rwkv-quant 0.1.0__tar.gz

rwkv_quant-0.1.0/LICENSE

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rwkv_quant-0.1.0/PKG-INFO

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+Metadata-Version: 2.4
+Name: rwkv-quant
+Version: 0.1.0
+Summary: Quantization toolkit and Metal inference backend for RWKV-7 on Apple Silicon
+Author: Alexei Goncharov
+License: Apache-2.0
+Project-URL: Homepage, https://impulseleap.com
+Keywords: rwkv,quantization,mlx,metal,apple-silicon,llm,inference
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: Apache Software License
+Classifier: Operating System :: MacOS
+Requires-Python: >=3.10
+Description-Content-Type: text/markdown
+License-File: LICENSE
+Requires-Dist: mlx>=0.31
+Requires-Dist: numpy
+Requires-Dist: torch
+Requires-Dist: safetensors
+Requires-Dist: rwkv-metal>=0.1.3
+Provides-Extra: dev
+Requires-Dist: pytest; extra == "dev"
+Dynamic: license-file
+
+# rwkv-quant
+
+Quantization toolkit **and Metal inference backend** for RWKV-7 on Apple
+Silicon. Portable `.rwkvq` checkpoint format, outlier-aware calibration, and
+custom Metal GEMV kernels that decode the quantized format directly — no
+dequantized weight copy in memory.
+
+Reference model: `rwkv7-g1h-1.5b` (BlinkDL G1H 1.5B, bf16 2953 MB).
+Reference machine: M4 MacBook Air 16 GB (base chip, fanless).
+
+## Results
+
+| model | size | ppl | vs bf16 | decode | prefill (T=1024) |
+|---|---|---|---|---|---|
+| bf16 (no quant) | 2953 MB | 11.430 | — | — | — |
+| **`reduction`** (ours — groupwise int6 + AW) | 1255.9 MB (2.35x) | 11.4438 | **+0.12%** | 17.7 ms/tok | 437 tok/s |
+| **`compression`** (ours — groupwise int4/5 + AW) | 970.7 MB (3.04x) | 11.7125 | +2.47% | **14.8 ms/tok** (14.15 fused, 14.02 w/ n-gram speculation) | 545 tok/s |
+| MollySophia MLX int6† (community, native MLX affine) | 1272.0 MB | 11.5507 | +1.06% | 15.10 ms/tok | 591 tok/s |
+| Canonical int6 RTN‡ (naive per-row, no groups/AW) | 1530.5 MB | 13.2726 | +16.12% | 19.44 ms/tok | 630 tok/s |
+| Canonical int4 RTN‡ (naive per-row, no groups/AW) | 767.1 MB | 3798.62 | ~332x (broken) | 13.65 ms/tok | 543 tok/s |
+
+`reduction` beats the community int6 build on quality (9x less degradation)
+at a comparable size. `compression` beats it on every axis: smaller, faster,
+and less than half the quality loss. Against the canonical (naive,
+off-the-shelf-style) baselines: `reduction` is both **smaller and 130x less
+degraded** than canonical int6 despite the same nominal bit depth — canonical
+int6 has no real sub-byte packing in this codebase, so it lands at roughly
+the same disk size as int8 would; naive bit-width choice alone does not buy
+real compression without a dedicated packer. Canonical int4 goes further and
+simply breaks the model (ppl 3798, not a typo). See [Method](#method) for why.
+
+† MollySophia hasn't published a G1H build, so her row is measured on the G1
+checkpoint, not G1H — size/decode/prefill are apples-to-apples (identical
+architecture, same process, same machine), but part of the ppl gap may
+reflect the different base checkpoint, not only the quantization scheme.
+
+‡ Canonical rows were measured on the same reference machine and corpus, but
+as separate single-model runs (`tests/eval_canonical_int4.py` /
+`eval_canonical_int6.py`), not in the same interleaved four-way A/B process
+used for the bf16/MollySophia/`compression`/`reduction` row — see
+[What "ppl" means](#what-ppl-means-and-how-its-measured) for why that
+distinction matters for the timing columns (not for ppl, which doesn't
+depend on thermal state).
+
+## Method
+
+Four things distinguish `reduction`/`compression` from a generic INT4/INT6
+quantizer (i.e. from the canonical rows above):
+
+1. **Groupwise asymmetric scale, not per-row/per-tensor.** Weights are split
+   into blocks of 32 (each with its own 6-bit scale/min pair), grouped into
+   superblocks of 256 (each with an fp16 scale pair the 6-bit pairs multiply
+   against) — see [Format](#format). A per-row or per-tensor scale is set by
+   that row's single largest value; real RWKV-7 weights have per-channel
+   outliers **40-96x** the typical magnitude (measured on the 1.5B
+   reference — see [Root cause](#root-cause)), so a per-row scale forces
+   everything else in that row into 1-2 quantization codes. A block of 32 is
+   small enough that an outlier only damages its own block, not the whole
+   row.
+2. **Real sub-byte packing.** Blocks are stored as nibbles (with extra
+   bit-planes for 5/6-bit codes) — an actual `IN/2`-byte footprint for 4-bit
+   codes, not codes-stored-as-int8-anyway. This is *why* canonical int6 in
+   the table above is the biggest file in the comparison despite being lower
+   bit-depth than bf16's implicit 16: without a dedicated packer, "6-bit"
+   quantization has nowhere to shrink to below int8.
+3. **Activation-weighted (AW) scale search, applied per group, not
+   blanket.** Instead of minimizing raw weight reconstruction error, AW
+   search minimizes error weighted by activation statistics from a
+   calibration pass — it measurably helps `cmix`/`emb_head` at these bit
+   depths, but *hurts* `proj` at 6-bit (a result from direct measurement,
+   not something predicted in advance — see `presets.py`). Each preset turns
+   AW on or off per group based on what the measurement showed, not a single
+   global switch.
+4. **Per-group bit-width calibration instead of a uniform bit depth.**
+   Sensitivity to quantization varies enormously by parameter group *and*
+   doesn't transfer across model scale — `small`/`g_lora` survive INT2 on a
+   61M model and go catastrophic on the 1.5B reference at the same bit
+   depth (see [Why quantization sensitivity doesn't transfer across
+   scale](#why-quantization-sensitivity-doesnt-transfer-across-scale)).
+   `reduction`/`compression` are presets calibrated on the 1.5B reference;
+   `calibrate()` runs the same per-group search on a checkpoint of your
+   choosing instead of assuming a preset transfers.
+
+A sparse-outlier scheme (SpQR-style: store a few exact values out-of-band
+instead of quantizing them) was tried earlier and is retained in
+`calibration/` for reference, but groupwise scale alone reached about half
+the quality loss of per-row+SpQR at the same size — see
+[Format](#format) for that finding.
+
+## What "ppl" means and how it's measured
+
+**Perplexity (ppl)** = `exp(mean token negative log-likelihood)` under
+teacher forcing — informally, how "surprised" the model is by the correct
+next token on average, exponentiated back into a per-token scale. Lower is
+better; a bf16 model is the reference point, and every other row is reported
+as `+X%` — the relative *increase* in ppl caused by quantization (so `+0.12%`
+means near-lossless, `~332x` means broken).
+
+All numbers in this README come from the same fixed corpus: an 8-sequence x
+128-token slice (1024 tokens, 1016 scored after the next-token shift) from a
+~91k-character, multi-language, multi-topic text mix (literature, technical
+writing, encyclopedic text, several languages), tokenized once with the
+standard RWKV World tokenizer (byte-level trie, greedy longest match) and
+reused unchanged across every row. **This is not a published benchmark** —
+not WikiText, not LAMBADA — so the absolute ppl numbers are only meaningful
+*relative to each other*, on this exact slice, with this exact tokenizer;
+don't compare them to numbers from other papers or other corpora.
+
+Every row is scored through its own real quantized kernel end-to-end (never
+a dequant-to-dense shortcut) — `reduction`/`compression` via
+`backends/metal/quant_linear_gw.py`, MollySophia's via `mx.quantized_matmul`
+(her native MLX format), canonical via the plain per-row kernel — so the ppl
+numbers reflect what you'd actually get running that kernel, not a
+theoretical best case. The WKV-7 recurrence itself is never quantized in any
+row; only the linear projections differ by scheme.
+
+## Quick start
+
+```python
+from rwkv_quant import quantize
+
+# near-lossless, 2.35x smaller than bf16 (+0.12% ppl on the 1.5B reference)
+quantize("model.pth", "model.rwkvq", preset="reduction")
+
+# 3.04x smaller, moderate cost (+2.47% ppl), fastest decode
+quantize("model.pth", "model.rwkvq", preset="compression")
+```
+
+Both presets use activation-weighted (AW) scale search and expect activation
+statistics at the path set in `QuantConfig.act_stats_path`
+(`tests/collect_act_stats.py` produces them in ~30 s).
+
+Inference (Metal / MLX):
+
+```python
+from rwkv_quant.formats.reader import load_raw
+from rwkv_quant.backends.metal.quant_model import QuantRWKV7
+
+model = QuantRWKV7(load_raw("model.rwkvq"))
+state = model.init_state(1)
+logits, state = model.forward_stateful(token_ids, state)   # prefill / decode
+```
+
+Presets are calibrated on `rwkv7-g1h-1.5b` — see
+[Why presets aren't universal](#why-quantization-sensitivity-doesnt-transfer-across-scale).
+For a checkpoint-specific config run `calibrate()` or build a `QuantConfig`
+by hand (per-group bits, group scale sizes, scale modes, clipping).
+
+## Format
+
+`.rwkvq` stores group-wise asymmetric quantization ("sb6"): blocks of 32
+weights share a 6-bit scale/min pair (`qs`/`qm`), superblocks of 256 share an
+fp16 pair (`d`/`dm`) that the 6-bit pairs multiply. Codes are packed as
+nibbles; INT5/INT6 add one/two bit-planes on top. Scale search is
+activation-weighted where it helps (per-group setting). The format is
+backend-independent; per-tensor bits and modes live in the file, not in code.
+
+A finding that shaped the presets: **granularity beats bits.** Group-wise
+sb6 at INT4/5 replaced an earlier per-row + SpQR-outlier scheme of the same
+size with roughly half the quality loss. Sub-nibble packing (sub-887 MB at
+sane ppl) does not fit the nibble container — that's a future format, not a
+tuning exercise.
+
+## Kernels
+
+`backends/metal/` decodes sb6 on the fly inside GEMV — weights never exist
+dequantized in memory. Highlights (all validated bit-exact against the
+reference implementation, so quality numbers carry over without re-eval):
+
+- **Layout borrowed from MLX `qmv`** (PR #1503): N simdgroups x R rows per
+  threadgroup, dispatch table per matrix shape.
+- **Interleaved load-time repack**: codes + bit-planes contiguous per block,
+  quality scalars as `uchar2`/`half2` — 4-5 memory transactions per
+  (row, block) instead of 7. On-disk format untouched; memory stays 1x.
+- **Bit-plane decode via multiply trick** (`(nib * 0x00204081) & 0x01010101`)
+  — ~3x less ALU per plane; this is what unlocked INT6 decode speed
+  (head INT6: 88 → 103 GB/s, ~85 % of the M4's DRAM bandwidth).
+- **Batched verify kernels** (weights decoded once per N columns) for
+  speculative decoding; n-gram prompt-lookup speculation ships in the demo
+  scripts (1.08-1.25x on repetitive text, never slower).
+- Fused r/k/v projection launch and fused lerp/LoRA batching in the decode
+  path.
+
+## Why quantization sensitivity doesn't transfer across scale
+
+Ran weight-only fake-quantization ablations on two RWKV-7 checkpoints — a
+custom 61M Russian model (18L/D448) and BlinkDL's official 1.5B G1H — across
+8 parameter groups: `proj` (R/K/V/O), the four LoRA-style projections
+(`w_lora`/`a_lora`/`v_lora`/`g_lora` — decay, in-context learning rate, value
+residual, output gate), `small` (k_k/k_a/r_k), `cmix` (FFN), `emb_head`.
+
+**On 61M**, every LoRA-ish component survived INT2 with <2% ppl loss. Only the
+full-rank `proj`/`cmix` matrices were fragile at INT2.
+
+**On 1.5B**, that pattern inverts. At INT4 alone:
+
+```
+group      61M Δppl    1.5B Δppl
+proj        +0.55%      +19.97%
+cmix        +1.41%      +48.09%
+emb_head    +4.03%      +97.17%
+g_lora      -0.02%       +7.55%
+small       +0.05%   +21,784,766%   <- yes, really
+w/a/v_lora  ~0.02%       <0.5%
+```
+
+`small` and `g_lora` go from "quantize freely" to "catastrophic" as the model
+scales up. **Assuming a group is safe because it was safe on a smaller
+checkpoint is a real trap** — this repo's `calibrate()` exists specifically so
+you don't have to guess.
+
+### Root cause
+
+Per-row max/mean ratios of 40–96x show up in `r_k`, `k_k`, `k_a`, and even in
+`proj`/`cmix`. With symmetric per-channel quantization, scale = max/qmax — a
+single 96x outlier in an otherwise tight channel forces the other ~63 "normal"
+values into 1–2 quantization codes, destroying the channel. Same mechanism as
+`LLM.int8()`'s outlier features in transformers, showing up in RWKV-7's
+LoRA-style decay/gate projections instead of attention.
+
+Mitigations differ per group and are not interchangeable: percentile clipping
+rescues `small` (INT6 +11.55 % → +1.60 %) but *hurts* the dense matrices,
+whose outlier tail is trained signal. For dense groups the current presets
+use group-wise asymmetric scales (see [Format](#format)); the earlier
+SpQR-style sparse-outlier path is retained in `calibration/` for study.
+
+## Caveats
+
+- Presets are calibrated on one 1.5B checkpoint; recalibrate for other sizes
+  (`small`/`g_lora` stay INT8 in both presets for a reason).
+- Kernel dispatch tables are tuned on an M4 base chip; other Apple Silicon
+  will work but may prefer different (simdgroups x rows) configs.
+- ppl deltas are measured on a small held-out corpus; treat them as relative
+  quality signals, not benchmarks.
+- `scripts/` and `examples/` are placeholders for now — the maintained entry
+  points are `rwkv_quant.api` and the benches/gates under `tests/`.
+- CUDA backend is an empty stub; Metal is the only real inference path today.
+
+## Repo layout
+
+See [STRUCTURE.md](./STRUCTURE.md). Session-to-session engineering log with
+measurement methodology (fanless-Mac A/B discipline, bit-exactness gates)
+lives in [NEXT_SESSION.md](./NEXT_SESSION.md) and git history.
+
+---
+
+## Open problems / contributions welcome
+
+A few things are known gaps, not yet done — good entry points if you want to
+contribute:
+
+- **CUDA backend is an empty stub.** Metal is the only real inference path
+  today; the `.rwkvq` format itself is backend-independent, so a CUDA kernel
+  implementation is "just" a kernel, not a format change.
+- **LoRA-style gate branch is un-fused.** The small per-layer decay/gate
+  matmuls (`w/a/v/g_lora`) currently cost ~6-8 separate kernel launches per
+  layer; fusing them into one or two custom kernels is estimated at another
+  ~0.5-1 ms/token on decode, not yet built.
+- **The fused kernel path (`FUSE=True`) isn't the default yet**, despite
+  being a stable ~0.8 ms/token win with matching correctness gates — flipping
+  the default (and updating the benchmarks that assume `FUSE=False`) is
+  pending.
+- **Sub-nibble packing.** The current nibble container has a hard floor
+  around 887 MB for this model at acceptable quality — going smaller needs a
+  new on-disk format (sparsity- or sub-nibble-based), not just a bit-width
+  tuning pass.
+- **`calibrate()` is single-group ablation.** It picks per-group bit width
+  independently and doesn't fully model interaction effects when several
+  groups are quantized simultaneously; a joint search would be more accurate
+  but much more expensive to run.
+- **Presets are calibrated on one 1.5B checkpoint.** Validating (or
+  recalibrating) `reduction`/`compression` on other model sizes — especially
+  much smaller or much larger ones, where sensitivity per group is known to
+  shift (see [Why quantization sensitivity doesn't transfer across
+  scale](#why-quantization-sensitivity-doesnt-transfer-across-scale)) — is
+  open.
+
+## Author
+
+Alexei Goncharov