tequila-basic 1.9.7__tar.gz → 1.9.9__tar.gz

{tequila_basic-1.9.7/src/tequila_basic.egg-info → tequila_basic-1.9.9}/PKG-INFO

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-Metadata-Version: 2.1
+Metadata-Version: 2.4
 Name: tequila-basic
-Version: 1.9.7
+Version: 1.9.9
 Summary: A High-Level Abstraction Framework for Quantum Algorithms
 Home-page: https://github.com/tequilahub/tequila
 Author: Tequila Developers 
@@ -15,6 +15,15 @@ Requires-Dist: setuptools
 Requires-Dist: pytest
 Requires-Dist: openfermion~=1.0
 Requires-Dist: dataclasses; python_version < "3.7"
+Dynamic: author
+Dynamic: author-email
+Dynamic: description
+Dynamic: description-content-type
+Dynamic: home-page
+Dynamic: license-file
+Dynamic: provides-extra
+Dynamic: requires-dist
+Dynamic: summary
 
 [![License: MIT](https://img.shields.io/badge/License-MIT-lightgrey.svg)](LICENCE) [![DOI](https://zenodo.org/badge/259718912.svg)](https://zenodo.org/badge/latestdoi/259718912) [![PyPI version](https://badge.fury.io/py/tequila-basic.svg)](https://badge.fury.io/py/tequila-basic) ![CI](https://github.com/tequilahub/tequila/actions/workflows/ci_basic.yml/badge.svg)
 
@@ -27,7 +36,7 @@ Tequila can execute the underlying quantum expectation values on state of the ar
 # Getting Started
 
 Get started with our collection of  
-- *[Tutorials](https://thuytr18.github.io/tequila-tutorials-beta/tutorials.html)*  
+- *[Tutorials](https://tequilahub.github.io/tequila-tutorials/)*  
 
 Further sources:
 - [overview article](https://arxiv.org/abs/2011.03057)   
@@ -360,12 +369,7 @@ You can avoid it by downgrading cirq and openfermion
 ```bash
 pip install --upgrade "openfermion<=1.0.0"
 pip install --upgrade "cirq<=0.9.1"
-```  
-
-
-## Qiskit backend
-Qiskit version 0.25 is not yet supported.
-`pip install --upgrade qiskit<0.25` fixes potential issues. If not: Please let us know.
+```
 
 ## Circuit drawing
 Standard graphical circuit representation within a Jupyter environment is often done using `tq.draw`.

{tequila_basic-1.9.7 → tequila_basic-1.9.9}/README.md

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ Tequila can execute the underlying quantum expectation values on state of the ar
 # Getting Started
 
 Get started with our collection of  
-- *[Tutorials](https://thuytr18.github.io/tequila-tutorials-beta/tutorials.html)*  
+- *[Tutorials](https://tequilahub.github.io/tequila-tutorials/)*  
 
 Further sources:
 - [overview article](https://arxiv.org/abs/2011.03057)   
@@ -342,12 +342,7 @@ You can avoid it by downgrading cirq and openfermion
 ```bash
 pip install --upgrade "openfermion<=1.0.0"
 pip install --upgrade "cirq<=0.9.1"
-```  
-
-
-## Qiskit backend
-Qiskit version 0.25 is not yet supported.
-`pip install --upgrade qiskit<0.25` fixes potential issues. If not: Please let us know.
+```
 
 ## Circuit drawing
 Standard graphical circuit representation within a Jupyter environment is often done using `tq.draw`.

{tequila_basic-1.9.7 → tequila_basic-1.9.9}/src/tequila/apps/unary_state_prep.py

@@ -89,7 +89,6 @@ class UnaryStatePrep:
         simulator.convert_to_numpy = False
         variables = None # {k:k.name.evalf() for k in self._abstract_circuit.extract_variables()}
         wfn = simulator.simulate(initial_state=BitString.from_int(0, nbits=self.n_qubits), variables=variables)
-        wfn.n_qubits = self._n_qubits
         equations = []
         for k in target_space:
             equations.append(wfn[k] - abstract_coefficients[k])
@@ -174,7 +173,7 @@ class UnaryStatePrep:
         :return:
         """
         try:
-            assert (len(wfn) == len(self._target_space))
+            assert wfn.length() == len(self._target_space)
             for key in wfn.keys():
                 try:
                     assert (key in self._target_space)

{tequila_basic-1.9.7 → tequila_basic-1.9.9}/src/tequila/circuit/circuit.py

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import warnings
 
 from .qpic import export_to
 
+
 class QCircuit():
     """
     Fundamental class representing an abstract circuit.
@@ -254,8 +255,8 @@ class QCircuit():
             the gates to add at the corresponding positions
         replace: list of bool: (Default value: None)
             Default is None which corresponds to all true
-            decide if gates shall be replaces or if the new parts shall be inserted without replacement
-            if replace[i] = true: gate at position [i] will be replaces by gates[i]
+            decide if gates shall be replaced or if the new parts shall be inserted without replacement
+            if replace[i] = true: gate at position [i] will be replaced by gates[i]
             if replace[i] = false: gates[i] circuit will be inserted at position [i] (beaming before gate previously at position [i])
         Returns
         -------
@@ -271,8 +272,9 @@ class QCircuit():
         dataset = zip(positions, circuits, replace)
         dataset = sorted(dataset, key=lambda x: x[0])
 
-        offset = 0
-        new_gatelist = self.gates
+        new_gatelist = []
+        last_idx = -1
+
         for idx, circuit, do_replace in dataset:
 
             # failsafe
@@ -283,13 +285,14 @@ class QCircuit():
             else:
                 gatelist = [circuit]
 
-            pos = idx + offset
-            if do_replace:
-                new_gatelist = new_gatelist[:pos] + gatelist + new_gatelist[pos + 1:]
-                offset += len(gatelist) - 1
-            else:
-                new_gatelist = new_gatelist[:pos] + gatelist + new_gatelist[pos:]
-                offset += len(gatelist)
+            new_gatelist += self.gates[last_idx + 1:idx]
+            new_gatelist += gatelist
+            if not do_replace:
+                new_gatelist.append(self.gates[idx])
+
+            last_idx = idx
+
+        new_gatelist += self.gates[last_idx + 1:]
 
         result = QCircuit(gates=new_gatelist)
         result.n_qubits = max(result.n_qubits, self.n_qubits)
@@ -386,7 +389,7 @@ class QCircuit():
         for k, v in other._parameter_map.items():
             self._parameter_map[k] += [(x[0] + offset, x[1]) for x in v]
 
-        self._gates += copy.deepcopy(other.gates)
+        self._gates += other.gates
         self._min_n_qubits = max(self._min_n_qubits, other._min_n_qubits)
 
         return self
@@ -593,7 +596,7 @@ class QCircuit():
 
         This is an in-place method, so it mutates self and doesn't return any value.
 
-        Raise TequilaWarning if there any qubits in common between self and control.
+        Raise TequilaWarning if there are any qubits in common between self and control.
         """
         gates = self.gates
         control = list_assignment(control)
@@ -610,8 +613,10 @@ class QCircuit():
                 if len(control_lst) < len(gate.control) + len(control):
                     # warnings.warn("Some of the controls {} were already included in the control "
                     #               "of a gate {}.".format(control, gate), TequilaWarning)
-                    raise TequilaWarning(f'Some of the controls {control} were already included '
-                                         f'in the control of a gate {gate}.')
+                    raise TequilaWarning(f"Some of the controls {control} were already included "
+                                         f"in the control of a gate {gate}. "
+                                         f"This might be because the same instance of a gate is used in multiple places, "
+                                         f"e.g. because the same circuit was appended twice.")
             else:
                 control_lst, not_control = list(control), list()
 

{tequila_basic-1.9.7 → tequila_basic-1.9.9}/src/tequila/hamiltonian/paulis.py

@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ def Projector(wfn, threshold=0.0, n_qubits=None) -> QubitHamiltonian:
 
     """
 
-    wfn = QubitWaveFunction(state=wfn, n_qubits=n_qubits)
+    wfn = QubitWaveFunction.convert_from(n_qubits, wfn)
 
     H = QubitHamiltonian.zero()
     for k1, v1 in wfn.items():
@@ -304,8 +304,9 @@ def KetBra(ket: QubitWaveFunction, bra: QubitWaveFunction, hermitian: bool = Fal
 
     """
     H = QubitHamiltonian.zero()
-    ket = QubitWaveFunction(state=ket, n_qubits=n_qubits)
-    bra = QubitWaveFunction(state=bra, n_qubits=n_qubits)
+
+    ket = QubitWaveFunction.convert_from(n_qubits, ket)
+    bra = QubitWaveFunction.convert_from(n_qubits, bra)
 
     for k1, v1 in bra.items():
         for k2, v2 in ket.items():

{tequila_basic-1.9.7 → tequila_basic-1.9.9}/src/tequila/objective/objective.py

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import typing, copy, numbers
+from typing import Union
 from tequila.grouping.compile_groups import compile_commuting_parts
 from tequila import TequilaException
 from tequila.utils import JoinedTransformation
@@ -545,7 +546,7 @@ class Objective:
                "variables          = {}\n" \
                "types              = {}".format(unique, measurements, variables, types)
 
-    def __call__(self, variables=None, *args, **kwargs):
+    def __call__(self, variables=None, initial_state = 0, *args, **kwargs):
         """
         Return the output of the calculation the objective represents.
 
@@ -553,6 +554,8 @@ class Objective:
         ----------
         variables: dict:
             dictionary instantiating all variables that may appear within the objective.
+        initial_state: int or QubitWaveFunction:
+            the initial state of the circuit
         args
         kwargs
 
@@ -579,7 +582,7 @@ class Objective:
         ev_array = []
         for E in self.args:
             if E not in evaluated:  #
-                expval_result = E(variables=variables, *args, **kwargs)
+                expval_result = E(variables=variables, initial_state=initial_state, *args, **kwargs)
                 evaluated[E] = expval_result
             else:
                 expval_result = evaluated[E]

{tequila_basic-1.9.7 → tequila_basic-1.9.9}/src/tequila/quantumchemistry/chemistry_tools.py

@@ -442,7 +442,14 @@ class ParametersQC:
             for i in range(natoms):
                 coord += content[2 + i]
             return coord, comment
-
+    def get_xyz(self)->str:
+        geom = self.parameters.get_geometry()
+        f = ''
+        f += f'{len(geom)}\n'
+        f += f'{self.parameters.name}\n'
+        for at in geom:
+            f += f'{at[0]} {at[1][0]} {at[1][1]} {at[1][2]}\n'
+        return f
 
 @dataclass
 class ClosedShellAmplitudes:

{tequila_basic-1.9.7 → tequila_basic-1.9.9}/src/tequila/quantumchemistry/encodings.py

@@ -128,9 +128,9 @@ class EncodingBase(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
         fop = openfermion.FermionOperator(string, 1.0)
         op = self(fop)
         from tequila.wavefunction.qubit_wavefunction import QubitWaveFunction
-        wfn = QubitWaveFunction.from_int(0, n_qubits=n_qubits)
+        wfn = QubitWaveFunction.from_basis_state(n_qubits, 0)
         wfn = wfn.apply_qubitoperator(operator=op)
-        assert (len(wfn.keys()) == 1)
+        assert wfn.length() == 1
         key = list(wfn.keys())[0].array
         return key
 

{tequila_basic-1.9.7 → tequila_basic-1.9.9}/src/tequila/quantumchemistry/orbital_optimizer.py

@@ -208,11 +208,17 @@ class PySCFVQEWrapper:
             H = molecule.make_hardcore_boson_hamiltonian()
         else:
             H = molecule.make_hamiltonian()
+
+        rdm1 = None
+        rdm2 = None
         if self.vqe_solver is not None:
             vqe_solver_arguments = {}
             if self.vqe_solver_arguments is not None:
                 vqe_solver_arguments = self.vqe_solver_arguments
             result = self.vqe_solver(H=H, circuit=self.circuit, molecule=molecule, **vqe_solver_arguments)
+            if hasattr(self.vqe_solver, "compute_rdms"):
+                rdm1,rdm2 = self.vqe_solver.compute_rdms(U=self.circuit, variables=result.variables, molecule=molecule, use_hcb=restrict_to_hcb)
+                rdm2 = self.reorder(rdm2, 'dirac', 'mulliken')
         elif self.circuit is None:
             raise Exception("Orbital Optimizer: Either provide a callable vqe_solver or a circuit")
         else:
@@ -233,8 +239,9 @@ class PySCFVQEWrapper:
             # static ansatz
             U = self.circuit
 
-        rdm1, rdm2 = molecule.compute_rdms(U=U, variables=result.variables, spin_free=True, get_rdm1=True, get_rdm2=True, use_hcb=restrict_to_hcb)
-        rdm2 = self.reorder(rdm2, 'dirac', 'mulliken')
+        if rdm1 is None or rdm2 is None:
+            rdm1, rdm2 = molecule.compute_rdms(U=U, variables=result.variables, spin_free=True, get_rdm1=True, get_rdm2=True, use_hcb=restrict_to_hcb)
+            rdm2 = self.reorder(rdm2, 'dirac', 'mulliken')
         if not self.silent:
             print("{:20} : {}".format("energy", result.energy))
             if len(self.history) > 0:
@@ -259,3 +266,4 @@ class PySCFVQEWrapper:
             else:
                 result += "{:30} : {}\n".format(k, v)
         return result
+

{tequila_basic-1.9.7 → tequila_basic-1.9.9}/src/tequila/simulators/simulator_api.py

@@ -9,9 +9,11 @@ from tequila.objective import Objective, Variable, assign_variable, format_varia
 from tequila.utils.exceptions import TequilaException, TequilaWarning
 from tequila.simulators.simulator_base import BackendCircuit, BackendExpectationValue
 from tequila.circuit.noise import NoiseModel
+from tequila.wavefunction.qubit_wavefunction import QubitWaveFunction
 
-SUPPORTED_BACKENDS = ["qulacs_gpu", "qulacs",'qibo', "qiskit", "cirq", "pyquil", "symbolic", "qlm"]
-SUPPORTED_NOISE_BACKENDS = ["qiskit", 'cirq', 'pyquil'] # qulacs removed in v.1.9
+SUPPORTED_BACKENDS = ["qulacs", "qulacs_gpu", "qibo", "qiskit", "qiskit_gpu", "cirq", "pyquil", "symbolic", "qlm", "spex"]
+# TODO: Reenable noise for Qiskit
+SUPPORTED_NOISE_BACKENDS = ["cirq", "pyquil"]  # qulacs removed in v.1.9
 BackendTypes = namedtuple('BackendTypes', 'CircType ExpValueType')
 INSTALLED_SIMULATORS = {}
 INSTALLED_SAMPLERS = {}
@@ -22,7 +24,6 @@ if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
     from tequila.objective import Objective, Variable
     from tequila.circuit.gates import QCircuit
     import numbers.Real as RealNumber
-    from tequila.wavefunction.qubit_wavefunction import QubitWaveFunction
 
 """
 Check which simulators are installed
@@ -30,6 +31,15 @@ We are distinguishing two classes of simulators: Samplers and full wavefunction
 """
 
 
+HAS_SPEX = True
+try:
+    from tequila.simulators.simulator_spex import BackendCircuitSpex, BackendExpectationValueSpex
+
+    INSTALLED_SIMULATORS["spex"] = BackendTypes(BackendCircuitSpex, BackendExpectationValueSpex)
+except ImportError:
+    HAS_SPEX = False
+
+
 HAS_QISKIT = True
 try:
     from tequila.simulators.simulator_qiskit import BackendCircuitQiskit, BackendExpectationValueQiskit
@@ -43,6 +53,19 @@ except ImportError:
     HAS_QISKIT = False
     HAS_QISKIT_NOISE = False
 
+try:
+    pkg_resources.require("qiskit-aer-gpu")
+    from tequila.simulators.simulator_qiskit_gpu import BackendCircuitQiskitGpu, BackendExpectationValueQiskitGpu
+    HAS_QISKIT_GPU = True
+    INSTALLED_SIMULATORS["qiskit_gpu"] = BackendTypes(BackendCircuitQiskitGpu, BackendExpectationValueQiskitGpu)
+    INSTALLED_SAMPLERS["qiskit_gpu"] = BackendTypes(BackendCircuitQiskitGpu, BackendExpectationValueQiskitGpu)
+    from tequila.simulators.simulator_qiskit import HAS_NOISE as HAS_QISKIT_GPU_NOISE
+    if HAS_QISKIT_GPU_NOISE:
+        INSTALLED_NOISE_SAMPLERS["qiskit_gpu"] = BackendTypes(BackendCircuitQiskitGpu, BackendExpectationValueQiskitGpu)
+except (ImportError, DistributionNotFound):
+    HAS_QISKIT_GPU = False
+    HAS_QISKIT_GPU_NOISE = False
+
 HAS_QIBO = True
 try:
     from tequila.simulators.simulator_qibo import BackendCircuitQibo, BackendExpectationValueQibo
@@ -82,8 +105,8 @@ except (ImportError, DistributionNotFound):
     HAS_QULACS = False
 
 try:
-    pkg_resources.require("qulacs-gpu")
-    import qulacs
+    # pkg_resources.require("qulacs-gpu")
+    from qulacs import QuantumStateGpu
     from tequila.simulators.simulator_qulacs_gpu import BackendCircuitQulacsGpu, BackendExpectationValueQulacsGpu
 
     HAS_QULACS_GPU = True
@@ -350,14 +373,15 @@ def compile_circuit(abstract_circuit: 'QCircuit',
     return CircType(abstract_circuit=abstract_circuit, variables=variables, noise=noise, device=device, *args, **kwargs)
 
 
-def simulate(objective: typing.Union['Objective', 'QCircuit','QTensor'],
+def simulate(objective: typing.Union['Objective', 'QCircuit', 'QTensor'],
              variables: Dict[Union[Variable, Hashable], RealNumber] = None,
              samples: int = None,
              backend: str = None,
              noise: NoiseModel = None,
              device: str = None,
+             initial_state: Union[int, QubitWaveFunction] = 0,
              *args,
-             **kwargs) -> Union[RealNumber, 'QubitWaveFunction']:
+             **kwargs) -> Union[RealNumber, QubitWaveFunction]:
     """Simulate a tequila objective or circuit
 
     Parameters
@@ -375,6 +399,8 @@ def simulate(objective: typing.Union['Objective', 'QCircuit','QTensor'],
         specify a noise model to apply to simulation/sampling
     device:
         a device upon which (or in emulation of which) to sample
+    initial_state: int or QubitWaveFunction:
+        the initial state of the circuit
     *args :
 
     **kwargs :
@@ -394,9 +420,9 @@ def simulate(objective: typing.Union['Objective', 'QCircuit','QTensor'],
                 objective.extract_variables()))
 
     compiled_objective = compile(objective=objective, samples=samples, variables=variables, backend=backend,
-                                 noise=noise,device=device, *args, **kwargs)
+                                 noise=noise, device=device, *args, **kwargs)
 
-    return compiled_objective(variables=variables, samples=samples, *args, **kwargs)
+    return compiled_objective(variables=variables, samples=samples, initial_state=initial_state, *args, **kwargs)
 
 
 def draw(objective, variables=None, backend: str = None, name=None, *args, **kwargs):

{tequila_basic-1.9.7 → tequila_basic-1.9.9}/src/tequila/simulators/simulator_base.py

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ from tequila.circuit.compiler import change_basis
 from tequila import BitString
 from tequila.objective.objective import Variable, format_variable_dictionary
 from tequila.circuit import compiler
+from typing import Union
 
 import numbers, typing, numpy, copy, warnings
 
@@ -107,6 +108,11 @@ class BackendCircuit():
         "cc_max": True
     }
 
+    # Can be overwritten by backends that allow basis state initialization when sampling
+    supports_sampling_initialization: bool = False
+    # Can be overwritten by backends that allow initializing arbitrary states
+    supports_generic_initialization: bool = False
+
     @property
     def n_qubits(self) -> numbers.Integral:
         return len(self.qubit_map)
@@ -328,7 +334,7 @@ class BackendCircuit():
         """
         self.circuit = self.create_circuit(abstract_circuit=self.abstract_circuit, variables=variables)
 
-    def simulate(self, variables, initial_state=0, *args, **kwargs) -> QubitWaveFunction:
+    def simulate(self, variables, initial_state: Union[int, QubitWaveFunction] = 0, *args, **kwargs) -> QubitWaveFunction:
         """
         simulate the circuit via the backend.
 
@@ -348,13 +354,12 @@ class BackendCircuit():
             the wavefunction of the system produced by the action of the circuit on the initial state.
 
         """
+        if isinstance(initial_state, QubitWaveFunction) and not self.supports_generic_initialization:
+            raise TequilaException("Backend does not support arbitrary initial states")
+
         self.update_variables(variables)
         if isinstance(initial_state, BitString):
             initial_state = initial_state.integer
-        if isinstance(initial_state, QubitWaveFunction):
-            if len(initial_state.keys()) != 1:
-                raise TequilaException("only product states as initial states accepted")
-            initial_state = list(initial_state.keys())[0].integer
 
         all_qubits = list(range(self.abstract_circuit.n_qubits))
         active_qubits = self.qubit_map.keys()
@@ -362,20 +367,30 @@ class BackendCircuit():
         # Keymap is only necessary if not all qubits are active
         keymap_required = sorted(active_qubits) != all_qubits
 
+        # Combining keymap and general initial states is awkward, because it's not clear what should happen with
+        # different states on non-active qubits. For now, this is simply not allowed.
+        # A better solution might be to check if all components of the initial state differ only on the active qubits.
+        if keymap_required and isinstance(initial_state, QubitWaveFunction):
+            raise TequilaException("Can only set non-basis initial state if all qubits are used")
+
         if keymap_required:
             # maps from reduced register to full register
             keymap = KeyMapSubregisterToRegister(subregister=active_qubits, register=all_qubits)
 
-        mapped_initial_state = keymap.inverted(initial_state).integer if keymap_required else int(initial_state)
+        if not isinstance(initial_state, QubitWaveFunction):
+            mapped_initial_state = keymap.inverted(initial_state).integer if keymap_required else int(initial_state)
+        else:
+            mapped_initial_state = initial_state
+
         result = self.do_simulate(variables=variables, initial_state=mapped_initial_state, *args,
                                   **kwargs)
 
         if keymap_required:
-            result.apply_keymap(keymap=keymap, initial_state=initial_state)
+            result = QubitWaveFunction.from_wavefunction(result, keymap, n_qubits=len(all_qubits), initial_state=initial_state)
 
         return result
 
-    def sample(self, variables, samples, read_out_qubits=None, circuit=None, *args, **kwargs):
+    def sample(self, variables, samples, read_out_qubits=None, circuit=None, initial_state=0, *args, **kwargs):
         """
         Sample the circuit. If circuit natively equips paulistrings, sample therefrom.
         Parameters
@@ -395,6 +410,12 @@ class BackendCircuit():
             The result of sampling, a recreated QubitWaveFunction in the sampled basis.
 
         """
+        if initial_state != 0 and not self.supports_sampling_initialization:
+            raise TequilaException("Backend does not support initial states for sampling")
+
+        if isinstance(initial_state, QubitWaveFunction) and not self.supports_generic_initialization:
+            raise TequilaException("Backend does not support arbitrary initial states")
+
         self.update_variables(variables)
         if read_out_qubits is None:
             read_out_qubits = self.abstract_qubits
@@ -406,9 +427,12 @@ class BackendCircuit():
             circuit = self.add_measurement(circuit=self.circuit, target_qubits=read_out_qubits)
         else:
             circuit = self.add_measurement(circuit=circuit, target_qubits=read_out_qubits)
-        return self.do_sample(samples=samples, circuit=circuit, read_out_qubits=read_out_qubits, *args, **kwargs)
 
-    def sample_all_z_hamiltonian(self, samples: int, hamiltonian, variables, *args, **kwargs):
+        return self.do_sample(samples=samples, circuit=circuit, read_out_qubits=read_out_qubits,
+                              initial_state=initial_state, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def sample_all_z_hamiltonian(self, samples: int, hamiltonian, variables,
+                                 initial_state: Union[int, QubitWaveFunction] = 0, *args, **kwargs):
         """
         Sample from a Hamiltonian which only consists of Pauli-Z and unit operators
         Parameters
@@ -417,6 +441,8 @@ class BackendCircuit():
             number of samples to take
         hamiltonian
             the tequila hamiltonian
+        initial_state
+            the initial state of the circuit
         args
             arguments for do_sample
         kwargs
@@ -435,7 +461,7 @@ class BackendCircuit():
                                                                                                  self.n_qubits))
 
         # run simulators
-        counts = self.sample(samples=samples, read_out_qubits=abstract_qubits_H, variables=variables, *args, **kwargs)
+        counts = self.sample(samples=samples, read_out_qubits=abstract_qubits_H, variables=variables, initial_state=initial_state, *args, **kwargs)
         read_out_map = {q: i for i, q in enumerate(abstract_qubits_H)}
 
         # compute energy
@@ -458,8 +484,8 @@ class BackendCircuit():
             assert n_samples == samples
         return E
 
-    def sample_paulistring(self, samples: int, paulistring, variables, *args,
-                           **kwargs) -> numbers.Real:
+    def sample_paulistring(self, samples: int, paulistring, variables, initial_state: Union[int, QubitWaveFunction] = 0,
+                           *args, **kwargs) -> numbers.Real:
         """
         Sample an individual pauli word (pauli string) and return the average result thereof.
         Parameters
@@ -497,8 +523,8 @@ class BackendCircuit():
         # on construction: tq.ExpectationValue(H=H, U=U, optimize_measurements=True)
         circuit = self.create_circuit(circuit=copy.deepcopy(self.circuit), abstract_circuit=basis_change)
         # run simulators
-        counts = self.sample(samples=samples, circuit=circuit, read_out_qubits=qubits, variables=variables, *args,
-                             **kwargs)
+        counts = self.sample(samples=samples, circuit=circuit, read_out_qubits=qubits, variables=variables,
+                             initial_state=initial_state, *args, **kwargs)
         # compute energy
         E = 0.0
         n_samples = 0
@@ -511,7 +537,7 @@ class BackendCircuit():
         E = E / samples * paulistring.coeff
         return E
 
-    def do_sample(self, samples, circuit, noise, abstract_qubits=None, *args, **kwargs) -> QubitWaveFunction:
+    def do_sample(self, samples, circuit, noise, abstract_qubits=None, initial_state=0, *args, **kwargs) -> QubitWaveFunction:
         """
         helper function for sampling. MUST be overwritten by inheritors.
 
@@ -769,7 +795,7 @@ class BackendExpectationValue:
     def __deepcopy__(self, memodict={}):
         return type(self)(self.abstract_expectationvalue, **self._input_args)
 
-    def __call__(self, variables, samples: int = None, *args, **kwargs):
+    def __call__(self, variables, samples: int = None, initial_state: Union[int, QubitWaveFunction] = 0, *args, **kwargs):
 
         variables = format_variable_dictionary(variables=variables)
         if self._variables is not None and len(self._variables) > 0:
@@ -777,11 +803,11 @@ class BackendExpectationValue:
                 raise TequilaException(
                     "BackendExpectationValue received not all variables. Circuit depends on variables {}, you gave {}".format(
                         self._variables, variables))
-        
+
         if samples is None:
-            data = self.simulate(variables=variables, *args, **kwargs)
+            data = self.simulate(variables=variables, initial_state=initial_state, *args, **kwargs)
         else:
-            data = self.sample(variables=variables, samples=samples, *args, **kwargs)
+            data = self.sample(variables=variables, samples=samples, initial_state=initial_state, *args, **kwargs)
 
         if self._shape is None and self._contraction is None:
             # this is the default
@@ -829,7 +855,7 @@ class BackendExpectationValue:
         """wrapper over circuit update_variables"""
         self._U.update_variables(variables=variables)
 
-    def sample(self, variables, samples, *args, **kwargs) -> numpy.array:
+    def sample(self, variables, samples, initial_state: Union[int, QubitWaveFunction] = 0, *args, **kwargs) -> numpy.array:
         """
         sample the expectationvalue.
 
@@ -839,6 +865,8 @@ class BackendExpectationValue:
             variables to supply to the unitary.
         samples: int:
             number of samples to perform.
+        initial_state: int or QubitWaveFunction:
+            the initial state of the circuit
         args
         kwargs
 
@@ -856,7 +884,7 @@ class BackendExpectationValue:
             samples = max(1, int(self.abstract_expectationvalue.samples * total_samples))
             suggested = samples
             # samples are not necessarily set (either the user has to set it or some functions like optimize_measurements)
- 
+
         if suggested is not None and suggested != samples:
             warnings.warn("simulating with samples={}, but expectationvalue carries suggested samples={}\nTry calling with samples='auto-total#ofsamples'".format(samples, suggested), TequilaWarning)
 
@@ -868,16 +896,16 @@ class BackendExpectationValue:
             if len(H.qubits) == 0:
                 E = sum([ps.coeff for ps in H.paulistrings])
             elif H.is_all_z():
-                E = self.U.sample_all_z_hamiltonian(samples=samples, hamiltonian=H, variables=variables, *args,
-                                                    **kwargs)
+                E = self.U.sample_all_z_hamiltonian(samples=samples, hamiltonian=H, variables=variables, initial_state=initial_state,
+                                                *args, **kwargs)
             else:
                 for ps in H.paulistrings:
-                    E += self.U.sample_paulistring(samples=samples, paulistring=ps, variables=variables, *args,
-                                                   **kwargs)
+                    E += self.U.sample_paulistring(samples=samples, paulistring=ps, variables=variables, initial_state=initial_state,
+                                                   *args, **kwargs)
             result.append(to_float(E))
         return numpy.asarray(result)
 
-    def simulate(self, variables, *args, **kwargs):
+    def simulate(self, variables, initial_state: Union[int, QubitWaveFunction], *args, **kwargs):
         """
         Simulate the expectationvalue.
 
@@ -885,6 +913,8 @@ class BackendExpectationValue:
         ----------
         variables:
             variables to supply to the unitary.
+        initial_state: int or QubitWaveFunction:
+            the initial state of the circuit
         args
         kwargs
 
@@ -899,7 +929,7 @@ class BackendExpectationValue:
             final_E = 0.0
             # TODO inefficient,
             # Always better to overwrite this function
-            wfn = self.U.simulate(variables=variables, *args, **kwargs)
+            wfn = self.U.simulate(variables=variables, initial_state=initial_state, *args, **kwargs)
             final_E += wfn.compute_expectationvalue(operator=H)
             result.append(to_float(final_E))
         return numpy.asarray(result)