aboisvert_aws 3.0.0 → 3.0.1

data/lib/s3/right_s3_interface.rb.orig

@@ -0,0 +1,1231 @@
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2007-2008 RightScale Inc
+#
+# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+# a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+# "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+# without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+# distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+# permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+# the following conditions:
+#
+# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+# included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+#
+# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+# EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+# MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+# NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+# LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+# OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+# WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+#
+
+module RightAws
+
+  class S3Interface < RightAwsBase
+    
+    USE_100_CONTINUE_PUT_SIZE = 1_000_000
+    
+    include RightAwsBaseInterface
+    
+    DEFAULT_HOST           = 's3.amazonaws.com'
+    DEFAULT_PORT           = 443
+    DEFAULT_PROTOCOL       = 'https'
+    DEFAULT_SERVICE        = '/'
+    REQUEST_TTL            = 30
+    DEFAULT_EXPIRES_AFTER  =   1 * 24 * 60 * 60 # One day's worth of seconds
+    ONE_YEAR_IN_SECONDS    = 365 * 24 * 60 * 60
+    AMAZON_HEADER_PREFIX   = 'x-amz-'
+    AMAZON_METADATA_PREFIX = 'x-amz-meta-'
+    S3_REQUEST_PARAMETERS = [ 'acl',
+        'location',
+        'logging', # this one is beta, no support for now
+        'response-content-type',
+        'response-content-language',
+        'response-expires',
+        'response-cache-control',
+        'response-content-disposition',
+        'response-content-encoding',
+        'torrent' ].sort
+
+
+    @@bench = AwsBenchmarkingBlock.new
+    def self.bench_xml
+      @@bench.xml
+    end
+    def self.bench_s3
+      @@bench.service
+    end
+
+      # Params supported:
+      #  :no_subdomains => true # do not use bucket as a part of domain name but as a part of path
+    @@params = {}
+    def self.params
+      @@params
+    end
+
+      # get custom option
+    def param(name)
+      # - check explicitly defined param (@params)
+      # - otherwise check implicitly defined one (@@params)
+      @params.has_key?(name) ? @params[name] : @@params[name]
+    end
+
+      # Creates new RightS3 instance.
+      #
+      #  s3 = RightAws::S3Interface.new('1E3GDYEOGFJPIT7XXXXXX','hgTHt68JY07JKUY08ftHYtERkjgtfERn57XXXXXX', {:logger => Logger.new('/tmp/x.log')}) #=> #<RightAws::S3Interface:0xb7b3c27c>
+      #  
+      # Params is a hash:
+      #
+      #    {:server        => 's3.amazonaws.com'   # Amazon service host: 's3.amazonaws.com'(default)
+      #     :port          => 443                  # Amazon service port: 80 or 443(default)
+      #     :protocol      => 'https'              # Amazon service protocol: 'http' or 'https'(default)
+      #     :logger        => Logger Object        # Logger instance: logs to STDOUT if omitted
+      #     :no_subdomains => true}                # Force placing bucket name into path instead of domain name
+      #
+    def initialize(aws_access_key_id=nil, aws_secret_access_key=nil, params={})
+      init({ :name             => 'S3', 
+             :default_host     => ENV['S3_URL'] ? URI.parse(ENV['S3_URL']).host   : DEFAULT_HOST, 
+             :default_port     => ENV['S3_URL'] ? URI.parse(ENV['S3_URL']).port   : DEFAULT_PORT,
+             :default_service  => ENV['S3_URL'] ? URI.parse(ENV['S3_URL']).path   : DEFAULT_SERVICE,
+             :default_protocol => ENV['S3_URL'] ? URI.parse(ENV['S3_URL']).scheme : DEFAULT_PROTOCOL }, 
+           aws_access_key_id     || ENV['AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID'], 
+           aws_secret_access_key || ENV['AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY'], 
+           params)
+    end
+
+
+  #-----------------------------------------------------------------
+  #      Requests
+  #-----------------------------------------------------------------
+      # Produces canonical string for signing.
+    def canonical_string(method, path, headers={}, expires=nil) # :nodoc:
+      s3_headers = {}
+      headers.each do |key, value|
+        key = key.downcase
+        value = case
+                when value.is_a?(Array) then value.join('')
+                else                         value.to_s
+                end
+        s3_headers[key] = value.strip if key[/^#{AMAZON_HEADER_PREFIX}|^content-md5$|^content-type$|^date$/o]
+      end
+      s3_headers['content-type'] ||= ''
+      s3_headers['content-md5']  ||= ''
+      s3_headers['date']           = ''      if s3_headers.has_key? 'x-amz-date'
+      s3_headers['date']           = expires if expires
+        # prepare output string
+      out_string = "#{method}\n"
+      s3_headers.sort { |a, b| a[0] <=> b[0] }.each do |key, value|
+        out_string << (key[/^#{AMAZON_HEADER_PREFIX}/o] ? "#{key}:#{value}\n" : "#{value}\n")
+      end
+      # ignore everything after the question mark by default...
+      out_string << path.gsub(/\?.*$/, '')
+      # ... unless there is a parameter that we care about.
+      S3_REQUEST_PARAMETERS.each do |parameter|
+        if path[/[&?]#{parameter}(=[^&]*)?($|&)/]
+          if $1
+            value = CGI::unescape($1)
+          else
+            value = ''
+          end
+          out_string << (out_string[/[?]/] ? "&#{parameter}#{value}" : "?#{parameter}#{value}")
+        end
+      end
+
+      out_string
+    end
+
+    # http://docs.amazonwebservices.com/AmazonS3/2006-03-01/index.html?BucketRestrictions.html
+    def is_dns_bucket?(bucket_name)
+      bucket_name = bucket_name.to_s
+      return nil unless (3..63) === bucket_name.size
+      bucket_name.split('.').each do |component|
+        return nil unless component[/^[a-z0-9]([a-z0-9-]*[a-z0-9])?$/]
+      end
+      true
+    end
+
+    def fetch_request_params(headers) #:nodoc:
+      # default server to use
+      server  = @params[:server]
+      service = @params[:service].to_s
+      service.chop! if service[%r{/$}] # remove trailing '/' from service
+      # extract bucket name and check it's dns compartibility
+      headers[:url].to_s[%r{^([a-z0-9._-]*)(/[^?]*)?(\?.+)?}i]
+      bucket_name, key_path, params_list = $1, $2, $3
+      key_path = key_path.gsub( '%2F', '/' ) if key_path
+      # select request model
+      if !param(:no_subdomains) && is_dns_bucket?(bucket_name)
+        # fix a path
+        server = "#{bucket_name}.#{server}"
+        key_path ||= '/'
+        path = "#{service}#{key_path}#{params_list}"
+      else
+        path = "#{service}/#{bucket_name}#{key_path}#{params_list}"
+      end
+      path_to_sign = "#{service}/#{bucket_name}#{key_path}#{params_list}"
+#      path_to_sign = "/#{bucket_name}#{key_path}#{params_list}"
+      [ server, path, path_to_sign ]
+    end
+
+      # Generates request hash for REST API.
+      # Assumes that headers[:url] is URL encoded (use CGI::escape)
+    def generate_rest_request(method, headers)  # :nodoc:
+        # calculate request data
+      server, path, path_to_sign = fetch_request_params(headers)
+      data = headers[:data]
+        # remove unset(==optional) and symbolyc keys
+      headers.each{ |key, value| headers.delete(key) if (value.nil? || key.is_a?(Symbol)) }
+        #
+      headers['content-type'] ||= ''
+      headers['date']           = Time.now.httpdate
+        # create request
+      request      = "Net::HTTP::#{method.capitalize}".right_constantize.new(path)
+      request.body = data if data
+        # set request headers and meta headers
+      headers.each      { |key, value| request[key.to_s] = value }
+        #generate auth strings
+      auth_string = canonical_string(request.method, path_to_sign, request.to_hash)
+      signature   = AwsUtils::sign(@aws_secret_access_key, auth_string)
+        # set other headers
+      request['Authorization'] = "AWS #{@aws_access_key_id}:#{signature}"
+        # prepare output hash
+      { :request  => request, 
+        :server   => server,
+        :port     => @params[:port],
+        :protocol => @params[:protocol] }
+      end
+      
+      # Sends request to Amazon and parses the response.
+      # Raises AwsError if any banana happened.
+    def request_info(request, parser, &block) # :nodoc:
+      request_info_impl(:s3_connection, @@bench, request, parser, &block)
+    end
+
+      # Returns an array of customer's buckets. Each item is a +hash+.
+      #
+      #  s3.list_all_my_buckets #=> 
+      #    [{:owner_id           => "00000000009314cc309ffe736daa2b264357476c7fea6efb2c3347ac3ab2792a",
+      #      :owner_display_name => "root",
+      #      :name               => "bucket_name",
+      #      :creation_date      => "2007-04-19T18:47:43.000Z"}, ..., {...}]
+      #
+    def list_all_my_buckets(headers={})
+      req_hash = generate_rest_request('GET', headers.merge(:url=>''))
+      request_info(req_hash, S3ListAllMyBucketsParser.new(:logger => @logger))
+    rescue
+      on_exception
+    end
+    
+      # Creates new bucket. Returns +true+ or an exception.
+      #
+      #  # create a bucket at American server
+      #  s3.create_bucket('my-awesome-bucket-us') #=> true
+      #  # create a bucket at European server
+      #  s3.create_bucket('my-awesome-bucket-eu', :location => :eu) #=> true
+      #
+    def create_bucket(bucket, headers={})
+      data = nil
+      location = case headers[:location].to_s
+                 when 'us','US' then ''
+                 when 'eu'      then 'EU'
+                 else                headers[:location].to_s
+                 end
+      
+      unless location.right_blank?
+        data = "<CreateBucketConfiguration><LocationConstraint>#{location}</LocationConstraint></CreateBucketConfiguration>"
+      end
+      req_hash = generate_rest_request('PUT', headers.merge(:url=>bucket, :data => data))
+      request_info(req_hash, RightHttp2xxParser.new)
+    rescue Exception => e
+        # if the bucket exists AWS returns an error for the location constraint interface. Drop it
+      e.is_a?(RightAws::AwsError) && e.message.include?('BucketAlreadyOwnedByYou') ? true  : on_exception
+    end
+    
+      # Retrieve bucket location
+      # 
+      #  s3.create_bucket('my-awesome-bucket-us')        #=> true
+      #  puts s3.bucket_location('my-awesome-bucket-us') #=> '' (Amazon's default value assumed)
+      #
+      #  s3.create_bucket('my-awesome-bucket-eu', :location => :eu) #=> true
+      #  puts s3.bucket_location('my-awesome-bucket-eu')            #=> 'EU'
+      #
+    def bucket_location(bucket, headers={})
+      req_hash = generate_rest_request('GET', headers.merge(:url=>"#{bucket}?location"))
+      request_info(req_hash, S3BucketLocationParser.new)
+    rescue
+      on_exception
+    end
+    
+    # Retrieves the logging configuration for a bucket. 
+      # Returns a hash of {:enabled, :targetbucket, :targetprefix}
+      # 
+      # s3.interface.get_logging_parse(:bucket => "asset_bucket")
+      #   => {:enabled=>true, :targetbucket=>"mylogbucket", :targetprefix=>"loggylogs/"}
+      #
+      #  
+    def get_logging_parse(params)
+      AwsUtils.mandatory_arguments([:bucket], params)
+      AwsUtils.allow_only([:bucket, :headers], params)
+      params[:headers] = {} unless params[:headers]
+      req_hash = generate_rest_request('GET', params[:headers].merge(:url=>"#{params[:bucket]}?logging"))
+      request_info(req_hash, S3LoggingParser.new)
+    rescue
+      on_exception
+    end
+    
+    # Sets logging configuration for a bucket from the XML configuration document.
+    #   params:
+    #    :bucket
+    #    :xmldoc
+    def put_logging(params)  
+      AwsUtils.mandatory_arguments([:bucket,:xmldoc], params)
+      AwsUtils.allow_only([:bucket,:xmldoc, :headers], params)
+      params[:headers] = {} unless params[:headers]
+      req_hash = generate_rest_request('PUT', params[:headers].merge(:url=>"#{params[:bucket]}?logging", :data => params[:xmldoc]))
+      request_info(req_hash, RightHttp2xxParser.new)
+    rescue
+      on_exception
+    end
+
+      # Deletes new bucket. Bucket must be empty! Returns +true+ or an exception.
+      #
+      #  s3.delete_bucket('my_awesome_bucket')  #=> true
+      # 
+      # See also: force_delete_bucket method
+      #
+    def delete_bucket(bucket, headers={})
+      req_hash = generate_rest_request('DELETE', headers.merge(:url=>bucket))
+      request_info(req_hash, RightHttp2xxParser.new)
+    rescue
+      on_exception
+    end
+    
+      # Returns an array of bucket's keys. Each array item (key data) is a +hash+.
+      #
+      #  s3.list_bucket('my_awesome_bucket', { 'prefix'=>'t', 'marker'=>'', 'max-keys'=>5, delimiter=>'' }) #=>
+      #    [{:key                => "test1",
+      #      :last_modified      => "2007-05-18T07:00:59.000Z",
+      #      :owner_id           => "00000000009314cc309ffe736daa2b264357476c7fea6efb2c3347ac3ab2792a",
+      #      :owner_display_name => "root",
+      #      :e_tag              => "000000000059075b964b07152d234b70",
+      #      :storage_class      => "STANDARD",
+      #      :size               => 3,
+      #      :service=> {'is_truncated' => false,
+      #                  'prefix'       => "t",
+      #                  'marker'       => "",
+      #                  'name'         => "my_awesome_bucket",
+      #                  'max-keys'     => "5"}, ..., {...}]
+      #
+    def list_bucket(bucket, options={}, headers={})
+      bucket  += '?'+options.map{|k, v| "#{k.to_s}=#{CGI::escape v.to_s}"}.join('&') unless options.right_blank?
+      req_hash = generate_rest_request('GET', headers.merge(:url=>bucket))
+      request_info(req_hash, S3ListBucketParser.new(:logger => @logger))
+    rescue
+      on_exception
+    end
+
+    # Incrementally list the contents of a bucket. Yields the following hash to a block:
+    #  s3.incrementally_list_bucket('my_awesome_bucket', { 'prefix'=>'t', 'marker'=>'', 'max-keys'=>5, delimiter=>'' }) yields  
+    #   {
+    #     :name => 'bucketname',
+    #     :prefix => 'subfolder/',
+    #     :marker => 'fileN.jpg',
+    #     :max_keys => 234,
+    #     :delimiter => '/',
+    #     :is_truncated => true,
+    #     :next_marker => 'fileX.jpg',
+    #     :contents => [
+    #       { :key => "file1",
+    #         :last_modified => "2007-05-18T07:00:59.000Z",
+    #         :e_tag => "000000000059075b964b07152d234b70",
+    #         :size => 3,
+    #         :storage_class => "STANDARD",
+    #         :owner_id => "00000000009314cc309ffe736daa2b264357476c7fea6efb2c3347ac3ab2792a",
+    #         :owner_display_name => "root"
+    #       }, { :key, ...}, ... {:key, ...}
+    #     ]
+    #     :common_prefixes => [
+    #       "prefix1",
+    #       "prefix2",
+    #       ...,
+    #       "prefixN"
+    #     ]
+    #   }
+    def incrementally_list_bucket(bucket, options={}, headers={}, &block)
+      internal_options = options.right_symbolize_keys
+      begin 
+        internal_bucket = bucket.dup
+        internal_bucket  += '?'+internal_options.map{|k, v| "#{k.to_s}=#{CGI::escape v.to_s}"}.join('&') unless internal_options.right_blank?
+        req_hash = generate_rest_request('GET', headers.merge(:url=>internal_bucket))
+        response = request_info(req_hash, S3ImprovedListBucketParser.new(:logger => @logger))
+        there_are_more_keys = response[:is_truncated]
+        if(there_are_more_keys)
+          internal_options[:marker] = decide_marker(response)
+          total_results = response[:contents].length + response[:common_prefixes].length
+          internal_options[:'max-keys'] ? (internal_options[:'max-keys'] -= total_results) : nil 
+        end
+        yield response
+      end while there_are_more_keys && under_max_keys(internal_options)
+      true
+    rescue
+      on_exception
+    end
+    
+    
+    private
+    def decide_marker(response)
+      return response[:next_marker].dup if response[:next_marker]
+      last_key = response[:contents].last[:key]
+      last_prefix = response[:common_prefixes].last
+      if(!last_key)
+        return nil if(!last_prefix)
+        last_prefix.dup
+      elsif(!last_prefix)
+        last_key.dup
+      else
+        last_key > last_prefix ? last_key.dup : last_prefix.dup
+      end
+    end
+    
+    def under_max_keys(internal_options)
+      internal_options[:'max-keys'] ? internal_options[:'max-keys'] > 0 : true
+    end
+    
+    public
+      # Saves object to Amazon. Returns +true+  or an exception.
+      # Any header starting with AMAZON_METADATA_PREFIX is considered
+      # user metadata. It will be stored with the object and returned
+      # when you retrieve the object. The total size of the HTTP
+      # request, not including the body, must be less than 4 KB.
+      #
+      #  s3.put('my_awesome_bucket', 'log/current/1.log', 'Ola-la!', 'x-amz-meta-family'=>'Woho556!') #=> true
+      #
+      # This method is capable of 'streaming' uploads; that is, it can upload
+      # data from a file or other IO object without first reading all the data
+      # into memory.  This is most useful for large PUTs - it is difficult to read
+      # a 2 GB file entirely into memory before sending it to S3.
+      # To stream an upload, pass an object that responds to 'read' (like the read
+      # method of IO) and to either 'lstat' or 'size'.  For files, this means
+      # streaming is enabled by simply making the call:
+      #
+      #  s3.put(bucket_name, 'S3keyname.forthisfile',  File.open('localfilename.dat'))
+      #
+      # If the IO object you wish to stream from responds to the read method but
+      # doesn't implement lstat or size, you can extend the object dynamically
+      # to implement these methods, or define your own class which defines these
+      # methods.  Be sure that your class returns 'nil' from read() after having
+      # read 'size' bytes. Otherwise S3 will drop the socket after
+      # 'Content-Length' bytes have been uploaded, and HttpConnection will
+      # interpret this as an error. 
+      #    
+      # This method now supports very large PUTs, where very large
+      # is > 2 GB. 
+      # 
+      # For Win32 users: Files and IO objects should be opened in binary mode.  If
+      # a text mode IO object is passed to PUT, it will be converted to binary
+      # mode.
+      #
+      
+    def put(bucket, key, data=nil, headers={})
+      # On Windows, if someone opens a file in text mode, we must reset it so
+      # to binary mode for streaming to work properly
+      if(data.respond_to?(:binmode))
+        data.binmode
+      end
+      if (data.respond_to?(:lstat) && data.lstat.size >= USE_100_CONTINUE_PUT_SIZE) ||
+         (data.respond_to?(:size)  && data.size       >= USE_100_CONTINUE_PUT_SIZE)
+        headers['expect'] = '100-continue'
+      end
+      req_hash = generate_rest_request('PUT', headers.merge(:url=>"#{bucket}/#{CGI::escape key}", :data=>data))
+      request_info(req_hash, RightHttp2xxParser.new)
+    rescue
+      on_exception
+    end
+   
+   
+    
+    # New experimental API for uploading objects, introduced in RightAws 1.8.1.
+    # store_object is similar in function to the older function put, but returns the full response metadata.  It also allows for optional verification
+    # of object md5 checksums on upload.  Parameters are passed as hash entries and are checked for completeness as well as for spurious arguments.
+    # The hash of the response headers contains useful information like the Amazon request ID and the object ETag (MD5 checksum).
+    #
+    # If the optional :md5 argument is provided, store_object verifies that the given md5 matches the md5 returned by S3.  The :verified_md5 field in the response hash is
+    # set true or false depending on the outcome of this check.  If no :md5 argument is given, :verified_md5 will be false in the response.
+    #
+    # The optional argument of :headers allows the caller to specify arbitrary request header values.
+    #
+    # s3.store_object(:bucket => "foobucket", :key => "foo", :md5 => "a507841b1bc8115094b00bbe8c1b2954", :data => "polemonium" )
+    #   => {"x-amz-id-2"=>"SVsnS2nfDaR+ixyJUlRKM8GndRyEMS16+oZRieamuL61pPxPaTuWrWtlYaEhYrI/", 
+    #       "etag"=>"\"a507841b1bc8115094b00bbe8c1b2954\"", 
+    #       "date"=>"Mon, 29 Sep 2008 18:57:46 GMT", 
+    #       :verified_md5=>true, 
+    #       "x-amz-request-id"=>"63916465939995BA", 
+    #       "server"=>"AmazonS3", 
+    #       "content-length"=>"0"}
+    #
+    # s3.store_object(:bucket => "foobucket", :key => "foo", :data => "polemonium" )
+    #   => {"x-amz-id-2"=>"MAt9PLjgLX9UYJ5tV2fI/5dBZdpFjlzRVpWgBDpvZpl+V+gJFcBMW2L+LBstYpbR", 
+    #       "etag"=>"\"a507841b1bc8115094b00bbe8c1b2954\"", 
+    #       "date"=>"Mon, 29 Sep 2008 18:58:56 GMT", 
+    #       :verified_md5=>false, 
+    #       "x-amz-request-id"=>"3B25A996BC2CDD3B", 
+    #       "server"=>"AmazonS3", 
+    #       "content-length"=>"0"}
+    
+    def store_object(params)
+      AwsUtils.allow_only([:bucket, :key, :data, :headers, :md5], params)
+      AwsUtils.mandatory_arguments([:bucket, :key, :data], params)
+      params[:headers] = {} unless params[:headers]
+          
+      params[:data].binmode if(params[:data].respond_to?(:binmode)) # On Windows, if someone opens a file in text mode, we must reset it to binary mode for streaming to work properly
+      if (params[:data].respond_to?(:lstat) && params[:data].lstat.size >= USE_100_CONTINUE_PUT_SIZE) ||
+         (params[:data].respond_to?(:size)  && params[:data].size       >= USE_100_CONTINUE_PUT_SIZE)
+        params[:headers]['expect'] = '100-continue'
+      end
+      
+      req_hash = generate_rest_request('PUT', params[:headers].merge(:url=>"#{params[:bucket]}/#{CGI::escape params[:key]}", :data=>params[:data]))
+      resp = request_info(req_hash, S3HttpResponseHeadParser.new)
+      if(params[:md5])
+        resp[:verified_md5] = (resp['etag'].gsub(/\"/, '') == params[:md5]) ? true : false
+      else
+        resp[:verified_md5] = false
+      end
+      resp
+    rescue
+      on_exception
+    end
+    
+      # Identical in function to store_object, but requires verification that the returned ETag is identical to the checksum passed in by the user as the 'md5' argument.
+      # If the check passes, returns the response metadata with the "verified_md5" field set true.  Raises an exception if the checksums conflict.
+      # This call is implemented as a wrapper around store_object and the user may gain different semantics by creating a custom wrapper.
+      # 
+      # s3.store_object_and_verify(:bucket => "foobucket", :key => "foo", :md5 => "a507841b1bc8115094b00bbe8c1b2954", :data => "polemonium" )
+      #   => {"x-amz-id-2"=>"IZN3XsH4FlBU0+XYkFTfHwaiF1tNzrm6dIW2EM/cthKvl71nldfVC0oVQyydzWpb", 
+      #       "etag"=>"\"a507841b1bc8115094b00bbe8c1b2954\"", 
+      #       "date"=>"Mon, 29 Sep 2008 18:38:32 GMT", 
+      #       :verified_md5=>true, 
+      #       "x-amz-request-id"=>"E8D7EA4FE00F5DF7", 
+      #       "server"=>"AmazonS3", 
+      #       "content-length"=>"0"}
+      #
+      # s3.store_object_and_verify(:bucket => "foobucket", :key => "foo", :md5 => "a507841b1bc8115094b00bbe8c1b2953", :data => "polemonium" )
+      #   RightAws::AwsError: Uploaded object failed MD5 checksum verification: {"x-amz-id-2"=>"HTxVtd2bf7UHHDn+WzEH43MkEjFZ26xuYvUzbstkV6nrWvECRWQWFSx91z/bl03n", 
+      #                                                                          "etag"=>"\"a507841b1bc8115094b00bbe8c1b2954\"", 
+      #                                                                          "date"=>"Mon, 29 Sep 2008 18:38:41 GMT", 
+      #                                                                          :verified_md5=>false, 
+      #                                                                          "x-amz-request-id"=>"0D7ADE09F42606F2", 
+      #                                                                          "server"=>"AmazonS3", 
+      #                                                                          "content-length"=>"0"}
+    def store_object_and_verify(params)
+      AwsUtils.mandatory_arguments([:md5], params)
+      r = store_object(params)
+      r[:verified_md5] ? (return r) : (raise AwsError.new("Uploaded object failed MD5 checksum verification: #{r.inspect}"))
+    end
+    
+      # Retrieves object data from Amazon. Returns a +hash+  or an exception.
+      #
+      #  s3.get('my_awesome_bucket', 'log/curent/1.log') #=>
+      #
+      #      {:object  => "Ola-la!", 
+      #       :headers => {"last-modified"     => "Wed, 23 May 2007 09:08:04 GMT", 
+      #                    "content-type"      => "", 
+      #                    "etag"              => "\"000000000096f4ee74bc4596443ef2a4\"", 
+      #                    "date"              => "Wed, 23 May 2007 09:08:03 GMT", 
+      #                    "x-amz-id-2"        => "ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ1HJXZoehfrS4QxcxTdNGldR7w/FVqblP50fU8cuIMLiu", 
+      #                    "x-amz-meta-family" => "Woho556!",
+      #                    "x-amz-request-id"  => "0000000C246D770C", 
+      #                    "server"            => "AmazonS3", 
+      #                    "content-length"    => "7"}}
+      #
+      # If a block is provided, yields incrementally to the block as
+      # the response is read.  For large responses, this function is ideal as
+      # the response can be 'streamed'.  The hash containing header fields is
+      # still returned.
+      # Example:
+      # foo = File.new('./chunder.txt', File::CREAT|File::RDWR)
+      # rhdr = s3.get('aws-test', 'Cent5V1_7_1.img.part.00') do |chunk|
+      #   foo.write(chunk)
+      # end
+      # foo.close
+      # 
+
+    def get(bucket, key, headers={}, &block)
+      req_hash = generate_rest_request('GET', headers.merge(:url=>"#{bucket}/#{CGI::escape key}"))
+      request_info(req_hash, S3HttpResponseBodyParser.new, &block)
+    rescue
+      on_exception
+    end
+    
+    # New experimental API for retrieving objects, introduced in RightAws 1.8.1.
+    # retrieve_object is similar in function to the older function get.  It allows for optional verification
+    # of object md5 checksums on retrieval.  Parameters are passed as hash entries and are checked for completeness as well as for spurious arguments.
+    #
+    # If the optional :md5 argument is provided, retrieve_object verifies that the given md5 matches the md5 returned by S3.  The :verified_md5 field in the response hash is
+    # set true or false depending on the outcome of this check.  If no :md5 argument is given, :verified_md5 will be false in the response.
+    #
+    # The optional argument of :headers allows the caller to specify arbitrary request header values.
+    # Mandatory arguments:
+    #   :bucket - the bucket in which the object is stored
+    #   :key    - the object address (or path) within the bucket
+    # Optional arguments:
+    #   :headers - hash of additional HTTP headers to include with the request
+    #   :md5     - MD5 checksum against which to verify the retrieved object
+    #
+    #  s3.retrieve_object(:bucket => "foobucket", :key => "foo") 
+    #    => {:verified_md5=>false, 
+    #        :headers=>{"last-modified"=>"Mon, 29 Sep 2008 18:58:56 GMT", 
+    #                   "x-amz-id-2"=>"2Aj3TDz6HP5109qly//18uHZ2a1TNHGLns9hyAtq2ved7wmzEXDOPGRHOYEa3Qnp", 
+    #                   "content-type"=>"", 
+    #                   "etag"=>"\"a507841b1bc8115094b00bbe8c1b2954\"", 
+    #                   "date"=>"Tue, 30 Sep 2008 00:52:44 GMT", 
+    #                   "x-amz-request-id"=>"EE4855DE27A2688C", 
+    #                   "server"=>"AmazonS3", 
+    #                   "content-length"=>"10"}, 
+    #        :object=>"polemonium"}
+    #
+    #  s3.retrieve_object(:bucket => "foobucket", :key => "foo", :md5=>'a507841b1bc8115094b00bbe8c1b2954') 
+    #    => {:verified_md5=>true, 
+    #        :headers=>{"last-modified"=>"Mon, 29 Sep 2008 18:58:56 GMT", 
+    #                   "x-amz-id-2"=>"mLWQcI+VuKVIdpTaPXEo84g0cz+vzmRLbj79TS8eFPfw19cGFOPxuLy4uGYVCvdH", 
+    #                   "content-type"=>"", "etag"=>"\"a507841b1bc8115094b00bbe8c1b2954\"", 
+    #                   "date"=>"Tue, 30 Sep 2008 00:53:08 GMT", 
+    #                   "x-amz-request-id"=>"6E7F317356580599", 
+    #                   "server"=>"AmazonS3", 
+    #                   "content-length"=>"10"}, 
+    #        :object=>"polemonium"}
+    # If a block is provided, yields incrementally to the block as
+    # the response is read.  For large responses, this function is ideal as
+    # the response can be 'streamed'.  The hash containing header fields is
+    # still returned.
+    def retrieve_object(params, &block)
+      AwsUtils.mandatory_arguments([:bucket, :key], params)
+      AwsUtils.allow_only([:bucket, :key, :headers, :md5], params)
+      params[:headers] = {} unless params[:headers]
+      req_hash = generate_rest_request('GET', params[:headers].merge(:url=>"#{params[:bucket]}/#{CGI::escape params[:key]}"))
+      resp = request_info(req_hash, S3HttpResponseBodyParser.new, &block)
+      resp[:verified_md5] = false
+      if(params[:md5] && (resp[:headers]['etag'].gsub(/\"/,'') == params[:md5]))
+        resp[:verified_md5] = true
+      end
+      resp
+    rescue
+      on_exception
+    end
+    
+      # Identical in function to retrieve_object, but requires verification that the returned ETag is identical to the checksum passed in by the user as the 'md5' argument.
+      # If the check passes, returns the response metadata with the "verified_md5" field set true.  Raises an exception if the checksums conflict.
+      # This call is implemented as a wrapper around retrieve_object and the user may gain different semantics by creating a custom wrapper.
+    def retrieve_object_and_verify(params, &block)
+      AwsUtils.mandatory_arguments([:md5], params)
+      resp = retrieve_object(params, &block)
+      return resp if resp[:verified_md5]
+      raise AwsError.new("Retrieved object failed MD5 checksum verification: #{resp.inspect}")
+    end
+
+      # Retrieves object metadata. Returns a +hash+ of http_response_headers.
+      #
+      #  s3.head('my_awesome_bucket', 'log/curent/1.log') #=>
+      #    {"last-modified"     => "Wed, 23 May 2007 09:08:04 GMT", 
+      #     "content-type"      => "", 
+      #     "etag"              => "\"000000000096f4ee74bc4596443ef2a4\"", 
+      #     "date"              => "Wed, 23 May 2007 09:08:03 GMT", 
+      #     "x-amz-id-2"        => "ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ1HJXZoehfrS4QxcxTdNGldR7w/FVqblP50fU8cuIMLiu", 
+      #     "x-amz-meta-family" => "Woho556!",
+      #     "x-amz-request-id"  => "0000000C246D770C", 
+      #     "server"            => "AmazonS3", 
+      #     "content-length"    => "7"}
+      #
+    def head(bucket, key, headers={})
+      req_hash = generate_rest_request('HEAD', headers.merge(:url=>"#{bucket}/#{CGI::escape key}"))
+      request_info(req_hash, S3HttpResponseHeadParser.new)
+    rescue
+      on_exception
+    end
+
+      # Deletes key. Returns +true+ or an exception.
+      #
+      #  s3.delete('my_awesome_bucket', 'log/curent/1.log') #=> true
+      #
+    def delete(bucket, key='', headers={})
+      req_hash = generate_rest_request('DELETE', headers.merge(:url=>"#{bucket}/#{CGI::escape key}"))
+      request_info(req_hash, RightHttp2xxParser.new)
+    rescue
+      on_exception
+    end
+
+      # Copy an object. 
+      #  directive: :copy    - copy meta-headers from source (default value)
+      #             :replace - replace meta-headers by passed ones
+      #
+      #  # copy a key with meta-headers
+      #  s3.copy('b1', 'key1', 'b1', 'key1_copy') #=> {:e_tag=>"\"e8b...8d\"", :last_modified=>"2008-05-11T10:25:22.000Z"}
+      #  
+      #  # copy a key, overwrite meta-headers
+      #  s3.copy('b1', 'key2', 'b1', 'key2_copy', :replace, 'x-amz-meta-family'=>'Woho555!') #=> {:e_tag=>"\"e8b...8d\"", :last_modified=>"2008-05-11T10:26:22.000Z"}
+      #
+      # see: http://docs.amazonwebservices.com/AmazonS3/2006-03-01/UsingCopyingObjects.html
+      #      http://docs.amazonwebservices.com/AmazonS3/2006-03-01/RESTObjectCOPY.html
+      #
+    def copy(src_bucket, src_key, dest_bucket, dest_key=nil, directive=:copy, headers={})
+      dest_key ||= src_key
+      headers['x-amz-metadata-directive'] = directive.to_s.upcase
+      headers['x-amz-copy-source']        = "#{src_bucket}/#{CGI::escape src_key}"
+      req_hash = generate_rest_request('PUT', headers.merge(:url=>"#{dest_bucket}/#{CGI::escape dest_key}"))
+      request_info(req_hash, S3CopyParser.new)
+    rescue
+      on_exception
+    end
+    
+      # Move an object. 
+      #  directive: :copy    - copy meta-headers from source (default value)
+      #             :replace - replace meta-headers by passed ones
+      #
+      #  # move bucket1/key1 to bucket1/key2
+      #  s3.move('bucket1', 'key1', 'bucket1', 'key2') #=> {:e_tag=>"\"e8b...8d\"", :last_modified=>"2008-05-11T10:27:22.000Z"}
+      #  
+      #  # move bucket1/key1 to bucket2/key2 with new meta-headers assignment
+      #  s3.copy('bucket1', 'key1', 'bucket2', 'key2', :replace, 'x-amz-meta-family'=>'Woho555!') #=> {:e_tag=>"\"e8b...8d\"", :last_modified=>"2008-05-11T10:28:22.000Z"}
+      #  
+    def move(src_bucket, src_key, dest_bucket, dest_key=nil, directive=:copy, headers={})
+      copy_result = copy(src_bucket, src_key, dest_bucket, dest_key, directive, headers)
+      # delete an original key if it differs from a destination one
+      delete(src_bucket, src_key) unless src_bucket == dest_bucket && src_key == dest_key
+      copy_result
+    end
+
+      # Rename an object. 
+      # 
+      #  # rename bucket1/key1 to bucket1/key2
+      #  s3.rename('bucket1', 'key1', 'key2') #=> {:e_tag=>"\"e8b...8d\"", :last_modified=>"2008-05-11T10:29:22.000Z"}
+      #  
+    def rename(src_bucket, src_key, dest_key, headers={})
+      move(src_bucket, src_key, src_bucket, dest_key, :copy, headers)
+    end
+      
+      # Retieves the ACL (access control policy) for a bucket or object. Returns a hash of headers and xml doc with ACL data. See: http://docs.amazonwebservices.com/AmazonS3/2006-03-01/RESTAccessPolicy.html.
+      #
+      #  s3.get_acl('my_awesome_bucket', 'log/curent/1.log') #=>
+      #    {:headers => {"x-amz-id-2"=>"B3BdDMDUz+phFF2mGBH04E46ZD4Qb9HF5PoPHqDRWBv+NVGeA3TOQ3BkVvPBjgxX",
+      #                  "content-type"=>"application/xml;charset=ISO-8859-1",
+      #                  "date"=>"Wed, 23 May 2007 09:40:16 GMT",
+      #                  "x-amz-request-id"=>"B183FA7AB5FBB4DD",
+      #                  "server"=>"AmazonS3",
+      #                  "transfer-encoding"=>"chunked"},
+      #     :object  => "<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>\n<AccessControlPolicy xmlns=\"http://s3.amazonaws.com/doc/2006-03-01/\"><Owner>
+      #                  <ID>16144ab2929314cc309ffe736daa2b264357476c7fea6efb2c3347ac3ab2792a</ID><DisplayName>root</DisplayName></Owner>
+      #                  <AccessControlList><Grant><Grantee xmlns:xsi=\"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance\" xsi:type=\"CanonicalUser\"><ID>
+      #                  16144ab2929314cc309ffe736daa2b264357476c7fea6efb2c3347ac3ab2792a</ID><DisplayName>root</DisplayName></Grantee>
+      #                  <Permission>FULL_CONTROL</Permission></Grant></AccessControlList></AccessControlPolicy>" }
+      #
+    def get_acl(bucket, key='', headers={})
+      key = key.right_blank? ? '' : "/#{CGI::escape key}"
+      req_hash = generate_rest_request('GET', headers.merge(:url=>"#{bucket}#{key}?acl"))
+      request_info(req_hash, S3HttpResponseBodyParser.new) 
+    rescue
+      on_exception
+    end
+      
+      # Retieves the ACL (access control policy) for a bucket or object. 
+      # Returns a hash of {:owner, :grantees}
+      #
+      #  s3.get_acl_parse('my_awesome_bucket', 'log/curent/1.log') #=>
+      #
+      #  { :grantees=>
+      #    { "16...2a"=>
+      #      { :display_name=>"root",
+      #        :permissions=>["FULL_CONTROL"],
+      #        :attributes=>
+      #         { "xsi:type"=>"CanonicalUser",
+      #           "xmlns:xsi"=>"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"}},
+      #     "http://acs.amazonaws.com/groups/global/AllUsers"=>
+      #       { :display_name=>"AllUsers",
+      #         :permissions=>["READ"],
+      #         :attributes=>
+      #          { "xsi:type"=>"Group",
+      #            "xmlns:xsi"=>"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"}}},
+      #   :owner=>
+      #     { :id=>"16..2a",
+      #       :display_name=>"root"}}
+      #
+    def get_acl_parse(bucket, key='', headers={})
+      key = key.right_blank? ? '' : "/#{CGI::escape key}"
+      req_hash = generate_rest_request('GET', headers.merge(:url=>"#{bucket}#{key}?acl"))
+      acl = request_info(req_hash, S3AclParser.new(:logger => @logger))
+      result = {}
+      result[:owner]    = acl[:owner]
+      result[:grantees] = {}
+      acl[:grantees].each do |grantee|
+        key = grantee[:id] || grantee[:uri]
+        if result[:grantees].key?(key)
+          result[:grantees][key][:permissions] << grantee[:permissions]
+        else
+          result[:grantees][key] = 
+            { :display_name => grantee[:display_name] || grantee[:uri].to_s[/[^\/]*$/],
+              :permissions  => Array(grantee[:permissions]),
+              :attributes   => grantee[:attributes] }
+        end
+      end
+      result
+    rescue
+      on_exception
+    end
+    
+      # Sets the ACL on a bucket or object.
+    def put_acl(bucket, key, acl_xml_doc, headers={})
+      key = key.right_blank? ? '' : "/#{CGI::escape key}"
+      req_hash = generate_rest_request('PUT', headers.merge(:url=>"#{bucket}#{key}?acl", :data=>acl_xml_doc))
+      request_info(req_hash, S3HttpResponseBodyParser.new)
+    rescue
+      on_exception
+    end
+    
+      # Retieves the ACL (access control policy) for a bucket. Returns a hash of headers and xml doc with ACL data.
+    def get_bucket_acl(bucket, headers={})
+      return get_acl(bucket, '', headers)
+    rescue
+      on_exception
+    end
+    
+      # Sets the ACL on a bucket only.
+    def put_bucket_acl(bucket, acl_xml_doc, headers={})
+      return put_acl(bucket, '', acl_xml_doc, headers)
+    rescue
+      on_exception
+    end
+
+
+      # Removes all keys from bucket. Returns +true+ or an exception.
+      #
+      #  s3.clear_bucket('my_awesome_bucket') #=> true
+      #
+    def clear_bucket(bucket)
+      incrementally_list_bucket(bucket) do |results|
+        results[:contents].each { |key| delete(bucket, key[:key]) }
+      end
+      true
+    rescue
+      on_exception
+    end
+    
+      # Deletes all keys in bucket then deletes bucket. Returns +true+ or an exception.
+      #
+      #  s3.force_delete_bucket('my_awesome_bucket')
+      #
+    def force_delete_bucket(bucket)
+      clear_bucket(bucket)
+      delete_bucket(bucket)
+    rescue
+      on_exception
+    end
+    
+      # Deletes all keys where the 'folder_key' may be assumed as 'folder' name. Returns an array of string keys that have been deleted.
+      #
+      #  s3.list_bucket('my_awesome_bucket').map{|key_data| key_data[:key]} #=> ['test','test/2/34','test/3','test1','test1/logs']
+      #  s3.delete_folder('my_awesome_bucket','test')                       #=> ['test','test/2/34','test/3']
+      #
+    def delete_folder(bucket, folder_key, separator='/')
+      folder_key.chomp!(separator)
+      allkeys = []
+      incrementally_list_bucket(bucket, { 'prefix' => folder_key }) do |results|
+        keys = results[:contents].map{ |s3_key| s3_key[:key][/^#{folder_key}($|#{separator}.*)/] ? s3_key[:key] : nil}.compact
+        keys.each{ |key| delete(bucket, key) }
+        allkeys << keys
+      end
+      allkeys
+    rescue
+      on_exception
+    end
+    
+      # Retrieves object data only (headers are omitted). Returns +string+ or an exception.
+      #
+      #  s3.get('my_awesome_bucket', 'log/curent/1.log') #=> 'Ola-la!'
+      #
+    def get_object(bucket, key, headers={})
+      get(bucket, key, headers)[:object]
+    rescue
+      on_exception
+    end
+    
+    #-----------------------------------------------------------------
+    #      Query API: Links
+    #-----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+      # Generates link for QUERY API
+    def generate_link(method, headers={}, expires=nil) #:nodoc:
+        # calculate request data
+      server, path, path_to_sign = fetch_request_params(headers)
+      path_to_sign = CGI.unescape(path_to_sign)
+        # expiration time
+      expires ||= DEFAULT_EXPIRES_AFTER
+      expires   = Time.now.utc + expires if expires.is_a?(Fixnum) && (expires < ONE_YEAR_IN_SECONDS)
+      expires   = expires.to_i
+        # remove unset(==optional) and symbolyc keys
+      headers.each{ |key, value| headers.delete(key) if (value.nil? || key.is_a?(Symbol)) }
+        #generate auth strings
+      auth_string = canonical_string(method, path_to_sign, headers, expires)
+      signature   = CGI::escape(AwsUtils::sign( @aws_secret_access_key, auth_string))
+        # path building
+      addon = "Signature=#{signature}&Expires=#{expires}&AWSAccessKeyId=#{@aws_access_key_id}"
+      path += path[/\?/] ? "&#{addon}" : "?#{addon}"
+      "#{@params[:protocol]}://#{server}:#{@params[:port]}#{path}"
+    rescue
+      on_exception
+    end
+    
+      # Generates link for 'ListAllMyBuckets'.
+      #
+      #  s3.list_all_my_buckets_link #=> url string
+      #
+    def list_all_my_buckets_link(expires=nil, headers={})
+      generate_link('GET', headers.merge(:url=>''), expires)
+    rescue
+      on_exception
+    end
+    
+      # Generates link for 'CreateBucket'.
+      #
+      #  s3.create_bucket_link('my_awesome_bucket') #=> url string
+      #
+    def create_bucket_link(bucket, expires=nil, headers={})
+      generate_link('PUT', headers.merge(:url=>bucket), expires)
+    rescue
+      on_exception
+    end
+    
+      # Generates link for 'DeleteBucket'.
+      #
+      #  s3.delete_bucket_link('my_awesome_bucket') #=> url string
+      #
+    def delete_bucket_link(bucket, expires=nil,  headers={})
+      generate_link('DELETE', headers.merge(:url=>bucket), expires)
+    rescue
+      on_exception
+    end
+    
+      # Generates link for 'ListBucket'.
+      #
+      #  s3.list_bucket_link('my_awesome_bucket') #=> url string
+      #
+    def list_bucket_link(bucket, options=nil, expires=nil, headers={})
+      bucket += '?' + options.map{|k, v| "#{k.to_s}=#{CGI::escape v.to_s}"}.join('&') unless options.right_blank?
+      generate_link('GET', headers.merge(:url=>bucket), expires)
+    rescue
+      on_exception
+    end
+    
+      # Generates link for 'PutObject'.
+      #
+      #  s3.put_link('my_awesome_bucket',key, object) #=> url string
+      #
+    def put_link(bucket, key, data=nil, expires=nil, headers={})
+      generate_link('PUT', headers.merge(:url=>"#{bucket}/#{CGI::escape key}", :data=>data), expires)
+    rescue
+      on_exception
+    end
+    
+      # Generates link for 'GetObject'.
+      #
+      # if a bucket comply with virtual hosting naming then retuns a link with the 
+      # bucket as a part of host name:
+      # 
+      #  s3.get_link('my-awesome-bucket',key) #=> https://my-awesome-bucket.s3.amazonaws.com:443/asia%2Fcustomers?Signature=nh7...
+      #  
+      # otherwise returns an old style link (the bucket is a part of path):
+      # 
+      #  s3.get_link('my_awesome_bucket',key) #=> https://s3.amazonaws.com:443/my_awesome_bucket/asia%2Fcustomers?Signature=QAO...
+      #
+      # see http://docs.amazonwebservices.com/AmazonS3/2006-03-01/VirtualHosting.html
+      #
+      # To specify +response+-* parameters, define them in the response_params hash:
+      #
+      #  s3.get_link('my_awesome_bucket',key,nil,{},{ "response-content-disposition" => "attachment; filename=caf�.png", "response-content-type" => "image/png"})
+      #
+      #    #=> https://s3.amazonaws.com:443/my_awesome_bucket/asia%2Fcustomers?response-content-disposition=attachment%3B%20filename%3Dcaf%25C3%25A9.png&response-content-type=image%2Fpng&Signature=wio...
+      #
+    def get_link(bucket, key, expires=nil, headers={}, response_params={})
+      if response_params.size > 0
+        response_params = '?' + response_params.map { |k, v| "#{k}=#{CGI::escape(v).gsub(/[+]/, '%20')}" }.join('&')
+      else
+        response_params = ''
+      end
+      generate_link('GET', headers.merge(:url=>"#{bucket}/#{CGI::escape key}#{response_params}"), expires)
+    rescue
+      on_exception
+    end
+    
+      # Generates link for 'HeadObject'.
+      #
+      #  s3.head_link('my_awesome_bucket',key) #=> url string
+      #
+    def head_link(bucket, key, expires=nil,  headers={})
+      generate_link('HEAD', headers.merge(:url=>"#{bucket}/#{CGI::escape key}"), expires)
+    rescue
+      on_exception
+    end
+    
+      # Generates link for 'DeleteObject'.
+      #
+      #  s3.delete_link('my_awesome_bucket',key) #=> url string
+      #
+    def delete_link(bucket, key, expires=nil, headers={})
+      generate_link('DELETE', headers.merge(:url=>"#{bucket}/#{CGI::escape key}"), expires)
+    rescue
+      on_exception
+    end
+    
+    
+      # Generates link for 'GetACL'.
+      #
+      #  s3.get_acl_link('my_awesome_bucket',key) #=> url string
+      #
+    def get_acl_link(bucket, key='', headers={})
+      return generate_link('GET', headers.merge(:url=>"#{bucket}/#{CGI::escape key}?acl"))
+    rescue
+      on_exception
+    end
+    
+      # Generates link for 'PutACL'.
+      #
+      #  s3.put_acl_link('my_awesome_bucket',key) #=> url string
+      #
+    def put_acl_link(bucket, key='', headers={})
+      return generate_link('PUT', headers.merge(:url=>"#{bucket}/#{CGI::escape key}?acl"))
+    rescue
+      on_exception
+    end
+    
+      # Generates link for 'GetBucketACL'.
+      #
+      #  s3.get_acl_link('my_awesome_bucket',key) #=> url string
+      #
+    def get_bucket_acl_link(bucket, headers={})
+      return get_acl_link(bucket, '', headers)
+    rescue
+      on_exception
+    end
+    
+      # Generates link for 'PutBucketACL'.
+      #
+      #  s3.put_acl_link('my_awesome_bucket',key) #=> url string
+      #
+    def put_bucket_acl_link(bucket, acl_xml_doc, headers={})
+      return put_acl_link(bucket, '', acl_xml_doc, headers)
+    rescue
+      on_exception
+    end
+
+    #-----------------------------------------------------------------
+    #      PARSERS:
+    #-----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    class S3ListAllMyBucketsParser < RightAWSParser # :nodoc:
+      def reset
+        @result = []
+        @owner  = {}
+      end
+      def tagstart(name, attributes)
+        @current_bucket = {} if name == 'Bucket'
+      end
+      def tagend(name)
+        case name
+          when 'ID'          then @owner[:owner_id]               = @text
+          when 'DisplayName' then @owner[:owner_display_name]     = @text
+          when 'Name'        then @current_bucket[:name]          = @text
+          when 'CreationDate'then @current_bucket[:creation_date] = @text
+          when 'Bucket'      then @result << @current_bucket.merge(@owner)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    class S3ListBucketParser < RightAWSParser  # :nodoc:
+      def reset
+        @result      = []
+        @service     = {}
+        @current_key = {}
+      end
+      def tagstart(name, attributes)
+        @current_key = {} if name == 'Contents'
+      end
+      def tagend(name)
+        case name
+            # service info
+          when 'Name'        then @service['name']         = @text
+          when 'Prefix'      then @service['prefix']       = @text
+          when 'Marker'      then @service['marker']       = @text
+          when 'MaxKeys'     then @service['max-keys']     = @text
+          when 'Delimiter'   then @service['delimiter']    = @text
+          when 'IsTruncated' then @service['is_truncated'] = (@text =~ /false/ ? false : true)
+            # key data
+          when 'Key'         then @current_key[:key]                = @text
+          when 'LastModified'then @current_key[:last_modified]      = @text
+          when 'ETag'        then @current_key[:e_tag]              = @text
+          when 'Size'        then @current_key[:size]               = @text.to_i
+          when 'StorageClass'then @current_key[:storage_class]      = @text
+          when 'ID'          then @current_key[:owner_id]           = @text
+          when 'DisplayName' then @current_key[:owner_display_name] = @text
+          when 'Contents'
+            @current_key[:service] = @service
+            @result << @current_key
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    class S3ImprovedListBucketParser < RightAWSParser  # :nodoc:
+      def reset
+        @result      = {}
+        @result[:contents] = []
+        @result[:common_prefixes] = []
+        @contents    = []
+        @current_key = {}
+        @common_prefixes = []
+        @in_common_prefixes = false
+      end
+      def tagstart(name, attributes)
+        @current_key = {} if name == 'Contents'
+        @in_common_prefixes = true if name == 'CommonPrefixes'
+      end
+      def tagend(name)
+        case name
+            # service info
+          when 'Name'        then @result[:name]         = @text
+          # Amazon uses the same tag for the search prefix and for the entries
+            # in common prefix...so use our simple flag to see which element
+            # we are parsing
+          when 'Prefix'      then @in_common_prefixes ? @common_prefixes << @text : @result[:prefix] = @text
+          when 'Marker'      then @result[:marker]       = @text
+          when 'MaxKeys'     then @result[:max_keys]     = @text
+          when 'Delimiter'   then @result[:delimiter]    = @text
+          when 'IsTruncated' then @result[:is_truncated] = (@text =~ /false/ ? false : true)
+          when 'NextMarker'  then @result[:next_marker]  = @text
+            # key data
+          when 'Key'         then @current_key[:key]                = @text
+          when 'LastModified'then @current_key[:last_modified]      = @text
+          when 'ETag'        then @current_key[:e_tag]              = @text
+          when 'Size'        then @current_key[:size]               = @text.to_i
+          when 'StorageClass'then @current_key[:storage_class]      = @text
+          when 'ID'          then @current_key[:owner_id]           = @text
+          when 'DisplayName' then @current_key[:owner_display_name] = @text
+          when 'Contents'    then @result[:contents] << @current_key
+            # Common Prefix stuff
+          when 'CommonPrefixes' 
+            @result[:common_prefixes] = @common_prefixes
+            @in_common_prefixes = false
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    class S3BucketLocationParser < RightAWSParser # :nodoc:
+      def reset
+        @result = ''
+      end
+      def tagend(name)
+        @result = @text if name == 'LocationConstraint'
+      end
+    end
+
+    class S3AclParser < RightAWSParser  # :nodoc:
+      def reset
+        @result          = {:grantees=>[], :owner=>{}}
+        @current_grantee = {}
+      end
+      def tagstart(name, attributes)
+        @current_grantee = { :attributes => attributes } if name=='Grantee'
+      end
+      def tagend(name)
+        case name
+            # service info
+          when 'ID'
+            if @xmlpath == 'AccessControlPolicy/Owner'
+              @result[:owner][:id] = @text
+            else
+              @current_grantee[:id] = @text
+            end
+          when 'DisplayName'
+            if @xmlpath == 'AccessControlPolicy/Owner'
+              @result[:owner][:display_name] = @text
+            else
+              @current_grantee[:display_name] = @text
+            end
+          when 'URI'
+            @current_grantee[:uri] = @text
+          when 'Permission'
+            @current_grantee[:permissions] = @text
+          when 'Grant'
+            @result[:grantees] << @current_grantee
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    
+    class S3LoggingParser < RightAWSParser  # :nodoc:
+      def reset
+        @result          = {:enabled => false, :targetbucket => '', :targetprefix => ''}
+        @current_grantee = {}
+      end
+      def tagend(name)
+        case name
+            # service info
+          when 'TargetBucket'
+            if @xmlpath == 'BucketLoggingStatus/LoggingEnabled'
+              @result[:targetbucket] = @text
+              @result[:enabled] = true
+            end
+          when 'TargetPrefix'
+            if @xmlpath == 'BucketLoggingStatus/LoggingEnabled'
+              @result[:targetprefix] = @text
+              @result[:enabled] = true
+            end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    class S3CopyParser < RightAWSParser  # :nodoc:
+      def reset
+        @result = {}
+      end
+      def tagend(name)
+        case name
+        when 'LastModified' then @result[:last_modified] = @text
+        when 'ETag'         then @result[:e_tag]         = @text
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    
+    #-----------------------------------------------------------------
+    #      PARSERS: Non XML
+    #-----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    class S3HttpResponseParser   # :nodoc:
+      attr_reader :result
+      def parse(response)
+        @result = response
+      end
+      def headers_to_string(headers)
+        result = {}
+        headers.each do |key, value|
+          value       = value.first if value.is_a?(Array) && value.size<2
+          result[key] = value
+        end
+        result
+      end
+    end
+
+    class S3HttpResponseBodyParser < S3HttpResponseParser  # :nodoc:
+      def parse(response)
+        @result = { 
+          :object  => response.body, 
+          :headers => headers_to_string(response.to_hash)
+        }
+      end
+    end
+
+    class S3HttpResponseHeadParser < S3HttpResponseParser  # :nodoc:
+      def parse(response)
+        @result = headers_to_string(response.to_hash)
+      end
+    end
+    
+  end
+
+end