pythonic-fp-gadgets 2.2.0__tar.gz

pythonic_fp_gadgets-2.2.0/.gitignore

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# Minimal version - only add to when necessary
+**/__pycache__/
+dist/
+**/.dmypy.json
+**/.mypy_cache/
+**/.pytest_cache/
+**/.ruff_cache

pythonic_fp_gadgets-2.2.0/CHANGELOG.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+CHANGELOG
+=========
+
+PyPI pythonic-fp-gadgets project.
+
+Semantic Versioning
+-------------------
+
+Strict 3 digit semantic versioning
+
+- **MAJOR** version incremented for incompatible API changes
+- **MINOR** version incremented for backward compatible added functionality
+- **PATCH** version incremented for backward compatible bug fixes
+
+See `Semantic Versioning 2.0.0 <https://semver.org>`_.
+
+Releases and Important Milestones
+---------------------------------
+
+Update - 2025-08-30
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Moved for pythonic_fp.gadgets package to a new GitHub repo, pythonic-fp-gadgets.
+Replaced it with the empty Python module ``pythonic_fp.name_claim``.
+
+The gadgets package being different from the other namespace packages
+was throwing off my workflow.
+
+Update - 2025-08-09
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Preparing for upcoming PyPI release for gadgets.
+
+- decided to make gadget's pyproject.toml the exemplar for rest of pythonic-fp namespace
+- pythonic_fp.gadget works with previous and next release of singletons
+
+PyPI v1.1.0 - 2025-08-02
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Released pythonic-fp v1.1.0 which contains pythonic_fp.gadgets package.
+
+Update - 2025-08-01
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Added package pythonic_fp.gadgets to the "name-claim" PyPI project pythonic-fp.
+The gadgets library is for simple, but useful, functions and data structures
+with minimal dependencies.

pythonic_fp_gadgets-2.2.0/LICENSE

@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
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+
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pythonic_fp_gadgets-2.2.0/PKG-INFO

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+Metadata-Version: 2.4
+Name: pythonic-fp-gadgets
+Version: 2.2.0
+Summary: Simple Gadgets.
+Keywords: gadgets
+Author-email: "Geoffrey R. Scheller" <geoffrey@scheller.com>
+Requires-Python: >=3.13
+Description-Content-Type: text/x-rst
+Classifier: Development Status :: 4 - Beta
+Classifier: Framework :: Pytest
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: Apache Software License
+Classifier: Operating System :: OS Independent
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.13
+Classifier: Typing :: Typed
+License-File: LICENSE
+Requires-Dist: pythonic-fp-sentinels>=2.1.0
+Requires-Dist: pytest>=8.4.1 ; extra == "test"
+Project-URL: Changelog, https://github.com/grscheller/pythonic-fp-gadgets/blob/main/CHANGELOG.rst
+Project-URL: Documentation, https://grscheller.github.io/pythonic-fp/gadgets/development/build/html/releases.html
+Project-URL: Homepage, https://github.com/grscheller/pythonic-fp/blob/main/README.md
+Project-URL: Source, https://github.com/grscheller/pythonic-fp-gadgets
+Provides-Extra: test
+
+Pythonic FP - Gadgets
+=====================
+
+PyPI project
+`pythonic-fp
+<https://pypi.org/project/pythonic-fp>`_.
+
+Library of simple, but useful, data structures with minimal dependencies.
+
+- single item box
+- function returning iterator of its arguments
+- find the last common ancestor of two classes
+
+This PyPI project is part of of the grscheller
+`pythonic-fp namespace projects
+<https://github.com/grscheller/pythonic-fp/blob/main/README.md>`_
+
+Documentation
+-------------
+
+Documentation for this project is hosted on
+`GitHub Pages
+<https://grscheller.github.io/pythonic-fp/gadgets/development/build/html>`_.
+
+Copyright and License
+---------------------
+
+Copyright (c) 2025 Geoffrey R. Scheller. Licensed under the Apache
+License, Version 2.0. See the LICENSE file for details.
+

pythonic_fp_gadgets-2.2.0/README.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+Pythonic FP - Gadgets
+=====================
+
+PyPI project
+`pythonic-fp
+<https://pypi.org/project/pythonic-fp>`_.
+
+Library of simple, but useful, data structures with minimal dependencies.
+
+- single item box
+- function returning iterator of its arguments
+- find the last common ancestor of two classes
+
+This PyPI project is part of of the grscheller
+`pythonic-fp namespace projects
+<https://github.com/grscheller/pythonic-fp/blob/main/README.md>`_
+
+Documentation
+-------------
+
+Documentation for this project is hosted on
+`GitHub Pages
+<https://grscheller.github.io/pythonic-fp/gadgets/development/build/html>`_.
+
+Copyright and License
+---------------------
+
+Copyright (c) 2025 Geoffrey R. Scheller. Licensed under the Apache
+License, Version 2.0. See the LICENSE file for details.

pythonic_fp_gadgets-2.2.0/pyproject.toml

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+[project]
+name = "pythonic-fp-gadgets"
+version = "2.2.0"
+readme = "README.rst"
+requires-python = ">=3.13"
+license = { file = "LICENSE" }
+authors = [{ name = "Geoffrey R. Scheller", email = "geoffrey@scheller.com" }]
+keywords = [
+  "gadgets",
+]
+classifiers = [
+  "Development Status :: 4 - Beta",
+  "Framework :: Pytest",
+  "Intended Audience :: Developers",
+  "License :: OSI Approved :: Apache Software License",
+  "Operating System :: OS Independent",
+  "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.13",
+  "Typing :: Typed",
+]
+dependencies = [
+  "pythonic-fp-sentinels>=2.1.0",
+]
+dynamic = ["description"]
+
+[project.urls]
+Changelog = "https://github.com/grscheller/pythonic-fp-gadgets/blob/main/CHANGELOG.rst"
+Documentation = "https://grscheller.github.io/pythonic-fp/gadgets/development/build/html/releases.html"
+Homepage = "https://github.com/grscheller/pythonic-fp/blob/main/README.md"
+Source = "https://github.com/grscheller/pythonic-fp-gadgets"
+
+[project.optional-dependencies]
+test = [
+  "pytest>=8.4.1",
+]
+
+[build-system]
+requires = ["flit_core>=3.12,<4"]
+build-backend = "flit_core.buildapi"
+
+[tool.flit.module]
+name = "pythonic_fp.gadgets"
+
+[tool.mypy]
+enable_incomplete_feature = "NewGenericSyntax"
+explicit_package_bases = true
+implicit_reexport = false
+local_partial_types = true
+namespace_packages = true
+warn_redundant_casts = true
+warn_return_any = true
+warn_unused_configs = true
+
+[tool.pylsp-mypy]
+enabled = true
+live-mode = true
+dmypy = false
+strict = true
+report_progress = true
+
+[tool.pytest.ini_options]
+addopts = "-ra"
+consider_namespace_packages = true
+testpaths = ["tests/"]
+
+[tool.ruff]
+target-version = "py313"
+
+[tool.ruff.lint.flake8-quotes]
+docstring-quotes = "double"
+
+[tool.ruff.lint.per-file-ignores]
+"tests/*" = ["C901"]
+"**/*.py" = ["E741"]
+
+[tool.ruff.format]
+quote-style = "single"
+docstring-code-line-length = 72

pythonic_fp_gadgets-2.2.0/src/pythonic_fp/gadgets/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# Copyright 2023-2025 Geoffrey R. Scheller
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+"""Simple Gadgets.
+
+Library of simple, but useful, functions and classes with minimal dependencies.
+
++-------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------+
+| Gadget                              | Description                       | Module                       |
++=====================================+===================================+==============================+
+| class ``Box``                       | Single item box                   | ``pythonic_fp.gadgets.box``  |
++-------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------+
+| function ``it``                     | Returns iterator of its arguments | ``pythonic_fp.gadgets.it``   |
++-------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------+
+| function ``latest_common_ancestor`` | Find least common base class      | ``pythonic_fp.gadgets.lca``  |
++-------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------+
+
+"""
+
+__author__ = 'Geoffrey R. Scheller'
+__copyright__ = 'Copyright (c) 2023-2025 Geoffrey R. Scheller'
+__license__ = 'Apache License 2.0'

pythonic_fp_gadgets-2.2.0/src/pythonic_fp/gadgets/box.py

@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+# Copyright 2023-2025 Geoffrey R. Scheller
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+"""Class for a stateful container that can hold at most one item."""
+
+__all__ = ['Box']
+
+from collections.abc import Callable, Iterator
+from typing import ClassVar, cast, Final, Never, overload, TypeVar
+from pythonic_fp.sentinels.flavored import Sentinel
+
+T = TypeVar('T')
+
+
+class Box[T]:
+    """Container holding at most one item of a given type.
+
+    .. note::
+
+         - ``Box(item: T)``: contains at one item of type ``T``
+         - ``Box[T]()``: creates empty container
+
+       Where type ``T`` is some definite type, which
+       could be ``None`` or even ``Never``.
+
+    .. tip ::
+
+       ``Box`` objects can be used in Python match statements.
+
+    """
+    __slots__ = ('_item',)
+    __match_args__ = ('_item',)
+
+    _sentinel: Final[ClassVar[Sentinel[str]]] = Sentinel('_Box')
+
+    @overload
+    def __init__(self) -> None: ...
+    @overload
+    def __init__(self, item: T) -> None: ...
+
+    def __init__(self, item: T | Sentinel[str] = Sentinel('_Box')) -> None:
+        """
+        :param item: an "optional" initial contained ``item`` for the ``Box``.
+        :returns: New ``Box`` instance.
+
+        """
+        self._item = item
+
+    def __bool__(self) -> bool:
+        return self._item is not Sentinel('_Box')
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[T]:
+        if self:
+            yield cast(T, self._item)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        if self:
+            return 'Box(' + repr(self._item) + ')'
+        return 'Box()'
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return 1 if self else 0
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        if not isinstance(other, type(self)):
+            return False
+
+        if self._item is other._item:
+            return True
+        if self._item == other._item:
+            return True
+        return False
+
+    @overload
+    def get(self) -> T | Never: ...
+    @overload
+    def get(self, alt: T) -> T: ...
+
+    def get(self, alt: T | Sentinel[str] = Sentinel('_Box')) -> T | Never:
+        """Return the contained item if it exists, otherwise an alternate item.
+
+        :param alt: an "optional" item of type ``T`` to return if ``Box`` is empty
+        :returns: contents of ``Box``, or an alternate item if given and ``Box`` empty
+        :raises ValueError: when an ``alt`` item is not provided but needed
+
+        """
+        if self._item is not self._sentinel:
+            return cast(T, self._item)
+        if alt is self._sentinel:
+            msg = 'Box: get from empty Box with no alternate return item provided'
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        return cast(T, alt)
+
+    def pop(self) -> T | Never:
+        """Pop the contained item if ``Box`` is not empty.
+
+        :returns: item contained in the ``Box``
+        :raises: ``ValueError`` if Box is empty
+
+        """
+        if self._item is self._sentinel:
+            msg = 'Box: Trying to pop an item from an empty Box'
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        popped = cast(T, self._item)
+        self._item = self._sentinel
+        return popped
+
+    def push(self, item: T) -> None | Never:
+        """Push an item into an empty ``Box``.
+
+        :param item: Item to push into the empty ``Box``.
+        :raises ValueError: If ``Box`` is not empty.
+
+        """
+        if self._item is Sentinel('_Box'):
+            self._item = item
+        else:
+            msg = 'Box: Trying to push an item in a non-empty Box'
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        return None
+
+    def put(self, item: T) -> None:
+        """Put an item in the Box. Discard any previous contents."""
+        self._item = item
+
+    def exchange(self, new_item: T) -> T | Never:
+        """Exchange an item with what is in the Box.
+
+        :param ``new_item``: New item to exchange for current item.
+        :returns: Original contents of the ``Box``.
+        :raises ValueError: If Box is empty.
+        """
+        if self._item is self._sentinel:
+            msg = 'Box: Trying to exchange items from an empty Box'
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        popped = cast(T, self._item)
+        self._item = new_item
+        return popped
+
+    def map[U](self, f: Callable[[T], U]) -> 'Box[U]':
+        """Map function ``f`` over contents. We need to return a new
+        instance since the type of Box can change.
+
+        :param f: mapping function
+        :returns: a new instance
+
+        """
+        if self._item is Sentinel('_Box'):
+            return Box()
+        return Box(f(cast(T, self._item)))
+
+    def bind[U](self, f: Callable[[T], 'Box[U]']) -> 'Box[U]':
+        """Flatmap ``Box`` with function ``f``.
+
+        :param f: binding function
+        :returns: a new instance
+
+        """
+        if self._item is self._sentinel:
+            return Box()
+        return f(cast(T, self._item))

pythonic_fp_gadgets-2.2.0/src/pythonic_fp/gadgets/box.pyi

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+from _typeshed import Incomplete
+from collections.abc import Callable, Iterator
+from typing import Never, TypeVar, overload
+
+__all__ = ['Box']
+
+T = TypeVar('T')
+
+class Box[T]:
+    __match_args__: Incomplete
+    T = TypeVar('T')
+    @overload
+    def __init__(self) -> None: ...
+    @overload
+    def __init__(self, item: T) -> None: ...
+    def __bool__(self) -> bool: ...
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[T]: ...
+    def __len__(self) -> int: ...
+    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool: ...
+    @overload
+    def get(self) -> T | Never: ...
+    @overload
+    def get(self, alt: T) -> T: ...
+    def pop(self) -> T | Never: ...
+    def push(self, item: T) -> None | Never: ...
+    def put(self, item: T) -> None: ...
+    def exchange(self, new_item: T) -> T | Never: ...
+    def map[U](self, f: Callable[[T], U]) -> Box[U]: ...
+    def bind[U](self, f: Callable[[T], 'Box[U]']) -> Box[U]: ...

pythonic_fp_gadgets-2.2.0/src/pythonic_fp/gadgets/it.py

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+# Copyright 2023-2025 Geoffrey R. Scheller
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+"""Function which returns an iterator of its arguments."""
+
+from collections.abc import Iterator
+
+__all__ = ['it']
+
+
+def it[A](*args: A) -> Iterator[A]:
+    """Function returning an iterator of its arguments.
+
+    .. note::
+
+       Does not create an object to iterate over.
+
+         - well, not in the Python world
+         - maybe in the C world
+
+    :param args: Objects to iterate over.
+    :returns: An iterator of the arguments.
+
+    """
+    yield from args

pythonic_fp_gadgets-2.2.0/src/pythonic_fp/gadgets/it.pyi

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+from collections.abc import Iterator
+
+__all__ = ['it']
+
+def it[A](*args: A) -> Iterator[A]: ...

pythonic_fp_gadgets-2.2.0/src/pythonic_fp/gadgets/lca.py

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+# Copyright 2023-2025 Geoffrey R. Scheller
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+"""Lastest Common Ancestor of Two Classes."""
+
+from inspect import getmro
+from typing import Never
+
+__all__ = ['latest_common_ancestor']
+
+
+def latest_common_ancestor(cls1: type, cls2: type) -> type | Never:
+    """Find the least upper bound in the inheritance graph
+    of two classes.
+
+    .. warning::
+
+       This function can fail with a TypeError. Some error messages
+       seen are
+
+         - multiple bases have instance lay-out conflict
+         - type 'bool' is not an acceptable base type
+
+       This happens frequently when the function is given
+       Python builtin types.
+
+    :param cls1: first class
+    :param cls2: second class
+    :returns: Least common ancestor base class of ``cls1`` and ``cls2``.
+    :raises TypeError: theoretically only from ``inspect.getmto``
+
+    """
+    if issubclass(cls1, cls2):
+        return cls2
+    if issubclass(cls2, cls1):
+        return cls1
+
+    for common_ancestor in getmro(type('LcaDiamondClass', (cls1, cls2), {})):
+        if issubclass(cls1, common_ancestor) and issubclass(cls2, common_ancestor):
+            return common_ancestor
+    raise TypeError("latest_common_ancestor: no common ancestor found!!!") 

pythonic_fp_gadgets-2.2.0/src/pythonic_fp/gadgets/lca.pyi

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+from typing import Never
+
+__all__ = ['latest_common_ancestor']
+
+def latest_common_ancestor(cls1: type, cls2: type) -> type | Never: ...

pythonic_fp_gadgets-2.2.0/tests/test_box.py

@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+# Copyright 2023-2025 Geoffrey R. Scheller
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+from pythonic_fp.gadgets.box import Box
+
+
+class TestGadgetBox:
+    """Functionality testing"""
+
+    def test_box_unchanged(self) -> None:
+        box_init_empty: Box[int] = Box()
+        box_init_full = Box(42)
+
+        if box_init_empty or not box_init_full:
+            assert False
+
+        for ii in box_init_empty:
+            assert False
+
+        for ii in box_init_full:
+            assert ii == 42
+
+        for ii in box_init_empty:
+            if ii == 42:
+                break
+        else:
+            assert True
+
+        for ii in box_init_full:
+            if ii == 42:
+                break
+        else:
+            assert False
+
+        for ii in box_init_full:
+            if ii == -1:
+                break
+        else:
+            assert True
+
+        assert repr(box_init_empty) == 'Box()'
+        assert repr(box_init_full) == 'Box(42)'
+
+        assert len(box_init_empty) == 0
+        assert len(box_init_full) == 1
+
+        assert box_init_empty == box_init_empty
+        assert box_init_full == box_init_full
+        assert box_init_empty != box_init_full
+
+        assert box_init_empty.get(-1) == -1
+        assert box_init_full.get(-1) == 42
+
+        try:
+            assert box_init_full.get() == 42
+        except ValueError:
+            assert False
+        else:
+            assert True
+        finally:
+            assert True
+
+        try:
+            assert box_init_empty.get() == 42
+        except ValueError:
+            assert True
+        else:
+            assert False
+        finally:
+            assert True
+
+        assert box_init_full.map(lambda x: x // 2) == Box(21)
+        assert box_init_empty.map(lambda x: x // 2) == Box()
+        assert box_init_full == Box(42)
+        assert box_init_empty == Box()
+        assert box_init_full.map(lambda x: str(x)) == Box('42')
+        assert box_init_empty.map(lambda x: str(x)) == Box()
+        
+        def f(x: int) -> Box['str']:
+            return Box(str(2*x))
+
+        assert box_init_full.bind(f) == Box('84')
+        assert box_init_empty.bind(f) == Box[str]()

pythonic_fp_gadgets-2.2.0/tests/test_it.py

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+# Copyright 2023-2025 Geoffrey R. Scheller
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+from pythonic_fp.circulararray.auto import ca, CA
+from pythonic_fp.gadgets.it import it
+
+class TestGadgetIt:
+    """Functionality testing"""
+
+    def test_it(self) -> None:
+        ref0: list[int] = []
+        trg0: list[int] = list(it())
+        assert ref0 == trg0
+
+        ref1 = [1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024, 2046, 4092]
+        trg1 = list(it(1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024, 2046, 4092))
+        assert ref1 == trg1
+
+        ref2 = [1, 2, 3]
+        trg2 = [*it(1,2,3)]
+        assert ref2 == trg2
+
+        ca_iter = CA((1, 2))
+        ca_args = ca(1, 2)
+        assert ca_iter == ca_args
+
+        ca0_ref: CA[int] = ca()
+        ca0_trg: CA[int] = CA[int](it())
+        assert ca0_ref == ca0_trg
+
+        ca1_ref: CA[int] = CA((42, 7, 11, 100))
+        ca1_trg = CA(it(42, 7, 11, 100))
+        ca1_splat1 = ca(*it(42, 7, 11, 100))
+        ca1_splat2 = ca(*it(42, 7), *it(11, 100))
+        assert ca1_ref == ca1_trg == ca1_splat1 == ca1_splat2

pythonic_fp_gadgets-2.2.0/tests/test_lca.py

@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+# Copyright 2023-2025 Geoffrey R. Scheller
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+from pythonic_fp.gadgets.lca import latest_common_ancestor as lca
+
+class A1():
+    pass
+
+class A1B1(A1):
+    pass
+
+class A1B1C1(A1B1):
+    pass
+
+class A1B1C2(A1B1):
+    pass
+
+class A1B2(A1):
+    pass
+
+class A1B2C1(A1B2):
+    pass
+
+class A1B2C2(A1B2):
+    pass
+
+class A2():
+    pass
+
+class A2B1(A2):
+    pass
+
+class A2B1C1(A2B1):
+    pass
+
+class A2B1C2(A2B1):
+    pass
+
+class A2B2(A2):
+    pass
+
+class A2B2C1(A2B2):
+    pass
+
+class A2B2C1D1(A2B2C1):
+    pass
+
+class A2B2C1D2(A2B2C1):
+    pass
+
+class A2B2C2(A2B2):
+    pass
+
+class A2B2C2D1(A2B2C2):
+    pass
+
+class A2B2C2D2(A2B2C2):
+    pass
+
+class TestLatestCommonAncestor:
+    """Functionality testing"""
+
+    def test_self(self) -> None:
+        assert lca(A1, A1) is A1
+        assert lca(A1B1, A1B1) is A1B1
+        assert lca(A1B1C1, A1B1C1) is A1B1C1
+        assert lca(int, int) is int
+        assert lca(bool, bool) is bool
+
+    def test_linear_descent(self) -> None:
+        assert lca(A1, A1B1) is A1
+        assert lca(A1B1, A1) is A1
+        assert lca(A1B1C1, A1) is A1
+        assert lca(A1, A1B1C1) is A1
+        assert lca(A1B1C1, A1B1) is A1B1
+        assert lca(A1B1, A1B1C1) is A1B1
+        assert lca(A1B1C1, A1B1) is A1B1
+        assert lca(A1B1, A1B1C1) is A1B1
+        assert lca(A1B1C1, A1) is A1
+        assert lca(A1, A1B1C1) is A1
+        assert lca(A2B2, A2B2C2D2) is A2B2
+        assert lca(A2B2C2D2, A2B2) is A2B2
+        assert lca(int, object) is object
+        assert lca(object, int) is object
+        assert lca(int, bool) is int
+        assert lca(bool, int) is int
+
+    def test_nonliear_descent(self) -> None:
+        assert lca(A1B1, A1B2) is A1
+        assert lca(A1B2, A1B1) is A1
+        assert lca(A1B2C1, A1B2C2) is A1B2
+        assert lca(A1B2C2, A1B2C1) is A1B2
+        assert lca(A1B1C1, A1B2C2) is A1
+        assert lca(A1B2C2, A1B1C1) is A1
+        assert lca(A1B1C1, A1B2C1) is A1
+        assert lca(A1B2C1, A1B1C1) is A1
+        assert lca(A2B2C1, A2B2C2D2) is A2B2
+        assert lca(A2B2C2D2, A2B2C1) is A2B2
+        assert lca(A2B1C1, A2B2C2D2) is A2
+        assert lca(A2B2C2D2, A2B1C1) is A2
+        assert lca(A1, A2) is object
+        assert lca(A2B2C2D2, A1B2C2) is object
+        assert lca(A1B2C1, A2B1C1) is object