realed 2026.8__tar.gz

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  1. realed-2026.8/LICENSE +21 -0
  2. realed-2026.8/PKG-INFO +443 -0
  3. realed-2026.8/README.md +421 -0
  4. realed-2026.8/pyproject.toml +40 -0
  5. realed-2026.8/pyproject.toml.orig +36 -0
  6. realed-2026.8/src/realed/__init__.py +3 -0
  7. realed-2026.8/src/realed/realed.py +406 -0
realed-2026.8/LICENSE ADDED
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+ MIT License
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+
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+ Copyright (c) 2026 Roman Yasinovskyy
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+
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+ Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
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+ of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
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+ in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
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+ to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
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+ copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
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+ furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
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+
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+ The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
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+ copies or substantial portions of the Software.
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+
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+ THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
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+ IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
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+ FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
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+ AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
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+ LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
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+ OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
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+ SOFTWARE.
realed-2026.8/PKG-INFO ADDED
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+ Metadata-Version: 2.4
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+ Name: realed
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+ Version: 2026.8
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+ Summary: Relational Algebra for Educational purposes
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+ Author: Roman Yasinovskyy
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+ Author-email: Roman Yasinovskyy <yasinovskyy@gmail.com>
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+ License-Expression: MIT
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+ License-File: LICENSE
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+ Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
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+ Classifier: Environment :: Console
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+ Classifier: Intended Audience :: Education
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+ Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License
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+ Classifier: Operating System :: OS Independent
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+ Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only
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+ Classifier: Topic :: Education
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+ Requires-Dist: numpy>=2.5.0
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+ Requires-Dist: pandas>=3.0.5
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+ Requires-Python: >=3.12
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+ Project-URL: Homepage, https://github.com/yasinovskyy/realed
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+ Project-URL: Issues, https://github.com/yasinovskyy/realed/issues
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+ Description-Content-Type: text/markdown
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+
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+ # *ReAlEd*: Relational Algebra for Education
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+
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+ A simple wrapper around `pandas` to demonstrate common relational algebra operations:
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+
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+ - Selection (`select`)
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+ - Projection (`project`)
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+ - Renaming (`rename`)
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+ - Extending (`extend`)
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+ - Sorting (`sort`)
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+ - Grouping (`groupby`)
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+ - Cartesian product (`product`)
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+ - Concatenation (`union`)
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+ - Natural join (`njoin`)
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+ - Equijoin (`ejoin`)
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+ - Semijoin (`sjoin`)
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+ - Antijoin (`ajoin`)
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+ - Outer join (`ojoin`)
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+
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+ This implementation is a thin layer above the underlying `DataFrame` with some error handling and data cleaning added to make the resulting operations match those of the relational algebra.
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+
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+ Each operation returns a new relation without modifying the original.
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+ Operations can be chained in various combinations.
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+
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+ It is a rewrite of [Brad Miller's reframe](https://github.com/bnmnetp/reframe) with the following major differences:
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+
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+ - expanded list of operations (various joins)
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+ - the more recent version of `pandas` as a dependency
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+ - composition used instead of inheritance
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+
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+ ## Initialization
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+
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+ A new relation can be created from a CSV file, a `DataFrame`, or another `Relation`.
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+ Some arguments can be passed to the constructor in order to override defaults used by `pandas`:
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+
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+ ```python
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+ penguins = Relation("palmerpenguins.csv")
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+ penguins = Relation("palmerpenguins.csv", sep=",")
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+ ```
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+
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+ Test data includes [Palmer penguins](https://allisonhorst.github.io/palmerpenguins/) and information about a couple Palmer islands to demonstrate multi-relation operations.
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+
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+ ```python
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+ >>> from realed import Relation
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+ >>> penguins = Relation("palmerpenguins.csv")
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+ >>> penguins
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+ rowid species island bill_length_mm ... flipper_length_mm body_mass_g sex year
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+ 0 1 Adelie Torgersen 39.1 ... 181.0 3750.0 male 2007
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+ 1 2 Adelie Torgersen 39.5 ... 186.0 3800.0 female 2007
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+ 2 3 Adelie Torgersen 40.3 ... 195.0 3250.0 female 2007
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+ 3 4 Adelie Torgersen NaN ... NaN NaN NaN 2007
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+ 4 5 Adelie Torgersen 36.7 ... 193.0 3450.0 female 2007
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+ .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
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+ 339 340 Chinstrap Dream 55.8 ... 207.0 4000.0 male 2009
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+ 340 341 Chinstrap Dream 43.5 ... 202.0 3400.0 female 2009
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+ 341 342 Chinstrap Dream 49.6 ... 193.0 3775.0 male 2009
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+ 342 343 Chinstrap Dream 50.8 ... 210.0 4100.0 male 2009
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+ 343 344 Chinstrap Dream 50.2 ... 198.0 3775.0 female 2009
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+ >>> islands = Relation("palmerislands.csv")
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+ >>> islands
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+ id island explored expedition name_origin
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+ 0 1 Amsler 1955 Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey Margaret Amsler
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+ 1 2 Anvers 1832 Southern Ocean Expedition Antwerp province
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+ 2 3 Biscoe 1832 Southern Ocean Expedition John Biscoe
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+ 3 4 Christiania 1898 Belgian Antarctic Expedition Oslo
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+ 4 5 Dream 1956 British Naval Hydrographic Survey Unit Natural features
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+ 5 6 Torgersen 1955 Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey Torstein Torgersen
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+ >>>
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+ ```
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+
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+ Certain helper methods and properties are available:
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+
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+ - property `data`: internal `DataFrame`
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+ - property `columns`: names of the attributes
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+ - property `dim`: dimensions of the relation (rows, columns)
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+ - property `one`: the first record of the relation as a dictionary
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+ - method `head`: return the first couple of records
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+ - method `tail`: return the last couple of records
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+ - method `to_csv`: export the `data` to a csv file
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+ - method `copy`: deep copy of the `data`
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+ - method `cleanup`: removal of empty records
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+ - method `equals`: comparison of two relations
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+ - method `minus`: difference between two relations
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+ - method `intersection`: intersection of two relations
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+
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+ ## Selection (`select`)
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+
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+ Selection is a simplified version of the `query` method available in `pandas.DataFrame`.
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+ It only takes one argument, the query expression.
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+
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+ ```python
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+ >>> islands.select("expedition == 'Southern Ocean Expedition'")
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+ id island explored expedition name_origin
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+ 1 2 Anvers 1832 Southern Ocean Expedition Antwerp province
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+ 2 3 Biscoe 1832 Southern Ocean Expedition John Biscoe
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+ >>>
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+ ```
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+
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+ ```python
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+ >>> penguins.select("species == 'Adelie' and island == 'Torgersen' and year == 2009 and body_mass_g >= 4000")
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+ rowid species island bill_length_mm bill_depth_mm flipper_length_mm body_mass_g sex year
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+ 125 126 Adelie Torgersen 40.6 19.0 199.0 4000.0 male 2009
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+ 127 128 Adelie Torgersen 41.5 18.3 195.0 4300.0 male 2009
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+ 129 130 Adelie Torgersen 44.1 18.0 210.0 4000.0 male 2009
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+ ```
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+
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+ Since each operation returns a `Relation`, operations can be chained:
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+
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+ ```python
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+ >>> penguins.select("species == 'Adelie'").select("island == 'Torgersen'").select("year == 2009").select("body_mass_g >= 4000")
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+ rowid species island bill_length_mm bill_depth_mm flipper_length_mm body_mass_g sex year
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+ 125 126 Adelie Torgersen 40.6 19.0 199.0 4000.0 male 2009
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+ 127 128 Adelie Torgersen 41.5 18.3 195.0 4300.0 male 2009
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+ 129 130 Adelie Torgersen 44.1 18.0 210.0 4000.0 male 2009
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+ ```
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+
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+ A separate method,`query`, is also available.
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+ It passes all provided named arguments and keyword arguments to the `query` method of the `pandas.DataFrame`.
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+
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+ ## Projection (`project`)
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+
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+ For the sake of consistency names of attributes must be a list of strings, even if a single attribute is being projected.
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+
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+ ```python
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+ >>> penguins.project(["island"])
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+ island
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+ 0 Torgersen
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+ 20 Biscoe
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+ 30 Dream
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+ >>> penguins.project(["species", "island"])
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+ species island
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+ 0 Adelie Torgersen
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+ 20 Adelie Biscoe
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+ 30 Adelie Dream
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+ 152 Gentoo Biscoe
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+ 276 Chinstrap Dream
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+ >>>
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+ ```
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+
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+ ## Renaming (`rename`)
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+
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+ If the old name is not among the attributes or the new name is already there, a `ValueError` is raised.
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+
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+ ```python
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+ >>> penguins.rename("island", "location").project(["species", "location"])
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+ species location
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+ 0 Adelie Torgersen
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+ 20 Adelie Biscoe
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+ 30 Adelie Dream
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+ 152 Gentoo Biscoe
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+ 276 Chinstrap Dream
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+ >>>
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+ ```
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+
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+ ## Sorting (`sort`)
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+
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+ ```python
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+ >>> islands.sort(["explored"])
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+ id island explored expedition name_origin
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+ 1 2 Anvers 1832 Southern Ocean Expedition Antwerp province
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+ 2 3 Biscoe 1832 Southern Ocean Expedition John Biscoe
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+ 3 4 Christiania 1898 Belgian Antarctic Expedition Oslo
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+ 0 1 Amsler 1955 Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey Margaret Amsler
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+ 5 6 Torgersen 1955 Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey Torstein Torgersen
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+ 4 5 Dream 1956 British Naval Hydrographic Survey Unit Natural features
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+ >>> islands.sort(["explored"], ascending=False)
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+ id island explored expedition name_origin
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+ 4 5 Dream 1956 British Naval Hydrographic Survey Unit Natural features
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+ 0 1 Amsler 1955 Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey Margaret Amsler
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+ 5 6 Torgersen 1955 Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey Torstein Torgersen
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+ 3 4 Christiania 1898 Belgian Antarctic Expedition Oslo
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+ 1 2 Anvers 1832 Southern Ocean Expedition Antwerp province
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+ 2 3 Biscoe 1832 Southern Ocean Expedition John Biscoe
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+ ```
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+
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+ ```python
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+ >>> penguins.sort(["species", "rowid"]).head(3)
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+ rowid species island bill_length_mm ... flipper_length_mm body_mass_g sex year
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+ 0 1 Adelie Torgersen 39.1 ... 181.0 3750.0 male 2007
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+ 1 2 Adelie Torgersen 39.5 ... 186.0 3800.0 female 2007
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+ 2 3 Adelie Torgersen 40.3 ... 195.0 3250.0 female 2007
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+ ```
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+
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+ Be mindful of the order of sorting operations.
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+
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+ ```python
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+ >>> penguins.sort(["body_mass_g"], ascending=False).sort(["species"]).head(3)
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+ rowid species island bill_length_mm ... flipper_length_mm body_mass_g sex year
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+ 111 112 Adelie Biscoe 45.6 ... 191.0 4600.0 male 2009
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+ 76 77 Adelie Torgersen 40.9 ... 191.0 3700.0 female 2008
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+ 14 15 Adelie Torgersen 34.6 ... 198.0 4400.0 male 2007
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+ >>> penguins.sort(["species"]).sort(["body_mass_g"], ascending=False).head(3)
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+ rowid species island bill_length_mm ... flipper_length_mm body_mass_g sex year
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+ 169 170 Gentoo Biscoe 49.2 ... 221.0 6300.0 male 2007
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+ 185 186 Gentoo Biscoe 59.6 ... 230.0 6050.0 male 2007
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+ 269 270 Gentoo Biscoe 48.8 ... 222.0 6000.0 male 2009
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+ ```
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+
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+ ## Extending (`extend`)
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+
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+ The new name cannot match the name of an existing attribute.
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+ New data must be a of type `pandas.Series`.
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+
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+ ```python
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+ >>> penguins.extend("years_since_study", 2026-penguins["year"])
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+ rowid species island bill_length_mm ... body_mass_g sex year years_since_study
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+ 0 1 Adelie Torgersen 39.1 ... 3750.0 male 2007 19
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+ 1 2 Adelie Torgersen 39.5 ... 3800.0 female 2007 19
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+ 2 3 Adelie Torgersen 40.3 ... 3250.0 female 2007 19
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+ 3 4 Adelie Torgersen NaN ... NaN NaN 2007 19
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+ 4 5 Adelie Torgersen 36.7 ... 3450.0 female 2007 19
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+ .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
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+ 339 340 Chinstrap Dream 55.8 ... 4000.0 male 2009 17
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+ 340 341 Chinstrap Dream 43.5 ... 3400.0 female 2009 17
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+ 341 342 Chinstrap Dream 49.6 ... 3775.0 male 2009 17
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+ 342 343 Chinstrap Dream 50.8 ... 4100.0 male 2009 17
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+ 343 344 Chinstrap Dream 50.2 ... 3775.0 female 2009 17
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+ >>>
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+ ```
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+
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+ ## Grouping (`groupby`) and aggregation
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+
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+ Grouping without an aggregate function eliminates duplicates in the chosen categories.
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+
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+ ```python
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+ >>> penguins.groupby(["species"])
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+ species
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+ 0 Adelie
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+ 1 Chinstrap
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+ 2 Gentoo
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+ ```
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+
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+ Typically, grouping is followed by an aggregate function `count`, `sum`, `min`, `max`, `mean` (`avg`), or `median`.
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+ The aggregate function is added as a prefix to the name of the resulting column.
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+
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+ ```python
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+ >>> penguins.groupby(["species"]).count("rowid")
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+ species count_rowid
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+ 0 Adelie 152
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+ 1 Chinstrap 68
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+ 2 Gentoo 124
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+ >>> penguins.groupby(["island"]).count("rowid")
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+ island count_rowid
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+ 0 Biscoe 168
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+ 1 Dream 124
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+ 2 Torgersen 52
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+ >>> penguins.groupby(["species", "island"]).count("rowid")
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+ species island count_rowid
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+ 0 Adelie Biscoe 44
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+ 1 Adelie Dream 56
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+ 2 Adelie Torgersen 52
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+ 3 Chinstrap Dream 68
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+ 4 Gentoo Biscoe 124
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+ >>> penguins.groupby(["island"]).sum("body_mass_g")
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+ island sum_body_mass_g
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+ 0 Biscoe 787575.0
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+ 1 Dream 460400.0
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+ 2 Torgersen 189025.0
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+ >>> penguins.groupby(["island"]).min("body_mass_g")
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+ island min_body_mass_g
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+ 0 Biscoe 2850.0
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+ 1 Dream 2700.0
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+ 2 Torgersen 2900.0
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+ >>> penguins.groupby(["island"]).max("body_mass_g")
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+ island max_body_mass_g
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+ 0 Biscoe 6300.0
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+ 1 Dream 4800.0
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+ 2 Torgersen 4700.0
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+ >>> penguins.groupby(["island"]).mean("body_mass_g")
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+ island mean_body_mass_g
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+ 0 Biscoe 4716.017964
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+ 1 Dream 3712.903226
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+ 2 Torgersen 3706.372549
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+ >>> penguins.groupby(["island"]).avg("body_mass_g")
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+ island avg_body_mass_g
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+ 0 Biscoe 4716.017964
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+ 1 Dream 3712.903226
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+ 2 Torgersen 3706.372549
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+ >>> penguins.groupby(["island"]).median("body_mass_g")
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+ island median_body_mass_g
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+ 0 Biscoe 4775.0
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+ 1 Dream 3687.5
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+ 2 Torgersen 3700.0
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+ ```
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+
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+ ## Cartesian product (`product`)
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+
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+ Two relations must have disjoint attributes for this operation to work.
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+
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+ ```python
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+ >>> penguins.product(islands.rename("island", "name"))
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+ rowid species ... expedition name_origin
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+ 0 1 Adelie ... Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey Margaret Amsler
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+ 1 1 Adelie ... Southern Ocean Expedition Antwerp province
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+ 2 1 Adelie ... Southern Ocean Expedition John Biscoe
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+ 3 1 Adelie ... Belgian Antarctic Expedition Oslo
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+ 4 1 Adelie ... British Naval Hydrographic Survey Unit Natural features
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+ ... ... ... ... ... ...
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+ 2059 344 Chinstrap ... Southern Ocean Expedition Antwerp province
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+ 2060 344 Chinstrap ... Southern Ocean Expedition John Biscoe
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+ 2061 344 Chinstrap ... Belgian Antarctic Expedition Oslo
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+ 2062 344 Chinstrap ... British Naval Hydrographic Survey Unit Natural features
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+ 2063 344 Chinstrap ... Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey Torstein Torgersen
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+ ```
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+
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+ ## Concatenation (`union`)
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+
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+ Attributes of both relations must be the same.
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+
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+ ```python
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+ >>> penguins.select("species == 'Adelie'").union(penguins.select("species == 'Gentoo'"))
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+ rowid species island bill_length_mm ... flipper_length_mm body_mass_g sex year
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+ 0 1 Adelie Torgersen 39.1 ... 181.0 3750.0 male 2007
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+ 1 2 Adelie Torgersen 39.5 ... 186.0 3800.0 female 2007
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+ 2 3 Adelie Torgersen 40.3 ... 195.0 3250.0 female 2007
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+ 3 4 Adelie Torgersen NaN ... NaN NaN NaN 2007
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+ 4 5 Adelie Torgersen 36.7 ... 193.0 3450.0 female 2007
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+ .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
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+ 271 272 Gentoo Biscoe NaN ... NaN NaN NaN 2009
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+ 272 273 Gentoo Biscoe 46.8 ... 215.0 4850.0 female 2009
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+ 273 274 Gentoo Biscoe 50.4 ... 222.0 5750.0 male 2009
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+ 274 275 Gentoo Biscoe 45.2 ... 212.0 5200.0 female 2009
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+ 275 276 Gentoo Biscoe 49.9 ... 213.0 5400.0 male 2009
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+ ```
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+
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+ ## Natural join (`naturaljoin` or `njoin`)
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+
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+ There must be at least one common attribute in both relations.
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+
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+ ```python
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+ >>> penguins.njoin(islands)
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+ rowid species island ... explored expedition name_origin
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+ 0 1 Adelie Torgersen ... 1955 Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey Torstein Torgersen
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+ 1 2 Adelie Torgersen ... 1955 Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey Torstein Torgersen
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+ 2 3 Adelie Torgersen ... 1955 Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey Torstein Torgersen
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+ 3 4 Adelie Torgersen ... 1955 Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey Torstein Torgersen
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+ 4 5 Adelie Torgersen ... 1955 Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey Torstein Torgersen
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+ .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
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+ 339 340 Chinstrap Dream ... 1956 British Naval Hydrographic Survey Unit Natural features
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+ 340 341 Chinstrap Dream ... 1956 British Naval Hydrographic Survey Unit Natural features
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+ 341 342 Chinstrap Dream ... 1956 British Naval Hydrographic Survey Unit Natural features
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+ 342 343 Chinstrap Dream ... 1956 British Naval Hydrographic Survey Unit Natural features
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+ 343 344 Chinstrap Dream ... 1956 British Naval Hydrographic Survey Unit Natural features
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+ ```
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+
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+ ## Equijoin (`equijoin` or `ejoin`)
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+
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+ A simple version of the theta-join that checks two attributes for equality.
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+ Both left and right attributes must be strings.
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+
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+ ```python
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+ >>> penguins.ejoin(islands, "island", "island")
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+ rowid species island ... explored expedition name_origin
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+ 0 1 Adelie Torgersen ... 1955 Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey Torstein Torgersen
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+ 1 2 Adelie Torgersen ... 1955 Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey Torstein Torgersen
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+ 2 3 Adelie Torgersen ... 1955 Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey Torstein Torgersen
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+ 3 4 Adelie Torgersen ... 1955 Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey Torstein Torgersen
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+ 4 5 Adelie Torgersen ... 1955 Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey Torstein Torgersen
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+ .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
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+ 339 340 Chinstrap Dream ... 1956 British Naval Hydrographic Survey Unit Natural features
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+ 340 341 Chinstrap Dream ... 1956 British Naval Hydrographic Survey Unit Natural features
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+ 341 342 Chinstrap Dream ... 1956 British Naval Hydrographic Survey Unit Natural features
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+ 342 343 Chinstrap Dream ... 1956 British Naval Hydrographic Survey Unit Natural features
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+ 343 344 Chinstrap Dream ... 1956 British Naval Hydrographic Survey Unit Natural features
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+ ```
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+
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+ ## Semijoin (`semijoin` or `sjoin`)
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+
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+ Both left and right attributes must be strings.
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+
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+ ```python
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+ >>> islands.sjoin(penguins, "island", "island")
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+ id island explored expedition name_origin
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+ 2 3 Biscoe 1832 Southern Ocean Expedition John Biscoe
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+ 4 5 Dream 1956 British Naval Hydrographic Survey Unit Natural features
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+ 5 6 Torgersen 1955 Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey Torstein Torgersen
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+ ```
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+
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+ ## Antijoin (`antijoin` or `ajoin`)
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+
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+ Both left and right attributes must be strings.
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+
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+ ```python
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+ >>> islands.ajoin(penguins, "island", "island")
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+ id island explored expedition name_origin
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+ 0 1 Amsler 1955 Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey Margaret Amsler
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+ 1 2 Anvers 1832 Southern Ocean Expedition Antwerp province
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+ 3 4 Christiania 1898 Belgian Antarctic Expedition Oslo
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+ ```
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+
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+ ## Outer join (`outerjoin` or `ojoin`)
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+
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+ Full outer join.
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+
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+ ```python
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+ >>> islands.ojoin(penguins)
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+ id island explored ... body_mass_g sex year
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+ 0 1 Amsler 1955 ... NaN NaN NaN
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+ 1 2 Anvers 1832 ... NaN NaN NaN
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+ 2 3 Biscoe 1832 ... 3400.0 female 2007.0
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+ 3 3 Biscoe 1832 ... 3600.0 male 2007.0
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+ 4 3 Biscoe 1832 ... 3800.0 female 2007.0
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+ .. .. ... ... ... ... ... ...
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+ 342 6 Torgersen 1955 ... 4300.0 male 2009.0
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+ 343 6 Torgersen 1955 ... 3050.0 female 2009.0
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+ 344 6 Torgersen 1955 ... 4000.0 male 2009.0
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+ 345 6 Torgersen 1955 ... 3325.0 female 2009.0
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+ 346 6 Torgersen 1955 ... 3500.0 male 2009.0
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+ >>> penguins.ojoin(islands)
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+ rowid species island ... explored expedition name_origin
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+ 0 NaN NaN Amsler ... 1955 Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey Margaret Amsler
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+ 1 NaN NaN Anvers ... 1832 Southern Ocean Expedition Antwerp province
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+ 2 21.0 Adelie Biscoe ... 1832 Southern Ocean Expedition John Biscoe
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+ 3 22.0 Adelie Biscoe ... 1832 Southern Ocean Expedition John Biscoe
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+ 4 23.0 Adelie Biscoe ... 1832 Southern Ocean Expedition John Biscoe
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+ .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
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+ 342 128.0 Adelie Torgersen ... 1955 Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey Torstein Torgersen
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+ 343 129.0 Adelie Torgersen ... 1955 Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey Torstein Torgersen
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+ 344 130.0 Adelie Torgersen ... 1955 Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey Torstein Torgersen
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+ 345 131.0 Adelie Torgersen ... 1955 Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey Torstein Torgersen
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+ 346 132.0 Adelie Torgersen ... 1955 Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey Torstein Torgersen
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+ ```