udtools 0.2.7__tar.gz → 0.2.8__tar.gz

{udtools-0.2.7/src/udtools.egg-info → udtools-0.2.8}/PKG-INFO

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 Metadata-Version: 2.4
 Name: udtools
-Version: 0.2.7
+Version: 0.2.8
 Summary: Python tools for Universal Dependencies
 Author: Filip Ginter, Sampo Pyysalo, Daniel Zeman, Milan Straka, Martin Popel, Gosse Bouma, John Bauer, Arianna Masciolini, Ludovica Pannitto
 Maintainer-email: Daniel Zeman <zeman@ufal.mff.cuni.cz>
@@ -237,6 +237,20 @@ print(state)
 
 ## The official UD parsing scorer
 
+Evaluates the accuracy of a UD tokenizer / lemmatizer / tagger / parser against gold-standard data.
+The script was originally developed for the [CoNLL 2017](http://universaldependencies.org/conll17/)
+and [2018 shared tasks](http://universaldependencies.org/conll18/) in UD parsing, and later extended
+to handle the enhanced dependency representation in the [IWPT 2020](https://universaldependencies.org/iwpt20/)
+and [2021 shared tasks](https://universaldependencies.org/iwpt21/).
+
+```
+python eval.py -v goldstandard.conllu systemoutput.conllu
+```
+
+For more details on the metrics reported, see the overview papers of the shared tasks linked above.
+
+### The scorer module
+
 Reads two CoNLL-U files: gold standard (annotated manually) and system output (predicted by a parsing model). Both
 files must be valid at least at level 2, and their underlying text must be compatible, i.e., it can differ in
 whitespace but not in other characters. The scorer evaluates similarity of the system output to the gold standard

{udtools-0.2.7 → udtools-0.2.8}/README.md

@@ -217,6 +217,20 @@ print(state)
 
 ## The official UD parsing scorer
 
+Evaluates the accuracy of a UD tokenizer / lemmatizer / tagger / parser against gold-standard data.
+The script was originally developed for the [CoNLL 2017](http://universaldependencies.org/conll17/)
+and [2018 shared tasks](http://universaldependencies.org/conll18/) in UD parsing, and later extended
+to handle the enhanced dependency representation in the [IWPT 2020](https://universaldependencies.org/iwpt20/)
+and [2021 shared tasks](https://universaldependencies.org/iwpt21/).
+
+```
+python eval.py -v goldstandard.conllu systemoutput.conllu
+```
+
+For more details on the metrics reported, see the overview papers of the shared tasks linked above.
+
+### The scorer module
+
 Reads two CoNLL-U files: gold standard (annotated manually) and system output (predicted by a parsing model). Both
 files must be valid at least at level 2, and their underlying text must be compatible, i.e., it can differ in
 whitespace but not in other characters. The scorer evaluates similarity of the system output to the gold standard

{udtools-0.2.7 → udtools-0.2.8}/pyproject.toml

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta"
 
 [project]
 name = "udtools"
-version = "0.2.7"
+version = "0.2.8"
 authors = [
   { name="Filip Ginter" },
   { name="Sampo Pyysalo" },

{udtools-0.2.7 → udtools-0.2.8}/src/udtools/__init__.py

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ udtools.
 Python tools for Universal Dependencies.
 """
 
-__version__ = "0.2.7"
+__version__ = "0.2.8"
 __author__ = 'Daniel Zeman'
 __credits__ = 'Universal Dependencies community'
 

{udtools-0.2.7 → udtools-0.2.8}/src/udtools/argparser.py

@@ -20,19 +20,16 @@ def build_argparse_validator():
                           Exit with 0 on pass, non-zero on fail.""")
     io_group.add_argument('--no-warnings',
                           dest='no_warnings', action='store_true', default=False,
-                          help="""Print only errors but no warnings.
-                          The final summary will still include the number of warnings, although they were not printed.""")
+                          help="""Print and count only errors but no warnings.""")
     io_group.add_argument('-e', '--exclude',
                           nargs='+',
-                          help="""One or more ids of tests whose incidents should not be printed.
-                          For example: --exclude missing-sent-id invalid-sent-id.
-                          The tests will still be performed and resulting incidents counted in the final summary.""")
+                          help="""One or more ids of tests whose incidents should not be printed and counted.
+                          For example: --exclude missing-sent-id invalid-sent-id.""")
     io_group.add_argument('-i', '--include-only',
                           nargs='+',
-                          help="""One or more ids of tests whose incidents should be printed.
+                          help="""One or more ids of tests whose incidents should be printed and counted.
                           For example: --include-only missing-sent-id invalid-sent-id.
-                          Any other incidents will not be printed.
-                          The tests will still be performed and resulting incidents counted in the final summary.""")
+                          Any other incidents will not be printed.""")
     io_group.add_argument('--max-err',
                           action='store', type=int, default=20,
                           help="""How many incidents to print per test class? 0 for all.

{udtools-0.2.7 → udtools-0.2.8}/src/udtools/data/data.json

@@ -101,20 +101,16 @@
 "tʃe": {"functions": [{"function": "cop.AUX", "rule": "combination of the copula and a nonverbal predicate", "deficient": "Directional auxiliary (coming)", "example": "koni [tʃe] okɨp etʃe", "exampleen": "The thorn gets into my leg", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2022-04-30-14-59-35", "lastchanger": "carolina"}
 },
 "ar": {
-"s": {"functions": [{"function": "", "rule": "", "deficient": "", "example": "", "exampleen": "", "comment": ""}], "status": "undocumented", "lastchanged": "", "lastchanger": ""},
-"أَ": {"functions": [{"function": "", "rule": "", "deficient": "", "example": "", "exampleen": "", "comment": ""}], "status": "undocumented", "lastchanged": "", "lastchanger": ""},
-"رُبَّمَا": {"functions": [{"function": "", "rule": "", "deficient": "", "example": "", "exampleen": "", "comment": ""}], "status": "undocumented", "lastchanged": "", "lastchanger": ""},
-"سَ": {"functions": [{"function": "", "rule": "", "deficient": "", "example": "", "exampleen": "", "comment": ""}], "status": "undocumented", "lastchanged": "", "lastchanger": ""},
-"سَوفَ": {"functions": [{"function": "", "rule": "", "deficient": "", "example": "", "exampleen": "", "comment": ""}], "status": "undocumented", "lastchanged": "", "lastchanger": ""},
-"عَاد": {"functions": [{"function": "", "rule": "", "deficient": "", "example": "", "exampleen": "", "comment": ""}], "status": "undocumented", "lastchanged": "", "lastchanger": ""},
-"عَلَّ": {"functions": [{"function": "", "rule": "", "deficient": "", "example": "", "exampleen": "", "comment": ""}], "status": "undocumented", "lastchanged": "", "lastchanger": ""},
-"قَد": {"functions": [{"function": "", "rule": "", "deficient": "", "example": "", "exampleen": "", "comment": ""}], "status": "undocumented", "lastchanged": "", "lastchanger": ""},
+"s": {"functions": [{"function": "Tense=Fut", "rule": "combination of the auxiliary and the present tense of the verb", "deficient": "", "example": "[Sa]’azūru al-matḥafa ghadan.", "exampleen": "I [will] visit the museum tomorrow.", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-05-28-21-37-20", "lastchanger": "dan-zeman"},
+"رُبَّمَا": {"functions": [{"function": "Mood=Pot", "rule": "combination of the auxiliary and the main verb", "deficient": "", "example": "[رُبَّمَا] يَأْتِي غَدًا", "exampleen": "[Maybe] he comes tomorrow.", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-05-28-22-53-28", "lastchanger": "dan-zeman"},
+"سَ": {"functions": [{"function": "Tense=Fut", "rule": "combination of the auxiliary and the present tense of the verb", "deficient": "", "example": "[سَ]أَزُورُ المتحف غدا", "exampleen": "I [will] visit the museum tomorrow.", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-05-28-21-35-22", "lastchanger": "dan-zeman"},
+"سَوفَ": {"functions": [{"function": "Tense=Fut", "rule": "combination of the auxiliary and the present tense of the verb", "deficient": "", "example": "[سَوْفَ] أَسْتَقْبِلُ الضيوف بعد أسبوع", "exampleen": "I [will] host the guests in a week.", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-05-28-21-40-10", "lastchanger": "dan-zeman"},
+"عَلَّ": {"functions": [{"function": "Mood=Pot", "rule": "combination of the auxiliary and the main verb", "deficient": "", "example": "[عَلَّكَ] تَفْعَلُ", "exampleen": "[Maybe] you do it.", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-05-28-23-14-02", "lastchanger": "dan-zeman"},
+"قَد": {"functions": [{"function": "Aspect=Perf", "rule": "combination of the auxiliary and the past tense", "deficient": "", "example": "[قَدْ] ذَهَبَ", "exampleen": "He [has] left.", "comment": "With present tense, it has a modal meaning (maybe)."}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-05-28-22-38-13", "lastchanger": "dan-zeman"},
 "كَان": {"functions": [{"function": "cop.AUX", "rule": "combination of the copula and a nonverbal predicate", "deficient": "used in non-present tense, affirmative", "example": "لن [اكون] متشردا بعد اليوم.", "exampleen": "I will not be homeless after today.", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2020-11-08-12-54-33", "lastchanger": "dan-zeman"},
-"لسنا": {"functions": [{"function": "", "rule": "", "deficient": "", "example": "", "exampleen": "", "comment": ""}], "status": "undocumented", "lastchanged": "", "lastchanger": ""},
 "لَيس": {"functions": [{"function": "cop.AUX", "rule": "combination of the copula and a nonverbal predicate", "deficient": "negative copula", "example": "ب معنى آخر ان دور نا الاساسي هو العرض و [ليس] الانتقاد.", "exampleen": "In another sense, our primary role is presentation, not criticism.", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2020-11-08-12-55-46", "lastchanger": "dan-zeman"},
-"مَا": {"functions": [{"function": "", "rule": "", "deficient": "", "example": "", "exampleen": "", "comment": ""}], "status": "undocumented", "lastchanged": "", "lastchanger": ""},
-"هَل": {"functions": [{"function": "", "rule": "", "deficient": "", "example": "", "exampleen": "", "comment": ""}], "status": "undocumented", "lastchanged": "", "lastchanger": ""},
-"هُوَ": {"functions": [{"function": "", "rule": "", "deficient": "", "example": "", "exampleen": "", "comment": ""}], "status": "undocumented", "lastchanged": "", "lastchanger": ""}
+"مَا": {"functions": [{"function": "neg", "rule": "combination of the auxiliary and past tense form of the verb", "deficient": "", "example": "[ما] شَرِبْتُ", "exampleen": "I did[n't] drink.", "comment": "Negation of the past tense."}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-05-28-22-00-15", "lastchanger": "dan-zeman"},
+"هُوَ": {"functions": [{"function": "cop.PRON", "rule": "combination of the copula and a nonverbal predicate", "deficient": "present tense copula, alternates with zero strategy", "example": "الشخص الموجود على اليسار [هو] معلم ابني.", "exampleen": "The person on the left [is] my son's teacher.", "comment": "This is a 3rd person pronoun used as a copula."}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-05-28-21-46-45", "lastchanger": "dan-zeman"}
 },
 "arh": {
 "aw": {"functions": [{"function": "cop.AUX", "rule": "combination of the copula and a nonverbal predicate", "deficient": "used with perfective form", "example": "nʉcheychi mʉkʉ nʉkana [uyin].", "exampleen": "My father gave me a shirt.", "comment": ""}, {"function": "Mood=Imp", "rule": "positive imperatives", "deficient": "", "example": "tu basu se' ado [ú]!", "exampleen": "Pour the milk into the glass!", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2025-03-25-09-03-24", "lastchanger": "Jana-Baj"},
@@ -136,6 +132,11 @@
 "থাকা": {"functions": [{"function": "Tense=Past", "rule": "combination of the auxiliary and the past participle form of the main verb", "deficient": "", "example": "তেতিয়াও এলিচে বিশেষ একো ভবা [নাছিল]", "exampleen": "Even at that time Alice did not think much.", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2025-12-16-18-12-55", "lastchanger": "rahonalab"},
 "হওঁ": {"functions": [{"function": "cop.AUX", "rule": "combination of the copula and a nonverbal predicate", "deficient": "", "example": "তাঽ [এজনী] Teacher", "exampleen": "she is a teacher.", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2025-12-16-17-59-37", "lastchanger": "rahonalab"}
 },
+"axm": {
+"եմ": {"functions": [{"function": "cop.AUX", "rule": "combination of the copula and a nonverbal predicate", "deficient": "the main copula in Middle Armenien", "example": "[Չէ] իրավունք որ թագաւոր...", "exampleen": "The king has no right", "comment": "lit.: There is no right that the king..."}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-04-28-11-01-23", "lastchanger": "myavrum"},
+"լինիլ": {"functions": [{"function": "cop.AUX", "rule": "combination of the copula and a nonverbal predicate", "deficient": "used as a rule in compound tenses", "example": "Եւ թէ ոք զքրիստոնէ տուրտվել [լինի] ի թուրք", "exampleen": "And if someone happens to betray a Christian to the Turks", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-04-29-07-55-07", "lastchanger": "myavrum"},
+"տալ": {"functions": [{"function": "cop.AUX", "rule": "combination of the copula and a nonverbal predicate", "deficient": "used to build causative constructions", "example": "նա զամէնն հնազանդութեամբ բերէ եւ [չտայ] սպաննել", "exampleen": "He shall bring everyone into submission and will not make anyone to kill them", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-04-29-08-00-32", "lastchanger": "myavrum"}
+},
 "az": {
 "bil": {"functions": [{"function": "Mood=Irr", "rule": "combines with any non-finite verb.", "deficient": "", "example": "Deniz vəxtikən yatmıya [bil]ir.", "exampleen": "Deniz may not be able to sleep on time.", "comment": "Function should probably be specified better."}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2024-04-28-13-04-07", "lastchanger": "coltekin"},
 "dəyil": {"functions": [{"function": "agr", "rule": "This is more like a negative copula, it can get many other TAME features as affixes.", "deficient": "", "example": "Nəticələr gəlmiş; belə [dǝyil]?", "exampleen": "The results have been announced, haven’t they?", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2024-04-28-17-06-27", "lastchanger": "coltekin"},
@@ -351,6 +352,7 @@
 "tm": {"functions": [{"function": "neg", "rule": "tm is followed by a negatival complement", "deficient": "", "example": "nꞽ ꞽṭ ⸗f [tm] ⸗f śč̣m ḫrw ⸗k", "exampleen": "Unas will not be deaf even though he do not hear your voice", "comment": "EUJA-1510"}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2025-01-23-21-33-38", "lastchanger": "UD_Egyptian"},
 "tw": {"functions": [{"function": "cop.PRON", "rule": "combination of the copula and a nonverbal predicate", "deficient": "In the Pyramid Texts, tw is used instead of pw if the subject is feminine", "example": "ꜥn.t [tw] nn n.t (I҆)tm(.w)", "exampleen": "The fingernail of Atum is this", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2024-07-12-14-12-53", "lastchanger": "UD-Egyptian"},
 "wnn": {"functions": [{"function": "Aspect=Hab", "rule": "Combination of the auxiliary and a present verb form of the suffix pronoun conjugation", "deficient": "", "example": "ꞽr ⸗f [wnt] ⸗k ꞽr ⸗k m-bꜣḥ", "exampleen": "He should do what you used to do before.", "comment": "EUJA-2243"}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2025-10-02-08-04-46", "lastchanger": "UD_Egyptian"},
+"ḫm": {"functions": [{"function": "neg", "rule": "It is used as an auxiliary in combination with the negatival complement", "deficient": "", "example": "ḥnḳ.t ⸗k [ꞽḫmt] ꜥmꜣ", "exampleen": "your beer which does not grow sour", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-03-26-22-14-04", "lastchanger": "UD_Egyptian"},
 "ꞽmi̯": {"functions": [{"function": "neg", "rule": "It is used in the imperative before a verb form. ", "deficient": "", "example": "[ꞽm] ś:fḫḫ.w ⸗k ꞽm ⸗f", "exampleen": "Don't let loose of him", "comment": "EUJA-88"}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2024-10-06-08-37-15", "lastchanger": "UD_Egyptian"},
 "ꞽw": {"functions": [{"function": "Aspect=Perf", "rule": "combination of the auxiliary and the past verb form with the ending n.", "deficient": "", "example": "[ꞽw] rč̣.n (⸗ꞽ) tʾ n ḥḳr", "exampleen": "(I) have given bread to the hungry", "comment": "EUJA-1"}, {"function": "Aspect=Hab", "rule": "combination of the auxiliary and the present verb form", "deficient": "", "example": "[ꞽw] pẖr n ⸗f ḫꜣ(.w)", "exampleen": "Thousands serve him", "comment": "EUJA-1274"}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2024-10-06-08-32-23", "lastchanger": "UD_Egyptian"}
 },
@@ -490,9 +492,13 @@
 "estre": {"functions": [{"function": "cop.AUX", "rule": "combination of the copula and a nonverbal predicate", "deficient": "Different sets of lemmata used by different treebanks resulting in variant lemma forms", "example": "[Serai] ses hom par amur e par feid.", "exampleen": "Will be his man, my love and faith swearing.", "comment": "The Song of Roland"}, {"function": "Voice=Pass", "rule": "combination of the auxiliary and a past participle of a main verb", "deficient": "", "example": "Ne nus [seiuns] cunduiz a mendeier.", "exampleen": "And we would be reduced to beggary.", "comment": "The Song of Roland"}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2025-10-30-14-29-42", "lastchanger": "Nataroma"},
 "pouvoir": {"functions": [{"function": "Mood=Pot", "rule": "combination of the auxiliary and the infinitive of the main verb", "deficient": "", "example": "un homme qui achate terre la [puet] donner qui que il veut", "exampleen": "a man who buys land can give it to homever he wants", "comment": "variant lemma of pöoir"}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2025-10-23-09-42-22", "lastchanger": "Nataroma"},
 "pöoir": {"functions": [{"function": "Mood=Pot", "rule": "Combination of the auxiliary and an infinitive of the main verb", "deficient": "", "example": "N'i [poi] plus feire de demore,", "exampleen": "I could not dally anymore", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2021-07-02-16-03-46", "lastchanger": "LoicGrobol"},
+"ravoir": {"functions": [{"function": "cop.AUX", "rule": "combination of the copula and a nonverbal predicate", "deficient": "verb avoir with a prefix", "example": "la guerre que ilz [ravoient] commenciée", "exampleen": "the war that they started anew", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-04-30-10-41-20", "lastchanger": "mregnault"},
+"restre": {"functions": [{"function": "cop.AUX", "rule": "combination of the copula and a nonverbal predicate", "deficient": "Used when the state described is happening again.", "example": "et vos [resoiez] D'ore en avant ma dameisele.", "exampleen": "and you are anew in front my lady.", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-04-30-11-59-36", "lastchanger": "MathieuDehouck"},
+"rêtre": {"functions": [{"function": "cop.AUX", "rule": "combination of the copula and a nonverbal predicate", "deficient": "verb with a prefix", "example": "les nobles [refurent] assemblez", "exampleen": "the nobles were gathered again", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-04-30-10-37-58", "lastchanger": "mregnault"},
 "savoir": {"functions": [{"function": "Mood=Pot", "rule": "Combination of the auxiliary and an infinitive of the main verb", "deficient": "", "example": "Fame ne [set] porter escu", "exampleen": "A woman can't wield a shield", "comment": "A continuum of meanings ranging from “knowing how to” to “being able to”"}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2021-07-05-15-40-56", "lastchanger": "LoicGrobol"},
 "souloir": {"functions": [{"function": "Aspect=Imp", "rule": "combination of the auxiliary and an infinitive of the main verb", "deficient": "", "example": "Cil qui [soloient] amere feisoient cortois clamer", "exampleen": "Those who were in the habit of loving were calling themselves courteous", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2021-07-05-11-33-06", "lastchanger": "LoicGrobol"},
 "voloir": {"functions": [{"function": "Mood=Des", "rule": "combination of the auxiliary and an infinitive of the main verb", "deficient": "", "example": "Ne sai s'il me [voloit] tochier", "exampleen": "I do not know if he wants to touch me", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2021-07-05-11-36-08", "lastchanger": "LoicGrobol"},
+"vouloir": {"functions": [{"function": "cop.AUX", "rule": "combination of the copula and a nonverbal predicate", "deficient": "voloir", "example": "leurs amys leur eussent [voullu] aider", "exampleen": "their friends had wanted to help them", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-04-30-13-23-46", "lastchanger": "mregnault"},
 "être": {"functions": [{"function": "cop.AUX", "rule": "combination of the copula and a nonverbal predicate", "deficient": "variant of the estre lemma", "example": "quar je le vi et oï et i [fu] present", "exampleen": "because I saw and heard it and was present there", "comment": ""}, {"function": "Voice=Pass", "rule": "combination of the auxiliary and a past participle of the main verb", "deficient": "", "example": "ce m'[est] conneü, que vostre brief est contre la coustume", "exampleen": "it is know to be that your writ is against the custom", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2025-10-30-16-13-45", "lastchanger": "Nataroma"}
 },
 "fy": {
@@ -581,6 +587,15 @@
 "gv": {
 "she": {"functions": [{"function": "cop.AUX", "rule": "combination of the copula and a nonverbal predicate", "deficient": "", "example": "[She] dooinney-ooasle va'n ayr echey.", "exampleen": "His father was a gentleman.", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2020-11-07-18-44-33", "lastchanger": "dan-zeman"}
 },
+"ha": {
+"kàn": {"functions": [{"function": "Aspect=Hab", "rule": "combination of AUX, including subject marker and TAM, with a VERB", "deficient": "", "example": "[mukàn] zaunàː tàːre dà ita", "exampleen": "we used to stay together with her", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-04-16-01-54-53", "lastchanger": "CARON-B"},
+"neː": {"functions": [{"function": "cop.AUX", "rule": "combination of the copula and a nonverbal predicate", "deficient": "Identifier and Focus copula", "example": "à dâː, shiː [nèː] gidan gwamnà", "exampleen": "formerly, it [was] the government house", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-04-16-01-42-15", "lastchanger": "CARON-B"},
+"nàː": {"functions": [{"function": "Aspect=Prog", "rule": "combination of AUX, including subject marker and TAM, with a Verbal NOUN or a NOUN", "deficient": "", "example": "wasu gìne-gìne [sunàː] cîn wutaː", "exampleen": "some buildings are burning", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-04-16-01-55-44", "lastchanger": "CARON-B"},
+"yaː": {"functions": [{"function": "Aspect=Perf", "rule": "combination of AUX, including subject marker and TAM, with and a VERB", "deficient": "", "example": "Mr Oyakhilome [yaː] musàntà wannàn zàrgîn", "exampleen": "Mr. Oyakhilome has denied this accusation.", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-04-16-01-49-31", "lastchanger": "CARON-B"},
+"yà": {"functions": [{"function": "Mood=Sub", "rule": "combination of AUX, including subject marker and TAM, with a VERB", "deficient": "", "example": "yanàː sôn à barìː [yà] yi wàːsân.", "exampleen": "he wants to be allowed to do the game", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-04-16-02-33-23", "lastchanger": "CARON-B"},
+"yâː": {"functions": [{"function": "Mood=Pot", "rule": "combination of AUX, including subject marker and TAM, with and a VERB", "deficient": "", "example": "ham mù zoː gidaː, [ani] hwaɗàː maː", "exampleen": "when we arrive home, I will tell you.", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-04-16-02-35-25", "lastchanger": "CARON-B"},
+"zâi": {"functions": [{"function": "Tense=Fut", "rule": "combination of AUX, including subject marker and TAM, with and a VERB or a Verbal NOUN", "deficient": "", "example": "[zâi] kasànceː àbù mài tsàːdar̃ gàske", "exampleen": "it will become a very expensive thing", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-04-16-02-38-38", "lastchanger": "CARON-B"}
+},
 "hbo": {
 "היה": {"functions": [{"function": "cop.AUX", "rule": "combination of the copula and a nonverbal predicate", "deficient": "", "example": "הוא [היה] איש", "exampleen": "he was a man", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2021-12-21-03-25-52", "lastchanger": "mr-martian"}
 },
@@ -588,6 +603,7 @@
 "אינו": {"functions": [{"function": "cop.AUX", "rule": "combination of the copula and a nonverbal predicate", "deficient": "used in the present tense only with gender and number agreement, negative only", "example": "הכנסייה הפרנציסקנית - הכנסייה מוקדשת להתגלות ישו לאמו מרים לאחר תחייתו, אירוע ש[אינו] מוזכר בברית החדשה.", "exampleen": "The Franciscan church is dedicated to the revelation of Jesus to his mother Mary after his resurrection, an event which is not mentioned in the New Testament", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2022-04-27-19-09-53", "lastchanger": "amir-zeldes"},
 "איננו": {"functions": [{"function": "cop.AUX", "rule": "combination of the copula and a nonverbal predicate", "deficient": "distinct variant of eino which is already recognized", "example": "משה [איננו] ילד", "exampleen": "Moshe is not a boy", "comment": ""}, {"function": "neg", "rule": "combination of the auxiliary and a present participle of the main verb", "deficient": "", "example": "דנה [איננה] רוצה לשחק", "exampleen": "Dana does not want to play", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2024-07-10-20-36-44", "lastchanger": "amir-zeldes"},
 "אמור": {"functions": [{"function": "Mood=Nec", "rule": "combined with infinitive to form an obligative necessitative (supposed to)", "deficient": "", "example": "הוא [אמור] ללכת", "exampleen": "He is supposed to go", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2022-04-30-19-48-30", "lastchanger": "amir-zeldes"},
+"אמר": {"functions": [{"function": "Mood=Des", "rule": "combination of the auxiliary and an infinitive form", "deficient": "", "example": "[אמרתי] לחבר", "exampleen": "I set out (lit. said) to compose", "comment": "Used in historical/poetic texts"}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-02-16-15-32-24", "lastchanger": "yitzilindenbaum"},
 "הוא": {"functions": [{"function": "cop.PRON", "rule": "combination of the copula and a nonverbal predicate", "deficient": "used in the present tense only with gender and number agreement", "example": "לא ברור אם השימוש בזמן הריון או הנקה [הוא] בטוח עבור התינוק.", "exampleen": "It is unclear whether use during pregnancy or breastfeeding is safe for the baby", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2022-04-27-19-02-47", "lastchanger": "amir-zeldes"},
 "היה": {"functions": [{"function": "cop.AUX", "rule": "combination of the copula and a nonverbal predicate", "deficient": "used in non-present tense", "example": "מסתבר ש[הייתי] תמים.", "exampleen": "Turns out I was innocent.", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2020-11-08-18-29-06", "lastchanger": "dan-zeman"},
 "הינו": {"functions": [{"function": "cop.AUX", "rule": "combination of the copula and a nonverbal predicate", "deficient": "used in the present tense only with gender and number agreement, positive only", "example": "התפוז [הינו] פרי חורף מובהק", "exampleen": "The orange is a clear winter fruit", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2022-04-27-19-08-01", "lastchanger": "amir-zeldes"},
@@ -604,6 +620,7 @@
 "עתיד": {"functions": [{"function": "Tense=Fut", "rule": "combined with infinitive to form a future", "deficient": "", "example": "הוא [עתיד] ללכת", "exampleen": "He will go", "comment": "has a prospective interpretation (he is destined to go, will ultimately go)"}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2022-04-30-20-47-57", "lastchanger": "amir-zeldes"},
 "צפוי": {"functions": [{"function": "Mood=Sub", "rule": "combined with infinitive to form a future expectation", "deficient": "", "example": "הוא [צפוי] ללכת", "exampleen": "He is expected to go", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2022-04-30-20-08-24", "lastchanger": "amir-zeldes"},
 "צריך": {"functions": [{"function": "Mood=Nec", "rule": "combined with infinitive to form a necessitative", "deficient": "", "example": "הוא [צריך] ללכת", "exampleen": "he has to go", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2022-04-30-19-46-46", "lastchanger": "amir-zeldes"},
+"קא": {"functions": [{"function": "Aspect=Dur", "rule": "combination of the auxiliary and a participle", "deficient": "", "example": "נראה דהכי [ק]אמר", "exampleen": "It seems that this is what it is saying", "comment": "Originally Aramaic but appears often in post-Rabbinic Hebrew"}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-02-15-17-49-13", "lastchanger": "yitzilindenbaum"},
 "רשאי": {"functions": [{"function": "Mood=Pot", "rule": "combined with infinitive to form a permissive potential (may)", "deficient": "", "example": "הוא [רשאי] ללכת", "exampleen": "He may go (is permitted to)", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2022-04-30-20-06-41", "lastchanger": "amir-zeldes"}
 },
 "hi": {
@@ -887,6 +904,9 @@
 "შეიძლება": {"functions": [{"function": "Mood=Pot", "rule": "combination of the auxiliary and main verb in Sub mood", "deficient": "", "example": "[შეიძლება] ასე იყოს", "exampleen": "it [might] be like that", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2025-04-06-11-23-35", "lastchanger": "paulm"},
 "შეძლება": {"functions": [{"function": "Mood=Pot", "rule": "conbination of auxiliary and subjunctive form of the main verb", "deficient": "", "example": "[შეიძლება] იწვიმოს", "exampleen": "it [might] rain", "comment": "lemma is the verbal noun form"}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2024-12-24-12-58-32", "lastchanger": "paulmeurer"}
 },
+"kbc": {
+"jaG": {"functions": [{"function": "Aspect=Perf", "rule": "combination of the auxiliary and an inflected form of the main verb", "deficient": "", "example": "ajo liwatece [ja] iwaGadi.", "exampleen": "His/her canoe is heavy.", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-03-17-22-15-34", "lastchanger": "leoalenc"}
+},
 "kfm": {
 "دار": {"functions": [{"function": "cop.AUX", "rule": "combination of the copula and a nonverbal predicate", "deficient": "", "example": "“مُن [دار]ُن رِختا ما کول مِکِرُن.”", "exampleen": "-ing", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2020-11-01-20-08-00", "lastchanger": "amirmojiry"}
 },
@@ -1015,6 +1035,9 @@
 "voei": {"functions": [{"function": "Mood=Des", "rule": "combination of the auxiliary and an infinitive of the main verb", "deficient": "", "example": "No ô [veuggio] sentî.", "exampleen": "I don’t [want] to hear it.", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2021-09-10-08-23-36", "lastchanger": "jeanm"},
 "ëse": {"functions": [{"function": "cop.AUX", "rule": "combination of the copula and a nonverbal predicate", "deficient": "permanent state", "example": "Zena a l’[é] unna çittæ.", "exampleen": "Genoa [is] a city.", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2021-09-10-09-21-44", "lastchanger": "dan-zeman"}
 },
+"lrc": {
+"būdan": {"functions": [{"function": "cop.AUX", "rule": "combination of the copula and a nonverbal predicate", "deficient": "Different present, past, and negative forms; enclitic and zero copula forms.", "example": "doxdérzâm[a]", "exampleen": "is my granddaughter", "comment": "The copula budan has free forms ha and bi, enclitic forms a and i, negative forms ne and nevi, and a zero copula. All forms function as AUX with nonverbal predicates."}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-04-27-17-33-34", "lastchanger": "hiwasan"}
+},
 "lt": {
 "būti": {"functions": [{"function": "cop.AUX", "rule": "combination of the copula and a nonverbal predicate", "deficient": "", "example": "Klasifikacija visuomet [yra] labai reliatyvus ir ginčytinas dalykas.", "exampleen": "Classification is always a very relative and controversial thing.", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2020-11-03-14-22-29", "lastchanger": "dan-zeman"}
 },
@@ -1176,6 +1199,10 @@
 "werden": {"functions": [{"function": "Tense=Fut", "rule": "combination of the auxiliary and an infinitive of the main verb", "deficient": "", "example": "dat [werdt] reagenen", "exampleen": "it will rain soon / it is starting to rain", "comment": "traditionally mostly inchoative meaning, describing something about to happen; under influence of Standard German, it has started to turn into a more general future in many German Low Saxon dialects"}, {"function": "Voice=Pass", "rule": "combination of the auxiliary and a past participle of the main verb", "deficient": "", "example": "de appel [werdt] eaten", "exampleen": "the apple is being eaten", "comment": ""}, {"function": "Mood=Cnd", "rule": "combination of the auxiliary in past tense and an infinitive of the main verb", "deficient": "", "example": "hadden see tyd, [worden] see koamen", "exampleen": "if they had time, they would come", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2021-04-21-13-56-57", "lastchanger": "jasiewert"},
 "willen": {"functions": [{"function": "Tense=Fut", "rule": "combination of the auxiliary and an infinitive of the main verb", "deficient": "", "example": "ik [wil] dat morgen doon", "exampleen": "I will do it tomorrow", "comment": ""}, {"function": "Mood=Cnd", "rule": "combination of the auxiliary in past tense and an infinitive of the main verb", "deficient": "", "example": "hee sea, hee [wul] dat doon", "exampleen": "he said that he would do it", "comment": ""}, {"function": "Mood=Des", "rule": "combination of the auxiliary and an infinitive of the main verb", "deficient": "", "example": "see [wil] uns besöken", "exampleen": "she wants to visit us", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2021-04-21-14-03-28", "lastchanger": "jasiewert"}
 },
+"ne": {
+"छ": {"functions": [{"function": "Aspect=Perf", "rule": "combination of the auxiliary and the past participle", "deficient": "", "example": "नीतिश्लोकमा भनिएको [छ]", "exampleen": "It is written in the Nītishloka.", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-03-05-14-58-01", "lastchanger": "rahonalab"},
+"हुनु": {"functions": [{"function": "cop.AUX", "rule": "combination of the copula and a nonverbal predicate", "deficient": "", "example": "राम शिक्षक [हो]।", "exampleen": "Ram is a teacher.", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-03-05-14-49-41", "lastchanger": "rahonalab"}
+},
 "nhi": {
 "catqui": {"functions": [{"function": "cop.AUX", "rule": "combination of the copula and a nonverbal predicate", "deficient": "orthographic variant", "example": "yeh o[catca] tzotszocotzin", "exampleen": "She/he/it was small.", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2021-12-28-02-22-33", "lastchanger": "Lguyogiro"},
 "estar": {"functions": [{"function": "Aspect=Prog", "rule": "Same as Spanish, estar followed by main verb with ndo ending to form the progressive aspect.", "deficient": "", "example": "[está] creciendo", "exampleen": "It is growing", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2022-11-01-15-36-17", "lastchanger": "lguyogiro"},
@@ -1264,6 +1291,10 @@
 "èster": {"functions": [{"function": "cop.AUX", "rule": "combination of the copula and a nonverbal predicate", "deficient": "Used in Gascon, diatopic variant", "example": "era corsa [ei] en laguens deth calendèr", "exampleen": "The race [is] on the calendar", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2025-04-08-12-04-34", "lastchanger": "aleksandra-miletic"},
 "èstre": {"functions": [{"function": "cop.AUX", "rule": "combination of the copula and a nonverbal predicate", "deficient": "used in Lengadocien and Provencau", "example": "[soi] contenta", "exampleen": "I [am] content", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2025-04-08-11-50-11", "lastchanger": "aleksandra-miletic"}
 },
+"oge": {
+"არის": {"functions": [{"function": "cop.AUX", "rule": "combination of the copula and a nonverbal predicate", "deficient": "used in present, past and subjunctive", "example": "კაცი[არს]; კაცი[იყო]; კაცი[იყოს]", "exampleen": "He is a man; He was a man; That he be a man", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-04-17-22-15-48", "lastchanger": "ILobzhanidze"},
+"ყოფა": {"functions": [{"function": "cop.AUX", "rule": "combination of the copula and a nonverbal predicate", "deficient": "Verbal noun of the copular verb", "example": "კაცი [არს]; კაცი [იყო]; კაცი [იყოს]", "exampleen": "He is a man; He was a man; That he be a man", "comment": "Verbal noun of the copula არს (არის)"}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-04-19-23-11-00", "lastchanger": "ILobzhanidze"}
+},
 "ojp": {
 "さう": {"functions": [{"function": "Polite=Form", "rule": "often follows the gerund (te)", "deficient": "", "example": "tsukimawerasete [sō]", "exampleen": "have arrived", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2022-12-08-14-56-45", "lastchanger": "@Languagstructure"}
 },
@@ -1286,6 +1317,7 @@
 "degil": {"functions": [{"function": "cop.AUX", "rule": "combination of the copula and a nonverbal predicate", "deficient": "The deficient copula paradigm degil is used to state the negative nonverbal predicates. It is not capable of taking a future tense suffix, unlike typical verbs (not grammatical: degilecek). Also, it does not accept any verb voice suffix too such as reciprocal (not grammatical: degilis).", "example": "şimdi vaḳt [degil]dir gidilmez", "exampleen": "It is [not] a time to go", "comment": "This is exactly same with 'değil' indeed. However, Ottoman Turkish had two different letters to correspond 'ğ' in modern Turkish (tr). These are 'غ' and 'ك'. While the former was used if the adjacent vowel is back vowel, the latter was used when the adjacent vowel is a front vowel. After Turkish Republic, modern Turkish didn't make such a distinction though. Since in Ottoman Turkish Latin transcription alphabet, it is suggested to describe the word 'دكل' as 'degil', I used this notation."}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2024-05-02-00-11-22", "lastchanger": "Koras0ff"},
 "degül": {"functions": [{"function": "cop.AUX", "rule": "combination of the copula and a nonverbal predicate", "deficient": "The deficient copula paradigm degyl is used to state negative nonverbal predicates. It is not capable of taking a future tense suffix, unlike typical verbs (e.g., degylecek). Also, it does not accept any verb voice suffixes (e.g., degylin). This copula was used in Old Anatolian Turkish and functions the same as degil.", "example": "ben bunı diri ḳoyacaḳ [degül]in", "exampleen": "I am [not] someone who will keep him alive", "comment": "This is exactly the same as 'degil' indeed. 'Degul' was used in Old Anatolian Turkish."}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2025-01-08-12-41-46", "lastchanger": "Koras0ff"},
 "değil": {"functions": [{"function": "cop.AUX", "rule": "combination of the copula and a nonverbal predicate", "deficient": "used in negations", "example": "bu gerçek [değil].", "exampleen": "it is not real.", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2024-05-01-14-56-39", "lastchanger": "sb-b"},
+"dur": {"functions": [{"function": "cop.AUX", "rule": "combination of the copula and a nonverbal predicate", "deficient": "it is used as an auxiliary verb of continuity which is different than other auxiliaries.", "example": "O baḳub [dur]dı", "exampleen": "He kept looking", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-02-07-13-41-44", "lastchanger": "Koras0ff"},
 "i": {"functions": [{"function": "cop.AUX", "rule": "combination of the copula and a nonverbal predicate", "deficient": "used in noun verbs", "example": "Bu kitabı okumuş [idi].", "exampleen": "She read that book.", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2024-05-01-14-58-56", "lastchanger": "sb-b"},
 "mi": {"functions": [{"function": "cop.AUX", "rule": "combination of the copula and a nonverbal predicate", "deficient": "used in questions", "example": "Annem eve gelecek [mi]?", "exampleen": "Will my mom come home?", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2024-05-01-14-57-21", "lastchanger": "sb-b"},
 "ol": {"functions": [{"function": "cop.AUX", "rule": "combination of the copula and a nonverbal predicate", "deficient": "light verb compound", "example": "şad [ol]", "exampleen": "be happy", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2024-05-01-15-02-50", "lastchanger": "sb-b"},
@@ -1294,7 +1326,12 @@
 "pa": {
 "ہونا": {"functions": [{"function": "cop.AUX", "rule": "combination of the copula and a nonverbal predicate", "deficient": "Shahmukhi script", "example": "[ہے] چھوٹی بھیڈ", "exampleen": "It is a little sheep.", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2025-12-24-16-28-47", "lastchanger": "rahonalab"},
 "ہﻮﻧﺍ": {"functions": [{"function": "Aspect=Perf", "rule": "combination of the auxiliary and a past participle of the main verb", "deficient": "", "example": "اس کتاب وچ انج لکھیا [سی]", "exampleen": "In this book it was written as follows", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2025-12-09-11-01-18", "lastchanger": "rahonalab"},
-"ਸੀ": {"functions": [{"function": "cop.AUX", "rule": "combination of the copula and a nonverbal predicate", "deficient": "Gurmukhi script", "example": "ਇਕ ਵਾਰ , ਜਦੋਂ ਮੈਂ ਛੇ ਸਾਲ ਦਾ [ਸਾਂ]।", "exampleen": "Once when I was six years old.", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2025-12-24-16-27-59", "lastchanger": "rahonalab"}
+"ਚਾਹੀਦਾ": {"functions": [{"function": "Mood=Nec", "rule": "combination of the infinite form and auxiliary (OUGHT TO))", "deficient": "", "example": "ਸਾਨੂੰ ਉਸ ਦੀ ਮਦਦ ਕਰਨੀ [ਚਾਹੀਦੀ] ਹੈ।", "exampleen": "We [ought to] help her.", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-01-13-17-57-38", "lastchanger": "rahonalab"},
+"ਚਾਹੁੰਦਾ": {"functions": [{"function": "Mood=Des", "rule": "combination of the infinite form and auxiliary (want to)", "deficient": "", "example": "ਉਹ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਸਿੱਖਣਾ [ਚਾਹੁੰਦੀ] ਹੈ।", "exampleen": "She [wants] to learn Punjabi.", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-01-13-18-00-15", "lastchanger": "rahonalab"},
+"ਪੈਣਾ": {"functions": [{"function": "Mood=Nec", "rule": "combination of the infinite form and auxiliary (HAD TO)", "deficient": "", "example": "ਸਾਨੂੰ ਜਲਦੀ ਜਾਣਾ [ਪੈ ਗਿਆ] ਸੀ।", "exampleen": "We [had to] leave early", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-01-13-17-55-12", "lastchanger": "rahonalab"},
+"ਸਕਣਾ": {"functions": [{"function": "Mood=Pot", "rule": "combination of the infinite form and auxiliary (CAN)", "deficient": "", "example": "ਮੈਂ ਤੈਰ [ਸਕਦਾ]।", "exampleen": "I can swim.", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-01-13-17-58-47", "lastchanger": "rahonalab"},
+"ਸੀ": {"functions": [{"function": "cop.AUX", "rule": "combination of the copula and a nonverbal predicate", "deficient": "Gurmukhi script past tense", "example": "ਇਕ ਵਾਰ , ਜਦੋਂ ਮੈਂ ਛੇ ਸਾਲ ਦਾ [ਸਾਂ]।", "exampleen": "Once when I was six years old.", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-01-13-17-50-15", "lastchanger": "rahonalab"},
+"ਹੈ": {"functions": [{"function": "cop.AUX", "rule": "combination of the copula and a nonverbal predicate", "deficient": "Gurmukhi script", "example": "ਮੈਂ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ–ਵਿਗਿਆਨੀ [ਹਾਂ]।", "exampleen": "I am a linguist.", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-01-13-17-51-19", "lastchanger": "rahonalab"}
 },
 "pay": {
 "ak": {"functions": [{"function": "Aspect=Perf", "rule": "combination of the auxiliary and a past or bare form of the verb.", "deficient": "", "example": "toʔ arwã ma pak [aki] wiʃã akaki ya", "exampleen": "‘The Mother of the Fish had already taken that man’.", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2024-10-30-23-18-18", "lastchanger": "natalia-caceres-arandia"},
@@ -1417,6 +1454,15 @@
 "быть": {"functions": [{"function": "cop.AUX", "rule": "combination of the copula and a nonverbal predicate", "deficient": "used in non-present tense", "example": "Но не всем же [быть] начальниками.", "exampleen": "But not everyone should be the boss.", "comment": ""}, {"function": "Tense=Fut", "rule": "combination of a future form of the auxiliary and an infinitive of an imperfective main verb", "deficient": "", "example": "Все также [будут] обрушиваться на землю водопады.", "exampleen": "All waterfalls will also fall on the ground.", "comment": ""}, {"function": "Voice=Pass", "rule": "combination of the auxiliary and a passive participle of a main verb", "deficient": "", "example": "Алгоризм [был] придуман в Греции.", "exampleen": "Algorism was invented in Greece.", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2020-11-22-10-21-28", "lastchanger": "dan-zeman"},
 "это": {"functions": [{"function": "cop.PRON", "rule": "combination of the copula and a nonverbal predicate", "deficient": "used in present tense only", "example": "А единый государственный экзамен - [это] разве не новация?", "exampleen": "And the unified state exam is not an innovation?", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2020-11-08-10-49-47", "lastchanger": "dan-zeman"}
 },
+"ruc": {
+"aba": {"functions": [{"function": "Tense=Fut", "rule": "combination of the progressive auxiliary and the inifinite form of the main verb", "deficient": "", "example": "[Tukwaba] kwalika abaana amabara.", "exampleen": "We are going to give the children names.", "comment": "Near future"}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-03-31-11-32-34", "lastchanger": "kiratul"},
+"bba": {"functions": [{"function": "Tense=Past", "rule": "combination of the auxiliary and a finite form of the main verb", "deficient": "", "example": "[Mbaire] nkwendya okumujuna.", "exampleen": "I wanted to help her.", "comment": "The interpretation depends on the tense of the auxiliary and main verb (past vs. present) and the aspect of the main verb (perfective, progressive, imperfective), yielding immediate, recent, or remote past progressive and recent or remote perfective readings."}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-03-31-11-23-09", "lastchanger": "kiratul"},
+"iza": {"functions": [{"function": "Tense=Fut", "rule": "combination of the auxiliary and the infinitive form of the main verb", "deficient": "", "example": "[Nkwiza] kukimalirya kini.", "exampleen": "I'll take care of this.", "comment": "It yields a future indefinite reading, or a remote habitual future if the main verb is in the habitual aspect."}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-03-31-11-27-06", "lastchanger": "kiratul"},
+"ka": {"functions": [{"function": "Mood=Imp", "rule": "combination of the auxiliary and the main verb in the subjunctive mood", "deficient": "", "example": "Nje [ka] nkukobereku", "exampleen": "Let me tell you", "comment": "Hortative"}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-03-31-14-17-08", "lastchanger": "kiratul"},
+"li": {"functions": [{"function": "cop.AUX", "rule": "combination of the copula and a nonverbal predicate", "deficient": "does not imply exclusivity", "example": "Omukali [yali] musomesya.", "exampleen": "The woman was a teacher.", "comment": ""}, {"function": "Tense=Past", "rule": "combination of the auxiliary in the past tense and the perfective main verb", "deficient": "", "example": "[Nali] tintegekere kwabbayo", "exampleen": "I had not planned to go there.", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-03-31-11-30-52", "lastchanger": "kiratul"},
+"ni": {"functions": [{"function": "cop.AUX", "rule": "combination of the copula and a nonverbal predicate", "deficient": "the subject of the clause is focused", "example": "Omukali [niye] musomesya.", "exampleen": "The woman is the one who is a teacher.", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-03-31-11-09-06", "lastchanger": "kiratul"},
+"ta": {"functions": [{"function": "cop.AUX", "rule": "combination of the copula and a nonverbal predicate", "deficient": "imply exclusivity", "example": "Olusozi Rwenzori [luta] mu Uganda.", "exampleen": "Moutain Rwenzori is (found) in Uganda (implied: only in Uganda).", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-03-31-11-06-50", "lastchanger": "kiratul"}
+},
 "sa": {
 "as": {"functions": [{"function": "cop.AUX", "rule": "combination of the copula and a nonverbal predicate", "deficient": "Latin script", "example": "[asti] dākṣiṇātye janapade mahilāropyaṁ nāma nagaram.", "exampleen": "There is a city called Mahilaropya in the southern country.", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2020-11-01-19-07-31", "lastchanger": "dan-zeman"},
 "bhū": {"functions": [{"function": "cop.AUX", "rule": "combination of the copula and a nonverbal predicate", "deficient": "Latin script; other aspect", "example": "uktaḥ [bhavati] yaḥ pūrvam guṇavān saṁsadi na tasya vācyam nairguṇyam pratijñābhaṅgabhīruṇā.", "exampleen": "If one is afraid to brake a promise, he must not tell at the court the mediocrity of the one who he previously said to be endowed with qualities.", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2020-11-01-19-14-07", "lastchanger": "dan-zeman"},
@@ -1443,6 +1489,30 @@
 "суох": {"functions": [{"function": "cop.AUX", "rule": "combination of the copula and a nonverbal predicate", "deficient": "negative existential copula", "example": "Уҥуоҕа [суох] уонна эмис эт бу баар", "exampleen": "This is boneless and fat meat", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2022-05-01-10-32-51", "lastchanger": "tatiana-merz"},
 "э": {"functions": [{"function": "cop.AUX", "rule": "combination of the copula and a nonverbal predicate", "deficient": "an event variable e- can only be attached to immediate past or remote past", "example": "кини быраас [этэ]", "exampleen": "he/she/it was a doctor", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2021-10-27-11-45-38", "lastchanger": "tatiana-merz"}
 },
+"say": {
+"TaYiNa": {"functions": [{"function": "Tense=Past", "rule": "combination of AUX, including subject marker and TAM, with a VERB", "deficient": "", "example": "[mətá] ɓup kə", "exampleen": "I waited for you", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-04-20-20-07-09", "lastchanger": "CARON-B"},
+"a": {"functions": [{"function": "Tense=Fut", "rule": "combination of AUX, including subject marker and TAM, with a VERB", "deficient": "", "example": "[má] ɬǐː Kində", "exampleen": "we will go to Kinde", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-04-20-20-07-31", "lastchanger": "CARON-B"},
+"nə": {"functions": [{"function": "cop.AUX", "rule": "combination of the copula and a nonverbal predicate", "deficient": "Identifier and Focus copula", "example": "[nə] ŋǎː ɬəɓə́r", "exampleen": "it's a young man", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-04-20-16-17-07", "lastchanger": "CARON-B"},
+"tə̀": {"functions": [{"function": "Mood=Sub", "rule": "combination of AUX, including subject marker and TAM, with a VERB", "deficient": "", "example": "séː [tə̀] mbút [tə̀] ɲáŋə́y", "exampleen": "then it spends the night to ferment", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-04-20-20-09-03", "lastchanger": "CARON-B"},
+"yi": {"functions": [{"function": "cop.AUX", "rule": "combination of the copula and a nonverbal predicate", "deficient": "Predicative and Locative copula", "example": "kə́ kusuŋ [ʧi] mari", "exampleen": "that of famine is different", "comment": "Derived from the verb yi, 'be'. Includes a subject marker"}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-04-20-16-14-21", "lastchanger": "CARON-B"},
+"yiká": {"functions": [{"function": "Aspect=Prog", "rule": "combination of AUX, including subject marker and TAM, with a VERB", "deficient": "", "example": "[ʧǎː] ɲómgə́nì káwêy", "exampleen": "he is just recording", "comment": "The verb is nominalised (Verbal Noun)"}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-04-20-20-05-01", "lastchanger": "CARON-B"},
+"yiː": {"functions": [{"function": "Aspect=Iter", "rule": "combination of AUX, including subject marker and TAM, with a VERB", "deficient": "", "example": "əndá [yi] ɓan zoːlétə", "exampleen": "then he kept teasing him", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-04-20-20-06-43", "lastchanger": "CARON-B"},
+"yáː": {"functions": [{"function": "Aspect=Imp", "rule": "combination of AUX, including subject marker and TAM, with a VERB", "deficient": "", "example": "[myàː] ʃiː də̀n", "exampleen": "we went home", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-04-20-20-09-31", "lastchanger": "CARON-B"},
+"yí": {"functions": [{"function": "Mood=Irr", "rule": "combination of AUX, including subject marker and TAM, with a VERB", "deficient": "", "example": "Òːgá [ʧí] ɗyǎː máːɣə̂nì", "exampleen": "Oga could come.", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-04-20-20-10-54", "lastchanger": "CARON-B"},
+"yǎː": {"functions": [{"function": "Mood=Cnd", "rule": "combination of AUX, including subject marker and TAM, with a VERB", "deficient": "", "example": "[myǎː] tsə́tn, mə́ ngâːlaː", "exampleen": "if we sit down, we rest", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-04-22-09-20-46", "lastchanger": "dan-zeman"},
+"á": {"functions": [{"function": "Tense=Pres", "rule": "combination of AUX, including subject marker and TAM, with a VERB", "deficient": "", "example": "[á] kámàːtá !", "exampleen": "It's good!", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-04-20-19-46-03", "lastchanger": "CARON-B"},
+"áː": {"functions": [{"function": "Aspect=Perf", "rule": "combination of AUX, including subject marker and TAM, with a VERB", "deficient": "", "example": "[màː] ɲáːr sòːséy", "exampleen": "I thank (you) very much", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-04-20-20-08-12", "lastchanger": "CARON-B"},
+"ɗa": {"functions": [{"function": "cop.AUX", "rule": "combination of the copula and a nonverbal predicate", "deficient": "Copula of existence", "example": "Tʃôɣn [ɗa].", "exampleen": "God exists.", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-04-20-17-11-09", "lastchanger": "CARON-B"}
+},
+"sc": {
+"bolli": {"functions": [{"function": "Voice=Pass", "rule": "combination of the auxiliary and a past participle form of the verb", "deficient": "", "example": "Custa cosa [bollit] fata.", "exampleen": "This thing has to be done.", "comment": "Deontic passive"}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-05-07-16-35-52", "lastchanger": "rahonalab"},
+"chèrrere": {"functions": [{"function": "Voice=Pass", "rule": "combination of the auxiliary and a past participle form of the verb", "deficient": "", "example": "Custa cosa [cheret] fata.", "exampleen": "This thing has to be done", "comment": "Deontic passive"}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-05-07-16-36-27", "lastchanger": "rahonalab"},
+"dare": {"functions": [{"function": "Mood=Cnd", "rule": "combination of the auxiliary and infinitive form of the verb", "deficient": "", "example": "Bi [dia] resessire.", "exampleen": "I would make it.", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-05-07-16-06-41", "lastchanger": "rahonalab"},
+"dèpere": {"functions": [{"function": "Mood=Cnd", "rule": "combination of the imperfective form of the auxiliary and the infinitive form of the verb", "deficient": "", "example": "Bi [dia] resessire.", "exampleen": "I should make it.", "comment": "Old form of dèpere."}, {"function": "Mood=Nec", "rule": "combination of the auxiliary and the infinitive form of the verb", "deficient": "", "example": "Is bividoris [depiant] essi unus 30.000.", "exampleen": "The population must have been around 30,000.", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-05-07-16-19-09", "lastchanger": "rahonalab"},
+"pòdere": {"functions": [{"function": "Mood=Pot", "rule": "combination of the auxiliary and the infinitive form of the verb", "deficient": "", "example": "No [podiant] bivi in su Casteddu.", "exampleen": "The could not live in the castle.", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-05-07-16-21-42", "lastchanger": "rahonalab"},
+"àere": {"functions": [{"function": "Aspect=Perf", "rule": "combination of the auxiliary and a past participle form of the verb", "deficient": "", "example": "[Apo] dormitu.", "exampleen": "I have slept.", "comment": ""}, {"function": "Tense=Fut", "rule": "combination of the present form of the auxiliary and the infinitive of the main verb introduced by a preposition", "deficient": "", "example": "[Apo] a cantare in s'Eurovision.", "exampleen": "I will sing at Eurovision.", "comment": ""}, {"function": "Mood=Cnd", "rule": "combination of the past form of the auxiliary and the infinitive of the main verb introduced by a preposition", "deficient": "", "example": "[Emma] a cantare in s'Eurovision.", "exampleen": "I would sing at Eurovision.", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-05-07-15-57-02", "lastchanger": "rahonalab"},
+"èssere": {"functions": [{"function": "cop.AUX", "rule": "combination of the copula and a nonverbal predicate", "deficient": "", "example": "[Ses] s'anghelu 'e sas corrias...", "exampleen": "You are the angel of the laces...", "comment": ""}, {"function": "Aspect=Perf", "rule": "combination of the auxiliary and a past participle of the main verb", "deficient": "", "example": "[Seu] andau anch'e su ferreri.", "exampleen": "I went to the blacksmith.", "comment": ""}, {"function": "Voice=Pass", "rule": "combination of the auxiliary and a past participle of the main verb", "deficient": "", "example": "Custu artìculu [est] iscritu cun sa grafia LSC.", "exampleen": "This article was written in the LSC ortography.", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-05-07-15-39-18", "lastchanger": "rahonalab"}
+},
 "scn": {
 "aviri": {"functions": [{"function": "Tense=Past", "rule": "combination of the auxiliary and a past participle", "deficient": "", "example": "nun [aju] rinisciutu", "exampleen": "I didn't succeed", "comment": ""}, {"function": "Mood=Nec", "rule": "use of the auxiliary verb followed by the particle a and an infinitive verb", "deficient": "", "example": "[avianu] a partiri", "exampleen": "they had to leave", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2025-10-23-17-41-14", "lastchanger": "SabrinaDali"},
 "duviri": {"functions": [{"function": "Mood=Nec", "rule": "combination of the auxiliary and an infinitive verb", "deficient": "", "example": "cci [duvia] diri", "exampleen": "he [had to] tell him", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2025-10-23-17-10-56", "lastchanger": "SabrinaDali"},
@@ -1539,7 +1609,8 @@
 "u": {"functions": [{"function": "Voice=Pass", "rule": "combination of the auxiliary and a gerund of the main verb", "deficient": "", "example": "Qytetet [u] shndërruan në shtete të qytetit dhe shtete kombëtare.", "exampleen": "Cities became city-states and nation-states.", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2020-11-08-22-12-47", "lastchanger": "dan-zeman"}
 },
 "sr": {
-"biti": {"functions": [{"function": "cop.AUX", "rule": "combination of the copula and a nonverbal predicate", "deficient": "", "example": "Esat Beriša [je] jedan takav primer.", "exampleen": "Esat Berisha is one such example.", "comment": ""}, {"function": "Tense=Past", "rule": "combination of a present indicative form of the auxiliary and a past participle of a main verb", "deficient": "", "example": "Organizatori [su] to odbili.", "exampleen": "The organizers refused.", "comment": ""}, {"function": "Voice=Pass", "rule": "combination of the auxiliary and a passive participle of the main verb", "deficient": "", "example": "Toliko [je] radnika otpušteno.", "exampleen": "So many workers have been laid off.", "comment": ""}, {"function": "Mood=Cnd", "rule": "combination of a conditional form of the auxiliary and a past participle of a main verb", "deficient": "", "example": "Trebalo [bi] da spreči mogućnost političkog haosa.", "exampleen": "It should prevent the possibility of political chaos.", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2020-11-21-19-01-01", "lastchanger": "dan-zeman"},
+"biti": {"functions": [{"function": "cop.AUX", "rule": "combination of the copula and a nonverbal predicate", "deficient": "used in non-present tenses, aspect-neutral", "example": "Esat Beriša [je] jedan takav primer.", "exampleen": "Esat Berisha is one such example.", "comment": ""}, {"function": "Tense=Fut", "rule": "Anterior future : combination of auxiliary in present tense and main verb participle", "deficient": "", "example": "Kad [budu] završili, sve će nam ispričati.", "exampleen": "When they [will have] done it, they will tell us everything.", "comment": ""}, {"function": "Voice=Pass", "rule": "combination of the auxiliary and the passive participle of the main verb", "deficient": "", "example": "[Bili] su zaustavljeni.", "exampleen": "They [were] stopped.", "comment": ""}, {"function": "Mood=Cnd", "rule": "combination of auxiliary in aorist and main verb participle", "deficient": "", "example": "Kad [bih] imao vremena, došao bih.", "exampleen": "If I [had] time, I would come.", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-04-15-09-59-00", "lastchanger": "aleksandra-miletic"},
+"bivati": {"functions": [{"function": "cop.AUX", "rule": "combination of the copula and a nonverbal predicate", "deficient": "iterative paradigm", "example": "Unapred sam [bivao] nesrećan.", "exampleen": "I would be unhappy in advance.", "comment": "occupies same position as aspect-neutral auxiliary biti while adding an iterative interpretation"}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-04-15-22-13-23", "lastchanger": "dan-zeman"},
 "hteti": {"functions": [{"function": "Tense=Fut", "rule": "combination of the auxiliary and an infinitive of the main verb", "deficient": "", "example": "To [neće] biti prvo renoviranje Galeba.", "exampleen": "This will not be the first renovation of Galeb.", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2020-11-03-12-18-09", "lastchanger": "dan-zeman"}
 },
 "sv": {
@@ -1552,11 +1623,14 @@
 "kunna": {"functions": [{"function": "Mood=Pot", "rule": "combination of the auxiliary and an infinitive of the main verb", "deficient": "", "example": "hon [kan] göra det", "exampleen": "she can do it", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2021-04-28-13-59-11", "lastchanger": "jnivre"},
 "lär": {"functions": [{"function": "Mood=Pot", "rule": "combination of the auxiliary and an infinitive of the main verb", "deficient": "", "example": "det [lär] regna", "exampleen": "it is likely to rain", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2021-04-28-14-05-26", "lastchanger": "jnivre"},
 "magha": {"functions": [{"function": "Mood=Pot", "rule": "combination of the auxiliary and an infinitive of the main verb", "deficient": "", "example": "flæsk [ma] han ey ætæ", "exampleen": "he might not eat pork", "comment": "Old Swedish"}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2025-10-07-15-23-18", "lastchanger": "astbi"},
+"mona": {"functions": [{"function": "Mood=Pot", "rule": "combination of the auxiliary and an infinitive of the main verb", "deficient": "", "example": "the [mondho] atirkomma", "exampleen": "they [may] return", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-03-24-21-09-45", "lastchanger": "jnivre"},
 "må": {"functions": [{"function": "Mood=Pot", "rule": "combination of the auxiliary and an infinitive of the main verb", "deficient": "", "example": "han [må] göra det", "exampleen": "he may do it", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2021-04-28-13-55-57", "lastchanger": "jnivre"},
 "måste": {"functions": [{"function": "Mood=Nec", "rule": "combination of the auxiliary and an infinitive of the main verb", "deficient": "", "example": "han [måste] göra det", "exampleen": "he must do it", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2021-04-28-13-57-09", "lastchanger": "jnivre"},
 "skola": {"functions": [{"function": "Tense=Fut", "rule": "combination of the auxiliary and an infinitive of the main verb", "deficient": "", "example": "hon [ska] åka till landet", "exampleen": "she will go to the countryside", "comment": ""}, {"function": "Mood=Nec", "rule": "combination of the auxiliary and an infinitive of the main verb", "deficient": "", "example": "alla barn [ska] gå i skolan", "exampleen": "all children shall go to school", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2021-04-28-23-20-26", "lastchanger": "jnivre"},
+"skula": {"functions": [{"function": "Tense=Fut", "rule": "combination of the auxiliary with an infinitive of the main verb", "deficient": "", "example": "iak [skal] bryta", "exampleen": "I [shall] break", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-03-24-21-02-08", "lastchanger": "jnivre"},
 "torde": {"functions": [{"function": "Mood=Pot", "rule": "combination of the auxiliary and an infinitive of the main verb", "deficient": "", "example": "det [torde] vara sant", "exampleen": "it is likely to be true", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2021-04-28-14-06-26", "lastchanger": "jnivre"},
 "vara": {"functions": [{"function": "cop.AUX", "rule": "combination of the copula and a nonverbal predicate", "deficient": "", "example": "En huvudtes i kibbutzideologin [är] fullständig jämställdhet mellan könen.", "exampleen": "One of the main themes in the kibbutz ideology is complete equality between the sexes.", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2020-11-07-18-56-32", "lastchanger": "dan-zeman"},
+"vilia": {"functions": [{"function": "Mood=Des", "rule": "combination of the auxiliary and an infinitive of the main verb", "deficient": "", "example": "wi [wiliom] tala", "exampleen": "we [want] to speak", "comment": "Old Swedish"}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2026-02-06-10-05-43", "lastchanger": "jnivre"},
 "vilja": {"functions": [{"function": "Mood=Des", "rule": "combination of the auxiliary and an infinitive of the main verb", "deficient": "", "example": "hon [vill] göra det", "exampleen": "she wants to do it", "comment": ""}], "status": "documented", "lastchanged": "2021-04-28-13-58-04", "lastchanger": "jnivre"}
 },
 "ta": {