python-cc 0.0.2__tar.gz

python_cc-0.0.2/.github/workflows/workflow.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+name: Publish to PyPI
+
+on:
+  release:
+    types: [published]
+
+jobs:
+  pypi-publish:
+    name: Upload release to PyPI
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    environment: pypi
+    permissions:
+      id-token: write
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - name: Set up Python
+        uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+        with:
+          python-version: "3.12"
+
+      - name: Install build dependencies
+        run: pip install build
+
+      - name: Build package
+        run: python -m build
+
+      - name: Publish to PyPI
+        uses: pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@release/v1

python_cc-0.0.2/.gitignore

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+*.out
+*.s
+# Byte-compiled / optimized / DLL files
+.pytest_cache/
+parser.out
+#
+#
+*.bc
+__pycache__/
+*.py[cod]
+
+# C extensions
+*.so
+
+# Distribution / packaging
+.Python
+env/
+build/
+develop-eggs/
+dist/
+downloads/
+eggs/
+lib/
+lib64/
+parts/
+sdist/
+var/
+*.egg-info/
+.installed.cfg
+*.egg
+.idea/
+# PyInstaller
+#  Usually these files are written by a python script from a template
+#  before PyInstaller builds the exe, so as to inject date/other infos into it.
+*.manifest
+*.spec
+
+# Installer logs
+pip-log.txt
+pip-delete-this-directory.txt
+
+# Unit test / coverage reports
+htmlcov/
+.tox/
+.coverage
+.cache
+nosetests.xml
+coverage.xml
+
+# Translations
+*.mo
+*.pot
+
+# Django stuff:
+*.log
+
+# Sphinx documentation
+docs/_build/
+
+# PyBuilder
+target/
+lextab.py
+*.bcode
+*.ir
+yacctab.py
+*.gch
+
+# uv / venv
+.venv/
+uv.lock
+
+# Temp files
+temp.*
+
+
+
+redis
+nginx

python_cc-0.0.2/.python-version

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+3.13

python_cc-0.0.2/LICENSE

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+This is free and unencumbered software released into the public domain.
+
+Anyone is free to copy, modify, publish, use, compile, sell, or
+distribute this software, either in source code form or as a compiled
+binary, for any purpose, commercial or non-commercial, and by any
+means.
+
+In jurisdictions that recognize copyright laws, the author or authors
+of this software dedicate any and all copyright interest in the
+software to the public domain. We make this dedication for the benefit
+of the public at large and to the detriment of our heirs and
+successors. We intend this dedication to be an overt act of
+relinquishment in perpetuity of all present and future rights to this
+software under copyright law.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
+IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR
+OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE,
+ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
+OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+
+For more information, please refer to <http://unlicense.org>
+

python_cc-0.0.2/PKG-INFO

@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+Metadata-Version: 2.4
+Name: python-cc
+Version: 0.0.2
+Summary: Pcc is a c compiler built on python and llvm.
+Project-URL: Homepage, http://pypi.python.org/pypi/pcc/
+License-Expression: BSD-3-Clause
+License-File: LICENSE
+Keywords: c,compiler,llvm,ply
+Requires-Python: >=3.10
+Requires-Dist: click
+Requires-Dist: llvmlite==0.46.0
+Description-Content-Type: text/markdown
+
+Pcc
+====================
+
+What is this?
+--------------------
+Pcc is a C compiler based on ply + pycparser + llvmlite + llvm.
+We can run C programs like Python: `pcc test.c` to run C code.
+Pcc was inspired by: https://github.com/eliben/pykaleidoscope.
+
+Notice
+--------------------
+1. Some code skeleton comes from pykaleidoscope.
+2. ply and pycparser are embedded into this project for debug use.
+
+Development
+--------------------
+
+Requires Python 3.13+ and [uv](https://docs.astral.sh/uv/).
+
+```bash
+uv sync          # install dependencies
+uv run pytest    # run all 400+ tests (~10s parallel)
+```
+
+Run pcc
+--------------------
+
+```bash
+# Single file
+uv run pcc hello.c
+
+# Multi-file project (auto-collects all .c files, resolves .h includes)
+uv run pcc myproject/
+
+# Dump LLVM IR
+uv run pcc --llvmdump test.c
+```
+
+Multi-file projects: put `.c` and `.h` files in a directory, one `.c` must contain `main()`. Pcc auto-discovers all `.c` files, merges them, and compiles.
+
+Lua Compilation Goal
+--------------------
+
+The target is to compile and run [Lua 5.5.0](https://github.com/lua/lua) using pcc.
+
+```
+projects/lua-5.5.0/         - Lua 5.5.0 source code + Makefile
+projects/lua-5.5.0/testes/  - Lua test suite
+```
+
+### Test Structure
+
+Tests in `tests/test_lua.py` compare three builds:
+
+| Build | Method |
+|-------|--------|
+| **pcc** | `onelua.c` → pcc preprocess/parse/codegen → LLVM IR → cc compile+link |
+| **native** | `onelua.c` → `cc -O0` single-file compile |
+| **makefile** | `make` with project Makefile (separate compilation of each .c, static lib + link) |
+
+```bash
+# Run all Lua tests (slow marker, ~5 min with 4 workers)
+uv run pytest tests/test_lua.py -m slow -v -n 4
+
+# Individual file compilation through pcc pipeline
+uv run pytest tests/test_lua.py::test_lua_source_compile -v
+# pcc vs native (same onelua.c, test pcc as C compiler)
+uv run pytest tests/test_lua.py::test_pcc_runtime_matches_native -v
+# pcc vs Makefile-built lua (official reference)
+uv run pytest tests/test_lua.py::test_pcc_runtime_matches_makefile -v
+# Lua test suite with Makefile-built binary (baseline)
+uv run pytest tests/test_lua.py::test_makefile_lua_test_suite -v```
+
+Note: `heavy.lua` is excluded from automated tests (runs ~2 min+, may timeout). Run manually:
+```bash
+# Build Makefile lua, then run heavy.lua directly
+cd projects/lua-5.5.0 && make CC=cc CWARNS= MYCFLAGS="-std=c99 -DLUA_USE_MACOSX" MYLDFLAGS= MYLIBS=
+./lua testes/heavy.lua
+```
+
+Add C test cases
+--------------------
+
+```bash
+# Single file: add to c_tests/ with expected return value
+echo '// EXPECT: 42
+int main(){ return 42; }' > c_tests/mytest.c
+
+# Multi-file project: create a directory with main.c
+mkdir c_tests/myproject
+# ... add .c and .h files, main.c must have: // EXPECT: N
+
+# Run all C file tests
+uv run pytest tests/test_c_files.py -v
+```
+
+Preprocessor
+--------------------
+
+```c
+#include <stdio.h>          // system headers: 133 libc functions auto-declared
+#include "mylib.h"          // user headers: read and inline file content
+#define MAX_SIZE 100        // object-like macro
+#define MAX(a,b) ((a)>(b)?(a):(b))  // function-like macro
+#define DEBUG               // flag for conditional compilation
+#ifdef / #ifndef / #if / #elif / #else / #endif  // conditional compilation
+#if defined(X) && (VERSION >= 3)  // expression evaluation with defined()
+#undef NAME                 // undefine macro
+```
+
+Built-in macros: `NULL`, `EOF`, `EXIT_SUCCESS`, `EXIT_FAILURE`, `RAND_MAX`, `INT_MAX`, `INT_MIN`, `LLONG_MAX`, `CHAR_BIT`, `true`, `false`, `__STDC__`
+
+Built-in typedefs: `size_t`, `ssize_t`, `ptrdiff_t`, `va_list`, `FILE`, `time_t`, `clock_t`, `pid_t`
+
+Supported C Features
+--------------------
+
+### Types
+`int`, `double`, `float`, `char`, `void`, `unsigned`/`signed`/`long`/`short` (all combinations),
+`size_t`, `int8_t`..`uint64_t`,
+pointers (multi-level), arrays (multi-dim),
+structs (named, anonymous, nested, with array/pointer/function-pointer members, pointer-to-struct),
+unions, enums (with constant expressions), typedef (scalar, struct, pointer, function pointer),
+`static` local variables, `const`/`volatile` qualifiers
+
+### Operators
+- Arithmetic: `+` `-` `*` `/` `%`
+- Bitwise: `&` `|` `^` `<<` `>>`
+- Comparison: `<` `>` `<=` `>=` `==` `!=` (including pointer comparison)
+- Logical: `&&` `||` (short-circuit evaluation)
+- Unary: `-x` `+x` `!x` `~x` `sizeof` `&x` `*p`
+- Increment/Decrement: `++x` `x++` `--x` `x--` (int and pointer, including struct members)
+- Assignment: `=` `+=` `-=` `*=` `/=` `%=` `<<=` `>>=` `&=` `|=` `^=` (including pointer `+=`/`-=`)
+- Ternary: `a ? b : c`
+- Pointer: `p + n`, `p - n`, `p - q`, `p++`, `p[i]`
+- Struct access: `.` and `->` (including nested `a.b.c` and `s->fn(args)`)
+- Chained: `a = b = c = 5`
+
+### Control Flow
+`if` / `else` / `else if`, `while`, `do-while`, `for` (all variants including `for(;;)`),
+`switch` / `case` / `default`, `goto` / `label`, `break`, `continue`, `return`
+
+### Functions
+Definitions, forward declarations, mutual recursion, void functions, variadic (`...`),
+pointer/array arguments, `static` local variables, function pointers (declaration, assignment,
+calling, as parameters, in structs, typedef'd), callback patterns
+
+### Libc Functions (133 total, auto-declared on first use)
+
+| Header | Functions |
+|--------|-----------|
+| stdio.h | printf, fprintf, sprintf, snprintf, puts, putchar, getchar, fopen, fclose, fread, fwrite, fseek, ftell, fgets, fputs, scanf, sscanf, ... |
+| stdlib.h | malloc, calloc, realloc, free, abs, labs, atoi, atol, atof, strtol, strtod, rand, srand, exit, abort, qsort, bsearch, getenv, system, ... |
+| string.h | strlen, strcmp, strncmp, strcpy, strncpy, strcat, strncat, strchr, strrchr, strstr, memset, memcpy, memmove, memcmp, memchr, strtok, ... |
+| ctype.h | isalpha, isdigit, isalnum, isspace, isupper, islower, isprint, ispunct, isxdigit, toupper, tolower, ... |
+| math.h | sin, cos, tan, asin, acos, atan, atan2, exp, log, log2, log10, pow, sqrt, cbrt, hypot, ceil, floor, round, trunc, fmod, fabs, ... |
+| time.h | time, clock, difftime |
+| unistd.h | sleep, usleep, read, write, open, close, getpid, getppid |
+| setjmp.h | setjmp, longjmp |
+| signal.h | signal, raise |
+
+### Literals
+Decimal, hex (`0xFF`), octal (`077`), char (`'a'`, `'\n'`), string (`"hello\n"`), double (`3.14`)
+
+### Other
+C comments (`/* */`, `//`), array initializer lists (1D and multi-dim),
+string escape sequences (`\n \t \\ \0 \r`), implicit type promotion (int/char/double/pointer),
+array-to-pointer decay, `NULL` pointer support, opaque/forward-declared structs,
+two-pass codegen (types first, functions second)

python_cc-0.0.2/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+Pcc
+====================
+
+What is this?
+--------------------
+Pcc is a C compiler based on ply + pycparser + llvmlite + llvm.
+We can run C programs like Python: `pcc test.c` to run C code.
+Pcc was inspired by: https://github.com/eliben/pykaleidoscope.
+
+Notice
+--------------------
+1. Some code skeleton comes from pykaleidoscope.
+2. ply and pycparser are embedded into this project for debug use.
+
+Development
+--------------------
+
+Requires Python 3.13+ and [uv](https://docs.astral.sh/uv/).
+
+```bash
+uv sync          # install dependencies
+uv run pytest    # run all 400+ tests (~10s parallel)
+```
+
+Run pcc
+--------------------
+
+```bash
+# Single file
+uv run pcc hello.c
+
+# Multi-file project (auto-collects all .c files, resolves .h includes)
+uv run pcc myproject/
+
+# Dump LLVM IR
+uv run pcc --llvmdump test.c
+```
+
+Multi-file projects: put `.c` and `.h` files in a directory, one `.c` must contain `main()`. Pcc auto-discovers all `.c` files, merges them, and compiles.
+
+Lua Compilation Goal
+--------------------
+
+The target is to compile and run [Lua 5.5.0](https://github.com/lua/lua) using pcc.
+
+```
+projects/lua-5.5.0/         - Lua 5.5.0 source code + Makefile
+projects/lua-5.5.0/testes/  - Lua test suite
+```
+
+### Test Structure
+
+Tests in `tests/test_lua.py` compare three builds:
+
+| Build | Method |
+|-------|--------|
+| **pcc** | `onelua.c` → pcc preprocess/parse/codegen → LLVM IR → cc compile+link |
+| **native** | `onelua.c` → `cc -O0` single-file compile |
+| **makefile** | `make` with project Makefile (separate compilation of each .c, static lib + link) |
+
+```bash
+# Run all Lua tests (slow marker, ~5 min with 4 workers)
+uv run pytest tests/test_lua.py -m slow -v -n 4
+
+# Individual file compilation through pcc pipeline
+uv run pytest tests/test_lua.py::test_lua_source_compile -v
+# pcc vs native (same onelua.c, test pcc as C compiler)
+uv run pytest tests/test_lua.py::test_pcc_runtime_matches_native -v
+# pcc vs Makefile-built lua (official reference)
+uv run pytest tests/test_lua.py::test_pcc_runtime_matches_makefile -v
+# Lua test suite with Makefile-built binary (baseline)
+uv run pytest tests/test_lua.py::test_makefile_lua_test_suite -v```
+
+Note: `heavy.lua` is excluded from automated tests (runs ~2 min+, may timeout). Run manually:
+```bash
+# Build Makefile lua, then run heavy.lua directly
+cd projects/lua-5.5.0 && make CC=cc CWARNS= MYCFLAGS="-std=c99 -DLUA_USE_MACOSX" MYLDFLAGS= MYLIBS=
+./lua testes/heavy.lua
+```
+
+Add C test cases
+--------------------
+
+```bash
+# Single file: add to c_tests/ with expected return value
+echo '// EXPECT: 42
+int main(){ return 42; }' > c_tests/mytest.c
+
+# Multi-file project: create a directory with main.c
+mkdir c_tests/myproject
+# ... add .c and .h files, main.c must have: // EXPECT: N
+
+# Run all C file tests
+uv run pytest tests/test_c_files.py -v
+```
+
+Preprocessor
+--------------------
+
+```c
+#include <stdio.h>          // system headers: 133 libc functions auto-declared
+#include "mylib.h"          // user headers: read and inline file content
+#define MAX_SIZE 100        // object-like macro
+#define MAX(a,b) ((a)>(b)?(a):(b))  // function-like macro
+#define DEBUG               // flag for conditional compilation
+#ifdef / #ifndef / #if / #elif / #else / #endif  // conditional compilation
+#if defined(X) && (VERSION >= 3)  // expression evaluation with defined()
+#undef NAME                 // undefine macro
+```
+
+Built-in macros: `NULL`, `EOF`, `EXIT_SUCCESS`, `EXIT_FAILURE`, `RAND_MAX`, `INT_MAX`, `INT_MIN`, `LLONG_MAX`, `CHAR_BIT`, `true`, `false`, `__STDC__`
+
+Built-in typedefs: `size_t`, `ssize_t`, `ptrdiff_t`, `va_list`, `FILE`, `time_t`, `clock_t`, `pid_t`
+
+Supported C Features
+--------------------
+
+### Types
+`int`, `double`, `float`, `char`, `void`, `unsigned`/`signed`/`long`/`short` (all combinations),
+`size_t`, `int8_t`..`uint64_t`,
+pointers (multi-level), arrays (multi-dim),
+structs (named, anonymous, nested, with array/pointer/function-pointer members, pointer-to-struct),
+unions, enums (with constant expressions), typedef (scalar, struct, pointer, function pointer),
+`static` local variables, `const`/`volatile` qualifiers
+
+### Operators
+- Arithmetic: `+` `-` `*` `/` `%`
+- Bitwise: `&` `|` `^` `<<` `>>`
+- Comparison: `<` `>` `<=` `>=` `==` `!=` (including pointer comparison)
+- Logical: `&&` `||` (short-circuit evaluation)
+- Unary: `-x` `+x` `!x` `~x` `sizeof` `&x` `*p`
+- Increment/Decrement: `++x` `x++` `--x` `x--` (int and pointer, including struct members)
+- Assignment: `=` `+=` `-=` `*=` `/=` `%=` `<<=` `>>=` `&=` `|=` `^=` (including pointer `+=`/`-=`)
+- Ternary: `a ? b : c`
+- Pointer: `p + n`, `p - n`, `p - q`, `p++`, `p[i]`
+- Struct access: `.` and `->` (including nested `a.b.c` and `s->fn(args)`)
+- Chained: `a = b = c = 5`
+
+### Control Flow
+`if` / `else` / `else if`, `while`, `do-while`, `for` (all variants including `for(;;)`),
+`switch` / `case` / `default`, `goto` / `label`, `break`, `continue`, `return`
+
+### Functions
+Definitions, forward declarations, mutual recursion, void functions, variadic (`...`),
+pointer/array arguments, `static` local variables, function pointers (declaration, assignment,
+calling, as parameters, in structs, typedef'd), callback patterns
+
+### Libc Functions (133 total, auto-declared on first use)
+
+| Header | Functions |
+|--------|-----------|
+| stdio.h | printf, fprintf, sprintf, snprintf, puts, putchar, getchar, fopen, fclose, fread, fwrite, fseek, ftell, fgets, fputs, scanf, sscanf, ... |
+| stdlib.h | malloc, calloc, realloc, free, abs, labs, atoi, atol, atof, strtol, strtod, rand, srand, exit, abort, qsort, bsearch, getenv, system, ... |
+| string.h | strlen, strcmp, strncmp, strcpy, strncpy, strcat, strncat, strchr, strrchr, strstr, memset, memcpy, memmove, memcmp, memchr, strtok, ... |
+| ctype.h | isalpha, isdigit, isalnum, isspace, isupper, islower, isprint, ispunct, isxdigit, toupper, tolower, ... |
+| math.h | sin, cos, tan, asin, acos, atan, atan2, exp, log, log2, log10, pow, sqrt, cbrt, hypot, ceil, floor, round, trunc, fmod, fabs, ... |
+| time.h | time, clock, difftime |
+| unistd.h | sleep, usleep, read, write, open, close, getpid, getppid |
+| setjmp.h | setjmp, longjmp |
+| signal.h | signal, raise |
+
+### Literals
+Decimal, hex (`0xFF`), octal (`077`), char (`'a'`, `'\n'`), string (`"hello\n"`), double (`3.14`)
+
+### Other
+C comments (`/* */`, `//`), array initializer lists (1D and multi-dim),
+string escape sequences (`\n \t \\ \0 \r`), implicit type promotion (int/char/double/pointer),
+array-to-pointer decay, `NULL` pointer support, opaque/forward-declared structs,
+two-pass codegen (types first, functions second)

python_cc-0.0.2/c_tests/ackermann.c

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+// EXPECT: 61
+int ack(int m, int n) {
+    if (m == 0) return n + 1;
+    if (n == 0) return ack(m - 1, 1);
+    return ack(m - 1, ack(m, n - 1));
+}
+
+int main() {
+    return ack(3, 3);
+}

python_cc-0.0.2/c_tests/basic_arithmetic.c

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+// EXPECT: 42
+int main() {
+    int a = 10;
+    int b = 32;
+    return a + b;
+}

python_cc-0.0.2/c_tests/calculator_project/main.c

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+// EXPECT: 14
+#include "stack.h"
+
+void op_add();
+void op_sub();
+void op_mul();
+void op_div();
+
+int main() {
+    // Calculate: (3 + 4) * 2 = 14
+    push(3);
+    push(4);
+    op_add();       // stack: [7]
+    push(2);
+    op_mul();       // stack: [14]
+    return pop();   // 14
+}

python_cc-0.0.2/c_tests/calculator_project/ops.c

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+#include "stack.h"
+
+void op_add() {
+    int b = pop();
+    int a = pop();
+    push(a + b);
+}
+
+void op_sub() {
+    int b = pop();
+    int a = pop();
+    push(a - b);
+}
+
+void op_mul() {
+    int b = pop();
+    int a = pop();
+    push(a * b);
+}
+
+void op_div() {
+    int b = pop();
+    int a = pop();
+    push(a / b);
+}

python_cc-0.0.2/c_tests/calculator_project/stack.h

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+#ifndef STACK_H
+#define STACK_H
+
+#define STACK_SIZE 64
+
+int _stack[STACK_SIZE];
+int _sp = -1;
+
+void push(int val) { _sp++; _stack[_sp] = val; }
+int pop() { int v = _stack[_sp]; _sp--; return v; }
+int peek() { return _stack[_sp]; }
+int empty() { return _sp < 0; }
+
+#endif

python_cc-0.0.2/c_tests/collatz.c

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+// EXPECT: 111
+int collatz_steps(int n) {
+    int steps = 0;
+    while (n != 1) {
+        if (n % 2 == 0)
+            n = n / 2;
+        else
+            n = 3 * n + 1;
+        steps++;
+    }
+    return steps;
+}
+
+int main() {
+    return collatz_steps(27);
+}

python_cc-0.0.2/c_tests/conditional.c

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+// EXPECT: 42
+#define USE_FAST_PATH
+
+#ifdef USE_FAST_PATH
+int compute(int x) {
+    return x * 2;
+}
+#else
+int compute(int x) {
+    int i;
+    int result = 0;
+    for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) result += x;
+    return result;
+}
+#endif
+
+int main() {
+    return compute(21);
+}

python_cc-0.0.2/c_tests/fibonacci.c

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+// EXPECT: 55
+int fib(int n) {
+    if (n <= 1) return n;
+    return fib(n - 1) + fib(n - 2);
+}
+
+int main() {
+    return fib(10);
+}

python_cc-0.0.2/c_tests/game_of_life.c

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+// EXPECT: 3
+// Conway's Game of Life: blinker oscillator
+int get(int *g, int r, int c, int n) {
+    if (r < 0 || r >= n || c < 0 || c >= n) return 0;
+    return g[r * n + c];
+}
+
+int neighbors(int *g, int r, int c, int n) {
+    int s = 0;
+    int dr;
+    int dc;
+    for (dr = -1; dr <= 1; dr++)
+        for (dc = -1; dc <= 1; dc++)
+            if (dr != 0 || dc != 0)
+                s += get(g, r + dr, c + dc, n);
+    return s;
+}
+
+int main() {
+    int g[25] = {
+        0,0,0,0,0,
+        0,0,1,0,0,
+        0,0,1,0,0,
+        0,0,1,0,0,
+        0,0,0,0,0
+    };
+    int next[25];
+    int r;
+    int c;
+    int n = 5;
+    for (r = 0; r < n; r++) {
+        for (c = 0; c < n; c++) {
+            int nb = neighbors(g, r, c, n);
+            int alive = g[r * n + c];
+            if (alive && (nb == 2 || nb == 3))
+                next[r * n + c] = 1;
+            else if (!alive && nb == 3)
+                next[r * n + c] = 1;
+            else
+                next[r * n + c] = 0;
+        }
+    }
+    return next[2*5+1] + next[2*5+2] + next[2*5+3];
+}

python_cc-0.0.2/c_tests/hanoi.c

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+// EXPECT: 31
+int moves = 0;
+
+void hanoi(int n, int from, int to, int aux) {
+    if (n == 1) {
+        moves++;
+        return;
+    }
+    hanoi(n - 1, from, aux, to);
+    moves++;
+    hanoi(n - 1, aux, to, from);
+}
+
+int main() {
+    hanoi(5, 1, 3, 2);
+    return moves;
+}