+require "active_support/core_ext/hash/transform_values"
+require "active_support/core_ext/array/wrap"
+require "active_support/core_ext/string/filters"
+require "active_support/core_ext/object/to_query"
+require "active_support/rescuable"
+require "action_dispatch/http/upload"
+require "rack/test"
+require "stringio"
+require "set"
+require "yaml"
 
 module ActionController
   # Raised when a required parameter is missing.
   #
   #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new(a: {})
   #   params.fetch(:b)
-  #   # => ActionController::ParameterMissing: param not found: b
+  #   # => ActionController::ParameterMissing: param is missing or the value is empty: b
   #   params.require(:a)
-  #   # => ActionController::ParameterMissing: param not found: a
+  #   # => ActionController::ParameterMissing: param is missing or the value is empty: a
   class ParameterMissing < KeyError
     attr_reader :param # :nodoc:
 
@@ -30,19 +35,31 @@ module ActionController
   #
   #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new(a: "123", b: "456")
   #   params.permit(:c)
-  #   # => ActionController::UnpermittedParameters: found unpermitted parameters: a, b
+  #   # => ActionController::UnpermittedParameters: found unpermitted parameters: :a, :b
   class UnpermittedParameters < IndexError
     attr_reader :params # :nodoc:
 
     def initialize(params) # :nodoc:
       @params = params
-      super("found unpermitted parameter#{'s' if params.size > 1 }: #{params.join(", ")}")
+      super("found unpermitted parameter#{'s' if params.size > 1 }: #{params.map { |e| ":#{e}" }.join(", ")}")
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Raised when a Parameters instance is not marked as permitted and
+  # an operation to transform it to hash is called.
+  #
+  #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new(a: "123", b: "456")
+  #   params.to_h
+  #   # => ActionController::UnfilteredParameters: unable to convert unpermitted parameters to hash
+  class UnfilteredParameters < ArgumentError
+    def initialize # :nodoc:
+      super("unable to convert unpermitted parameters to hash")
     end
   end
 
   # == Action Controller \Parameters
   #
-  # Allows to choose which attributes should be whitelisted for mass updating
+  # Allows you to choose which attributes should be whitelisted for mass updating
   # and thus prevent accidentally exposing that which shouldn't be exposed.
   # Provides two methods for this purpose: #require and #permit. The former is
   # used to mark parameters as required. The latter is used to set the parameter
@@ -50,15 +67,14 @@ module ActionController
   #
   #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new({
   #     person: {
-  #       name: 'Francesco',
+  #       name: "Francesco",
   #       age:  22,
-  #       role: 'admin'
+  #       role: "admin"
   #     }
   #   })
   #
   #   permitted = params.require(:person).permit(:name, :age)
-  #   permitted            # => {"name"=>"Francesco", "age"=>22}
-  #   permitted.class      # => ActionController::Parameters
+  #   permitted            # => <ActionController::Parameters {"name"=>"Francesco", "age"=>22} permitted: true>
   #   permitted.permitted? # => true
   #
   #   Person.first.update!(permitted)
@@ -69,8 +85,8 @@ module ActionController
   # * +permit_all_parameters+ - If it's +true+, all the parameters will be
   #   permitted by default. The default is +false+.
   # * +action_on_unpermitted_parameters+ - Allow to control the behavior when parameters
-  #   that are not explicitly permitted are found. The values can be <tt>:log</tt> to
-  #   write a message on the logger or <tt>:raise</tt> to raise
+  #   that are not explicitly permitted are found. The values can be +false+ to just filter them
+  #   out, <tt>:log</tt> to additionally write a message on the logger, or <tt>:raise</tt> to raise
   #   ActionController::UnpermittedParameters exception. The default value is <tt>:log</tt>
   #   in test and development environments, +false+ otherwise.
   #
@@ -86,7 +102,7 @@ module ActionController
   #
   #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new(a: "123", b: "456")
   #   params.permit(:c)
-  #   # => {}
+  #   # => <ActionController::Parameters {} permitted: true>
   #
   #   ActionController::Parameters.action_on_unpermitted_parameters = :raise
   #
@@ -98,17 +114,99 @@ module ActionController
   # environment they should only be set once at boot-time and never mutated at
   # runtime.
   #
-  # <tt>ActionController::Parameters</tt> inherits from
-  # <tt>ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess</tt>, this means
-  # that you can fetch values using either <tt>:key</tt> or <tt>"key"</tt>.
+  # You can fetch values of <tt>ActionController::Parameters</tt> using either
+  # <tt>:key</tt> or <tt>"key"</tt>.
   #
-  #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new(key: 'value')
+  #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new(key: "value")
   #   params[:key]  # => "value"
   #   params["key"] # => "value"
-  class Parameters < ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess
-    cattr_accessor :permit_all_parameters, instance_accessor: false
+  class Parameters
+    cattr_accessor :permit_all_parameters, instance_accessor: false, default: false
+
     cattr_accessor :action_on_unpermitted_parameters, instance_accessor: false
 
+    ##
+    # :method: as_json
+    #
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   as_json(options=nil)
+    #
+    # Returns a hash that can be used as the JSON representation for the parameters.
+
+    ##
+    # :method: empty?
+    #
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   empty?()
+    #
+    # Returns true if the parameters have no key/value pairs.
+
+    ##
+    # :method: has_key?
+    #
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   has_key?(key)
+    #
+    # Returns true if the given key is present in the parameters.
+
+    ##
+    # :method: has_value?
+    #
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   has_value?(value)
+    #
+    # Returns true if the given value is present for some key in the parameters.
+
+    ##
+    # :method: include?
+    #
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   include?(key)
+    #
+    # Returns true if the given key is present in the parameters.
+
+    ##
+    # :method: key?
+    #
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   key?(key)
+    #
+    # Returns true if the given key is present in the parameters.
+
+    ##
+    # :method: keys
+    #
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   keys()
+    #
+    # Returns a new array of the keys of the parameters.
+
+    ##
+    # :method: to_s
+    #
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   to_s()
+    #
+    # Returns the content of the parameters as a string.
+
+    ##
+    # :method: value?
+    #
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   value?(value)
+    #
+    # Returns true if the given value is present for some key in the parameters.
+
+    ##
+    # :method: values
+    #
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   values()
+    #
+    # Returns a new array of the values of the parameters.
+    delegate :keys, :key?, :has_key?, :values, :has_value?, :value?, :empty?, :include?,
+      :as_json, :to_s, to: :@parameters
+
     # By default, never raise an UnpermittedParameters exception if these
     # params are present. The default includes both 'controller' and 'action'
     # because they are added by Rails and should be of no concern. One way
@@ -116,18 +214,7 @@ module ActionController
     # config. For instance:
     #
     #    config.always_permitted_parameters = %w( controller action format )
-    cattr_accessor :always_permitted_parameters
-    self.always_permitted_parameters = %w( controller action )
-
-    def self.const_missing(const_name)
-      super unless const_name == :NEVER_UNPERMITTED_PARAMS
-      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MSG.squish)
-        `ActionController::Parameters::NEVER_UNPERMITTED_PARAMS` has been deprecated.
-        Use `ActionController::Parameters.always_permitted_parameters` instead.
-      MSG
-
-      always_permitted_parameters
-    end
+    cattr_accessor :always_permitted_parameters, default: %w( controller action )
 
     # Returns a new instance of <tt>ActionController::Parameters</tt>.
     # Also, sets the +permitted+ attribute to the default value of
@@ -136,55 +223,123 @@ module ActionController
     #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
     #   end
     #
-    #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new(name: 'Francesco')
+    #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new(name: "Francesco")
     #   params.permitted?  # => false
     #   Person.new(params) # => ActiveModel::ForbiddenAttributesError
     #
     #   ActionController::Parameters.permit_all_parameters = true
     #
-    #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new(name: 'Francesco')
+    #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new(name: "Francesco")
     #   params.permitted?  # => true
     #   Person.new(params) # => #<Person id: nil, name: "Francesco">
-    def initialize(attributes = nil)
-      super(attributes)
+    def initialize(parameters = {})
+      @parameters = parameters.with_indifferent_access
       @permitted = self.class.permit_all_parameters
     end
 
-    # Returns a safe +Hash+ representation of this parameter with all
-    # unpermitted keys removed.
+    # Returns true if another +Parameters+ object contains the same content and
+    # permitted flag.
+    def ==(other)
+      if other.respond_to?(:permitted?)
+        permitted? == other.permitted? && parameters == other.parameters
+      else
+        @parameters == other
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Returns a safe <tt>ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess</tt>
+    # representation of the parameters with all unpermitted keys removed.
     #
     #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new({
-    #     name: 'Senjougahara Hitagi',
-    #     oddity: 'Heavy stone crab'
+    #     name: "Senjougahara Hitagi",
+    #     oddity: "Heavy stone crab"
     #   })
-    #   params.to_h # => {}
+    #   params.to_h
+    #   # => ActionController::UnfilteredParameters: unable to convert unpermitted parameters to hash
     #
     #   safe_params = params.permit(:name)
     #   safe_params.to_h # => {"name"=>"Senjougahara Hitagi"}
     def to_h
       if permitted?
-        to_hash
+        convert_parameters_to_hashes(@parameters, :to_h)
       else
-        slice(*self.class.always_permitted_parameters).permit!.to_h
+        raise UnfilteredParameters
       end
     end
 
-    # Returns an unsafe, unfiltered +Hash+ representation of this parameter.
+    # Returns a safe <tt>Hash</tt> representation of the parameters
+    # with all unpermitted keys removed.
+    #
+    #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new({
+    #     name: "Senjougahara Hitagi",
+    #     oddity: "Heavy stone crab"
+    #   })
+    #   params.to_hash
+    #   # => ActionController::UnfilteredParameters: unable to convert unpermitted parameters to hash
+    #
+    #   safe_params = params.permit(:name)
+    #   safe_params.to_hash # => {"name"=>"Senjougahara Hitagi"}
+    def to_hash
+      to_h.to_hash
+    end
+
+    # Returns a string representation of the receiver suitable for use as a URL
+    # query string:
+    #
+    #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new({
+    #     name: "David",
+    #     nationality: "Danish"
+    #   })
+    #   params.to_query
+    #   # => ActionController::UnfilteredParameters: unable to convert unpermitted parameters to hash
+    #
+    #   safe_params = params.permit(:name, :nationality)
+    #   safe_params.to_query
+    #   # => "name=David&nationality=Danish"
+    #
+    # An optional namespace can be passed to enclose key names:
+    #
+    #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new({
+    #     name: "David",
+    #     nationality: "Danish"
+    #   })
+    #   safe_params = params.permit(:name, :nationality)
+    #   safe_params.to_query("user")
+    #   # => "user%5Bname%5D=David&user%5Bnationality%5D=Danish"
+    #
+    # The string pairs "key=value" that conform the query string
+    # are sorted lexicographically in ascending order.
+    #
+    # This method is also aliased as +to_param+.
+    def to_query(*args)
+      to_h.to_query(*args)
+    end
+    alias_method :to_param, :to_query
+
+    # Returns an unsafe, unfiltered
+    # <tt>ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess</tt> representation of the
+    # parameters.
+    #
+    #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new({
+    #     name: "Senjougahara Hitagi",
+    #     oddity: "Heavy stone crab"
+    #   })
+    #   params.to_unsafe_h
+    #   # => {"name"=>"Senjougahara Hitagi", "oddity" => "Heavy stone crab"}
     def to_unsafe_h
-      to_hash
+      convert_parameters_to_hashes(@parameters, :to_unsafe_h)
     end
     alias_method :to_unsafe_hash, :to_unsafe_h
 
-    # Convert all hashes in values into parameters, then yield each pair like
-    # the same way as <tt>Hash#each_pair</tt>
+    # Convert all hashes in values into parameters, then yield each pair in
+    # the same way as <tt>Hash#each_pair</tt>.
     def each_pair(&block)
-      super do |key, value|
-        convert_hashes_to_parameters(key, value)
+      @parameters.each_pair do |key, value|
+        yield [key, convert_hashes_to_parameters(key, value)]
       end
 
-      super
+      self
     end
-
     alias_method :each, :each_pair
 
     # Attribute that keeps track of converted arrays, if any, to avoid double
@@ -214,7 +369,7 @@ module ActionController
     #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
     #   end
     #
-    #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new(name: 'Francesco')
+    #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new(name: "Francesco")
     #   params.permitted?  # => false
     #   Person.new(params) # => ActiveModel::ForbiddenAttributesError
     #   params.permit!
@@ -222,7 +377,7 @@ module ActionController
     #   Person.new(params) # => #<Person id: nil, name: "Francesco">
     def permit!
       each_pair do |key, value|
-        Array.wrap(value).each do |v|
+        Array.wrap(value).flatten.each do |v|
           v.permit! if v.respond_to? :permit!
         end
       end
@@ -231,19 +386,58 @@ module ActionController
       self
     end
 
-    # Ensures that a parameter is present. If it's present, returns
-    # the parameter at the given +key+, otherwise raises an
-    # <tt>ActionController::ParameterMissing</tt> error.
+    # This method accepts both a single key and an array of keys.
+    #
+    # When passed a single key, if it exists and its associated value is
+    # either present or the singleton +false+, returns said value:
+    #
+    #   ActionController::Parameters.new(person: { name: "Francesco" }).require(:person)
+    #   # => <ActionController::Parameters {"name"=>"Francesco"} permitted: false>
     #
-    #   ActionController::Parameters.new(person: { name: 'Francesco' }).require(:person)
-    #   # => {"name"=>"Francesco"}
+    # Otherwise raises <tt>ActionController::ParameterMissing</tt>:
+    #
+    #   ActionController::Parameters.new.require(:person)
+    #   # ActionController::ParameterMissing: param is missing or the value is empty: person
     #
     #   ActionController::Parameters.new(person: nil).require(:person)
-    #   # => ActionController::ParameterMissing: param not found: person
+    #   # ActionController::ParameterMissing: param is missing or the value is empty: person
+    #
+    #   ActionController::Parameters.new(person: "\t").require(:person)
+    #   # ActionController::ParameterMissing: param is missing or the value is empty: person
     #
     #   ActionController::Parameters.new(person: {}).require(:person)
-    #   # => ActionController::ParameterMissing: param not found: person
+    #   # ActionController::ParameterMissing: param is missing or the value is empty: person
+    #
+    # When given an array of keys, the method tries to require each one of them
+    # in order. If it succeeds, an array with the respective return values is
+    # returned:
+    #
+    #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new(user: { ... }, profile: { ... })
+    #   user_params, profile_params = params.require([:user, :profile])
+    #
+    # Otherwise, the method re-raises the first exception found:
+    #
+    #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new(user: {}, profile: {})
+    #   user_params, profile_params = params.require([:user, :profile])
+    #   # ActionController::ParameterMissing: param is missing or the value is empty: user
+    #
+    # Technically this method can be used to fetch terminal values:
+    #
+    #   # CAREFUL
+    #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new(person: { name: "Finn" })
+    #   name = params.require(:person).require(:name) # CAREFUL
+    #
+    # but take into account that at some point those ones have to be permitted:
+    #
+    #   def person_params
+    #     params.require(:person).permit(:name).tap do |person_params|
+    #       person_params.require(:name) # SAFER
+    #     end
+    #   end
+    #
+    # for example.
     def require(key)
+      return key.map { |k| require(k) } if key.is_a?(Array)
       value = self[key]
       if value.present? || value == false
         value
@@ -260,7 +454,7 @@ module ActionController
     # for the object to +true+. This is useful for limiting which attributes
     # should be allowed for mass updating.
     #
-    #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new(user: { name: 'Francesco', age: 22, role: 'admin' })
+    #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new(user: { name: "Francesco", age: 22, role: "admin" })
     #   permitted = params.require(:user).permit(:name, :age)
     #   permitted.permitted?      # => true
     #   permitted.has_key?(:name) # => true
@@ -271,7 +465,7 @@ module ActionController
     #
     #   params.permit(:name)
     #
-    # +:name+ passes it is a key of +params+ whose associated value is of type
+    # +:name+ passes if it is a key of +params+ whose associated value is of type
     # +String+, +Symbol+, +NilClass+, +Numeric+, +TrueClass+, +FalseClass+,
     # +Date+, +Time+, +DateTime+, +StringIO+, +IO+,
     # +ActionDispatch::Http::UploadedFile+ or +Rack::Test::UploadedFile+.
@@ -280,18 +474,27 @@ module ActionController
     # You may declare that the parameter should be an array of permitted scalars
     # by mapping it to an empty array:
     #
-    #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new(tags: ['rails', 'parameters'])
+    #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new(tags: ["rails", "parameters"])
     #   params.permit(tags: [])
     #
+    # Sometimes it is not possible or convenient to declare the valid keys of
+    # a hash parameter or its internal structure. Just map to an empty hash:
+    #
+    #   params.permit(preferences: {})
+    #
+    # Be careful because this opens the door to arbitrary input. In this
+    # case, +permit+ ensures values in the returned structure are permitted
+    # scalars and filters out anything else.
+    #
     # You can also use +permit+ on nested parameters, like:
     #
     #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new({
     #     person: {
-    #       name: 'Francesco',
+    #       name: "Francesco",
     #       age:  22,
     #       pets: [{
-    #         name: 'Purplish',
-    #         category: 'dogs'
+    #         name: "Purplish",
+    #         category: "dogs"
     #       }]
     #     }
     #   })
@@ -310,20 +513,20 @@ module ActionController
     #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new({
     #     person: {
     #       contact: {
-    #         email: 'none@test.com',
-    #         phone: '555-1234'
+    #         email: "none@test.com",
+    #         phone: "555-1234"
     #       }
     #     }
     #   })
     #
     #   params.require(:person).permit(:contact)
-    #   # => {}
+    #   # => <ActionController::Parameters {} permitted: true>
     #
     #   params.require(:person).permit(contact: :phone)
-    #   # => {"contact"=>{"phone"=>"555-1234"}}
+    #   # => <ActionController::Parameters {"contact"=><ActionController::Parameters {"phone"=>"555-1234"} permitted: true>} permitted: true>
     #
     #   params.require(:person).permit(contact: [ :email, :phone ])
-    #   # => {"contact"=>{"email"=>"none@test.com", "phone"=>"555-1234"}}
+    #   # => <ActionController::Parameters {"contact"=><ActionController::Parameters {"email"=>"none@test.com", "phone"=>"555-1234"} permitted: true>} permitted: true>
     def permit(*filters)
       params = self.class.new
 
@@ -331,7 +534,7 @@ module ActionController
         case filter
         when Symbol, String
           permitted_scalar_filter(params, filter)
-        when Hash then
+        when Hash
           hash_filter(params, filter)
         end
       end
@@ -344,28 +547,58 @@ module ActionController
     # Returns a parameter for the given +key+. If not found,
     # returns +nil+.
     #
-    #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new(person: { name: 'Francesco' })
-    #   params[:person] # => {"name"=>"Francesco"}
+    #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new(person: { name: "Francesco" })
+    #   params[:person] # => <ActionController::Parameters {"name"=>"Francesco"} permitted: false>
     #   params[:none]   # => nil
     def [](key)
-      convert_hashes_to_parameters(key, super)
+      convert_hashes_to_parameters(key, @parameters[key])
+    end
+
+    # Assigns a value to a given +key+. The given key may still get filtered out
+    # when +permit+ is called.
+    def []=(key, value)
+      @parameters[key] = value
     end
 
     # Returns a parameter for the given +key+. If the +key+
     # can't be found, there are several options: With no other arguments,
     # it will raise an <tt>ActionController::ParameterMissing</tt> error;
-    # if more arguments are given, then that will be returned; if a block
+    # if a second argument is given, then that is returned (converted to an
+    # instance of ActionController::Parameters if possible); if a block
     # is given, then that will be run and its result returned.
     #
-    #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new(person: { name: 'Francesco' })
-    #   params.fetch(:person)               # => {"name"=>"Francesco"}
-    #   params.fetch(:none)                 # => ActionController::ParameterMissing: param not found: none
-    #   params.fetch(:none, 'Francesco')    # => "Francesco"
-    #   params.fetch(:none) { 'Francesco' } # => "Francesco"
+    #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new(person: { name: "Francesco" })
+    #   params.fetch(:person)               # => <ActionController::Parameters {"name"=>"Francesco"} permitted: false>
+    #   params.fetch(:none)                 # => ActionController::ParameterMissing: param is missing or the value is empty: none
+    #   params.fetch(:none, {})             # => <ActionController::Parameters {} permitted: false>
+    #   params.fetch(:none, "Francesco")    # => "Francesco"
+    #   params.fetch(:none) { "Francesco" } # => "Francesco"
     def fetch(key, *args)
-      convert_hashes_to_parameters(key, super, false)
-    rescue KeyError
-      raise ActionController::ParameterMissing.new(key)
+      convert_value_to_parameters(
+        @parameters.fetch(key) {
+          if block_given?
+            yield
+          else
+            args.fetch(0) { raise ActionController::ParameterMissing.new(key) }
+          end
+        }
+      )
+    end
+
+    if Hash.method_defined?(:dig)
+      # Extracts the nested parameter from the given +keys+ by calling +dig+
+      # at each step. Returns +nil+ if any intermediate step is +nil+.
+      #
+      #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new(foo: { bar: { baz: 1 } })
+      #   params.dig(:foo, :bar, :baz) # => 1
+      #   params.dig(:foo, :zot, :xyz) # => nil
+      #
+      #   params2 = ActionController::Parameters.new(foo: [10, 11, 12])
+      #   params2.dig(:foo, 1) # => 11
+      def dig(*keys)
+        convert_hashes_to_parameters(keys.first, @parameters[keys.first])
+        @parameters.dig(*keys)
+      end
     end
 
     # Returns a new <tt>ActionController::Parameters</tt> instance that
@@ -373,19 +606,36 @@ module ActionController
     # don't exist, returns an empty hash.
     #
     #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new(a: 1, b: 2, c: 3)
-    #   params.slice(:a, :b) # => {"a"=>1, "b"=>2}
-    #   params.slice(:d)     # => {}
+    #   params.slice(:a, :b) # => <ActionController::Parameters {"a"=>1, "b"=>2} permitted: false>
+    #   params.slice(:d)     # => <ActionController::Parameters {} permitted: false>
     def slice(*keys)
-      new_instance_with_inherited_permitted_status(super)
+      new_instance_with_inherited_permitted_status(@parameters.slice(*keys))
+    end
+
+    # Returns current <tt>ActionController::Parameters</tt> instance which
+    # contains only the given +keys+.
+    def slice!(*keys)
+      @parameters.slice!(*keys)
+      self
+    end
+
+    # Returns a new <tt>ActionController::Parameters</tt> instance that
+    # filters out the given +keys+.
+    #
+    #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new(a: 1, b: 2, c: 3)
+    #   params.except(:a, :b) # => <ActionController::Parameters {"c"=>3} permitted: false>
+    #   params.except(:d)     # => <ActionController::Parameters {"a"=>1, "b"=>2, "c"=>3} permitted: false>
+    def except(*keys)
+      new_instance_with_inherited_permitted_status(@parameters.except(*keys))
     end
 
     # Removes and returns the key/value pairs matching the given keys.
     #
     #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new(a: 1, b: 2, c: 3)
-    #   params.extract!(:a, :b) # => {"a"=>1, "b"=>2}
-    #   params                  # => {"c"=>3}
+    #   params.extract!(:a, :b) # => <ActionController::Parameters {"a"=>1, "b"=>2} permitted: false>
+    #   params                  # => <ActionController::Parameters {"c"=>3} permitted: false>
     def extract!(*keys)
-      new_instance_with_inherited_permitted_status(super)
+      new_instance_with_inherited_permitted_status(@parameters.extract!(*keys))
     end
 
     # Returns a new <tt>ActionController::Parameters</tt> with the results of
@@ -393,58 +643,169 @@ module ActionController
     #
     #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new(a: 1, b: 2, c: 3)
     #   params.transform_values { |x| x * 2 }
-    #   # => {"a"=>2, "b"=>4, "c"=>6}
+    #   # => <ActionController::Parameters {"a"=>2, "b"=>4, "c"=>6} permitted: false>
     def transform_values
-      if block_given?
-        new_instance_with_inherited_permitted_status(super)
-      else
-        super
-      end
+      return to_enum(:transform_values) unless block_given?
+      new_instance_with_inherited_permitted_status(
+        @parameters.transform_values { |v| yield convert_value_to_parameters(v) }
+      )
     end
 
-    # This method is here only to make sure that the returned object has the
-    # correct +permitted+ status. It should not matter since the parent of
-    # this object is +HashWithIndifferentAccess+
-    def transform_keys # :nodoc:
-      if block_given?
-        new_instance_with_inherited_permitted_status(super)
+    # Performs values transformation and returns the altered
+    # <tt>ActionController::Parameters</tt> instance.
+    def transform_values!
+      return to_enum(:transform_values!) unless block_given?
+      @parameters.transform_values! { |v| yield convert_value_to_parameters(v) }
+      self
+    end
+
+    # Returns a new <tt>ActionController::Parameters</tt> instance with the
+    # results of running +block+ once for every key. The values are unchanged.
+    def transform_keys(&block)
+      if block
+        new_instance_with_inherited_permitted_status(
+          @parameters.transform_keys(&block)
+        )
       else
-        super
+        @parameters.transform_keys
       end
     end
 
-    # Deletes and returns a key-value pair from +Parameters+ whose key is equal
-    # to key. If the key is not found, returns the default value. If the
-    # optional code block is given and the key is not found, pass in the key
-    # and return the result of block.
+    # Performs keys transformation and returns the altered
+    # <tt>ActionController::Parameters</tt> instance.
+    def transform_keys!(&block)
+      @parameters.transform_keys!(&block)
+      self
+    end
+
+    # Deletes a key-value pair from +Parameters+ and returns the value. If
+    # +key+ is not found, returns +nil+ (or, with optional code block, yields
+    # +key+ and returns the result). Cf. +#extract!+, which returns the
+    # corresponding +ActionController::Parameters+ object.
     def delete(key, &block)
-      convert_hashes_to_parameters(key, super, false)
+      convert_value_to_parameters(@parameters.delete(key, &block))
     end
 
-    # Equivalent to Hash#keep_if, but returns nil if no changes were made.
+    # Returns a new instance of <tt>ActionController::Parameters</tt> with only
+    # items that the block evaluates to true.
+    def select(&block)
+      new_instance_with_inherited_permitted_status(@parameters.select(&block))
+    end
+
+    # Equivalent to Hash#keep_if, but returns +nil+ if no changes were made.
     def select!(&block)
-      convert_value_to_parameters(super)
+      @parameters.select!(&block)
+      self
     end
+    alias_method :keep_if, :select!
 
-    # Returns an exact copy of the <tt>ActionController::Parameters</tt>
-    # instance. +permitted+ state is kept on the duped object.
-    #
-    #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new(a: 1)
-    #   params.permit!
-    #   params.permitted?        # => true
-    #   copy_params = params.dup # => {"a"=>1}
-    #   copy_params.permitted?   # => true
-    def dup
-      super.tap do |duplicate|
+    # Returns a new instance of <tt>ActionController::Parameters</tt> with items
+    # that the block evaluates to true removed.
+    def reject(&block)
+      new_instance_with_inherited_permitted_status(@parameters.reject(&block))
+    end
+
+    # Removes items that the block evaluates to true and returns self.
+    def reject!(&block)
+      @parameters.reject!(&block)
+      self
+    end
+    alias_method :delete_if, :reject!
+
+    # Returns values that were assigned to the given +keys+. Note that all the
+    # +Hash+ objects will be converted to <tt>ActionController::Parameters</tt>.
+    def values_at(*keys)
+      convert_value_to_parameters(@parameters.values_at(*keys))
+    end
+
+    # Returns a new <tt>ActionController::Parameters</tt> with all keys from
+    # +other_hash+ merged into current hash.
+    def merge(other_hash)
+      new_instance_with_inherited_permitted_status(
+        @parameters.merge(other_hash.to_h)
+      )
+    end
+
+    # Returns current <tt>ActionController::Parameters</tt> instance with
+    # +other_hash+ merged into current hash.
+    def merge!(other_hash)
+      @parameters.merge!(other_hash.to_h)
+      self
+    end
+
+    # Returns a new <tt>ActionController::Parameters</tt> with all keys from
+    # current hash merged into +other_hash+.
+    def reverse_merge(other_hash)
+      new_instance_with_inherited_permitted_status(
+        other_hash.to_h.merge(@parameters)
+      )
+    end
+    alias_method :with_defaults, :reverse_merge
+
+    # Returns current <tt>ActionController::Parameters</tt> instance with
+    # current hash merged into +other_hash+.
+    def reverse_merge!(other_hash)
+      @parameters.merge!(other_hash.to_h) { |key, left, right| left }
+      self
+    end
+    alias_method :with_defaults!, :reverse_merge!
+
+    # This is required by ActiveModel attribute assignment, so that user can
+    # pass +Parameters+ to a mass assignment methods in a model. It should not
+    # matter as we are using +HashWithIndifferentAccess+ internally.
+    def stringify_keys # :nodoc:
+      dup
+    end
+
+    def inspect
+      "<#{self.class} #{@parameters} permitted: #{@permitted}>"
+    end
+
+    def self.hook_into_yaml_loading # :nodoc:
+      # Wire up YAML format compatibility with Rails 4.2 and Psych 2.0.8 and 2.0.9+.
+      # Makes the YAML parser call `init_with` when it encounters the keys below
+      # instead of trying its own parsing routines.
+      YAML.load_tags["!ruby/hash-with-ivars:ActionController::Parameters"] = name
+      YAML.load_tags["!ruby/hash:ActionController::Parameters"] = name
+    end
+    hook_into_yaml_loading
+
+    def init_with(coder) # :nodoc:
+      case coder.tag
+      when "!ruby/hash:ActionController::Parameters"
+        # YAML 2.0.8's format where hash instance variables weren't stored.
+        @parameters = coder.map.with_indifferent_access
+        @permitted  = false
+      when "!ruby/hash-with-ivars:ActionController::Parameters"
+        # YAML 2.0.9's Hash subclass format where keys and values
+        # were stored under an elements hash and `permitted` within an ivars hash.
+        @parameters = coder.map["elements"].with_indifferent_access
+        @permitted  = coder.map["ivars"][:@permitted]
+      when "!ruby/object:ActionController::Parameters"
+        # YAML's Object format. Only needed because of the format
+        # backwardscompability above, otherwise equivalent to YAML's initialization.
+        @parameters, @permitted = coder.map["parameters"], coder.map["permitted"]
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Returns duplicate of object including all parameters.
+    def deep_dup
+      self.class.new(@parameters.deep_dup).tap do |duplicate|
         duplicate.permitted = @permitted
       end
     end
 
     protected
+      attr_reader :parameters
+
       def permitted=(new_permitted)
         @permitted = new_permitted
       end
 
+      def fields_for_style?
+        @parameters.all? { |k, v| k =~ /\A-?\d+\z/ && (v.is_a?(Hash) || v.is_a?(Parameters)) }
+      end
+
     private
       def new_instance_with_inherited_permitted_status(hash)
         self.class.new(hash).tap do |new_instance|
@@ -452,40 +813,56 @@ module ActionController
         end
       end
 
-      def convert_hashes_to_parameters(key, value, assign_if_converted=true)
+      def convert_parameters_to_hashes(value, using)
+        case value
+        when Array
+          value.map { |v| convert_parameters_to_hashes(v, using) }
+        when Hash
+          value.transform_values do |v|
+            convert_parameters_to_hashes(v, using)
+          end.with_indifferent_access
+        when Parameters
+          value.send(using)
+        else
+          value
+        end
+      end
+
+      def convert_hashes_to_parameters(key, value)
         converted = convert_value_to_parameters(value)
-        self[key] = converted if assign_if_converted && !converted.equal?(value)
+        @parameters[key] = converted unless converted.equal?(value)
         converted
       end
 
       def convert_value_to_parameters(value)
-        if value.is_a?(Array) && !converted_arrays.member?(value)
+        case value
+        when Array
+          return value if converted_arrays.member?(value)
           converted = value.map { |_| convert_value_to_parameters(_) }
           converted_arrays << converted
           converted
-        elsif value.is_a?(Parameters) || !value.is_a?(Hash)
-          value
-        else
+        when Hash
           self.class.new(value)
+        else
+          value
         end
       end
 
       def each_element(object)
-        if object.is_a?(Array)
-          object.map { |el| yield el }.compact
-        elsif fields_for_style?(object)
-          hash = object.class.new
-          object.each { |k,v| hash[k] = yield v }
-          hash
-        else
-          yield object
+        case object
+        when Array
+          object.grep(Parameters).map { |el| yield el }.compact
+        when Parameters
+          if object.fields_for_style?
+            hash = object.class.new
+            object.each { |k, v| hash[k] = yield v }
+            hash
+          else
+            yield object
+          end
         end
       end
 
-      def fields_for_style?(object)
-        object.is_a?(Hash) && object.all? { |k, v| k =~ /\A-?\d+\z/ && v.is_a?(Hash) }
-      end
-
       def unpermitted_parameters!(params)
         unpermitted_keys = unpermitted_keys(params)
         if unpermitted_keys.any?
@@ -500,7 +877,7 @@ module ActionController
       end
 
       def unpermitted_keys(params)
-        self.keys - params.keys - self.always_permitted_parameters
+        keys - params.keys - always_permitted_parameters
       end
 
       #
@@ -531,7 +908,7 @@ module ActionController
       ]
 
       def permitted_scalar?(value)
-        PERMITTED_SCALAR_TYPES.any? {|type| value.is_a?(type)}
+        PERMITTED_SCALAR_TYPES.any? { |type| value.is_a?(type) }
       end
 
       def permitted_scalar_filter(params, key)
@@ -547,39 +924,80 @@ module ActionController
       end
 
       def array_of_permitted_scalars?(value)
-        if value.is_a?(Array)
-          value.all? {|element| permitted_scalar?(element)}
+        if value.is_a?(Array) && value.all? { |element| permitted_scalar?(element) }
+          yield value
         end
       end
 
-      def array_of_permitted_scalars_filter(params, key)
-        if has_key?(key) && array_of_permitted_scalars?(self[key])
-          params[key] = self[key]
-        end
+      def non_scalar?(value)
+        value.is_a?(Array) || value.is_a?(Parameters)
       end
 
       EMPTY_ARRAY = []
+      EMPTY_HASH  = {}
       def hash_filter(params, filter)
         filter = filter.with_indifferent_access
 
         # Slicing filters out non-declared keys.
         slice(*filter.keys).each do |key, value|
           next unless value
+          next unless has_key? key
 
           if filter[key] == EMPTY_ARRAY
             # Declaration { comment_ids: [] }.
-            array_of_permitted_scalars_filter(params, key)
-          else
+            array_of_permitted_scalars?(self[key]) do |val|
+              params[key] = val
+            end
+          elsif filter[key] == EMPTY_HASH
+            # Declaration { preferences: {} }.
+            if value.is_a?(Parameters)
+              params[key] = permit_any_in_parameters(value)
+            end
+          elsif non_scalar?(value)
             # Declaration { user: :name } or { user: [:name, :age, { address: ... }] }.
             params[key] = each_element(value) do |element|
-              if element.is_a?(Hash)
-                element = self.class.new(element) unless element.respond_to?(:permit)
-                element.permit(*Array.wrap(filter[key]))
-              end
+              element.permit(*Array.wrap(filter[key]))
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def permit_any_in_parameters(params)
+        self.class.new.tap do |sanitized|
+          params.each do |key, value|
+            case value
+            when ->(v) { permitted_scalar?(v) }
+              sanitized[key] = value
+            when Array
+              sanitized[key] = permit_any_in_array(value)
+            when Parameters
+              sanitized[key] = permit_any_in_parameters(value)
+            else
+              # Filter this one out.
             end
           end
         end
       end
+
+      def permit_any_in_array(array)
+        [].tap do |sanitized|
+          array.each do |element|
+            case element
+            when ->(e) { permitted_scalar?(e) }
+              sanitized << element
+            when Parameters
+              sanitized << permit_any_in_parameters(element)
+            else
+              # Filter this one out.
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def initialize_copy(source)
+        super
+        @parameters = @parameters.dup
+      end
   end
 
   # == Strong \Parameters
@@ -590,12 +1008,12 @@ module ActionController
   # whitelisted.
   #
   # In addition, parameters can be marked as required and flow through a
-  # predefined raise/rescue flow to end up as a 400 Bad Request with no
+  # predefined raise/rescue flow to end up as a <tt>400 Bad Request</tt> with no
   # effort.
   #
   #   class PeopleController < ActionController::Base
   #     # Using "Person.create(params[:person])" would raise an
-  #     # ActiveModel::ForbiddenAttributes exception because it'd
+  #     # ActiveModel::ForbiddenAttributesError exception because it'd
   #     # be using mass assignment without an explicit permit step.
   #     # This is the recommended form:
   #     def create
@@ -603,7 +1021,7 @@ module ActionController
   #     end
   #
   #     # This will pass with flying colors as long as there's a person key in the
-  #     # parameters, otherwise it'll raise an ActionController::MissingParameter
+  #     # parameters, otherwise it'll raise an ActionController::ParameterMissing
   #     # exception, which will get caught by ActionController::Base and turned
   #     # into a 400 Bad Request reply.
   #     def update
@@ -614,7 +1032,7 @@ module ActionController
   #
   #     private
   #       # Using a private method to encapsulate the permissible parameters is
-  #       # just a good pattern since you'll be able to reuse the same permit
+  #       # a good pattern since you'll be able to reuse the same permit
   #       # list between create and update. Also, you can specialize this method
   #       # with per-user checking of permissible attributes.
   #       def person_params
@@ -623,7 +1041,8 @@ module ActionController
   #   end
   #
   # In order to use <tt>accepts_nested_attributes_for</tt> with Strong \Parameters, you
-  # will need to specify which nested attributes should be whitelisted.
+  # will need to specify which nested attributes should be whitelisted. You might want
+  # to allow +:id+ and +:_destroy+, see ActiveRecord::NestedAttributes for more information.
   #
   #   class Person
   #     has_many :pets
@@ -643,7 +1062,7 @@ module ActionController
   #         # It's mandatory to specify the nested attributes that should be whitelisted.
   #         # If you use `permit` with just the key that points to the nested attributes hash,
   #         # it will return an empty hash.
-  #         params.require(:person).permit(:name, :age, pets_attributes: [ :name, :category ])
+  #         params.require(:person).permit(:name, :age, pets_attributes: [ :id, :name, :category ])
   #       end
   #   end
   #