siat 3.10.131__py3-none-any.whl → 3.10.132__py3-none-any.whl

build/lib/siat/beta_adjustment_china.py

@@ -0,0 +1,548 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+"""
+版权：王德宏，北京外国语大学国际商学院
+功能：计算CAPM模型贝塔系数的滨田调整，仅限于中国股票
+版本：2021-11-22
+"""
+
+#==============================================================================
+#关闭所有警告
+import warnings; warnings.filterwarnings('ignore')
+from siat.common import *
+from siat.translate import *
+from siat.grafix import *
+from siat.security_prices import *
+from siat.security_price2 import *
+from siat.beta_adjustment import *
+#==============================================================================
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+
+#处理绘图汉字乱码问题
+import sys; czxt=sys.platform
+if czxt in ['win32','win64']:
+    plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['SimHei']  # 设置默认字体
+    mpfrc={'font.family': 'SimHei'}
+
+if czxt in ['darwin']: #MacOSX
+    plt.rcParams['font.family']= ['Heiti TC']
+    mpfrc={'font.family': 'Heiti TC'}
+
+if czxt in ['linux']: #website Jupyter
+    plt.rcParams['font.family']= ['Heiti TC']
+    mpfrc={'font.family':'Heiti TC'}
+
+# 解决保存图像时'-'显示为方块的问题
+plt.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False 
+
+#==============================================================================
+if __name__=='__main__':
+    ticker="600606.SS" 
+    start='2015-1-1'
+    end='2021-12-31'
+    period_type='annual'
+    period_type='quarterly'
+    period_type='all'
+    
+def prepare_hamada_is_ak(ticker,start,end,period_type='all'):
+    """
+    从akshare获取利润表数据
+    获取的项目：所得税费用，税前利润
+    """
+
+    #是否中国股票
+    result,prefix,suffix=split_prefix_suffix(ticker)
+    if not (suffix in ['SS','SZ']):
+        print("  #Error(prepare_hamada_is_ak): not a stock in China",ticker)
+        return None        
+    
+    #抓取利润表
+    import akshare as ak
+    try:
+        fs = ak.stock_financial_report_sina(stock=prefix, symbol="利润表")
+    except:
+        print("  #Error(prepare_hamada_is_ak): no income stmt available for",ticker)
+        return None        
+    
+    fs1=fs.drop_duplicates(subset=['报表日期'],keep='first') #去重
+    fs1.sort_values(by=['报表日期'],ascending=True,inplace=True)   #升序排序
+    
+    #重建索引，排序
+    fs1['date']=pd.to_datetime(fs1['报表日期'])
+    fs1.set_index('date',inplace=True)
+
+    #提取需要的项目：所得税费用，税前利润
+    fs1['Income Tax Expense']=fs1['减：所得税费用'].astype('float')
+    fs1['Income Before Tax']=fs1['四、利润总额'].astype('float')
+    fs1['Net Income']=fs1['五、净利润'].astype('float')
+    fs2=fs1[['Income Before Tax','Income Tax Expense','Net Income']].copy()
+    #fs2['Profit Margin']=fs2['Income Before Tax']-fs2['Income Tax Expense']
+    
+    #过滤日期和类型
+    valid,start1,end1=check_period(start,end)
+    if not valid:
+        print("  #Warning(prepare_hamada_is_ak): invalid period",start,end)
+        fs3=fs2
+    else:
+        fs2a=fs2[fs2.index >=start1]
+        fs3=fs2a[fs2a.index <=end1]
+    
+    fs3['Year']=fs3.index.year
+    fs3['Month']=fs3.index.month
+    period_type=period_type.lower()
+    if period_type=='annual':
+        fs4=fs3[fs3['Month']==12]
+    else:
+        fs4=fs3
+    fs5=fs4[['Income Before Tax','Income Tax Expense','Net Income']]
+    
+    return fs5
+
+if __name__=='__main__':
+    prepare_hamada_is_ak('600519.SS','2018-1-1','2020-12-31')    
+    prepare_hamada_is_ak('600519.SS','2010-1-1','2020-12-31',period_type='annual')
+
+#==============================================================================
+if __name__=='__main__':
+    ticker="600519.SS" 
+    start='2015-1-1'
+    end='2021-12-31'
+    period_type='annual'
+    period_type='quarterly'
+    period_type='all'
+    
+def prepare_hamada_bs_ak(ticker,start,end,period_type='all'):
+    """
+    从akshare获取资产负债表数据
+    获取的项目：负债合计，股东权益合计
+    """
+
+    #是否中国股票
+    result,prefix,suffix=split_prefix_suffix(ticker)
+    if not (suffix in ['SS','SZ']):
+        print("  #Error(prepare_hamada_is_ak): not a stock in China",ticker)
+        return None        
+    
+    #抓取资产负债表
+    import akshare as ak
+    try:
+        fs = ak.stock_financial_report_sina(stock=prefix, symbol="资产负债表")
+    except:
+        print("  #Error(prepare_hamada_bs_ak): no balance sheet available for",ticker)
+        return None        
+    
+    fs1=fs.drop_duplicates(subset=['报表日期'],keep='first') #去重
+    fs1.sort_values(by=['报表日期'],ascending=True,inplace=True)   #升序排序
+    
+    #重建索引，排序
+    fs1['date']=pd.to_datetime(fs1['报表日期'])
+    fs1.set_index('date',inplace=True)
+
+    #提取需要的项目：所得税费用，税前利润
+    fs1['Total Liab']=fs1['负债合计'].astype('float')
+    fs1['Total Stockholder Equity']=fs1['所有者权益(或股东权益)合计'].astype('float')
+    fs1['Total Assets']=fs1['资产总计'].astype('float')
+    fs2=fs1[['Total Liab','Total Stockholder Equity','Total Assets']].copy()
+    #fs2['Total Assets2']=fs2['Total Liab']+fs2['Total Stockholder Equity']
+    
+    #过滤日期和类型
+    valid,start1,end1=check_period(start,end)
+    if not valid:
+        print("  #Warning(prepare_hamada_is_ak): invalid period",start,end)
+        fs3=fs2
+    else:
+        fs2a=fs2[fs2.index >=start1]
+        fs3=fs2a[fs2a.index <=end1]
+    
+    fs3['Year']=fs3.index.year
+    fs3['Month']=fs3.index.month
+    period_type=period_type.lower()
+    if period_type=='annual':
+        fs4=fs3[fs3['Month']==12]
+    else:
+        fs4=fs3
+    fs5=fs4[['Total Liab','Total Stockholder Equity','Total Assets']]
+    
+    return fs5
+
+if __name__=='__main__':
+    prepare_hamada_bs_ak('600519.SS','2018-1-1','2020-12-31')    
+    prepare_hamada_bs_ak('600519.SS','2010-1-1','2020-12-31',period_type='annual')
+
+#==============================================================================
+if __name__ =="__main__":
+    ticker='600606.SS'
+    start='2017-1-1'
+    end='2020-9-30'
+    period_type='all'
+
+def prepare_hamada_ak(ticker,start,end,period_type='all'):
+    """
+    功能：从akshare下载财报数据，计算hamada模型需要的因子
+    局限：只能下载中国股票的财报
+    输入：股票代码
+    输出：
+        寻找数据项：所得税费用，税前利润，计算实际税率；
+        总负债，所有者权益，计算财务杠杆
+    数据框, CFLB，贝塔Lev对贝塔Unlev的倍数
+    年度列表
+    """
+    print("  Searching for financial information for",ticker,"...")
+    
+    #利润表
+    is1=prepare_hamada_is_ak(ticker,start,end,period_type)
+
+    is1['tax rate']=is1['Income Tax Expense']/is1['Income Before Tax']
+    import pandas as pd
+    tax=pd.DataFrame(is1['tax rate'])
+
+    #资产负债表
+    bs1=prepare_hamada_bs_ak(ticker,start,end,period_type)
+
+    bs1['lev ratio']=bs1['Total Liab']/bs1["Total Stockholder Equity"]
+    lev=pd.DataFrame(bs1['lev ratio'])
+    
+    #合成，计算
+    fac=pd.merge(lev,tax,how='left',left_index=True,right_index=True)
+    fac['CFLB%']=1/(1+(1/fac['lev ratio'])*(1/abs(1-fac['tax rate'])))*100
+    fac['lev_unlev']=1+fac['lev ratio']*(1-fac['tax rate'])
+    
+    fac['ticker']=ticker
+
+    return fac
+
+if __name__ =="__main__":
+    prepare_hamada_ak("600519.SS",'2018-1-1','2020-12-31')
+    prepare_hamada_ak("600519.SS",'2018-1-1','2020-12-31','all')
+
+#==============================================================================
+if __name__ =="__main__":
+    stkcd='600519.SS'
+    mktidx='000001.SS'
+    start='2010-1-1'
+    end='2020-12-31'
+
+def get_beta_hamada_china_v0(stkcd,mktidx,start,end,printout=True,graph=True):
+    """
+    函数功能：使用Hamada(1972)方法，计算无杠杆贝塔系数
+    输入参数：
+    stkcd: 股票代码
+    mktidx: 指数代码
+    输出数据：显示CAPM市场模型回归的beta, 以及调整后的beta系数
+    返回数据：CAPM的beta, Hamada beta，CFLB(债务融资对CAPM beta系数的贡献率)
+    注：本函数废弃
+    """
+    
+    #计算Hamada参数，并返回可用的年度列表
+    fac=prepare_hamada_ak(stkcd,start,end,period_type='annual')
+    if fac is None:
+        print("#Error(get_beta_hamada_china): no financial info available for",stkcd)
+        return None
+    fac['year']=fac.index.strftime("%Y")
+    yearlist=list(fac['year'])
+        
+    #读取股价并准备好收益率数据
+    try:
+        R=prepare_capm(stkcd,mktidx,start,end)
+    except:
+        print("  #Error(get_beta_hamada_china): preparing CAPM data failed!")
+        print("  Info:",stkcd,mktidx,yearlist)              
+        return None
+
+    if (R is None):
+        print("  #Error(get_beta_hamada_china): no CAPM beta calculated")
+        return None
+    if (len(R) == 0):
+        print("  #Error(get_beta_hamada_china): no CAPM beta available")
+        return None
+    
+    R=R.dropna()
+    
+    #用于保存beta(CAPM)和beta(Hamada)
+    import pandas as pd
+    betas=pd.DataFrame(columns=('Year','Beta(CAPM)','Beta(Unlevered)','CFLB%', \
+                                'lev ratio','tax rate'))
+
+    from scipy import stats    
+    for year in yearlist:
+        r=R[R['Year']==year]
+        if len(r) != 0:   
+            output=stats.linregress(r['Close_x'],r['Close_y'])
+            (beta_capm,alpha,r_value,p_value,std_err)=output               
+            
+            #Hamada无杠杆因子
+            lev_unlev=fac[fac['year']==year]['lev_unlev'].values[0]
+            beta_hamada=beta_capm/lev_unlev
+            cflb=fac[fac['year']==year]['CFLB%'].values[0]            
+            
+            lev_ratio=fac[fac['year']==year]['lev ratio'].values[0]
+            tax_rate=fac[fac['year']==year]['tax rate'].values[0]
+            row=pd.Series({'Year':year,'Beta(CAPM)':beta_capm, \
+                           'Beta(Unlevered)':beta_hamada,'CFLB%':cflb, \
+                            'lev ratio':lev_ratio,'tax rate':tax_rate})
+            try:
+                betas=betas.append(row,ignore_index=True)
+            except:
+                betas=betas._append(row,ignore_index=True)
+
+    betas.set_index(["Year"], inplace=True)
+
+    import datetime as dt; today=dt.date.today()
+    if printout == True: 
+        pd.set_option('display.max_columns', 1000)
+        pd.set_option('display.width', 1000)
+        pd.set_option('display.max_colwidth', 1000)
+        print("\n=有杠杆（CAPM）对比无杠杆（Unlevered）贝塔系数=")
+        betas1=betas[['Beta(CAPM)','Beta(Unlevered)','CFLB%']]
+        print(betas1)
+        print("\n*** 数据来源：新浪，"+str(today))
+        
+    if graph == True:
+        model="有/无杠杆贝塔系数趋势对比"
+        draw2_betas(model,mktidx,stkcd,betas)
+        
+        #绘制CFLB
+        if len(betas)<=1: return betas
+        
+        plt.plot(betas['CFLB%'],marker='o',color='red',lw=3,label='CFLB%')
+        
+        cflb_mean=betas['CFLB%'].mean()
+        plt.axhline(y=cflb_mean,color='b',linestyle=':',label='均值线') 
+        
+        title1=ticker_name(stkcd)+": 财务杠杆对贝塔系数的贡献度(CFLB)"+ \
+            "\n(基于"+ticker_name(mktidx)+")"
+        plt.title(title1,fontsize=12,fontweight='bold')
+        plt.ylabel("CFLB%",fontsize=12,fontweight='bold')
+        
+        
+        footnote="注：CFLB均值="+str(round(cflb_mean,2))+'%\n数据来源：新浪，'+str(today)
+        plt.xlabel(footnote)
+        
+        plt.grid(ls='-.')
+        #查看可用的样式：print(plt.style.available)
+        #样式：bmh(好),classic,ggplot(好，图大)，tableau-colorblind10，
+        #样式：seaborn-bright，seaborn-poster，seaborn-whitegrid
+        plt.style.use('bmh')
+        plt.legend(loc='best')
+        plt.gcf().autofmt_xdate() # 优化标注（自动倾斜）
+        plt.gca().set_facecolor('whitesmoke')
+        
+        #plt.xticks(rotation=30)
+        plt.show()         
+
+    return betas
+    
+if __name__=='__main__':
+    betas=get_beta_hamada_china('000002.SZ','399001.SZ','2000-1-1','2021-12-31')
+
+#==============================================================================
+def draw_hamada_factors_china(stkcd,mktidx,betas):
+    """
+    功能：绘制Hamada模型因子的变化折线图，企业实际所得税税率，资产负债率，CFLB
+    """
+    if len(betas)<=1: return
+    
+    #计算资产负债率：由 D/E到 D/(A=D+E)
+    betas['Debt/Assets%']=1/(1+1/(betas['lev ratio']/100))*100
+
+    #fig=plt.figure(figsize=(12.8,6.4))
+    fig=plt.figure()
+    ax1=fig.add_subplot(111)
+    ax1.plot(betas['CFLB%'],marker='o',color='green',lw=3,label='CFLB%')
+    ax1.plot(betas['Debt/Assets%'],marker='o',color='red',lw=2,ls='--', \
+             label='资产负债率%')
+    ax1.set_ylabel("CFLB%, 资产负债率%")
+    ax1.legend(loc='upper left') 
+    ax1.set_xticklabels(betas.index,rotation=45)
+    
+    ax2=ax1.twinx()
+    ax2.plot(betas['tax rate'],marker='o',color='black',lw=2,ls='-.', \
+             label='实际税率%')
+    ax2.set_ylabel('实际税率%')  
+    ax2.legend(loc='lower right')
+    ax2.set_xticklabels(betas.index,rotation=45)
+    
+    title1=ticker_name(stkcd)+": 滨田因子对贝塔系数的影响"+ \
+            "\n(基于"+ticker_name(mktidx)+")"
+    plt.title(title1,fontsize=12,fontweight='bold')
+    plt.style.use('ggplot')
+    
+    plt.gca().set_facecolor('whitesmoke')
+    plt.show()     
+    
+    return
+
+if __name__ =="__main__":
+    draw_hamada_factors_china('000002.SZ','399001.SZ',betas)
+#==============================================================================
+#==============================================================================
+#==============================================================================
+if __name__ =="__main__":
+    stkcd='600606.SS'
+    mktidx='000001.SS'
+    start='2018-1-1'
+    end='2021-9-30'
+    period_type='all'
+
+def get_beta_hamada_china(stkcd,mktidx,start,end,period_type='all', \
+                           printout=True,graph=True):
+    """
+    函数功能：使用Hamada(1972)方法，计算无杠杆贝塔系数，绘图，仅限于中国股票
+    输入参数：
+    stkcd: 股票代码
+    mktidx: 指数代码
+    输出数据：显示CAPM市场模型回归的beta, 以及调整后的beta系数
+    返回数据：CAPM的beta, Hamada beta，CFLB(债务融资对CAPM beta系数的贡献率)
+    特点：既能处理年报，也能处理季报
+    """
+    
+    #计算Hamada参数，并返回可用的年度列表
+    fac=prepare_hamada_ak(stkcd,start,end,period_type)
+    if fac is None:
+        print("  #Error(get_beta_hamada_china2): no financial info available for",stkcd)
+        return None
+    
+    datecvt=lambda x: str(x.strftime("%Y-%m-%d"))
+    fac['fsdate']=fac.index.date
+    fac['fsdate']=fac['fsdate'].apply(datecvt)
+        
+    #读取股价并准备好收益率数据
+    try:
+        R=prepare_capm(stkcd,mktidx,start,end)
+    except:
+        print("  #Error(get_beta_hamada_china): preparing CAPM data failed for",stkcd,mktidx)
+        return None
+    if R is None:
+        print("  #Error(get_beta_hamada_china): info in CAPM inaccessible for",stkcd,mktidx)
+        return None
+    if len(R) == 0:
+        print("  #Error(get_beta_hamada_china): zero record found in CAPM for",stkcd,mktidx)
+        return None    
+    
+    R=R.dropna()
+    R['prcdate']=R.index.date
+    R['prcdate']=R['prcdate'].apply(datecvt)
+    
+    #用于保存beta(CAPM)和beta(Hamada)
+    import pandas as pd
+    betas=pd.DataFrame(columns=('Date','Beta(CAPM)','Beta(Unlevered)','CFLB%'))
+    fsdatelist=list(fac['fsdate'])
+    from scipy import stats    
+    for d in fsdatelist:
+        dstart=date_adjust(d,adjust=-365)
+        r=R[R['prcdate'] >= dstart]
+        r=r[r['prcdate'] <= d]
+        if len(r) != 0:   
+            output=stats.linregress(r['Close_x'],r['Close_y'])
+            (beta_capm,alpha,r_value,p_value,std_err)=output               
+            
+            #Hamada无杠杆因子
+            lev_unlev=fac[fac['fsdate']==d]['lev_unlev'].values[0]
+            beta_hamada=beta_capm/lev_unlev
+            cflb=fac[fac['fsdate']==d]['CFLB%'].values[0]            
+
+            row=pd.Series({'Date':d,'Beta(CAPM)':beta_capm, \
+                           'Beta(Unlevered)':beta_hamada,'CFLB%':cflb})
+            try:
+                betas=betas.append(row,ignore_index=True)
+            except:
+                betas=betas._append(row,ignore_index=True)
+    betas.set_index(["Date"], inplace=True)
+
+    #打印
+    import datetime as dt; today=dt.date.today()
+    if printout == True: 
+        pd.set_option('display.max_columns', 1000)
+        pd.set_option('display.width', 1000)
+        pd.set_option('display.max_colwidth', 1000)
+        print("\n=有杠杆（CAPM）对比无杠杆（Unlevered）贝塔系数=")
+        print(betas)
+        print("\n*** 数据来源：新浪，"+str(today))
+    
+    #绘图：两种杠杆对比图，CFLB图
+    if graph == True:
+        if len(betas)<=1: 
+            print("  #Notice(get_beta_hamada_china): too few info for graphics of",stkcd)
+            return betas
+        
+        #图1：绘制Hamada对比图
+        titletxt=ticker_name(stkcd)+"：CAPM/无杠杆贝塔系数对比"
+        import datetime; today = datetime.date.today()
+        footnote="注: 基于"+ticker_name(mktidx)
+        footnote2="\n数据来源: 新浪,"+str(today)
+        #draw2_betas(model,mktidx,stkcd,betas)
+        plot_2lines(betas,'Beta(CAPM)','CAPM贝塔系数', \
+                betas,'Beta(Unlevered)','无杠杆贝塔系数', \
+                '贝塔系数',titletxt,footnote+footnote2,hline=1,vline=0,resample_freq='H')
+        
+        #图2：绘制CFLB单图
+        """
+        plt.plot(betas['CFLB%'],marker='o',color='red',lw=3,label='CFLB%')
+        """
+        #均值
+        cflb_avg=betas['CFLB%'].mean()
+        cflb_avg_txt='，CFLB%均值为'+str(round(cflb_avg,1))+'%'
+        """
+        plt.axhline(y=cflb_avg,color='b',linestyle=':',label=cflb_avg_txt)
+        
+        #plt.title(title1,fontsize=12,fontweight='bold')
+        plt.title(title1)
+        #plt.ylabel("CFLB %",fontsize=12,fontweight='bold')
+        plt.xlabel(footnote+footnote2)
+        
+        plt.grid(ls='-.')
+        #查看可用的样式：print(plt.style.available)
+        #样式：bmh(好),classic,ggplot(好，图大)，tableau-colorblind10，
+        #样式：seaborn-bright，seaborn-poster，seaborn-whitegrid
+        plt.style.use('bmh')
+        plt.gcf().autofmt_xdate() # 优化标注（自动倾斜）
+        plt.legend(loc='best')
+        plt.show(); plt.close()
+        """
+        titletxt=ticker_name(stkcd)+": 财务杠杆对于贝塔系数的贡献度(CFLB)"
+        plot_line(betas,'CFLB%','CFLB%','财务杠杆对于贝塔系数的贡献度%',titletxt, \
+                  footnote+cflb_avg_txt+footnote2,power=6)
+        
+        #图3：绘制CFLB+财务杠杆双图
+        df1=betas; df2=fac.set_index(["fsdate"])
+        ticker1=ticker2=stkcd
+        colname1='CFLB%'; colname2='lev ratio'
+        label1='CFLB%'; label2='财务杠杆'
+        titletxt=ticker_name(stkcd)+": CFLB与财务杠杆之间的关系"
+        footnote='注: 这里的财务杠杆使用的是负债/所有者权益'
+        
+        plot_line2_twinx(df1,ticker1,colname1,label1,df2,ticker2,colname2,label2, \
+        titletxt,footnote+footnote2)
+        
+        #图4：绘制CFLB+税率双图
+        #df1=betas; df2=fac.set_index(["fsdate"])
+        #ticker1=ticker2=stkcd
+        colname1='CFLB%'; colname2='tax rate'
+        label1='CFLB%'; label2='实际税率'
+        titletxt=ticker_name(stkcd)+": CFLB与税率之间的关系"
+        footnote='注: 这里使用的是实际税率'
+        
+        plot_line2_twinx(df1,ticker1,colname1,label1,df2,ticker2,colname2,label2, \
+        titletxt,footnote+footnote2)
+            
+    return betas
+    
+if __name__=='__main__':
+    betas1=get_beta_hamada_china('000002.SZ','399001.SZ','2010-1-1','2021-12-31','annual')
+
+#==============================================================================
+#==============================================================================
+#==============================================================================
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+    

build/lib/siat/blockchain.py

@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+本模块功能：区块链的创建与查询，仅限测试使用
+所属工具包：证券投资分析工具SIAT 
+SIAT：Security Investment Analysis Tool
+创建日期：2018年9月18日
+最新修订日期：2020年2月7日
+作者：王德宏 (WANG Dehong, Peter)
+作者单位：北京外国语大学国际商学院
+版权所有：王德宏
+用途限制：仅限研究与教学使用，不可商用！商用需要额外授权。
+特别声明：作者不对使用本工具进行证券投资导致的任何损益负责！
+"""
+
+import hashlib as hasher
+class Block:
+    """
+    定义一个区块链中的区块:
+    为了保证整个区块链的完整性，每一个区块都有一个唯一的哈希值，用于自我标识。
+    比如比特币，每一个区块的哈希值是由区块的索引、时间戳、数据以及前一个区块的哈希，
+    经过加密后得到的。其中，数据可以选取任意值。    
+    """
+    def __init__(self, index, timestamp, data, previous_hash):
+        self.index = index
+        self.timestamp = timestamp
+        self.data = data
+        self.previous_hash = previous_hash
+        self.hash = self.hash_block()
+
+    def hash_block(self):
+        sha = hasher.sha256()
+        sha.update((str(self.index) + 
+                   str(self.timestamp) + 
+                   str(self.data) + 
+                   str(self.previous_hash)).encode('utf-8'))
+        return sha.hexdigest()
+
+
+import datetime as date
+def create_genesis_block():
+    """
+    创建一个区块链中的创世区块：即第一个区块
+    这个区块的索引为0，此外，它所包含的数据以及前一个区块的哈希值都是一个任意的值。
+    """ 
+    # Manually construct ablock with
+    # index zero and arbitrary previous hash
+    return Block(0, date.datetime.now(), "RootBlock", "0")
+
+
+def next_block(last_block,this_data):
+    """
+    增加一个区块：
+    还需要一个函数来生成链上更多的区块。该函数将链上前一个区块作为参数，
+    为后面的区块生成数据，并返回具有带有数据的新区块。
+    当生成的新区块包含了前一个区块的哈希值，区块链的完整性就会随着每个区块的增加而增加。
+    这样的操作虽然看起来有点复杂，但如果不这么做，其他人就会很容易篡改链上的数据，
+    甚至把整条链都给换了。所以，链上区块的哈希值就充当了密码证明，
+    确保区块一旦被添加到区块链上，就不能被替换或者删除。
+    """
+    this_index =last_block.index + 1
+    this_timestamp =date.datetime.now()
+    #this_data = "Hey! I'm block " +str(this_index)
+    this_hash = last_block.hash
+    return Block(this_index, this_timestamp, this_data, this_hash)
+
+
+def create_block_chain(transactions):
+    """
+    创建一个实际的区块链例子并打印出来
+    """
+    # Create the blockchain and add the genesis block
+    blockchain = [create_genesis_block()]
+    previous_block = blockchain[0]
+    # How many blocks should we add to the chain after the genesis block
+    num_of_blocks_to_add= len(transactions)
+    # Add blocks to the chain
+    for i in range(0, num_of_blocks_to_add):
+        block_to_add= next_block(previous_block,transactions[i])
+        blockchain.append(block_to_add)
+        previous_block = block_to_add
+        # Tell everyone about it!
+        print ("#{}区块已加入区块链!".format(block_to_add.index))
+        print ("上家哈希值:{}".format(block_to_add.previous_hash))
+        print ("区块哈希值:{}".format(block_to_add.hash))
+        print ("本区块内容:{}".format(block_to_add.data))
+        print ("本块时间戳:{}\n".format(block_to_add.timestamp))
+    
+    return blockchain
+
+if __name__=='__main__':
+    transactions=["交易1：开户","交易2：存款1万元","交易3：取款5千元"]
+    blockchain=create_block_chain(transactions)
+
+
+def append_block_chain(blockchain,transactions):
+    """
+    增加区块至现有的一个区块链
+    """
+    l = len(blockchain)
+    previous_block = blockchain[l-1]
+    # How many blocks should we add to the chain after the genesis block
+    num_of_blocks_to_add= len(transactions)
+    # Add blocks to the chain
+    for i in range(0, num_of_blocks_to_add):
+        block_to_add= next_block(previous_block,transactions[i])
+        blockchain.append(block_to_add)
+        previous_block = block_to_add
+        # Tell everyone about it!
+        print ("#{}区块已加入区块链!".format(block_to_add.index))
+        print ("上家哈希值:{}".format(block_to_add.previous_hash))
+        print ("区块哈希值:{}".format(block_to_add.hash))
+        print ("本区块内容:{}".format(block_to_add.data))
+        print ("本块时间戳:{}\n".format(block_to_add.timestamp))
+    
+    return blockchain
+
+if __name__=='__main__':
+    transactions2=["交易A：转账3千元","交易B：取款1千元"]
+    blockchain=append_block_chain(blockchain,transactions2)
+
+
+def search_block_chain(blockchain,word):
+    """
+    搜索一个区块链的数据内容
+    """
+    found=0
+    # 遍历整个区块链
+    for i in range(0, len(blockchain)):
+        data=blockchain[i].data
+        if data.find(word) != -1:
+            found=found+1
+            print ("找到区块#{}".format(blockchain[i].index))
+            #print ("上家哈希值:{}".format(blockchain[i].previous_hash))
+            #print ("区块哈希值:{}".format(blockchain[i].hash))
+            print ("本区块内容:{}".format(blockchain[i].data))
+            print ("本块时间戳:{}\n".format(blockchain[i].timestamp))
+    if found == 0: print("抱歉，区块链中未能找到搜索关键字："+word)
+    else: print("共找到"+str(found)+"个区块含有搜索关键字："+word) 
+    
+    return
+
+if __name__=='__main__':
+    search_block_chain(blockchain,"万元")