soerp3 0.9.7__tar.gz

This diff represents the content of publicly available package versions that have been released to one of the supported registries. The information contained in this diff is provided for informational purposes only and reflects changes between package versions as they appear in their respective public registries.
@@ -0,0 +1,207 @@
1
+ # Byte-compiled / optimized / DLL files
2
+ __pycache__/
3
+ *.py[codz]
4
+ *$py.class
5
+
6
+ # C extensions
7
+ *.so
8
+
9
+ # Distribution / packaging
10
+ .Python
11
+ build/
12
+ develop-eggs/
13
+ dist/
14
+ downloads/
15
+ eggs/
16
+ .eggs/
17
+ lib/
18
+ lib64/
19
+ parts/
20
+ sdist/
21
+ var/
22
+ wheels/
23
+ share/python-wheels/
24
+ *.egg-info/
25
+ .installed.cfg
26
+ *.egg
27
+ MANIFEST
28
+
29
+ # PyInstaller
30
+ # Usually these files are written by a python script from a template
31
+ # before PyInstaller builds the exe, so as to inject date/other infos into it.
32
+ *.manifest
33
+ *.spec
34
+
35
+ # Installer logs
36
+ pip-log.txt
37
+ pip-delete-this-directory.txt
38
+
39
+ # Unit test / coverage reports
40
+ htmlcov/
41
+ .tox/
42
+ .nox/
43
+ .coverage
44
+ .coverage.*
45
+ .cache
46
+ nosetests.xml
47
+ coverage.xml
48
+ *.cover
49
+ *.py.cover
50
+ .hypothesis/
51
+ .pytest_cache/
52
+ cover/
53
+
54
+ # Translations
55
+ *.mo
56
+ *.pot
57
+
58
+ # Django stuff:
59
+ *.log
60
+ local_settings.py
61
+ db.sqlite3
62
+ db.sqlite3-journal
63
+
64
+ # Flask stuff:
65
+ instance/
66
+ .webassets-cache
67
+
68
+ # Scrapy stuff:
69
+ .scrapy
70
+
71
+ # Sphinx documentation
72
+ docs/_build/
73
+
74
+ # PyBuilder
75
+ .pybuilder/
76
+ target/
77
+
78
+ # Jupyter Notebook
79
+ .ipynb_checkpoints
80
+
81
+ # IPython
82
+ profile_default/
83
+ ipython_config.py
84
+
85
+ # pyenv
86
+ # For a library or package, you might want to ignore these files since the code is
87
+ # intended to run in multiple environments; otherwise, check them in:
88
+ # .python-version
89
+
90
+ # pipenv
91
+ # According to pypa/pipenv#598, it is recommended to include Pipfile.lock in version control.
92
+ # However, in case of collaboration, if having platform-specific dependencies or dependencies
93
+ # having no cross-platform support, pipenv may install dependencies that don't work, or not
94
+ # install all needed dependencies.
95
+ #Pipfile.lock
96
+
97
+ # UV
98
+ # Similar to Pipfile.lock, it is generally recommended to include uv.lock in version control.
99
+ # This is especially recommended for binary packages to ensure reproducibility, and is more
100
+ # commonly ignored for libraries.
101
+ #uv.lock
102
+
103
+ # poetry
104
+ # Similar to Pipfile.lock, it is generally recommended to include poetry.lock in version control.
105
+ # This is especially recommended for binary packages to ensure reproducibility, and is more
106
+ # commonly ignored for libraries.
107
+ # https://python-poetry.org/docs/basic-usage/#commit-your-poetrylock-file-to-version-control
108
+ #poetry.lock
109
+ #poetry.toml
110
+
111
+ # pdm
112
+ # Similar to Pipfile.lock, it is generally recommended to include pdm.lock in version control.
113
+ # pdm recommends including project-wide configuration in pdm.toml, but excluding .pdm-python.
114
+ # https://pdm-project.org/en/latest/usage/project/#working-with-version-control
115
+ #pdm.lock
116
+ #pdm.toml
117
+ .pdm-python
118
+ .pdm-build/
119
+
120
+ # pixi
121
+ # Similar to Pipfile.lock, it is generally recommended to include pixi.lock in version control.
122
+ #pixi.lock
123
+ # Pixi creates a virtual environment in the .pixi directory, just like venv module creates one
124
+ # in the .venv directory. It is recommended not to include this directory in version control.
125
+ .pixi
126
+
127
+ # PEP 582; used by e.g. github.com/David-OConnor/pyflow and github.com/pdm-project/pdm
128
+ __pypackages__/
129
+
130
+ # Celery stuff
131
+ celerybeat-schedule
132
+ celerybeat.pid
133
+
134
+ # SageMath parsed files
135
+ *.sage.py
136
+
137
+ # Environments
138
+ .env
139
+ .envrc
140
+ .venv
141
+ env/
142
+ venv/
143
+ ENV/
144
+ env.bak/
145
+ venv.bak/
146
+
147
+ # Spyder project settings
148
+ .spyderproject
149
+ .spyproject
150
+
151
+ # Rope project settings
152
+ .ropeproject
153
+
154
+ # mkdocs documentation
155
+ /site
156
+
157
+ # mypy
158
+ .mypy_cache/
159
+ .dmypy.json
160
+ dmypy.json
161
+
162
+ # Pyre type checker
163
+ .pyre/
164
+
165
+ # pytype static type analyzer
166
+ .pytype/
167
+
168
+ # Cython debug symbols
169
+ cython_debug/
170
+
171
+ # PyCharm
172
+ # JetBrains specific template is maintained in a separate JetBrains.gitignore that can
173
+ # be found at https://github.com/github/gitignore/blob/main/Global/JetBrains.gitignore
174
+ # and can be added to the global gitignore or merged into this file. For a more nuclear
175
+ # option (not recommended) you can uncomment the following to ignore the entire idea folder.
176
+ #.idea/
177
+
178
+ # Abstra
179
+ # Abstra is an AI-powered process automation framework.
180
+ # Ignore directories containing user credentials, local state, and settings.
181
+ # Learn more at https://abstra.io/docs
182
+ .abstra/
183
+
184
+ # Visual Studio Code
185
+ # Visual Studio Code specific template is maintained in a separate VisualStudioCode.gitignore
186
+ # that can be found at https://github.com/github/gitignore/blob/main/Global/VisualStudioCode.gitignore
187
+ # and can be added to the global gitignore or merged into this file. However, if you prefer,
188
+ # you could uncomment the following to ignore the entire vscode folder
189
+ # .vscode/
190
+
191
+ # Ruff stuff:
192
+ .ruff_cache/
193
+
194
+ # PyPI configuration file
195
+ .pypirc
196
+
197
+ # Cursor
198
+ # Cursor is an AI-powered code editor. `.cursorignore` specifies files/directories to
199
+ # exclude from AI features like autocomplete and code analysis. Recommended for sensitive data
200
+ # refer to https://docs.cursor.com/context/ignore-files
201
+ .cursorignore
202
+ .cursorindexingignore
203
+
204
+ # Marimo
205
+ marimo/_static/
206
+ marimo/_lsp/
207
+ __marimo__/
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
1
+ 3.13
soerp3-0.9.7/LICENSE ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
1
+ BSD 3-Clause License
2
+
3
+ Copyright (c) 2010 - 2018, Abraham Lee
4
+ Copyright (c) 2026, eggzec
5
+ All rights reserved.
6
+
7
+ Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
8
+ modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
9
+
10
+ 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
11
+ list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
12
+
13
+ 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
14
+ this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
15
+ and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
16
+
17
+ 3. Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its
18
+ contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
19
+ this software without specific prior written permission.
20
+
21
+ THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
22
+ AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
23
+ IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
24
+ DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
25
+ FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
26
+ DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
27
+ SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
28
+ CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
29
+ OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
30
+ OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
soerp3-0.9.7/PKG-INFO ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,336 @@
1
+ Metadata-Version: 2.4
2
+ Name: soerp3
3
+ Version: 0.9.7
4
+ Summary: Second Order Error Propagation for Python
5
+ Project-URL: homepage, https://eggzec.github.io/soerp3/
6
+ Project-URL: documentation, https://eggzec.github.io/soerp3/
7
+ Project-URL: source, https://github.com/eggzec/soerp3
8
+ Project-URL: releasenotes, https://github.com/eggzec/soerp3/releases/latest
9
+ Project-URL: issues, https://github.com/eggzec/soerp3/issues
10
+ Author-email: Abraham Lee <tisimst@gmail.com>
11
+ Maintainer-email: Saud Zahir <m.saud.zahir@gmail.com>, M Laraib Ali <laraibg786@outlook.com>
12
+ License-Expression: BSD-3-Clause
13
+ License-File: LICENSE
14
+ Keywords: derivative,distribution,error propagation,method of moments,second order,statistics,uncertainties,uncertainty analysis
15
+ Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
16
+ Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
17
+ Classifier: Intended Audience :: Education
18
+ Classifier: Intended Audience :: Science/Research
19
+ Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License
20
+ Classifier: Operating System :: MacOS
21
+ Classifier: Operating System :: Microsoft :: Windows
22
+ Classifier: Operating System :: OS Independent
23
+ Classifier: Operating System :: POSIX
24
+ Classifier: Operating System :: Unix
25
+ Classifier: Programming Language :: Python
26
+ Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
27
+ Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only
28
+ Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10
29
+ Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11
30
+ Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12
31
+ Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.13
32
+ Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.14
33
+ Classifier: Topic :: Education
34
+ Classifier: Topic :: Scientific/Engineering
35
+ Classifier: Topic :: Scientific/Engineering :: Mathematics
36
+ Classifier: Topic :: Scientific/Engineering :: Physics
37
+ Classifier: Topic :: Software Development
38
+ Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries
39
+ Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules
40
+ Classifier: Topic :: Utilities
41
+ Requires-Python: >=3.10
42
+ Requires-Dist: matplotlib
43
+ Requires-Dist: numpy
44
+ Requires-Dist: scipy
45
+ Description-Content-Type: text/x-rst
46
+
47
+ ===============================
48
+ ``soerp`` Package Documentation
49
+ ===============================
50
+
51
+ Overview
52
+ ========
53
+
54
+ ``soerp`` is the Python implementation of the original Fortran code `SOERP`
55
+ by N. D. Cox to apply a second-order analysis to `error propagation`_ (or
56
+ uncertainty analysis). The ``soerp`` package allows you to **easily** and
57
+ **transparently** track the effects of uncertainty through mathematical
58
+ calculations. Advanced mathematical functions, similar to those in the standard
59
+ math_ module can also be evaluated directly.
60
+
61
+ In order to correctly use ``soerp``, the **first eight statistical moments**
62
+ of the underlying distribution are required. These are the *mean*, *variance*,
63
+ and then the *standardized third through eighth moments*. These can be input
64
+ manually in the form of an array, but they can also be **conveniently
65
+ generated** using either the **nice constructors** or directly by using the
66
+ distributions from the ``scipy.stats`` sub-module. See the examples below for
67
+ usage examples of both input methods. The result of all calculations generates a
68
+ *mean*, *variance*, and *standardized skewness and kurtosis* coefficients.
69
+
70
+
71
+ Required Packages
72
+ =================
73
+
74
+ - ad_ : For first- and second-order automatic differentiation (install this first).
75
+
76
+ - NumPy_ : Numeric Python
77
+
78
+ - SciPy_ : Scientific Python (the nice distribution constructors require this)
79
+
80
+ - Matplotlib_ : Python plotting library
81
+
82
+ Basic examples
83
+ ==============
84
+
85
+ Let's begin by importing all the available constructors::
86
+
87
+ >>> from soerp import * # uv, N, U, Exp, etc.
88
+
89
+ Now, we can see that there are several equivalent ways to specify a statistical distribution, say a Normal distribution with a mean value of 10 and a standard deviation of 1:
90
+
91
+ - Manually input the first 8 moments (mean, variance, and 3rd-8th standardized central moments)::
92
+
93
+ >>> x = uv([10, 1, 0, 3, 0, 15, 0, 105])
94
+
95
+ - Use the ``rv`` kwarg to input a distribution from the ``scipy.stats`` module::
96
+
97
+ >>> x = uv(rv=ss.norm(loc=10, scale=1))
98
+
99
+ - Use a built-in convenience constructor (typically the easiest if you can)::
100
+
101
+ >>> x = N(10, 1)
102
+
103
+ A Simple Example
104
+ ----------------
105
+
106
+ Now let's walk through an example of a three-part assembly stack-up::
107
+
108
+ >>> x1 = N(24, 1) # normally distributed
109
+ >>> x2 = N(37, 4) # normally distributed
110
+ >>> x3 = Exp(2) # exponentially distributed
111
+ >>> Z = (x1*x2**2)/(15*(1.5 + x3))
112
+
113
+ We can now see the results of the calculations in two ways:
114
+
115
+ #. The usual ``print`` statement (or simply the object if in a terminal)::
116
+
117
+ >>> Z # "print" is optional at the command-line
118
+ uv(1176.45, 99699.6822917, 0.708013052944, 6.16324345127)
119
+
120
+ #. The ``describe`` class method that explains briefly what the values are::
121
+
122
+ >>> Z.describe()
123
+ SOERP Uncertain Value:
124
+ > Mean................... 1176.45
125
+ > Variance............... 99699.6822917
126
+ > Skewness Coefficient... 0.708013052944
127
+ > Kurtosis Coefficient... 6.16324345127
128
+
129
+ Distribution Moments
130
+ --------------------
131
+
132
+ The eight moments of any input variable (and four of any output variable) can be accessed using the ``moments`` class method, as in::
133
+
134
+ >>> x1.moments()
135
+ [24.0, 1.0, 0.0, 3.0000000000000053, 0.0, 15.000000000000004, 0.0, 105.0]
136
+ >>> Z.moments()
137
+ [1176.45, 99699.6822917, 0.708013052944, 6.16324345127]
138
+
139
+ Correlations
140
+ ------------
141
+
142
+ Statistical correlations are correctly handled, even after calculations have taken place::
143
+
144
+ >>> x1 - x1
145
+ 0.0
146
+ >>> square = x1**2
147
+ >>> square - x1*x1
148
+ 0.0
149
+
150
+ Derivatives
151
+ -----------
152
+
153
+ Derivatives with respect to original variables are calculated via the ad_ package and are accessed using the **intuitive class methods**::
154
+
155
+ >>> Z.d(x1) # dZ/dx1
156
+ 45.63333333333333
157
+
158
+ >>> Z.d2(x2) # d^2Z/dx2^2
159
+ 1.6
160
+
161
+ >>> Z.d2c(x1, x3) # d^2Z/dx1dx3 (order doesn't matter)
162
+ -22.816666666666666
163
+
164
+ When we need multiple derivatives at a time, we can use the ``gradient`` and ``hessian`` class methods::
165
+
166
+ >>> Z.gradient([x1, x2, x3])
167
+ [45.63333333333333, 59.199999999999996, -547.6]
168
+
169
+ >>> Z.hessian([x1, x2, x3])
170
+ [[0.0, 2.466666666666667, -22.816666666666666], [2.466666666666667, 1.6, -29.6], [-22.816666666666666, -29.6, 547.6]]
171
+
172
+ Error Components/Variance Contributions
173
+ ---------------------------------------
174
+
175
+ Another useful feature is available through the ``error_components`` class method that has various ways of representing the first- and second-order variance components::
176
+
177
+ >>> Z.error_components(pprint=True)
178
+ COMPOSITE VARIABLE ERROR COMPONENTS
179
+ uv(37.0, 16.0, 0.0, 3.0) = 58202.9155556 or 58.378236%
180
+ uv(24.0, 1.0, 0.0, 3.0) = 2196.15170139 or 2.202767%
181
+ uv(0.5, 0.25, 2.0, 9.0) = -35665.8249653 or 35.773258%
182
+
183
+ Advanced Example
184
+ ----------------
185
+
186
+ Here's a *slightly* more advanced example, estimating the statistical properties of volumetric gas flow through an orifice meter::
187
+
188
+ >>> from soerp.umath import * # sin, exp, sqrt, etc.
189
+ >>> H = N(64, 0.5)
190
+ >>> M = N(16, 0.1)
191
+ >>> P = N(361, 2)
192
+ >>> t = N(165, 0.5)
193
+ >>> C = 38.4
194
+ >>> Q = C*umath.sqrt((520*H*P)/(M*(t + 460)))
195
+ >>> Q.describe()
196
+ SOERP Uncertain Value:
197
+ > Mean................... 1330.99973939
198
+ > Variance............... 58.210762839
199
+ > Skewness Coefficient... 0.0109422068056
200
+ > Kurtosis Coefficient... 3.00032693502
201
+
202
+ This seems to indicate that even though there are products, divisions, and the usage of ``sqrt``, the result resembles a normal distribution (i.e., Q ~ N(1331, 7.63), where the standard deviation = sqrt(58.2) = 7.63).
203
+
204
+ Main Features
205
+ =============
206
+
207
+ 1. **Transparent calculations** with derivatives automatically calculated.
208
+ **No or little modification** to existing code required.
209
+
210
+ 2. Basic `NumPy` support without modification. Vectorized calculations built-in
211
+ to the ``ad`` package.
212
+
213
+ 3. Nearly all standard `math`_ module functions supported through the
214
+ ``soerp.umath`` sub-module. If you think a function is in there, it probably
215
+ is.
216
+
217
+ 4. Nearly all derivatives calculated analytically using ``ad`` functionality.
218
+
219
+ 5. **Easy continuous distribution constructors**:
220
+
221
+ - ``N(mu, sigma)`` : `Normal distribution`_
222
+
223
+ - ``U(a, b)`` : `Uniform distribution`_
224
+
225
+ - ``Exp(lamda, [mu])`` : `Exponential distribution`_
226
+
227
+ - ``Gamma(k, theta)`` : `Gamma distribution`_
228
+
229
+ - ``Beta(alpha, beta, [a, b])`` : `Beta distribution`_
230
+
231
+ - ``LogN(mu, sigma)`` : `Log-normal distribution`_
232
+
233
+ - ``Chi2(k)`` : `Chi-squared distribution`_
234
+
235
+ - ``F(d1, d2)`` : `F-distribution`_
236
+
237
+ - ``Tri(a, b, c)`` : `Triangular distribution`_
238
+
239
+ - ``T(v)`` : `T-distribution`_
240
+
241
+ - ``Weib(lamda, k)`` : `Weibull distribution`_
242
+
243
+ The location, scale, and shape parameters follow the notation in the
244
+ respective Wikipedia articles. *Discrete distributions are not recommended
245
+ for use at this time. If you need discrete distributions, try the* mcerp_
246
+ *python package instead.*
247
+
248
+ Installation
249
+ ============
250
+
251
+ **Make sure you install the** `ad`_ **package first!** (If you use options
252
+ 3 or 4 below, this should be done automatically.)
253
+
254
+ You have several easy, convenient options to install the ``soerp`` package
255
+ (administrative privileges may be required)
256
+
257
+ 1. Download the package files below, unzip to any directory, and run::
258
+
259
+ $ [sudo] python setup.py install
260
+
261
+ 2. Simply copy the unzipped ``soerp-XYZ`` directory to any other location that
262
+ python can find it and rename it ``soerp``.
263
+
264
+ 3. If ``setuptools`` is installed, run::
265
+
266
+ $ [sudo] easy_install [--upgrade] soerp
267
+
268
+ 4. If ``pip`` is installed, run::
269
+
270
+ $ [sudo] pip install [--upgrade] soerp
271
+
272
+ Uninstallation
273
+ ==============
274
+
275
+ To remove the package, there are really two good ways to do this:
276
+
277
+ 1. Go to the folder ``site-packages`` or ``dist-packages`` and simply delete
278
+ the folder ``soerp`` and ``soerp-XYZ-egg-info``.
279
+
280
+ 2. If ``pip`` is installed, run::
281
+
282
+ $ [sudo] pip uninstall soerp
283
+
284
+ See Also
285
+ ========
286
+
287
+ - uncertainties_ : First-order error propagation
288
+
289
+ - mcerp_ : Real-time latin-hypercube sampling-based Monte Carlo error
290
+ propagation
291
+
292
+ Contact
293
+ =======
294
+
295
+ Please send **feature requests, bug reports, or feedback** to
296
+ `Abraham Lee`_.
297
+
298
+ Acknowledgements
299
+ ================
300
+
301
+ The author wishes to thank `Eric O. LEBIGOT`_ who first developed the
302
+ `uncertainties`_ python package (for first-order error propagation),
303
+ from which many inspiring ideas (like maintaining object correlations, etc.)
304
+ are re-used and/or have been slightly evolved. *If you don't need second
305
+ order functionality, his package is an excellent alternative since it is
306
+ optimized for first-order uncertainty analysis.*
307
+
308
+ References
309
+ ==========
310
+
311
+ - N.D. Cox, 1979, *Tolerance Analysis by Computer*, Journal of Quality Technology, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 80-87
312
+
313
+
314
+
315
+ .. _error propagation: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propagation_of_uncertainty
316
+ .. _math: http://docs.python.org/library/math.html
317
+ .. _ad: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/ad
318
+ .. _mcerp: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/mcerp
319
+ .. _NumPy: http://www.numpy.org/
320
+ .. _SciPy: http://scipy.org
321
+ .. _Matplotlib: http://matplotlib.org/
322
+ .. _uncertainties: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/uncertainties
323
+ .. _Abraham Lee: mailto: tisimst@gmail.com
324
+ .. _Eric O. LEBIGOT: http://www.linkedin.com/pub/eric-lebigot/22/293/277
325
+ .. _PEP8: http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008
326
+ .. _Normal distribution: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_distribution
327
+ .. _Uniform distribution: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_distribution_(continuous)
328
+ .. _Exponential distribution: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_distribution
329
+ .. _Gamma distribution: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_distribution
330
+ .. _Beta distribution: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_distribution
331
+ .. _Log-normal distribution: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log-normal_distribution
332
+ .. _Chi-squared distribution: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi-squared_distribution
333
+ .. _F-distribution: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-distribution
334
+ .. _Triangular distribution: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangular_distribution
335
+ .. _T-distribution: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student's_t-distribution
336
+ .. _Weibull distribution: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weibull_distribution