3mix-castronaut 0.5.0.2

data/vendor/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date/calculations.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
+module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
+  module CoreExtensions #:nodoc:
+    module Date #:nodoc:
+      # Enables the use of time calculations within Time itself
+      module Calculations
+        def self.included(base) #:nodoc:
+          base.extend ClassMethods
+
+          base.instance_eval do
+            alias_method :plus_without_duration, :+
+            alias_method :+, :plus_with_duration
+
+            alias_method :minus_without_duration, :-
+            alias_method :-, :minus_with_duration
+          end
+        end
+
+        module ClassMethods
+          # Returns a new Date representing the date 1 day ago (i.e. yesterday's date).
+          def yesterday
+            ::Date.today.yesterday
+          end
+          
+          # Returns a new Date representing the date 1 day after today (i.e. tomorrow's date).
+          def tomorrow
+            ::Date.today.tomorrow
+          end
+          
+          # Returns Time.zone.today when config.time_zone is set, otherwise just returns Date.today.
+          def current
+            ::Time.zone_default ? ::Time.zone.today : ::Date.today
+          end
+        end
+        
+        # Converts Date to a Time (or DateTime if necessary) with the time portion set to the beginning of the day (0:00)
+        # and then subtracts the specified number of seconds
+        def ago(seconds)
+          to_time.since(-seconds)
+        end
+
+        # Converts Date to a Time (or DateTime if necessary) with the time portion set to the beginning of the day (0:00)
+        # and then adds the specified number of seconds
+        def since(seconds)
+          to_time.since(seconds)
+        end
+        alias :in :since
+
+        # Converts Date to a Time (or DateTime if necessary) with the time portion set to the beginning of the day (0:00)
+        def beginning_of_day
+          to_time
+        end
+        alias :midnight :beginning_of_day
+        alias :at_midnight :beginning_of_day
+        alias :at_beginning_of_day :beginning_of_day
+
+        # Converts Date to a Time (or DateTime if necessary) with the time portion set to the end of the day (23:59:59)
+        def end_of_day
+          to_time.end_of_day
+        end
+        
+        def plus_with_duration(other) #:nodoc:
+          if ActiveSupport::Duration === other
+            other.since(self)
+          else
+            plus_without_duration(other)
+          end
+        end
+        
+        def minus_with_duration(other) #:nodoc:
+          if ActiveSupport::Duration === other
+            plus_with_duration(-other)
+          else
+            minus_without_duration(other)
+          end
+        end
+        
+        # Provides precise Date calculations for years, months, and days.  The +options+ parameter takes a hash with 
+        # any of these keys: <tt>:years</tt>, <tt>:months</tt>, <tt>:weeks</tt>, <tt>:days</tt>.
+        def advance(options)
+          d = self
+          d = d >> options.delete(:years) * 12 if options[:years]
+          d = d >> options.delete(:months)     if options[:months]
+          d = d +  options.delete(:weeks) * 7  if options[:weeks]
+          d = d +  options.delete(:days)       if options[:days]
+          d
+        end
+
+        # Returns a new Date where one or more of the elements have been changed according to the +options+ parameter.
+        #
+        # Examples:
+        #
+        #   Date.new(2007, 5, 12).change(:day => 1)                  # => Date.new(2007, 5, 1)
+        #   Date.new(2007, 5, 12).change(:year => 2005, :month => 1) # => Date.new(2005, 1, 12)
+        def change(options)
+          ::Date.new(
+            options[:year]  || self.year,
+            options[:month] || self.month,
+            options[:day]   || self.day
+          )
+        end
+        
+        # Returns a new Date/DateTime representing the time a number of specified months ago
+        def months_ago(months)
+          advance(:months => -months)
+        end
+
+        # Returns a new Date/DateTime representing the time a number of specified months in the future
+        def months_since(months)
+          advance(:months => months)
+        end
+
+        # Returns a new Date/DateTime representing the time a number of specified years ago
+        def years_ago(years)
+          advance(:years => -years)
+        end
+
+        # Returns a new Date/DateTime representing the time a number of specified years in the future
+        def years_since(years)
+          advance(:years => years)
+        end
+
+        # Short-hand for years_ago(1)
+        def last_year
+          years_ago(1)
+        end
+
+        # Short-hand for years_since(1)
+        def next_year
+          years_since(1)
+        end
+
+        # Short-hand for months_ago(1)
+        def last_month
+          months_ago(1)
+        end
+
+        # Short-hand for months_since(1)
+        def next_month
+          months_since(1)
+        end
+
+        # Returns a new Date/DateTime representing the "start" of this week (i.e, Monday; DateTime objects will have time set to 0:00)
+        def beginning_of_week
+          days_to_monday = self.wday!=0 ? self.wday-1 : 6
+          result = self - days_to_monday
+          self.acts_like?(:time) ? result.midnight : result
+        end
+        alias :monday :beginning_of_week
+        alias :at_beginning_of_week :beginning_of_week
+
+        # Returns a new Date/DateTime representing the end of this week (Sunday, DateTime objects will have time set to 23:59:59)
+        def end_of_week
+          days_to_sunday = self.wday!=0 ? 7-self.wday : 0
+          result = self + days_to_sunday.days
+          self.acts_like?(:time) ? result.end_of_day : result
+        end
+        alias :at_end_of_week :end_of_week
+
+        # Returns a new Date/DateTime representing the start of the given day in next week (default is Monday).
+        def next_week(day = :monday)
+          days_into_week = { :monday => 0, :tuesday => 1, :wednesday => 2, :thursday => 3, :friday => 4, :saturday => 5, :sunday => 6}
+          result = (self + 7).beginning_of_week + days_into_week[day]
+          self.acts_like?(:time) ? result.change(:hour => 0) : result
+        end          
+
+        # Returns a new ; DateTime objects will have time set to 0:00DateTime representing the start of the month (1st of the month; DateTime objects will have time set to 0:00)
+        def beginning_of_month
+          self.acts_like?(:time) ? change(:day => 1,:hour => 0, :min => 0, :sec => 0) : change(:day => 1)
+        end
+        alias :at_beginning_of_month :beginning_of_month
+
+        # Returns a new Date/DateTime representing the end of the month (last day of the month; DateTime objects will have time set to 0:00)
+        def end_of_month
+          last_day = ::Time.days_in_month( self.month, self.year )
+          self.acts_like?(:time) ? change(:day => last_day, :hour => 23, :min => 59, :sec => 59) : change(:day => last_day)
+        end
+        alias :at_end_of_month :end_of_month
+
+        # Returns a new Date/DateTime representing the start of the quarter (1st of january, april, july, october; DateTime objects will have time set to 0:00)
+        def beginning_of_quarter
+          beginning_of_month.change(:month => [10, 7, 4, 1].detect { |m| m <= self.month })
+        end
+        alias :at_beginning_of_quarter :beginning_of_quarter
+
+        # Returns a new Date/DateTime representing the end of the quarter (last day of march, june, september, december; DateTime objects will have time set to 23:59:59)
+        def end_of_quarter
+          beginning_of_month.change(:month => [3, 6, 9, 12].detect { |m| m >= self.month }).end_of_month
+        end
+        alias :at_end_of_quarter :end_of_quarter
+
+        # Returns a new Date/DateTime representing the start of the year (1st of january; DateTime objects will have time set to 0:00)
+        def beginning_of_year
+          self.acts_like?(:time) ? change(:month => 1, :day => 1, :hour => 0, :min => 0, :sec => 0) : change(:month => 1, :day => 1)
+        end
+        alias :at_beginning_of_year :beginning_of_year
+
+        # Returns a new Time representing the end of the year (31st of december; DateTime objects will have time set to 23:59:59)
+        def end_of_year
+          self.acts_like?(:time) ? change(:month => 12,:day => 31,:hour => 23, :min => 59, :sec => 59) : change(:month => 12, :day => 31)
+        end
+        alias :at_end_of_year :end_of_year
+
+        # Convenience method which returns a new Date/DateTime representing the time 1 day ago
+        def yesterday
+          self - 1
+        end
+
+        # Convenience method which returns a new Date/DateTime representing the time 1 day since the instance time
+        def tomorrow
+          self + 1
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/vendor/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date/conversions.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
+  module CoreExtensions #:nodoc:
+    module Date #:nodoc:
+      # Converting dates to formatted strings, times, and datetimes.
+      module Conversions
+        DATE_FORMATS = {
+          :short        => "%e %b",
+          :long         => "%B %e, %Y",
+          :db           => "%Y-%m-%d",
+          :number       => "%Y%m%d",
+          :long_ordinal => lambda { |date| date.strftime("%B #{date.day.ordinalize}, %Y") }, # => "April 25th, 2007"
+          :rfc822       => "%e %b %Y"
+        }
+
+        def self.included(base) #:nodoc:
+          base.instance_eval do
+            alias_method :to_default_s, :to_s
+            alias_method :to_s, :to_formatted_s
+            alias_method :default_inspect, :inspect
+            alias_method :inspect, :readable_inspect
+
+            # Ruby 1.9 has Date#to_time which converts to localtime only.
+            remove_method :to_time if base.instance_methods.include?(:to_time)
+
+            # Ruby 1.9 has Date#xmlschema which converts to a string without the time component.
+            remove_method :xmlschema if base.instance_methods.include?(:xmlschema)
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Convert to a formatted string. See DATE_FORMATS for predefined formats.
+        #
+        # This method is aliased to <tt>to_s</tt>.
+        #
+        # ==== Examples:
+        #   date = Date.new(2007, 11, 10)       # => Sat, 10 Nov 2007
+        #
+        #   date.to_formatted_s(:db)            # => "2007-11-10"
+        #   date.to_s(:db)                      # => "2007-11-10"
+        #
+        #   date.to_formatted_s(:short)         # => "10 Nov"
+        #   date.to_formatted_s(:long)          # => "November 10, 2007"
+        #   date.to_formatted_s(:long_ordinal)  # => "November 10th, 2007"
+        #   date.to_formatted_s(:rfc822)        # => "10 Nov 2007"
+        #
+        # == Adding your own time formats to to_formatted_s
+        # You can add your own formats to the Date::DATE_FORMATS hash.
+        # Use the format name as the hash key and either a strftime string
+        # or Proc instance that takes a date argument as the value.
+        #
+        #   # config/initializers/time_formats.rb
+        #   Date::DATE_FORMATS[:month_and_year] = "%B %Y"
+        #   Date::DATE_FORMATS[:short_ordinal] = lambda { |date| date.strftime("%B #{date.day.ordinalize}") }
+        def to_formatted_s(format = :default)
+          if formatter = DATE_FORMATS[format]
+            if formatter.respond_to?(:call)
+              formatter.call(self).to_s
+            else
+              strftime(formatter)
+            end
+          else
+            to_default_s
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Overrides the default inspect method with a human readable one, e.g., "Mon, 21 Feb 2005"
+        def readable_inspect
+          strftime("%a, %d %b %Y")
+        end
+
+        # A method to keep Time, Date and DateTime instances interchangeable on conversions.
+        # In this case, it simply returns +self+.
+        def to_date
+          self
+        end if RUBY_VERSION < '1.9'
+
+        # Converts a Date instance to a Time, where the time is set to the beginning of the day.
+        # The timezone can be either :local or :utc (default :local).
+        #
+        # ==== Examples:
+        #   date = Date.new(2007, 11, 10)  # => Sat, 10 Nov 2007
+        #
+        #   date.to_time                   # => Sat Nov 10 00:00:00 0800 2007
+        #   date.to_time(:local)           # => Sat Nov 10 00:00:00 0800 2007
+        #
+        #   date.to_time(:utc)             # => Sat Nov 10 00:00:00 UTC 2007
+        def to_time(form = :local)
+          ::Time.send("#{form}_time", year, month, day)
+        end
+
+        # Converts a Date instance to a DateTime, where the time is set to the beginning of the day
+        # and UTC offset is set to 0.
+        #
+        # ==== Example:
+        #   date = Date.new(2007, 11, 10)  # => Sat, 10 Nov 2007
+        #
+        #   date.to_datetime               # => Sat, 10 Nov 2007 00:00:00 0000
+        def to_datetime
+          ::DateTime.civil(year, month, day, 0, 0, 0, 0)
+        end if RUBY_VERSION < '1.9'
+
+        def xmlschema
+          to_time.xmlschema
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/vendor/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+require 'date'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/date/behavior'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/date/calculations'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/date/conversions'
+
+class Date#:nodoc:
+  include ActiveSupport::CoreExtensions::Date::Behavior
+  include ActiveSupport::CoreExtensions::Date::Calculations
+  include ActiveSupport::CoreExtensions::Date::Conversions
+end

data/vendor/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time/calculations.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+require 'rational'
+
+module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
+  module CoreExtensions #:nodoc:
+    module DateTime #:nodoc:
+      # Enables the use of time calculations within DateTime itself
+      module Calculations
+        def self.included(base) #:nodoc:
+          base.extend ClassMethods
+          
+          base.class_eval do
+            alias_method :compare_without_coercion, :<=>
+            alias_method :<=>, :compare_with_coercion
+          end
+        end
+
+        module ClassMethods
+          # DateTimes aren't aware of DST rules, so use a consistent non-DST offset when creating a DateTime with an offset in the local zone
+          def local_offset
+            ::Time.local(2007).utc_offset.to_r / 86400
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Seconds since midnight: DateTime.now.seconds_since_midnight
+        def seconds_since_midnight
+          self.sec + (self.min * 60) + (self.hour * 3600)
+        end
+
+        # Returns a new DateTime where one or more of the elements have been changed according to the +options+ parameter. The time options
+        # (hour, minute, sec) reset cascadingly, so if only the hour is passed, then minute and sec is set to 0. If the hour and
+        # minute is passed, then sec is set to 0.
+        def change(options)
+          ::DateTime.civil(
+            options[:year]  || self.year,
+            options[:month] || self.month,
+            options[:day]   || self.day,
+            options[:hour]  || self.hour,
+            options[:min]   || (options[:hour] ? 0 : self.min),
+            options[:sec]   || ((options[:hour] || options[:min]) ? 0 : self.sec),
+            options[:offset]  || self.offset,
+            options[:start]  || self.start
+          )
+        end
+
+        # Uses Date to provide precise Time calculations for years, months, and days.
+        # The +options+ parameter takes a hash with any of these keys: <tt>:years</tt>,
+        # <tt>:months</tt>, <tt>:weeks</tt>, <tt>:days</tt>, <tt>:hours</tt>,
+        # <tt>:minutes</tt>, <tt>:seconds</tt>.
+        def advance(options)
+          d = to_date.advance(options)
+          datetime_advanced_by_date = change(:year => d.year, :month => d.month, :day => d.day)
+          seconds_to_advance = (options[:seconds] || 0) + (options[:minutes] || 0) * 60 + (options[:hours] || 0) * 3600
+          seconds_to_advance == 0 ? datetime_advanced_by_date : datetime_advanced_by_date.since(seconds_to_advance)
+        end
+
+        # Returns a new DateTime representing the time a number of seconds ago
+        # Do not use this method in combination with x.months, use months_ago instead!
+        def ago(seconds)
+          self.since(-seconds)
+        end
+
+        # Returns a new DateTime representing the time a number of seconds since the instance time
+        # Do not use this method in combination with x.months, use months_since instead!
+        def since(seconds)
+          self + Rational(seconds.round, 86400)
+        end
+        alias :in :since
+
+        # Returns a new DateTime representing the start of the day (0:00)
+        def beginning_of_day
+          change(:hour => 0)
+        end
+        alias :midnight :beginning_of_day
+        alias :at_midnight :beginning_of_day
+        alias :at_beginning_of_day :beginning_of_day
+
+        # Returns a new DateTime representing the end of the day (23:59:59)
+        def end_of_day
+          change(:hour => 23, :min => 59, :sec => 59)
+        end
+        
+        # Adjusts DateTime to UTC by adding its offset value; offset is set to 0
+        #
+        # Example:
+        #
+        #   DateTime.civil(2005, 2, 21, 10, 11, 12, Rational(-6, 24))       # => Mon, 21 Feb 2005 10:11:12 -0600
+        #   DateTime.civil(2005, 2, 21, 10, 11, 12, Rational(-6, 24)).utc   # => Mon, 21 Feb 2005 16:11:12 +0000
+        def utc
+          new_offset(0)
+        end
+        alias_method :getutc, :utc
+        
+        # Returns true if offset == 0
+        def utc?
+          offset == 0
+        end
+        
+        # Returns the offset value in seconds
+        def utc_offset
+          (offset * 86400).to_i
+        end
+        
+        # Layers additional behavior on DateTime#<=> so that Time and ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone instances can be compared with a DateTime
+        def compare_with_coercion(other)
+          other = other.comparable_time if other.respond_to?(:comparable_time)
+          other = other.to_datetime unless other.acts_like?(:date)
+          compare_without_coercion(other)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/vendor/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time/conversions.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
+  module CoreExtensions #:nodoc:
+    module DateTime #:nodoc:
+      # Converting datetimes to formatted strings, dates, and times.
+      module Conversions
+        def self.append_features(base) #:nodoc:
+          base.class_eval do
+            alias_method :default_inspect, :inspect
+            alias_method :to_default_s, :to_s unless (instance_methods(false) & [:to_s, 'to_s']).empty?
+
+            # Ruby 1.9 has DateTime#to_time which internally relies on Time. We define our own #to_time which allows
+            # DateTimes outside the range of what can be created with Time.
+            remove_method :to_time if instance_methods.include?(:to_time)
+          end
+
+          super
+
+          base.class_eval do
+            alias_method :to_s, :to_formatted_s
+            alias_method :inspect, :readable_inspect
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Convert to a formatted string. See Time::DATE_FORMATS for predefined formats.
+        # 
+        # This method is aliased to <tt>to_s</tt>.
+        # 
+        # === Examples:
+        #   datetime = DateTime.civil(2007, 12, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0)   # => Tue, 04 Dec 2007 00:00:00 +0000
+        # 
+        #   datetime.to_formatted_s(:db)            # => "2007-12-04 00:00:00"
+        #   datetime.to_s(:db)                      # => "2007-12-04 00:00:00"
+        #   datetime.to_s(:number)                  # => "20071204000000"
+        #   datetime.to_formatted_s(:short)         # => "04 Dec 00:00"
+        #   datetime.to_formatted_s(:long)          # => "December 04, 2007 00:00"
+        #   datetime.to_formatted_s(:long_ordinal)  # => "December 4th, 2007 00:00"
+        #   datetime.to_formatted_s(:rfc822)        # => "Tue, 04 Dec 2007 00:00:00 +0000"
+        #
+        # == Adding your own datetime formats to to_formatted_s
+        # DateTime formats are shared with Time. You can add your own to the
+        # Time::DATE_FORMATS hash. Use the format name as the hash key and
+        # either a strftime string or Proc instance that takes a time or
+        # datetime argument as the value.
+        #
+        #   # config/initializers/time_formats.rb
+        #   Time::DATE_FORMATS[:month_and_year] = "%B %Y"
+        #   Time::DATE_FORMATS[:short_ordinal] = lambda { |time| time.strftime("%B #{time.day.ordinalize}") }
+        def to_formatted_s(format = :default)
+          return to_default_s unless formatter = ::Time::DATE_FORMATS[format]
+          formatter.respond_to?(:call) ? formatter.call(self).to_s : strftime(formatter)
+        end
+
+        # Returns the +utc_offset+ as an +HH:MM formatted string. Examples:
+        #
+        #   datetime = DateTime.civil(2000, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, Rational(-6, 24))
+        #   datetime.formatted_offset         # => "-06:00"
+        #   datetime.formatted_offset(false)  # => "-0600"
+        def formatted_offset(colon = true, alternate_utc_string = nil)
+          utc? && alternate_utc_string || utc_offset.to_utc_offset_s(colon)
+        end
+        
+        # Overrides the default inspect method with a human readable one, e.g., "Mon, 21 Feb 2005 14:30:00 +0000"
+        def readable_inspect
+          to_s(:rfc822)
+        end
+
+        # Converts self to a Ruby Date object; time portion is discarded
+        def to_date
+          ::Date.new(year, month, day)
+        end
+
+        # Attempts to convert self to a Ruby Time object; returns self if out of range of Ruby Time class
+        # If self has an offset other than 0, self will just be returned unaltered, since there's no clean way to map it to a Time
+        def to_time
+          self.offset == 0 ? ::Time.utc_time(year, month, day, hour, min, sec) : self
+        end
+
+        # To be able to keep Times, Dates and DateTimes interchangeable on conversions
+        def to_datetime
+          self
+        end
+
+        # Converts datetime to an appropriate format for use in XML
+        def xmlschema
+          strftime("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S%Z")
+        end if RUBY_VERSION < '1.9'
+        
+        # Converts self to a floating-point number of seconds since the Unix epoch 
+        def to_f
+          days_since_unix_epoch = self - ::DateTime.civil(1970)
+          (days_since_unix_epoch * 86_400).to_f
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/vendor/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+require 'date'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/time/behavior'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/time/zones'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/date_time/calculations'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/date_time/conversions'
+
+class DateTime
+  include ActiveSupport::CoreExtensions::Time::Behavior
+  include ActiveSupport::CoreExtensions::Time::Zones
+  include ActiveSupport::CoreExtensions::DateTime::Calculations
+  include ActiveSupport::CoreExtensions::DateTime::Conversions
+end

data/vendor/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/duplicable.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+class Object
+  # Can you safely .dup this object?
+  # False for nil, false, true, symbols, and numbers; true otherwise.
+  def duplicable?
+    true
+  end
+end
+
+class NilClass #:nodoc:
+  def duplicable?
+    false
+  end
+end
+
+class FalseClass #:nodoc:
+  def duplicable?
+    false
+  end
+end
+
+class TrueClass #:nodoc:
+  def duplicable?
+    false
+  end
+end
+
+class Symbol #:nodoc:
+  def duplicable?
+    false
+  end
+end
+
+class Numeric #:nodoc:
+  def duplicable?
+    false
+  end
+end

data/vendor/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/enumerable.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+module Enumerable
+  # Ruby 1.8.7 introduces group_by, but the result isn't ordered. Override it.
+  remove_method(:group_by) if [].respond_to?(:group_by) && RUBY_VERSION < '1.9'
+
+  # Collect an enumerable into sets, grouped by the result of a block. Useful,
+  # for example, for grouping records by date.
+  #
+  # Example:
+  #
+  #   latest_transcripts.group_by(&:day).each do |day, transcripts| 
+  #     p "#{day} -> #{transcripts.map(&:class).join(', ')}"
+  #   end
+  #   "2006-03-01 -> Transcript"
+  #   "2006-02-28 -> Transcript"
+  #   "2006-02-27 -> Transcript, Transcript"
+  #   "2006-02-26 -> Transcript, Transcript"
+  #   "2006-02-25 -> Transcript"
+  #   "2006-02-24 -> Transcript, Transcript"
+  #   "2006-02-23 -> Transcript"
+  def group_by
+    inject ActiveSupport::OrderedHash.new do |grouped, element|
+      (grouped[yield(element)] ||= []) << element
+      grouped
+    end
+  end unless [].respond_to?(:group_by)
+
+  # Calculates a sum from the elements. Examples:
+  #
+  #  payments.sum { |p| p.price * p.tax_rate }
+  #  payments.sum(&:price)
+  #
+  # The latter is a shortcut for:
+  #
+  #  payments.inject { |sum, p| sum + p.price }
+  #
+  # It can also calculate the sum without the use of a block.
+  #
+  #  [5, 15, 10].sum # => 30
+  #  ["foo", "bar"].sum # => "foobar"
+  #  [[1, 2], [3, 1, 5]].sum => [1, 2, 3, 1, 5]
+  #
+  # The default sum of an empty list is zero. You can override this default:
+  #
+  #  [].sum(Payment.new(0)) { |i| i.amount } # => Payment.new(0)
+  #
+  def sum(identity = 0, &block)
+    return identity unless size > 0
+
+    if block_given?
+      map(&block).sum
+    else
+      inject { |sum, element| sum + element }
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Convert an enumerable to a hash. Examples:
+  # 
+  #   people.index_by(&:login)
+  #     => { "nextangle" => <Person ...>, "chade-" => <Person ...>, ...}
+  #   people.index_by { |person| "#{person.first_name} #{person.last_name}" }
+  #     => { "Chade- Fowlersburg-e" => <Person ...>, "David Heinemeier Hansson" => <Person ...>, ...}
+  # 
+  def index_by
+    inject({}) do |accum, elem|
+      accum[yield(elem)] = elem
+      accum
+    end
+  end
+end