warpgbm 0.1.13__tar.gz → 0.1.15__tar.gz

{warpgbm-0.1.13/warpgbm.egg-info → warpgbm-0.1.15}/PKG-INFO

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 Metadata-Version: 2.4
 Name: warpgbm
-Version: 0.1.13
+Version: 0.1.15
 Summary: A fast GPU-accelerated Gradient Boosted Decision Tree library with PyTorch + CUDA
 License:                     GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
                                Version 3, 29 June 2007
@@ -700,7 +700,6 @@ WarpGBM is a high-performance, GPU-accelerated Gradient Boosted Decision Tree (G
 - GPU-accelerated training and histogram construction using custom CUDA kernels
 - Drop-in scikit-learn style interface
 - Supports pre-binned data or automatic quantile binning
-- Fully differentiable prediction path
 - Simple install with `pip`
 
 ---
@@ -713,7 +712,7 @@ In our initial tests on an NVIDIA 3090 (local) and A100 (Google Colab Pro), Warp
 
 ## Installation
 
-### 🔧 Recommended (GitHub, always latest):
+### Recommended (GitHub, always latest):
 
 ```bash
 pip install git+https://github.com/jefferythewind/warpgbm.git
@@ -721,7 +720,7 @@ pip install git+https://github.com/jefferythewind/warpgbm.git
 
 This installs the latest version directly from GitHub and compiles CUDA extensions on your machine using your **local PyTorch and CUDA setup**. It's the most reliable method for ensuring compatibility and staying up to date with the latest features.
 
-### 📦 Alternatively (PyPI, stable releases):
+### Alternatively (PyPI, stable releases):
 
 ```bash
 pip install warpgbm
@@ -729,7 +728,7 @@ pip install warpgbm
 
 This installs from PyPI and also compiles CUDA code locally during installation. This method works well **if your environment already has PyTorch with GPU support** installed and configured.
 
-> 💡 **Tip:**\
+> **Tip:**\
 > If you encounter an error related to mismatched or missing CUDA versions, try installing with the following flag:
 >
 > ```bash
@@ -737,7 +736,7 @@ This installs from PyPI and also compiles CUDA code locally during installation.
 > ```
 
 Before either method, make sure you’ve installed PyTorch with GPU support:\
-👉 [https://pytorch.org/get-started/locally/](https://pytorch.org/get-started/locally/)
+[https://pytorch.org/get-started/locally/](https://pytorch.org/get-started/locally/)
 
 ---
 
@@ -774,7 +773,7 @@ print(f"LightGBM:   corr = {np.corrcoef(lgb_preds, y)[0,1]:.4f}, time = {lgb_tim
 print(f"WarpGBM:     corr = {np.corrcoef(wgbm_preds, y)[0,1]:.4f}, time = {wgbm_time:.2f}s")
 ```
 
-**🧪 Results (Ryzen 9 CPU, NVIDIA 3090 GPU):**
+**Results (Ryzen 9 CPU, NVIDIA 3090 GPU):**
 
 ```
 LightGBM:   corr = 0.8742, time = 37.33s
@@ -824,6 +823,23 @@ print(f"LightGBM:   corr = {np.corrcoef(lgb_preds, Y_np)[0,1]:.4f}, time = {lgb_
 print(f"WarpGBM:     corr = {np.corrcoef(wgbm_preds, Y_np)[0,1]:.4f}, time = {wgbm_time:.2f}s")
 ```
 
+**Results (Google Colab Pro, A100 GPU):**
+
+```
+LightGBM:   corr = 0.0703, time = 643.88s
+WarpGBM:     corr = 0.0660, time = 49.16s
+```
+
+---
+
+### Run it live in Colab
+
+You can try WarpGBM in a live Colab notebook using real pre-binned Numerai tournament data:
+
+[Open in Colab](https://colab.research.google.com/drive/10mKSjs9UvmMgM5_lOXAylq5LUQAnNSi7?usp=sharing)
+
+No installation required — just press **"Open in Playground"**, then **Run All**!
+
 ---
 
 ## Documentation
@@ -835,18 +851,15 @@ print(f"WarpGBM:     corr = {np.corrcoef(wgbm_preds, Y_np)[0,1]:.4f}, time = {wg
 - `n_estimators`: Number of boosting iterations (default: 100)
 - `min_child_weight`: Minimum sum of instance weight needed in a child (default: 20)
 - `min_split_gain`: Minimum loss reduction required to make a further partition (default: 0.0)
-- `verbosity`: Whether to print training logs (default: True)
 - `histogram_computer`: Choice of histogram kernel (`'hist1'`, `'hist2'`, `'hist3'`) (default: `'hist3'`)
 - `threads_per_block`: CUDA threads per block (default: 32)
 - `rows_per_thread`: Number of training rows processed per thread (default: 4)
-- `device`: Device to train on (`'cuda'` or `'cpu'`, default: `'cuda'`)
-- `split_type`: Algorithm used to choose best split (`'v1'` = CUDA kernel, `'v2'` = torch-based) (default: `'v2'`)
+- `L2_reg`: L2 regularizer (default: 1e-6)
 
 ### Methods:
 - `.fit(X, y, era_id=None)`: Train the model. `X` can be raw floats or pre-binned `int8` data. `era_id` is optional and used internally.
-- `.predict(X)`: Predict on new raw float or pre-binned data.
-- `.predict_data(bin_indices)`: Predict from binned data directly (NumPy `int8` matrix).
-- `.grow_forest()`: Manually triggers tree construction loop (usually not needed).
+- `.predict(X, chunksize=50_000)`: Predict on new raw float or pre-binned data.
+- `.predict_numpy(X, chunksize=50_000)`: Same as `.predict(X)` but without using the GPU. 
 
 ---
 

{warpgbm-0.1.13 → warpgbm-0.1.15}/README.md

@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ WarpGBM is a high-performance, GPU-accelerated Gradient Boosted Decision Tree (G
 - GPU-accelerated training and histogram construction using custom CUDA kernels
 - Drop-in scikit-learn style interface
 - Supports pre-binned data or automatic quantile binning
-- Fully differentiable prediction path
 - Simple install with `pip`
 
 ---
@@ -25,7 +24,7 @@ In our initial tests on an NVIDIA 3090 (local) and A100 (Google Colab Pro), Warp
 
 ## Installation
 
-### 🔧 Recommended (GitHub, always latest):
+### Recommended (GitHub, always latest):
 
 ```bash
 pip install git+https://github.com/jefferythewind/warpgbm.git
@@ -33,7 +32,7 @@ pip install git+https://github.com/jefferythewind/warpgbm.git
 
 This installs the latest version directly from GitHub and compiles CUDA extensions on your machine using your **local PyTorch and CUDA setup**. It's the most reliable method for ensuring compatibility and staying up to date with the latest features.
 
-### 📦 Alternatively (PyPI, stable releases):
+### Alternatively (PyPI, stable releases):
 
 ```bash
 pip install warpgbm
@@ -41,7 +40,7 @@ pip install warpgbm
 
 This installs from PyPI and also compiles CUDA code locally during installation. This method works well **if your environment already has PyTorch with GPU support** installed and configured.
 
-> 💡 **Tip:**\
+> **Tip:**\
 > If you encounter an error related to mismatched or missing CUDA versions, try installing with the following flag:
 >
 > ```bash
@@ -49,7 +48,7 @@ This installs from PyPI and also compiles CUDA code locally during installation.
 > ```
 
 Before either method, make sure you’ve installed PyTorch with GPU support:\
-👉 [https://pytorch.org/get-started/locally/](https://pytorch.org/get-started/locally/)
+[https://pytorch.org/get-started/locally/](https://pytorch.org/get-started/locally/)
 
 ---
 
@@ -86,7 +85,7 @@ print(f"LightGBM:   corr = {np.corrcoef(lgb_preds, y)[0,1]:.4f}, time = {lgb_tim
 print(f"WarpGBM:     corr = {np.corrcoef(wgbm_preds, y)[0,1]:.4f}, time = {wgbm_time:.2f}s")
 ```
 
-**🧪 Results (Ryzen 9 CPU, NVIDIA 3090 GPU):**
+**Results (Ryzen 9 CPU, NVIDIA 3090 GPU):**
 
 ```
 LightGBM:   corr = 0.8742, time = 37.33s
@@ -136,6 +135,23 @@ print(f"LightGBM:   corr = {np.corrcoef(lgb_preds, Y_np)[0,1]:.4f}, time = {lgb_
 print(f"WarpGBM:     corr = {np.corrcoef(wgbm_preds, Y_np)[0,1]:.4f}, time = {wgbm_time:.2f}s")
 ```
 
+**Results (Google Colab Pro, A100 GPU):**
+
+```
+LightGBM:   corr = 0.0703, time = 643.88s
+WarpGBM:     corr = 0.0660, time = 49.16s
+```
+
+---
+
+### Run it live in Colab
+
+You can try WarpGBM in a live Colab notebook using real pre-binned Numerai tournament data:
+
+[Open in Colab](https://colab.research.google.com/drive/10mKSjs9UvmMgM5_lOXAylq5LUQAnNSi7?usp=sharing)
+
+No installation required — just press **"Open in Playground"**, then **Run All**!
+
 ---
 
 ## Documentation
@@ -147,18 +163,15 @@ print(f"WarpGBM:     corr = {np.corrcoef(wgbm_preds, Y_np)[0,1]:.4f}, time = {wg
 - `n_estimators`: Number of boosting iterations (default: 100)
 - `min_child_weight`: Minimum sum of instance weight needed in a child (default: 20)
 - `min_split_gain`: Minimum loss reduction required to make a further partition (default: 0.0)
-- `verbosity`: Whether to print training logs (default: True)
 - `histogram_computer`: Choice of histogram kernel (`'hist1'`, `'hist2'`, `'hist3'`) (default: `'hist3'`)
 - `threads_per_block`: CUDA threads per block (default: 32)
 - `rows_per_thread`: Number of training rows processed per thread (default: 4)
-- `device`: Device to train on (`'cuda'` or `'cpu'`, default: `'cuda'`)
-- `split_type`: Algorithm used to choose best split (`'v1'` = CUDA kernel, `'v2'` = torch-based) (default: `'v2'`)
+- `L2_reg`: L2 regularizer (default: 1e-6)
 
 ### Methods:
 - `.fit(X, y, era_id=None)`: Train the model. `X` can be raw floats or pre-binned `int8` data. `era_id` is optional and used internally.
-- `.predict(X)`: Predict on new raw float or pre-binned data.
-- `.predict_data(bin_indices)`: Predict from binned data directly (NumPy `int8` matrix).
-- `.grow_forest()`: Manually triggers tree construction loop (usually not needed).
+- `.predict(X, chunksize=50_000)`: Predict on new raw float or pre-binned data.
+- `.predict_numpy(X, chunksize=50_000)`: Same as `.predict(X)` but without using the GPU. 
 
 ---
 

{warpgbm-0.1.13 → warpgbm-0.1.15}/pyproject.toml

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta"
 
 [project]
 name = "warpgbm"
-version = "0.1.13"
+version = "0.1.15"
 description = "A fast GPU-accelerated Gradient Boosted Decision Tree library with PyTorch + CUDA"
 readme = "README.md"
 requires-python = ">=3.8"

warpgbm-0.1.15/version.txt

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+0.1.15

warpgbm-0.1.15/warpgbm/core.py

@@ -0,0 +1,491 @@
+import torch
+import numpy as np
+from sklearn.base import BaseEstimator, RegressorMixin
+from warpgbm.cuda import node_kernel
+from tqdm import tqdm
+
+histogram_kernels = {
+    'hist1': node_kernel.compute_histogram,
+    'hist2': node_kernel.compute_histogram2,
+    'hist3': node_kernel.compute_histogram3
+}
+
+class WarpGBM(BaseEstimator, RegressorMixin):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        num_bins=10,
+        max_depth=3,
+        learning_rate=0.1,
+        n_estimators=100,
+        min_child_weight=20,
+        min_split_gain=0.0,
+        verbosity=True,
+        histogram_computer='hist3',
+        threads_per_block=64,
+        rows_per_thread=4,
+        L2_reg = 1e-6,
+        device = 'cuda'
+    ):
+        self.num_bins = num_bins
+        self.max_depth = max_depth
+        self.learning_rate = learning_rate
+        self.n_estimators = n_estimators
+        self.forest = None
+        self.bin_edges = None  # shape: [num_features, num_bins-1] if using quantile binning
+        self.base_prediction = None
+        self.unique_eras = None
+        self.device = device
+        self.root_gradient_histogram = None
+        self.root_hessian_histogram = None
+        self.gradients = None
+        self.root_node_indices = None
+        self.bin_indices = None
+        self.Y_gpu = None
+        self.num_features = None
+        self.num_samples = None
+        self.out_feature = torch.zeros(1, device=self.device, dtype=torch.int32)
+        self.out_bin = torch.zeros(1, device=self.device, dtype=torch.int32)
+        self.min_child_weight = min_child_weight
+        self.min_split_gain = min_split_gain
+        self.best_gain = torch.tensor([-float('inf')], dtype=torch.float32, device=self.device)
+        self.best_feature = torch.tensor([-1], dtype=torch.int32, device=self.device)
+        self.best_bin = torch.tensor([-1], dtype=torch.int32, device=self.device)
+        self.compute_histogram = histogram_kernels[histogram_computer]
+        self.threads_per_block = threads_per_block
+        self.rows_per_thread = rows_per_thread
+        self.L2_reg = L2_reg
+
+
+    def fit(self, X, y, era_id=None):
+        if era_id is None:
+            era_id = np.ones(X.shape[0], dtype='int32')
+        self.bin_indices, era_indices, self.bin_edges, self.unique_eras, self.Y_gpu = self.preprocess_gpu_data(X, y, era_id)
+        self.num_samples, self.num_features = X.shape
+        self.gradients = torch.zeros_like(self.Y_gpu)
+        self.root_node_indices = torch.arange(self.num_samples, device=self.device)
+        self.base_prediction = self.Y_gpu.mean().item()
+        self.gradients += self.base_prediction
+        self.split_gains = torch.zeros((self.num_features, self.num_bins - 1), device=self.device)
+        self.forest = self.grow_forest()
+        return self
+
+    def compute_quantile_bins(self, X, num_bins):
+        quantiles = torch.linspace(0, 1, num_bins + 1)[1:-1]  # exclude 0% and 100%
+        bin_edges = torch.quantile(X, quantiles, dim=0)       # shape: [B-1, F]
+        return bin_edges.T  # shape: [F, B-1]
+    
+    def preprocess_gpu_data(self, X_np, Y_np, era_id_np):
+        self.num_samples, self.num_features = X_np.shape
+        Y_gpu = torch.from_numpy(Y_np).type(torch.float32).to(self.device)
+        era_id_gpu = torch.from_numpy(era_id_np).type(torch.int32).to(self.device)
+        is_integer_type = np.issubdtype(X_np.dtype, np.integer)
+        if is_integer_type:
+            max_vals = X_np.max(axis=0)
+            if np.all(max_vals < self.num_bins):
+                print("Detected pre-binned integer input — skipping quantile binning.")
+                bin_indices = torch.from_numpy(X_np).to(self.device).contiguous().to(torch.int8)
+    
+                # We'll store None or an empty tensor in self.bin_edges
+                # to indicate that we skip binning at predict-time
+                bin_edges = torch.arange(1, self.num_bins, dtype=torch.float32).repeat(self.num_features, 1)
+                bin_edges = bin_edges.to(self.device)
+                unique_eras, era_indices = torch.unique(era_id_gpu, return_inverse=True)
+                return bin_indices, era_indices, bin_edges, unique_eras, Y_gpu
+            else:
+                print("Integer input detected, but values exceed num_bins — falling back to quantile binning.")
+    
+        print("Performing quantile binning on CPU...")
+        X_cpu = torch.from_numpy(X_np).type(torch.float32)  # CPU tensor
+        bin_edges_cpu = self.compute_quantile_bins(X_cpu, self.num_bins).type(torch.float32).contiguous()
+        bin_indices_cpu = torch.empty((self.num_samples, self.num_features), dtype=torch.int8)
+        for f in range(self.num_features):
+            bin_indices_cpu[:, f] = torch.bucketize(X_cpu[:, f], bin_edges_cpu[f], right=False).type(torch.int8)
+        bin_indices = bin_indices_cpu.to(self.device).contiguous()
+        bin_edges = bin_edges_cpu.to(self.device)
+        unique_eras, era_indices = torch.unique(era_id_gpu, return_inverse=True)
+        return bin_indices, era_indices, bin_edges, unique_eras, Y_gpu
+
+    def compute_histograms(self, bin_indices_sub, gradients):
+        grad_hist = torch.zeros((self.num_features, self.num_bins), device=self.device, dtype=torch.float32)
+        hess_hist = torch.zeros((self.num_features, self.num_bins), device=self.device, dtype=torch.float32)
+    
+        self.compute_histogram(
+            bin_indices_sub,
+            gradients,
+            grad_hist,
+            hess_hist,
+            self.num_bins,
+            self.threads_per_block,
+            self.rows_per_thread
+        )
+        return grad_hist, hess_hist
+
+    def find_best_split(self, gradient_histogram, hessian_histogram):
+        node_kernel.compute_split(
+            gradient_histogram.contiguous(),
+            hessian_histogram.contiguous(),
+            self.num_features,
+            self.num_bins,
+            self.min_split_gain,
+            self.min_child_weight,
+            self.L2_reg,
+            self.out_feature,
+            self.out_bin
+        )
+        
+        f = int(self.out_feature[0])
+        b = int(self.out_bin[0])
+        return (f, b)
+    
+    def grow_tree(self, gradient_histogram, hessian_histogram, node_indices, depth):
+        if depth == self.max_depth:
+            leaf_value = self.residual[node_indices].mean()
+            self.gradients[node_indices] += self.learning_rate * leaf_value
+            return {"leaf_value": leaf_value.item(), "samples": node_indices.numel()}
+    
+        parent_size = node_indices.numel()
+        best_feature, best_bin = self.find_best_split(gradient_histogram, hessian_histogram)
+    
+        if best_feature == -1:
+            leaf_value = self.residual[node_indices].mean()
+            self.gradients[node_indices] += self.learning_rate * leaf_value
+            return {"leaf_value": leaf_value.item(), "samples": parent_size}
+    
+        split_mask = (self.bin_indices[node_indices, best_feature] <= best_bin)
+        left_indices = node_indices[split_mask]
+        right_indices = node_indices[~split_mask]
+
+        left_size = left_indices.numel()
+        right_size = right_indices.numel()
+
+        if left_size == 0 or right_size == 0:
+            leaf_value = self.residual[node_indices].mean()
+            self.gradients[node_indices] += self.learning_rate * leaf_value
+            return {"leaf_value": leaf_value.item(), "samples": parent_size}
+
+        if left_size <= right_size:
+            grad_hist_left, hess_hist_left = self.compute_histograms( self.bin_indices[left_indices], self.residual[left_indices] )
+            grad_hist_right = gradient_histogram - grad_hist_left
+            hess_hist_right = hessian_histogram - hess_hist_left
+        else:
+            grad_hist_right, hess_hist_right = self.compute_histograms( self.bin_indices[right_indices], self.residual[right_indices] )
+            grad_hist_left = gradient_histogram - grad_hist_right
+            hess_hist_left = hessian_histogram - hess_hist_right
+
+        new_depth = depth + 1
+        left_child = self.grow_tree(grad_hist_left, hess_hist_left, left_indices, new_depth)
+        right_child = self.grow_tree(grad_hist_right, hess_hist_right, right_indices, new_depth)
+    
+        return { "feature": best_feature, "bin": best_bin, "left": left_child, "right": right_child }
+
+    def grow_forest(self):
+        forest = [{} for _ in range(self.n_estimators)]
+        self.training_loss = []
+    
+        for i in range(self.n_estimators):
+            self.residual = self.Y_gpu - self.gradients
+    
+            self.root_gradient_histogram, self.root_hessian_histogram = \
+                self.compute_histograms(self.bin_indices, self.residual)
+    
+            tree = self.grow_tree(
+                self.root_gradient_histogram,
+                self.root_hessian_histogram,
+                self.root_node_indices,
+                depth=0
+            )
+            forest[i] = tree
+            loss = ((self.Y_gpu - self.gradients) ** 2).mean().item()
+            self.training_loss.append(loss)
+            # print(f"🌲 Tree {i+1}/{self.n_estimators} - MSE: {loss:.6f}")
+    
+        print("Finished training forest.")
+        return forest
+
+    def predict(self, X_np, chunk_size=50000):
+        """
+        Vectorized predict using a padded layer-by-layer approach.
+        We assume `flatten_forest_to_tensors` has produced self.flat_forest with
+        "features", "thresholds", "leaf_values", all shaped [n_trees, max_nodes].
+        """
+        # 1) Convert X_np -> bin_indices
+        is_integer_type = np.issubdtype(X_np.dtype, np.integer)
+        if is_integer_type:
+            max_vals = X_np.max(axis=0)
+            if np.all(max_vals < self.num_bins):
+                bin_indices = X_np.astype(np.int8)
+            else:
+                raise ValueError("Pre-binned integers must be < num_bins")
+        else:
+            X_cpu = torch.from_numpy(X_np).type(torch.float32)
+            bin_indices = torch.empty((X_np.shape[0], X_np.shape[1]), dtype=torch.int8)
+            bin_edges_cpu = self.bin_edges.to('cpu')
+            for f in range(self.num_features):
+                bin_indices[:, f] = torch.bucketize(X_cpu[:, f], bin_edges_cpu[f], right=False).type(torch.int8)
+            bin_indices = bin_indices.numpy()
+
+        # 2) Ensure we have a padded representation
+        self.flat_forest = self.flatten_forest_to_tensors(self.forest)
+
+        features_t   = self.flat_forest["features"]      # [n_trees, max_nodes], int16
+        thresholds_t = self.flat_forest["thresholds"]    # [n_trees, max_nodes], int16
+        values_t     = self.flat_forest["leaf_values"]    # [n_trees, max_nodes], float32
+        max_nodes    = self.flat_forest["max_nodes"]
+
+        n_trees = features_t.shape[0]
+        N       = bin_indices.shape[0]
+        out     = np.zeros(N, dtype=np.float32)
+
+        # 3) Process rows in chunks
+        for start in tqdm(range(0, N, chunk_size)):
+            end = min(start + chunk_size, N)
+            chunk_np  = bin_indices[start:end]  # shape [chunk_size, F]
+            chunk_gpu = torch.from_numpy(chunk_np).to(self.device)  # [chunk_size, F], int8
+
+            # Accumulate raw (unscaled) leaf sums
+            chunk_preds = torch.zeros((end - start,), dtype=torch.float32, device=self.device)
+
+            # node_idx[i] tracks the current node index in the padded tree for row i
+            node_idx = torch.zeros((end - start,), dtype=torch.int32, device=self.device)
+
+            # 'active' is a boolean mask over [0..(end-start-1)], indicating which rows haven't reached a leaf
+            active = torch.ones((end - start,), dtype=torch.bool, device=self.device)
+
+            for t in range(n_trees):
+                # Reset for each tree (each tree is independent)
+                node_idx.fill_(0)
+                active.fill_(True)
+
+                tree_features = features_t[t]     # shape [max_nodes], int16
+                tree_thresh   = thresholds_t[t]    # shape [max_nodes], int16
+                tree_values   = values_t[t]          # shape [max_nodes], float32
+
+                # Up to self.max_depth+1 layers
+                for _level in range(self.max_depth + 1):
+                    active_idx = active.nonzero(as_tuple=True)[0]
+                    if active_idx.numel() == 0:
+                        break  # all rows are done in this tree
+
+                    current_node_idx = node_idx[active_idx]
+                    f    = tree_features[current_node_idx]    # shape [#active], int16
+                    thr  = tree_thresh[current_node_idx]       # shape [#active], int16
+                    vals = tree_values[current_node_idx]       # shape [#active], float32
+
+                    mask_no_node = (f == -2)
+                    mask_leaf    = (f == -1)
+
+                    # If leaf, add leaf value and mark inactive.
+                    if mask_leaf.any():
+                        leaf_rows = active_idx[mask_leaf]
+                        chunk_preds[leaf_rows] += vals[mask_leaf]
+                        active[leaf_rows] = False
+
+                    # If no node, mark inactive.
+                    if mask_no_node.any():
+                        no_node_rows = active_idx[mask_no_node]
+                        active[no_node_rows] = False
+
+                    # For internal nodes, perform bin comparison.
+                    mask_internal = (~mask_leaf & ~mask_no_node)
+                    if mask_internal.any():
+                        internal_rows = active_idx[mask_internal]
+                        act_f   = f[mask_internal].long()
+                        act_thr = thr[mask_internal]
+                        binvals = chunk_gpu[internal_rows, act_f]
+                        go_left = (binvals <= act_thr)
+                        new_left_idx  = current_node_idx[mask_internal] * 2 + 1
+                        new_right_idx = current_node_idx[mask_internal] * 2 + 2
+                        node_idx[internal_rows[go_left]]  = new_left_idx[go_left]
+                        node_idx[internal_rows[~go_left]] = new_right_idx[~go_left]
+                # end per-tree layer loop
+            # end for each tree
+
+            out[start:end] = (
+                self.base_prediction + self.learning_rate * chunk_preds
+            ).cpu().numpy()
+
+        return out
+
+    def flatten_forest_to_tensors(self, forest):
+        """
+        Convert a list of dict-based trees into a fixed-size array representation
+        for each tree, up to max_depth. Each tree is stored in a 'perfect binary tree'
+        layout:
+          - node 0 is the root
+          - node i has children (2*i + 1) and (2*i + 2), if within range
+          - feature = -2 indicates no node / invalid
+          - feature = -1 indicates a leaf node
+          - otherwise, an internal node with that feature.
+        """
+        n_trees = len(forest)
+        max_nodes = 2 ** (self.max_depth + 1) - 1  # total array slots per tree
+
+        # Allocate padded arrays (on CPU for ease of indexing).
+        feat_arr = np.full((n_trees, max_nodes), -2, dtype=np.int16)
+        thresh_arr = np.full((n_trees, max_nodes), -2, dtype=np.int16)
+        value_arr = np.zeros((n_trees, max_nodes), dtype=np.float32)
+
+        def fill_padded(tree, tree_idx, node_idx, depth):
+            """
+            Recursively fill feat_arr, thresh_arr, value_arr for a single tree.
+            If depth == self.max_depth, no children are added.
+            If there's no node, feature remains -2.
+            """
+            if "leaf_value" in tree:
+                feat_arr[tree_idx, node_idx] = -1
+                thresh_arr[tree_idx, node_idx] = -1
+                value_arr[tree_idx, node_idx] = tree["leaf_value"]
+                return
+
+            feat = tree["feature"]
+            bin_th = tree["bin"]
+
+            feat_arr[tree_idx, node_idx] = feat
+            thresh_arr[tree_idx, node_idx] = bin_th
+            # Internal nodes keep a 0 value.
+
+            if depth < self.max_depth:
+                left_idx  = 2 * node_idx + 1
+                right_idx = 2 * node_idx + 2
+                fill_padded(tree["left"],  tree_idx, left_idx, depth + 1)
+                fill_padded(tree["right"], tree_idx, right_idx, depth + 1)
+            # At max depth, children remain unfilled (-2).
+
+        for t, root in enumerate(forest):
+            fill_padded(root, t, 0, 0)
+
+        # Convert to torch Tensors on the proper device.
+        features_t = torch.from_numpy(feat_arr).to(self.device)
+        thresholds_t = torch.from_numpy(thresh_arr).to(self.device)
+        leaf_values_t = torch.from_numpy(value_arr).to(self.device)
+
+        return {
+            "features": features_t,       # [n_trees, max_nodes]
+            "thresholds": thresholds_t,     # [n_trees, max_nodes]
+            "leaf_values": leaf_values_t,   # [n_trees, max_nodes]
+            "max_nodes": max_nodes
+        }
+
+    def predict_numpy(self, X_np, chunk_size=50000):
+        """
+        Fully NumPy-based version of predict_fast.
+        Assumes flatten_forest_to_tensors has been called and `self.flat_forest` is ready.
+        """
+        # 1) Convert X_np -> bin_indices
+        is_integer_type = np.issubdtype(X_np.dtype, np.integer)
+        if is_integer_type:
+            max_vals = X_np.max(axis=0)
+            if np.all(max_vals < self.num_bins):
+                bin_indices = X_np.astype(np.int8)
+            else:
+                raise ValueError("Pre-binned integers must be < num_bins")
+        else:
+            bin_indices = np.empty_like(X_np, dtype=np.int8)
+            # Ensure bin_edges are NumPy arrays
+            if isinstance(self.bin_edges[0], torch.Tensor):
+                bin_edges_np = [be.cpu().numpy() for be in self.bin_edges]
+            else:
+                bin_edges_np = self.bin_edges
+
+            for f in range(self.num_features):
+                bin_indices[:, f] = np.searchsorted(bin_edges_np[f], X_np[:, f], side='left')
+
+        # Ensure we have a padded representation
+        self.flat_forest = self.flatten_forest(self.forest)
+
+        # 2) Padded forest arrays (already NumPy now)
+        features_t   = self.flat_forest["features"]      # [n_trees, max_nodes], int16
+        thresholds_t = self.flat_forest["thresholds"]    # [n_trees, max_nodes], int16
+        values_t     = self.flat_forest["leaf_values"]   # [n_trees, max_nodes], float32
+        max_nodes    = self.flat_forest["max_nodes"]
+        n_trees      = features_t.shape[0]
+        N            = bin_indices.shape[0]
+        out          = np.zeros(N, dtype=np.float32)
+
+        # 3) Process in chunks
+        for start in tqdm( range(0, N, chunk_size) ):
+            end = min(start + chunk_size, N)
+            chunk = bin_indices[start:end]  # [chunk_size, F]
+            chunk_preds = np.zeros(end - start, dtype=np.float32)
+
+            for t in range(n_trees):
+                node_idx = np.zeros(end - start, dtype=np.int32)
+                active = np.ones(end - start, dtype=bool)
+
+                tree_features = features_t[t]   # [max_nodes]
+                tree_thresh   = thresholds_t[t] # [max_nodes]
+                tree_values   = values_t[t]     # [max_nodes]
+
+                for _level in range(self.max_depth + 1):
+                    active_idx = np.nonzero(active)[0]
+                    if active_idx.size == 0:
+                        break
+
+                    current_node_idx = node_idx[active_idx]
+                    f    = tree_features[current_node_idx]
+                    thr  = tree_thresh[current_node_idx]
+                    vals = tree_values[current_node_idx]
+
+                    mask_no_node = (f == -2)
+                    mask_leaf    = (f == -1)
+                    mask_internal = ~(mask_leaf | mask_no_node)
+
+                    if np.any(mask_leaf):
+                        leaf_rows = active_idx[mask_leaf]
+                        chunk_preds[leaf_rows] += vals[mask_leaf]
+                        active[leaf_rows] = False
+
+                    if np.any(mask_no_node):
+                        no_node_rows = active_idx[mask_no_node]
+                        active[no_node_rows] = False
+
+                    if np.any(mask_internal):
+                        internal_rows = active_idx[mask_internal]
+                        act_f   = f[mask_internal].astype(np.int32)
+                        act_thr = thr[mask_internal]
+                        binvals = chunk[internal_rows, act_f]
+                        go_left = binvals <= act_thr
+
+                        new_left_idx  = current_node_idx[mask_internal] * 2 + 1
+                        new_right_idx = current_node_idx[mask_internal] * 2 + 2
+                        node_idx[internal_rows[go_left]]  = new_left_idx[go_left]
+                        node_idx[internal_rows[~go_left]] = new_right_idx[~go_left]
+
+            out[start:end] = self.base_prediction + self.learning_rate * chunk_preds
+
+        return out
+
+    def flatten_forest(self, forest):
+        n_trees = len(forest)
+        max_nodes = 2 ** (self.max_depth + 1) - 1
+
+        feat_arr = np.full((n_trees, max_nodes), -2, dtype=np.int16)
+        thresh_arr = np.full((n_trees, max_nodes), -2, dtype=np.int16)
+        value_arr = np.zeros((n_trees, max_nodes), dtype=np.float32)
+
+        def fill_padded(tree, tree_idx, node_idx, depth):
+            if "leaf_value" in tree:
+                feat_arr[tree_idx, node_idx] = -1
+                thresh_arr[tree_idx, node_idx] = -1
+                value_arr[tree_idx, node_idx] = tree["leaf_value"]
+                return
+            feat = tree["feature"]
+            bin_th = tree["bin"]
+            feat_arr[tree_idx, node_idx] = feat
+            thresh_arr[tree_idx, node_idx] = bin_th
+
+            if depth < self.max_depth:
+                left_idx  = 2 * node_idx + 1
+                right_idx = 2 * node_idx + 2
+                fill_padded(tree["left"],  tree_idx, left_idx, depth + 1)
+                fill_padded(tree["right"], tree_idx, right_idx, depth + 1)
+
+        for t, root in enumerate(forest):
+            fill_padded(root, t, 0, 0)
+
+        return {
+            "features": feat_arr,
+            "thresholds": thresh_arr,
+            "leaf_values": value_arr,
+            "max_nodes": max_nodes
+        }

{warpgbm-0.1.13 → warpgbm-0.1.15/warpgbm.egg-info}/PKG-INFO

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 Metadata-Version: 2.4
 Name: warpgbm
-Version: 0.1.13
+Version: 0.1.15
 Summary: A fast GPU-accelerated Gradient Boosted Decision Tree library with PyTorch + CUDA
 License:                     GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
                                Version 3, 29 June 2007
@@ -700,7 +700,6 @@ WarpGBM is a high-performance, GPU-accelerated Gradient Boosted Decision Tree (G
 - GPU-accelerated training and histogram construction using custom CUDA kernels
 - Drop-in scikit-learn style interface
 - Supports pre-binned data or automatic quantile binning
-- Fully differentiable prediction path
 - Simple install with `pip`
 
 ---
@@ -713,7 +712,7 @@ In our initial tests on an NVIDIA 3090 (local) and A100 (Google Colab Pro), Warp
 
 ## Installation
 
-### 🔧 Recommended (GitHub, always latest):
+### Recommended (GitHub, always latest):
 
 ```bash
 pip install git+https://github.com/jefferythewind/warpgbm.git
@@ -721,7 +720,7 @@ pip install git+https://github.com/jefferythewind/warpgbm.git
 
 This installs the latest version directly from GitHub and compiles CUDA extensions on your machine using your **local PyTorch and CUDA setup**. It's the most reliable method for ensuring compatibility and staying up to date with the latest features.
 
-### 📦 Alternatively (PyPI, stable releases):
+### Alternatively (PyPI, stable releases):
 
 ```bash
 pip install warpgbm
@@ -729,7 +728,7 @@ pip install warpgbm
 
 This installs from PyPI and also compiles CUDA code locally during installation. This method works well **if your environment already has PyTorch with GPU support** installed and configured.
 
-> 💡 **Tip:**\
+> **Tip:**\
 > If you encounter an error related to mismatched or missing CUDA versions, try installing with the following flag:
 >
 > ```bash
@@ -737,7 +736,7 @@ This installs from PyPI and also compiles CUDA code locally during installation.
 > ```
 
 Before either method, make sure you’ve installed PyTorch with GPU support:\
-👉 [https://pytorch.org/get-started/locally/](https://pytorch.org/get-started/locally/)
+[https://pytorch.org/get-started/locally/](https://pytorch.org/get-started/locally/)
 
 ---
 
@@ -774,7 +773,7 @@ print(f"LightGBM:   corr = {np.corrcoef(lgb_preds, y)[0,1]:.4f}, time = {lgb_tim
 print(f"WarpGBM:     corr = {np.corrcoef(wgbm_preds, y)[0,1]:.4f}, time = {wgbm_time:.2f}s")
 ```
 
-**🧪 Results (Ryzen 9 CPU, NVIDIA 3090 GPU):**
+**Results (Ryzen 9 CPU, NVIDIA 3090 GPU):**
 
 ```
 LightGBM:   corr = 0.8742, time = 37.33s
@@ -824,6 +823,23 @@ print(f"LightGBM:   corr = {np.corrcoef(lgb_preds, Y_np)[0,1]:.4f}, time = {lgb_
 print(f"WarpGBM:     corr = {np.corrcoef(wgbm_preds, Y_np)[0,1]:.4f}, time = {wgbm_time:.2f}s")
 ```
 
+**Results (Google Colab Pro, A100 GPU):**
+
+```
+LightGBM:   corr = 0.0703, time = 643.88s
+WarpGBM:     corr = 0.0660, time = 49.16s
+```
+
+---
+
+### Run it live in Colab
+
+You can try WarpGBM in a live Colab notebook using real pre-binned Numerai tournament data:
+
+[Open in Colab](https://colab.research.google.com/drive/10mKSjs9UvmMgM5_lOXAylq5LUQAnNSi7?usp=sharing)
+
+No installation required — just press **"Open in Playground"**, then **Run All**!
+
 ---
 
 ## Documentation
@@ -835,18 +851,15 @@ print(f"WarpGBM:     corr = {np.corrcoef(wgbm_preds, Y_np)[0,1]:.4f}, time = {wg
 - `n_estimators`: Number of boosting iterations (default: 100)
 - `min_child_weight`: Minimum sum of instance weight needed in a child (default: 20)
 - `min_split_gain`: Minimum loss reduction required to make a further partition (default: 0.0)
-- `verbosity`: Whether to print training logs (default: True)
 - `histogram_computer`: Choice of histogram kernel (`'hist1'`, `'hist2'`, `'hist3'`) (default: `'hist3'`)
 - `threads_per_block`: CUDA threads per block (default: 32)
 - `rows_per_thread`: Number of training rows processed per thread (default: 4)
-- `device`: Device to train on (`'cuda'` or `'cpu'`, default: `'cuda'`)
-- `split_type`: Algorithm used to choose best split (`'v1'` = CUDA kernel, `'v2'` = torch-based) (default: `'v2'`)
+- `L2_reg`: L2 regularizer (default: 1e-6)
 
 ### Methods:
 - `.fit(X, y, era_id=None)`: Train the model. `X` can be raw floats or pre-binned `int8` data. `era_id` is optional and used internally.
-- `.predict(X)`: Predict on new raw float or pre-binned data.
-- `.predict_data(bin_indices)`: Predict from binned data directly (NumPy `int8` matrix).
-- `.grow_forest()`: Manually triggers tree construction loop (usually not needed).
+- `.predict(X, chunksize=50_000)`: Predict on new raw float or pre-binned data.
+- `.predict_numpy(X, chunksize=50_000)`: Same as `.predict(X)` but without using the GPU. 
 
 ---
 

warpgbm-0.1.13/version.txt

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-0.1.13

warpgbm-0.1.13/warpgbm/core.py

@@ -1,241 +0,0 @@
-import torch
-import numpy as np
-from sklearn.base import BaseEstimator, RegressorMixin
-from warpgbm.cuda import node_kernel
-from tqdm import tqdm
-
-histogram_kernels = {
-    'hist1': node_kernel.compute_histogram,
-    'hist2': node_kernel.compute_histogram2,
-    'hist3': node_kernel.compute_histogram3
-}
-
-class WarpGBM(BaseEstimator, RegressorMixin):
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        num_bins=10,
-        max_depth=3,
-        learning_rate=0.1,
-        n_estimators=100,
-        min_child_weight=20,
-        min_split_gain=0.0,
-        verbosity=True,
-        histogram_computer='hist3',
-        threads_per_block=64,
-        rows_per_thread=4,
-        L2_reg = 1e-6,
-        device = 'cuda'
-    ):
-        self.num_bins = num_bins
-        self.max_depth = max_depth
-        self.learning_rate = learning_rate
-        self.n_estimators = n_estimators
-        self.forest = None
-        self.bin_edges = None  # shape: [num_features, num_bins-1] if using quantile binning
-        self.base_prediction = None
-        self.unique_eras = None
-        self.device = device
-        self.root_gradient_histogram = None
-        self.root_hessian_histogram = None
-        self.gradients = None
-        self.root_node_indices = None
-        self.bin_indices = None
-        self.Y_gpu = None
-        self.num_features = None
-        self.num_samples = None
-        self.out_feature = torch.zeros(1, device=self.device, dtype=torch.int32)
-        self.out_bin = torch.zeros(1, device=self.device, dtype=torch.int32)
-        self.min_child_weight = min_child_weight
-        self.min_split_gain = min_split_gain
-        self.best_gain = torch.tensor([-float('inf')], dtype=torch.float32, device=self.device)
-        self.best_feature = torch.tensor([-1], dtype=torch.int32, device=self.device)
-        self.best_bin = torch.tensor([-1], dtype=torch.int32, device=self.device)
-        self.compute_histogram = histogram_kernels[histogram_computer]
-        self.threads_per_block = threads_per_block
-        self.rows_per_thread = rows_per_thread
-        self.L2_reg = L2_reg
-
-
-    def fit(self, X, y, era_id=None):
-        if era_id is None:
-            era_id = np.ones(X.shape[0], dtype='int32')
-        self.bin_indices, era_indices, self.bin_edges, self.unique_eras, self.Y_gpu = self.preprocess_gpu_data(X, y, era_id)
-        self.num_samples, self.num_features = X.shape
-        self.gradients = torch.zeros_like(self.Y_gpu)
-        self.root_node_indices = torch.arange(self.num_samples, device=self.device)
-        self.base_prediction = self.Y_gpu.mean().item()
-        self.gradients += self.base_prediction
-        self.split_gains = torch.zeros((self.num_features, self.num_bins - 1), device=self.device)
-        self.forest = self.grow_forest()
-        return self
-
-    def compute_quantile_bins(self, X, num_bins):
-        quantiles = torch.linspace(0, 1, num_bins + 1)[1:-1]  # exclude 0% and 100%
-        bin_edges = torch.quantile(X, quantiles, dim=0)       # shape: [B-1, F]
-        return bin_edges.T  # shape: [F, B-1]
-    
-    def preprocess_gpu_data(self, X_np, Y_np, era_id_np):
-        self.num_samples, self.num_features = X_np.shape
-        Y_gpu = torch.from_numpy(Y_np).type(torch.float32).to(self.device)
-        era_id_gpu = torch.from_numpy(era_id_np).type(torch.int32).to(self.device)
-        is_integer_type = np.issubdtype(X_np.dtype, np.integer)
-        if is_integer_type:
-            max_vals = X_np.max(axis=0)
-            if np.all(max_vals < self.num_bins):
-                print("Detected pre-binned integer input — skipping quantile binning.")
-                bin_indices = torch.from_numpy(X_np).to(self.device).contiguous().to(torch.int8)
-    
-                # We'll store None or an empty tensor in self.bin_edges
-                # to indicate that we skip binning at predict-time
-                bin_edges = torch.arange(1, self.num_bins, dtype=torch.float32).repeat(self.num_features, 1)
-                bin_edges = bin_edges.to(self.device)
-                unique_eras, era_indices = torch.unique(era_id_gpu, return_inverse=True)
-                return bin_indices, era_indices, bin_edges, unique_eras, Y_gpu
-            else:
-                print("Integer input detected, but values exceed num_bins — falling back to quantile binning.")
-    
-        print("Performing quantile binning on CPU...")
-        X_cpu = torch.from_numpy(X_np).type(torch.float32)  # CPU tensor
-        bin_edges_cpu = self.compute_quantile_bins(X_cpu, self.num_bins).type(torch.float32).contiguous()
-        bin_indices_cpu = torch.empty((self.num_samples, self.num_features), dtype=torch.int8)
-        for f in range(self.num_features):
-            bin_indices_cpu[:, f] = torch.bucketize(X_cpu[:, f], bin_edges_cpu[f], right=False).type(torch.int8)
-        bin_indices = bin_indices_cpu.to(self.device).contiguous()
-        bin_edges = bin_edges_cpu.to(self.device)
-        unique_eras, era_indices = torch.unique(era_id_gpu, return_inverse=True)
-        return bin_indices, era_indices, bin_edges, unique_eras, Y_gpu
-
-    def compute_histograms(self, bin_indices_sub, gradients):
-        grad_hist = torch.zeros((self.num_features, self.num_bins), device=self.device, dtype=torch.float32)
-        hess_hist = torch.zeros((self.num_features, self.num_bins), device=self.device, dtype=torch.float32)
-    
-        self.compute_histogram(
-            bin_indices_sub,
-            gradients,
-            grad_hist,
-            hess_hist,
-            self.num_bins,
-            self.threads_per_block,
-            self.rows_per_thread
-        )
-        return grad_hist, hess_hist
-
-    def find_best_split(self, gradient_histogram, hessian_histogram):
-        node_kernel.compute_split(
-            gradient_histogram.contiguous(),
-            hessian_histogram.contiguous(),
-            self.num_features,
-            self.num_bins,
-            self.min_split_gain,
-            self.min_child_weight,
-            self.L2_reg,
-            self.out_feature,
-            self.out_bin
-        )
-        
-        f = int(self.out_feature[0])
-        b = int(self.out_bin[0])
-        return (f, b)
-    
-    def grow_tree(self, gradient_histogram, hessian_histogram, node_indices, depth):
-        if depth == self.max_depth:
-            leaf_value = self.residual[node_indices].mean()
-            self.gradients[node_indices] += self.learning_rate * leaf_value
-            return {"leaf_value": leaf_value.item(), "samples": node_indices.numel()}
-    
-        parent_size = node_indices.numel()
-        best_feature, best_bin = self.find_best_split(gradient_histogram, hessian_histogram)
-    
-        if best_feature == -1:
-            leaf_value = self.residual[node_indices].mean()
-            self.gradients[node_indices] += self.learning_rate * leaf_value
-            return {"leaf_value": leaf_value.item(), "samples": parent_size}
-    
-        split_mask = (self.bin_indices[node_indices, best_feature] <= best_bin)
-        left_indices = node_indices[split_mask]
-        right_indices = node_indices[~split_mask]
-
-        left_size = left_indices.numel()
-        right_size = right_indices.numel()
-
-        if left_size == 0 or right_size == 0:
-            leaf_value = self.residual[node_indices].mean()
-            self.gradients[node_indices] += self.learning_rate * leaf_value
-            return {"leaf_value": leaf_value.item(), "samples": parent_size}
-
-        if left_size <= right_size:
-            grad_hist_left, hess_hist_left = self.compute_histograms( self.bin_indices[left_indices], self.residual[left_indices] )
-            grad_hist_right = gradient_histogram - grad_hist_left
-            hess_hist_right = hessian_histogram - hess_hist_left
-        else:
-            grad_hist_right, hess_hist_right = self.compute_histograms( self.bin_indices[right_indices], self.residual[right_indices] )
-            grad_hist_left = gradient_histogram - grad_hist_right
-            hess_hist_left = hessian_histogram - hess_hist_right
-
-        new_depth = depth + 1
-        left_child = self.grow_tree(grad_hist_left, hess_hist_left, left_indices, new_depth)
-        right_child = self.grow_tree(grad_hist_right, hess_hist_right, right_indices, new_depth)
-    
-        return { "feature": best_feature, "bin": best_bin, "left": left_child, "right": right_child }
-
-    def grow_forest(self):
-        forest = [{} for _ in range(self.n_estimators)]
-        self.training_loss = []
-    
-        for i in range(self.n_estimators):
-            self.residual = self.Y_gpu - self.gradients
-    
-            self.root_gradient_histogram, self.root_hessian_histogram = \
-                self.compute_histograms(self.bin_indices, self.residual)
-    
-            tree = self.grow_tree(
-                self.root_gradient_histogram,
-                self.root_hessian_histogram,
-                self.root_node_indices,
-                depth=0
-            )
-            forest[i] = tree
-            loss = ((self.Y_gpu - self.gradients) ** 2).mean().item()
-            self.training_loss.append(loss)
-            # print(f"🌲 Tree {i+1}/{self.n_estimators} - MSE: {loss:.6f}")
-    
-        print("Finished training forest.")
-        return forest
-
-    def predict(self, X_np, era_id_np=None):
-        is_integer_type = np.issubdtype(X_np.dtype, np.integer)
-        if is_integer_type:
-            max_vals = X_np.max(axis=0)
-            if np.all(max_vals < self.num_bins):
-                bin_indices = X_np.astype(np.int8)
-                return self.predict_data(bin_indices)
-
-        X_cpu = torch.from_numpy(X_np).type(torch.float32)  # CPU tensor
-        bin_indices_cpu = torch.empty((X_np.shape[0], X_np.shape[1]), dtype=torch.int8)
-        bin_edges_cpu = self.bin_edges.to('cpu')
-        for f in range(self.num_features):
-            bin_indices_cpu[:, f] = torch.bucketize(X_cpu[:, f], bin_edges_cpu[f], right=False).type(torch.int8)
-
-        bin_indices = bin_indices_cpu.numpy()  # Use CPU numpy array for predict_data
-        return self.predict_data(bin_indices)
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def process_node(node, data_idx, bin_indices):
-        while 'leaf_value' not in node:
-            if bin_indices[data_idx, node['feature']] <= node['bin']:
-                node = node['left']
-            else:
-                node = node['right']
-        return node['leaf_value']
-
-    def predict_data(self, bin_indices):
-        n = bin_indices.shape[0]
-        preds = np.zeros(n)
-        proc = self.process_node  # local var for speed
-        lr = self.learning_rate
-        base = self.base_prediction
-        forest = self.forest
-    
-        for i in tqdm( range(n) ):
-            preds[i] = base + lr * np.sum([proc( tree, i, bin_indices ) for tree in forest])
-        return preds