simdesign 1.2.0__tar.gz → 1.2.1__tar.gz

{simdesign-1.2.0 → simdesign-1.2.1}/PKG-INFO

@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
-Metadata-Version: 2.3
+Metadata-Version: 2.4
 Name: simdesign
-Version: 1.2.0
+Version: 1.2.1
 Summary: The built environment data (BED) framework for enhancing seismic vulnerability modeling through simulated design.
 License: AGPL-3.0-or-later
+License-File: LICENSE
 Keywords: earthquake engineering,seismic design,numerical simulation,seismic vulnerability
 Author: Volkan Ozsarac
 Author-email: volkan.ozsarac@iusspavia.it

{simdesign-1.2.0 → simdesign-1.2.1}/pyproject.toml

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [tool.poetry]
 name = "simdesign"
-version = "1.2.0"
+version = "1.2.1"
 description = "The built environment data (BED) framework for enhancing seismic vulnerability modeling through simulated design."
 authors = [
     "Volkan Ozsarac <volkan.ozsarac@iusspavia.it>",

{simdesign-1.2.0 → simdesign-1.2.1}/simdesign/rcmrf/bnsm/__init__.py

@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ modelling strategy (e.g., CP01, DP03) based on the selected model type.
 
 Example
 -------
->>> from bnsm import BNSM
->>> model = BNSM(model="CP03", ...)
+>>> from simdesign.rcmrf import BNSM
+>>> model = BNSM(design=bdim, model="CP01")
 """
 
 from .factory import BNSM

{simdesign-1.2.0 → simdesign-1.2.1}/simdesign/rcmrf/bnsm/baselib/beam.py

@@ -369,6 +369,23 @@ class BeamBase(ABC):
         """Material tag for the *j-end* flexural hinge about local-z (Mz)."""
         return sub_tag(self.design.line.tag, 91)
 
+    @property
+    def p_mat_tag(self) -> int:
+        """Elastic material tag for the axial response (P) of the hinges."""
+        return sub_tag(self.design.line.tag, 94)
+
+    @property
+    def my_mat_tag(self) -> int:
+        """Elastic material tag for the flexural response about local-y (My)
+        of the hinges."""
+        return sub_tag(self.design.line.tag, 95)
+
+    @property
+    def t_mat_tag(self) -> int:
+        """Elastic material tag for the torsional response (T) of the
+        hinges."""
+        return sub_tag(self.design.line.tag, 96)
+
     @property
     def elastic_sec_tag(self) -> int:
         """Section tag for the elastic (interior) section."""
@@ -745,6 +762,27 @@ class BeamBase(ABC):
 
         return sec_inputs
 
+    def _get_hinge_elastic_mat_inputs(
+        self
+    ) -> List[List[str | float | int]]:
+        """Retrieves the elastic material inputs of the hinge sections.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        List[List[str | float | int]]
+            Inputs of the elastic axial (EA), flexural about local-y (EIy) and
+            torsional (GJ) materials, i.e., the properties of the elastic
+            section in the degrees of freedom without a hinge.
+        """
+        return [
+            round_list(['Elastic', self.p_mat_tag,
+                        self.Ecm_q * self.design.Ag]),
+            round_list(['Elastic', self.my_mat_tag,
+                        self.Ecm_q * self.design.Iy]),
+            round_list(['Elastic', self.t_mat_tag,
+                        self.Gcm_q * self.design.J])
+        ]
+
     def _get_inelastic_sec_i_inputs(self) -> List[str | int]:
         """Retrieves inputs for inelastic beam section at ith end.
 

{simdesign-1.2.0 → simdesign-1.2.1}/simdesign/rcmrf/bnsm/baselib/column.py

@@ -327,6 +327,17 @@ class ColumnBase(ABC):
         """MinMax material tag for the shear hinge in local-z (Vz)."""
         return sub_tag(self.design.line.tag, 97)
 
+    @property
+    def p_mat_tag(self) -> int:
+        """Elastic material tag for the axial response (P) of the hinges."""
+        return sub_tag(self.design.line.tag, 98)
+
+    @property
+    def t_mat_tag(self) -> int:
+        """Elastic material tag for the torsional response (T) of the
+        hinges."""
+        return sub_tag(self.design.line.tag, 99)
+
     @property
     def elastic_sec_tag(self) -> int:
         """Section tag for the elastic (interior) section."""
@@ -700,6 +711,52 @@ class ColumnBase(ABC):
 
         return sec_inputs
 
+    def _get_hinge_elastic_mat_inputs(
+        self
+    ) -> List[List[str | float | int]]:
+        """Retrieves the elastic material inputs of the hinge sections.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        List[List[str | float | int]]
+            Inputs of the elastic axial (EA) and torsional (GJ) materials,
+            i.e., the properties of the elastic section in the degrees of
+            freedom without a hinge.
+        """
+        return [
+            round_list(['Elastic', self.p_mat_tag,
+                        self.Ecm_q * self.design.Ag]),
+            round_list(['Elastic', self.t_mat_tag,
+                        self.Gcm_q * self.design.J])
+        ]
+
+    def _get_shear_mat_inputs(self) -> List[List[str | float | int]]:
+        """Retrieves the inputs of the shear materials (Vy and Vz) aggregated
+        into the element sections.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        List[List[str | float | int]]
+            Inputs of the Pinching4 and MinMax materials of the shear springs
+            (Zimos et al., 2015) for columns without capacity design for
+            shear, and of elastic materials with the gross shear stiffness,
+            ``G (5/6) A``, for columns with capacity design for shear.
+
+        Notes
+        -----
+        Used by the models whose hinges do not include the shear deformation
+        (fiber sections in DP03-DP05 and the moment-curvature hinges of DP02).
+        Without the elastic shear materials, columns with capacity design for
+        shear would have no shear flexibility.
+        """
+        if self.capacity_design:
+            GAv = self.Gcm_q * (5 / 6) * self.design.Ag
+            return [round_list(['Elastic', self.vy_mat_tag, GAv]),
+                    round_list(['Elastic', self.vz_mat_tag, GAv])]
+        vy_mat, minmax_vy = self._get_shear_hinge_mat_inputs('y')
+        vz_mat, minmax_vz = self._get_shear_hinge_mat_inputs('x')
+        return [vy_mat, vz_mat, minmax_vy, minmax_vz]
+
     def _get_inelastic_sec_inputs(self) -> List[str | int]:
         """Retrieves inputs for inelastic aggregated column section.
 

{simdesign-1.2.0 → simdesign-1.2.1}/simdesign/rcmrf/bnsm/baselib/constants.py

@@ -21,6 +21,11 @@ RIGID_SEC = 99999
 """Tag of the rigid-like section defined in OpenSees."""
 BIG_VALUE = 1e9
 """A big value used to define stiffness of rigid materials."""
+AXIAL_RELEASE_STIFFNESS_RATIO = 1e-3
+"""Ratio of the stiffness of the axial beam releases (DP05) to the axial
+stiffness of the beam, EA/L. The small stiffness keeps the stiffness matrix
+regular when the axial stiffness of a softening beam vanishes, and the beam
+is still practically free to elongate."""
 GRAV_TS_TAG = 1
 """Tag for time-series which defines the relationship between time-domain
 and gravity loads."""

{simdesign-1.2.0 → simdesign-1.2.1}/simdesign/rcmrf/bnsm/cp01/__init__.py

@@ -12,12 +12,18 @@ provided by `bnsm.baselib`.
 
 - Beam:
   Concentrated plasticity (CP) with end hinges (Haselton et al., 2008)
-  defined using Hysteretic moment-rotation behaviour.
+  defined using Hysteretic moment-rotation behaviour, in forceBeamColumn
+  elements with ConcentratedPlasticity integration. The interior is nearly
+  rigid in flexure, so the hinges, calibrated to the chord rotation of the
+  member, carry the whole flexural flexibility. The hinge sections have
+  elastic axial, torsional and weak-axis flexural materials.
 
 - Column:
-  Concentrated plasticity (Haselton et al., 2008) with optional degrading
-  shear behaviour (Elwood & Moehle, 2003) using LimitState material
-  coupled with ThreePoint limit curves.
+  Concentrated plasticity (Haselton et al., 2008) about both axes, as for
+  the beams. Columns without capacity design for shear have degrading
+  shear springs: LimitState materials coupled with ThreePoint limit curves
+  (Elwood & Moehle, 2003), with the ASCE 41-17 shear strength and the
+  post-failure slope of Shoraka & Elwood (2013).
 
 - Joints:
   Rigid, elastic, or inelastic rotational spring models
@@ -52,6 +58,13 @@ PEER Report 2003/01.
 Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center,
 University of California, Berkeley.
 
+ASCE/SEI 41-17. (2017). Seismic rehabilitation of existing buildings.
+American Society of Civil Engineers.
+
+Shoraka, M. B., & Elwood, K. J. (2013). Mechanical model for non ductile
+reinforced concrete columns. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 17(7),
+937-957.
+
 O'Reilly, G. J. (2016).
 Performance-based seismic assessment and retrofit of existing
 RC frame buildings in Italy (Doctoral dissertation, IUSS Pavia).

{simdesign-1.2.0 → simdesign-1.2.1}/simdesign/rcmrf/bnsm/cp03/__init__.py

@@ -17,14 +17,15 @@ providing instantiable component implementations.
 
 - Beam:
   Concentrated plasticity (CP) with explicit zeroLength end hinges
-  placed in series with an elastic interior beam element.
+  placed in series with an interior beam element that is nearly rigid in
+  flexure, so the hinges carry the whole flexural flexibility.
   Hinge moment-rotation behaviour follows CP01.
 
 - Column:
   Concentrated plasticity with explicit zeroLengthSection end hinges
-  and an elastic interior column element.
-  Flexural hinge behaviour follows CP01, with optional
-  degrading shear hinges supported through the inherited CP01 Column.
+  and a nearly rigid interior column element, as for the beams.
+  Flexural hinge behaviour follows CP01, with degrading shear springs for
+  columns without capacity design for shear, as in CP01.
 
 - Joints:
   Rigid joint offsets are modelled explicitly using rigid-like

{simdesign-1.2.0 → simdesign-1.2.1}/simdesign/rcmrf/bnsm/dp01/__init__.py

@@ -6,22 +6,27 @@ modelling strategy within the Building Nonlinear Structural Model (BNSM),
 suitable for nonlinear seismic assessment of reinforced concrete (RC)
 moment-resisting frame buildings.
 
-The classes defined here inherit directly from the base implementations
-in `bnsm.baselib`. Accordingly, for beams and columns, DP01 employs force-based
-beam-column elements with distributed plasticity over a finite plastic-hinge
-length computed in accordance with Priestley et al. (2007).
+The classes defined here inherit from the base implementations in
+`bnsm.baselib`. For beams and columns, DP01 employs force-based beam-column
+elements with distributed plasticity over a finite plastic-hinge length
+computed in accordance with Priestley et al. (2007).
 
 **Model Characteristics**
 
 - Beam:
   Distributed plasticity formulation using forceBeamColumn elements
-  with plastic hinge integration and aggregated section behaviour
-  (identical to the base implementation).
+  with plastic hinge integration. The Hysteretic moment-curvature hinges
+  reach the EN 1998-3 yield rotation (including its shear and bond-slip
+  terms) together with the elastic interior. The hinge sections have
+  elastic axial, torsional and weak-axis flexural materials.
 
 - Column:
   Distributed plasticity formulation using forceBeamColumn elements
-  with aggregated flexural and optional degrading shear behaviour
-  (identical to the base implementation).
+  with aggregated sections: Hysteretic moment-curvature hinges about both
+  axes, as for the beams, and elastic axial and torsional materials.
+  Columns without capacity design for shear have degrading shear springs
+  (Zimos et al., 2015) along the whole member; in capacity-designed
+  columns the shear deformation is included through the yield rotation.
 
 - Joints:
   Rigid, elastic, or inelastic rotational spring models
@@ -47,6 +52,10 @@ length computed in accordance with Priestley et al. (2007).
 Priestley, M. J. N., Calvi, G. M., & Kowalsky, M. J. (2007).
 *Displacement-based seismic design of structures*.
 IUSS Press.
+
+Zimos, D. K., Mergos, P. E., & Kappos, A. J. (2015). Shear hysteresis
+model for reinforced concrete elements including the post-peak range.
+Proceedings of the COMPDYN. https://doi.org/10.7712/120115.3565.1184
 """
 
 from .building import Building as DP01

simdesign-1.2.1/simdesign/rcmrf/bnsm/dp01/beam.py

@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+"""This module provides the beam class implementation for the ``DP01`` model in
+the BNSM layer.
+"""
+# Imports from installed packages
+import numpy as np
+import openseespy.opensees as ops
+from typing import List
+
+# Imports from bnsm base library
+from ..baselib.beam import BeamBase
+
+# Imports from utils library
+from ....utils.misc import round_list
+
+
+class Beam(BeamBase):
+    """Beam implementation for the ``DP01`` model.
+
+    This class directly uses the behaviour defined in ``BeamBase``, except
+    for the cracked elastic section (see ``_get_elastic_sec_inputs``) and the
+    elastic materials of the hinge sections.
+
+    The hinge sections have elastic materials in the degrees of freedom
+    without a hinge (axial, torsion and flexure about local-y), with the
+    properties of the elastic section, instead of rigid ones. With
+    ``HingeRadau`` integration, the hinge sections carry the elastic
+    flexibility over the plastic hinge lengths, which rigid materials would
+    leave out.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    :class:`~simdesign.rcmrf.bnsm.baselib.beam.BeamBase`
+        Base class defining the core behaviour and configuration.
+    """
+
+    def add_to_ops(self) -> None:
+        """Adds beam components to the OpenSees domain
+        (i.e, beam element and nodes).
+        """
+        # Create the elastic materials of the hinge sections
+        for mat_inputs in self._get_hinge_elastic_mat_inputs():
+            ops.uniaxialMaterial(*mat_inputs)
+        super().add_to_ops()
+
+    def to_py(self) -> List[str]:
+        """Gets the Python commands to construct beam components in OpenSees
+        domain (i.e, beam element and nodes).
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        List[str]
+            List of Python commands for constructing the components of beam
+            object in OpenSees.
+        """
+        content = super().to_py()
+        # Create the elastic materials of the hinge sections
+        idx = content.index('# Create element sections')
+        for mat_inputs in reversed(self._get_hinge_elastic_mat_inputs()):
+            mat_inputs = ', '.join(
+                repr(item) if isinstance(item, str) else str(item)
+                for item in mat_inputs
+            )
+            content.insert(idx, f"ops.uniaxialMaterial({mat_inputs})")
+
+        return content
+
+    def to_tcl(self) -> List[str]:
+        """Gets the Tcl commands to construct beam components in OpenSees
+        domain (i.e, beam element and nodes).
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        List[str]
+            List of Tcl commands for constructing the components of beam
+            object in OpenSees.
+        """
+        content = super().to_tcl()
+        # Create the elastic materials of the hinge sections
+        idx = content.index('# Create element sections')
+        for mat_inputs in reversed(self._get_hinge_elastic_mat_inputs()):
+            mat_inputs = ' '.join(f"{item}" for item in mat_inputs)
+            content.insert(idx, f"uniaxialMaterial {mat_inputs}")
+
+        return content
+
+    def _get_inelastic_sec_i_inputs(self) -> List[str | int]:
+        """Retrieves inputs for inelastic beam section at ith end.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        List[str | int]
+            List of inputs for inelastic beam section at ith end, with
+            elastic My, P and T materials.
+        """
+        sec_inputs = super()._get_inelastic_sec_i_inputs()
+        sec_inputs[6], sec_inputs[10], sec_inputs[12] = \
+            self.my_mat_tag, self.p_mat_tag, self.t_mat_tag
+
+        return sec_inputs
+
+    def _get_inelastic_sec_j_inputs(self) -> List[str | int]:
+        """Retrieves inputs for inelastic beam section at jth end.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        List[str | int]
+            List of inputs for inelastic beam section at jth end, with
+            elastic My, P and T materials.
+        """
+        sec_inputs = super()._get_inelastic_sec_j_inputs()
+        sec_inputs[6], sec_inputs[10], sec_inputs[12] = \
+            self.my_mat_tag, self.p_mat_tag, self.t_mat_tag
+
+        return sec_inputs
+
+    def _get_elastic_sec_inputs(self) -> List[str | int | float]:
+        """Retrieves elastic beam section inputs.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        List[str | int | float]
+            List of elastic beam section inputs.
+
+        Notes
+        -----
+        The hinges carry the part of the yield rotation that the elastic
+        interior does not (see ``_get_phiy_adjusted``). With ``cracked`` True,
+        the moment of inertia is therefore at least ``_get_min_interior_Iz``,
+        so that the elastic interior is not more flexible than the member at
+        yield.
+        """
+        sec_inputs = super()._get_elastic_sec_inputs()
+        if self.cracked is True:
+            sec_inputs[4] = max(sec_inputs[4], self._get_min_interior_Iz())
+
+        return round_list(sec_inputs)
+
+    def _get_min_interior_Iz(self) -> float:
+        """Gets the smallest moment of inertia of the elastic interior for
+        which the member does not exceed the yield rotation at yielding.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        float
+            ``max(My·Ls/(3·E·theta_y))`` over both end sections and bending
+            directions. With a larger moment of inertia, the elastic interior
+            gives at most ``theta_y``, and the hinges the rest (see
+            ``_get_phiy_adjusted``).
+
+        Notes
+        -----
+        ``_Iz_eff`` is the mean of ``My / phi_y`` over both end sections and
+        bending directions. At the section with the largest ``My / phi_y``,
+        the elastic part ``My·Ls/(3·E·_Iz_eff)`` may then exceed
+        ``theta_y``, and the member would yield beyond ``theta_y``.
+        """
+        props = self._get_rot_hinge_props()
+        My = np.abs(np.concatenate([props[1][[0, -1]], props[8][[0, -1]]]))
+        theta_y = np.abs(
+            np.concatenate([props[4][[0, -1]], props[11][[0, -1]]]))
+        ls = self.clear_length / 2  # Shear span, as in _get_rot_hinge_props
+        return float(np.max(My * ls / (3 * theta_y)) / self.Ecm_q)

simdesign-1.2.1/simdesign/rcmrf/bnsm/dp01/column.py

@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+"""This module provides the column class implementation for the ``DP01`` model
+in the BNSM layer.
+"""
+# Imports from installed packages
+import openseespy.opensees as ops
+from typing import List, Literal
+
+# Imports from bnsm base library
+from ..baselib.column import ColumnBase
+
+# Imports from utils library
+from ....utils.misc import round_list
+
+
+class Column(ColumnBase):
+    """Column implementation for the ``DP01`` model.
+
+    This class directly uses the behaviour defined in ``ColumnBase``, except
+    for the cracked elastic section (see ``_get_elastic_sec_inputs``) and the
+    elastic materials of the hinge sections.
+
+    The hinge sections have elastic materials in the degrees of freedom
+    without a hinge (axial and torsion), with the properties of the elastic
+    section, instead of rigid ones. With ``HingeRadau`` integration, the
+    hinge sections carry the elastic flexibility over the plastic hinge
+    lengths, which rigid materials would leave out.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    :class:`~simdesign.rcmrf.bnsm.baselib.column.ColumnBase`
+        Base class defining the core behaviour and configuration.
+    """
+
+    def add_to_ops(self) -> None:
+        """Adds column components to the OpenSees domain
+        (i.e, column element and nodes).
+        """
+        # Create the elastic materials of the hinge sections
+        for mat_inputs in self._get_hinge_elastic_mat_inputs():
+            ops.uniaxialMaterial(*mat_inputs)
+        super().add_to_ops()
+
+    def to_py(self) -> List[str]:
+        """Gets the Python commands to construct column components in OpenSees
+        domain (i.e, column element and nodes).
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        List[str]
+            List of Python commands for constructing the components of column
+            object in OpenSees.
+        """
+        content = super().to_py()
+        # Create the elastic materials of the hinge sections
+        idx = content.index('# Create element sections')
+        for mat_inputs in reversed(self._get_hinge_elastic_mat_inputs()):
+            mat_inputs = ', '.join(
+                repr(item) if isinstance(item, str) else str(item)
+                for item in mat_inputs
+            )
+            content.insert(idx, f"ops.uniaxialMaterial({mat_inputs})")
+
+        return content
+
+    def to_tcl(self) -> List[str]:
+        """Gets the Tcl commands to construct column components in OpenSees
+        domain (i.e, column element and nodes).
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        List[str]
+            List of Tcl commands for constructing the components of column
+            object in OpenSees.
+        """
+        content = super().to_tcl()
+        # Create the elastic materials of the hinge sections
+        idx = content.index('# Create element sections')
+        for mat_inputs in reversed(self._get_hinge_elastic_mat_inputs()):
+            mat_inputs = ' '.join(f"{item}" for item in mat_inputs)
+            content.insert(idx, f"uniaxialMaterial {mat_inputs}")
+
+        return content
+
+    def _get_inelastic_sec_inputs(self) -> List[str | int]:
+        """Retrieves inputs for inelastic aggregated column section.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        List[str | int]
+            List of inputs for inelastic aggregated column section, with
+            elastic P and T materials.
+        """
+        sec_inputs = super()._get_inelastic_sec_inputs()
+        sec_inputs[2], sec_inputs[12] = self.p_mat_tag, self.t_mat_tag
+
+        return sec_inputs
+
+    def _get_elastic_sec_inputs(self) -> List[str | float | int]:
+        """Retrieves elastic column section inputs.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        List[str | float | int]
+            List of elastic column section inputs.
+
+        Notes
+        -----
+        The hinges carry the part of the yield rotation that the elastic
+        interior does not (see ``_get_phiy_adjusted``). With ``cracked`` True,
+        the moments of inertia are therefore at least
+        ``_get_min_interior_I``, so that the elastic interior is not more
+        flexible than the member at yield.
+        """
+        sec_inputs = super()._get_elastic_sec_inputs()
+        if self.cracked is True:
+            sec_inputs[4] = max(sec_inputs[4], self._get_min_interior_I('x'))
+            sec_inputs[5] = max(sec_inputs[5], self._get_min_interior_I('y'))
+
+        return round_list(sec_inputs)
+
+    def _get_min_interior_I(self, axis: Literal['x', 'y']) -> float:
+        """Gets the smallest moment of inertia of the elastic interior for
+        which the member does not exceed the yield rotation at yielding.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        axis : Literal['x', 'y']
+            The local axis considered for the calculations.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        float
+            ``My·Ls/(3·E·theta_y)`` around `axis`. With a larger moment of
+            inertia, the elastic interior gives at most ``theta_y``, and the
+            hinges the rest (see ``_get_phiy_adjusted``).
+        """
+        props = self._get_rot_hinge_props(axis)
+        My, theta_y = abs(props[1]), abs(props[4])
+        ls = self.clear_length / 2  # Shear span, as in _get_phiy_adjusted
+        return float(My * ls / (3 * theta_y) / self.Ecm_q)

{simdesign-1.2.0 → simdesign-1.2.1}/simdesign/rcmrf/bnsm/dp02/__init__.py

@@ -16,14 +16,18 @@ the base implementation.
 
 - Beam:
   Distributed plasticity formulation using forceBeamColumn elements
-  with Pinching4-based flexural hinge behaviour at both ends
-  following O’Reilly (2016).
+  with Pinching4-based moment-curvature hinges at both ends following
+  O’Reilly (2016). The hinge sections have elastic axial, torsional and
+  weak-axis flexural materials, and all sections an elastic shear
+  material with the gross shear stiffness.
 
 - Column:
   Distributed plasticity formulation using forceBeamColumn elements
-  with Pinching4-based flexural hinge behaviour at both ends
-  following O’Reilly (2016). Optional degrading shear behaviour is
-  inherited from the base implementation.
+  with Pinching4-based moment-curvature hinges about both axes following
+  O’Reilly (2016), and elastic axial and torsional materials. Shear
+  materials act along the whole member: degrading shear springs (Zimos et
+  al., 2015) for columns without capacity design for shear, elastic
+  materials with the gross shear stiffness otherwise.
 
 - Joints:
   Rigid, elastic, or inelastic rotational spring models