pycontrails 0.41.0__tar.gz → 0.42.0__tar.gz

{pycontrails-0.41.0 → pycontrails-0.42.0}/.gitignore

@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ tests/benchmark/cocip/outputs
 .doc-test-cache
 docs/_build
 docs/api/
+docs/examples/airports
 
 # data
 .ecmwf

{pycontrails-0.41.0 → pycontrails-0.42.0}/CHANGELOG.md

@@ -1,7 +1,29 @@
 
 # Changelog
 
-## 0.41.0
+## v0.42.0
+
+Phase 1 of the Spire datalib, which contains functions to identify unique flight trajectories from the raw Spire ADS-B data.
+
+#### Features
+
+- Add a `pycontrails.core.airport` module to read and process the global airport database, which can be used to identify the nearest airport to a given coordinate.
+- Add a `pycontrails.datalib.spire.clean` function to remove and address erroneous waypoints in the raw Spire ADS-B data.
+- Add a `pycontrails.datalib.spire.filter_altitude` function to remove noise in cruise altitude.
+- Add a `pycontrails.datalib.spire.identify_flights` function to identify unique flight trajectories from ADS-B messages.
+- Add a `pycontrails.datalib.spire.validate_trajectory` function to check the validity of the identified trajectories from ADS-B messages.
+- Add a `FlightPhase` integer `Enum` in the `flight` module. This includes a new `level_flight` flight phase.
+
+#### Internals
+
+- Add unit tests providing examples to identify unique flights.
+- Rename `flight._dt_waypoints` -> `flight.segment_duration`.
+- Move `jet.rate_of_climb_descent` -> `flight.segment_rocd`.
+- Move `jet.identify_phase_of_flight` -> `flight.segment_phase`.
+- Update `FlightPhase` to be a dictionary enumeration of flight phases.
+- Add references to [`traffic` library](https://traffic-viz.github.io/).
+
+## v0.41.0
 
 Improve polygon algorithms.
 

{pycontrails-0.41.0 → pycontrails-0.42.0}/CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -132,7 +132,6 @@ Wherever possible, we adhere to the [NumPy docstring conventions](https://numpyd
 The following links are good references for writing *numpy* docstrings:
 
 - [numpydoc docstring guide](https://numpydoc.readthedocs.io/en/latest/format.html)
-- [napolean example numpy docstrings](https://sphinxcontrib-napoleon.readthedocs.io/en/latest/example_numpy.html)
 - [pandas docstring guide](https://pandas.pydata.org/docs/development/contributing_docstring.html)
 - [scipy docstring guideline](https://docs.scipy.org/doc//scipy/dev/contributor/rendering_documentation.html#documentation-guidelines)
 

{pycontrails-0.41.0/pycontrails.egg-info → pycontrails-0.42.0}/PKG-INFO

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 Metadata-Version: 2.1
 Name: pycontrails
-Version: 0.41.0
+Version: 0.42.0
 Summary: Python library for modeling aviation climate impacts
 Author-email: Breakthrough Energy <py@contrails.org>
 License: Apache-2.0

{pycontrails-0.41.0 → pycontrails-0.42.0}/docs/_static/pycontrails.bib

@@ -44,6 +44,12 @@
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@misc{CalculateDistanceBearing,
+  title = {Calculate Distance and Bearing between Two {{Latitude}}/{{Longitude}} Points Using Haversine Formula in {{JavaScript}}},
+  urldate = {2023-04-12},
+  howpublished = {https://www.movable-type.co.uk/scripts/latlong.html}
+}
+
 @article{celikel2001forecasting,
   title = {Forecasting Civil Aviation Fuel Burn and Emissions in {{Europe}}},
   author = {Celikel, A and Jelinek, F},
@@ -234,6 +240,16 @@
   langid = {english}
 }
 
+@misc{megginsonOpendataDownloadsOurAirports2023,
+  title = {Open-Data Downloads for {{OurAirports}}},
+  author = {Megginson, David},
+  year = {2023},
+  month = apr,
+  urldate = {2023-04-12},
+  abstract = {Open-data downloads for OurAirports.com},
+  copyright = {Unlicense}
+}
+
 @misc{noaaSolarCalculationDetails,
   title = {Solar {{Calculation Details}}},
   author = {NOAA},

{pycontrails-0.41.0 → pycontrails-0.42.0}/docs/api.rst

@@ -187,6 +187,7 @@ Core
 .. autosummary::
     :toctree: api/
 
+    core.airports
     core.cache
     core.coordinates
     core.datalib

{pycontrails-0.41.0 → pycontrails-0.42.0}/docs/conf.py

@@ -85,6 +85,7 @@ intersphinx_mapping = {
     "sklearn": ("https://scikit-learn.org/stable/", None),
     "xarray": ("https://docs.xarray.dev/en/stable/", None),
     "zarr": ("https://zarr.readthedocs.io/en/stable/", None),
+    "traffic": ("https://traffic-viz.github.io/", None),
 }
 
 # Display todos by setting to True

pycontrails-0.42.0/docs/examples/airports.ipynb

@@ -0,0 +1,536 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "f5306527-306c-4b54-b4cc-6a260858df56",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "# Airports\n",
+    "\n",
+    "The `pycontrails.core.airports` module provides access to global airport data and helper functions for working with airport data.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Airport data is loaded at runtime from [Our Airports](https://ourairports.com/) from a fork of the [ourairports-data repository](https://github.com/davidmegginson/ourairports-data)."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 1,
+   "id": "1e9a7de3-bc00-4e2e-9b42-83f3b257b5e3",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "from pycontrails.core import airports"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "ef916438-09f8-4f2e-8933-7df646deb714",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Global airport database\n",
+    "\n",
+    "The `global_airport_database` method downloads and caches airport data."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 2,
+   "id": "cba4cbee-7521-4bde-b063-8aff0e2f5417",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/html": [
+       "<div>\n",
+       "<style scoped>\n",
+       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
+       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "\n",
+       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
+       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "\n",
+       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
+       "        text-align: right;\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "</style>\n",
+       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
+       "  <thead>\n",
+       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
+       "      <th></th>\n",
+       "      <th>type</th>\n",
+       "      <th>name</th>\n",
+       "      <th>latitude</th>\n",
+       "      <th>longitude</th>\n",
+       "      <th>elevation_ft</th>\n",
+       "      <th>iso_country</th>\n",
+       "      <th>iso_region</th>\n",
+       "      <th>municipality</th>\n",
+       "      <th>scheduled_service</th>\n",
+       "      <th>icao_code</th>\n",
+       "      <th>iata_code</th>\n",
+       "      <th>elevation_m</th>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "  </thead>\n",
+       "  <tbody>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>0</th>\n",
+       "      <td>small_airport</td>\n",
+       "      <td>Rothera Point Airport</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-67.566941</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-68.126993</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
+       "      <td>AQ</td>\n",
+       "      <td>AQ-U-A</td>\n",
+       "      <td>Rothera Point</td>\n",
+       "      <td>no</td>\n",
+       "      <td>AAXX</td>\n",
+       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0.0000</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>1</th>\n",
+       "      <td>small_airport</td>\n",
+       "      <td>Angeles City Flying Club</td>\n",
+       "      <td>15.254326</td>\n",
+       "      <td>120.677772</td>\n",
+       "      <td>100.0</td>\n",
+       "      <td>PH</td>\n",
+       "      <td>PH-U-A</td>\n",
+       "      <td>MG</td>\n",
+       "      <td>no</td>\n",
+       "      <td>ACFC</td>\n",
+       "      <td>AFC</td>\n",
+       "      <td>30.4800</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>2</th>\n",
+       "      <td>small_airport</td>\n",
+       "      <td>Afutara Aerodrome</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-9.191389</td>\n",
+       "      <td>160.948611</td>\n",
+       "      <td>23.0</td>\n",
+       "      <td>SB</td>\n",
+       "      <td>SB-ML</td>\n",
+       "      <td>Bila</td>\n",
+       "      <td>yes</td>\n",
+       "      <td>AGAF</td>\n",
+       "      <td>AFT</td>\n",
+       "      <td>7.0104</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>3</th>\n",
+       "      <td>small_airport</td>\n",
+       "      <td>Ulawa Airport</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-9.860544</td>\n",
+       "      <td>161.979547</td>\n",
+       "      <td>40.0</td>\n",
+       "      <td>SB</td>\n",
+       "      <td>SB-MK</td>\n",
+       "      <td>Arona</td>\n",
+       "      <td>no</td>\n",
+       "      <td>AGAR</td>\n",
+       "      <td>RNA</td>\n",
+       "      <td>12.1920</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>4</th>\n",
+       "      <td>small_airport</td>\n",
+       "      <td>Uru Harbour Airport</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-8.873330</td>\n",
+       "      <td>161.011002</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
+       "      <td>SB</td>\n",
+       "      <td>SB-ML</td>\n",
+       "      <td>Atoifi</td>\n",
+       "      <td>yes</td>\n",
+       "      <td>AGAT</td>\n",
+       "      <td>ATD</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0.0000</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "  </tbody>\n",
+       "</table>\n",
+       "</div>"
+      ],
+      "text/plain": [
+       "            type                      name   latitude   longitude  \\\n",
+       "0  small_airport     Rothera Point Airport -67.566941  -68.126993   \n",
+       "1  small_airport  Angeles City Flying Club  15.254326  120.677772   \n",
+       "2  small_airport         Afutara Aerodrome  -9.191389  160.948611   \n",
+       "3  small_airport             Ulawa Airport  -9.860544  161.979547   \n",
+       "4  small_airport       Uru Harbour Airport  -8.873330  161.011002   \n",
+       "\n",
+       "   elevation_ft iso_country iso_region   municipality scheduled_service  \\\n",
+       "0           0.0          AQ     AQ-U-A  Rothera Point                no   \n",
+       "1         100.0          PH     PH-U-A             MG                no   \n",
+       "2          23.0          SB      SB-ML           Bila               yes   \n",
+       "3          40.0          SB      SB-MK          Arona                no   \n",
+       "4           0.0          SB      SB-ML         Atoifi               yes   \n",
+       "\n",
+       "  icao_code iata_code  elevation_m  \n",
+       "0      AAXX       NaN       0.0000  \n",
+       "1      ACFC       AFC      30.4800  \n",
+       "2      AGAF       AFT       7.0104  \n",
+       "3      AGAR       RNA      12.1920  \n",
+       "4      AGAT       ATD       0.0000  "
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "db = airports.global_airport_database()\n",
+    "db.head()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "bb687ead-8730-44a4-b0bf-c76c92100cbb",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "You can override the cache location by passing in a pycontrails [CacheStore](https://py.contrails.org/api.html#cache) to the `cachestore` argument:"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 3,
+   "id": "d590e371-e385-4920-becc-0d130c0b93bf",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "from pycontrails import DiskCacheStore"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 4,
+   "id": "7d597179-9ac6-41e9-a1d9-f7884196bd22",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/html": [
+       "<div>\n",
+       "<style scoped>\n",
+       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
+       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "\n",
+       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
+       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "\n",
+       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
+       "        text-align: right;\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "</style>\n",
+       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
+       "  <thead>\n",
+       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
+       "      <th></th>\n",
+       "      <th>type</th>\n",
+       "      <th>name</th>\n",
+       "      <th>latitude</th>\n",
+       "      <th>longitude</th>\n",
+       "      <th>elevation_ft</th>\n",
+       "      <th>iso_country</th>\n",
+       "      <th>iso_region</th>\n",
+       "      <th>municipality</th>\n",
+       "      <th>scheduled_service</th>\n",
+       "      <th>icao_code</th>\n",
+       "      <th>iata_code</th>\n",
+       "      <th>elevation_m</th>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "  </thead>\n",
+       "  <tbody>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>0</th>\n",
+       "      <td>small_airport</td>\n",
+       "      <td>Rothera Point Airport</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-67.566941</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-68.126993</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
+       "      <td>AQ</td>\n",
+       "      <td>AQ-U-A</td>\n",
+       "      <td>Rothera Point</td>\n",
+       "      <td>no</td>\n",
+       "      <td>AAXX</td>\n",
+       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0.0000</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>1</th>\n",
+       "      <td>small_airport</td>\n",
+       "      <td>Angeles City Flying Club</td>\n",
+       "      <td>15.254326</td>\n",
+       "      <td>120.677772</td>\n",
+       "      <td>100.0</td>\n",
+       "      <td>PH</td>\n",
+       "      <td>PH-U-A</td>\n",
+       "      <td>MG</td>\n",
+       "      <td>no</td>\n",
+       "      <td>ACFC</td>\n",
+       "      <td>AFC</td>\n",
+       "      <td>30.4800</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>2</th>\n",
+       "      <td>small_airport</td>\n",
+       "      <td>Afutara Aerodrome</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-9.191389</td>\n",
+       "      <td>160.948611</td>\n",
+       "      <td>23.0</td>\n",
+       "      <td>SB</td>\n",
+       "      <td>SB-ML</td>\n",
+       "      <td>Bila</td>\n",
+       "      <td>yes</td>\n",
+       "      <td>AGAF</td>\n",
+       "      <td>AFT</td>\n",
+       "      <td>7.0104</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>3</th>\n",
+       "      <td>small_airport</td>\n",
+       "      <td>Ulawa Airport</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-9.860544</td>\n",
+       "      <td>161.979547</td>\n",
+       "      <td>40.0</td>\n",
+       "      <td>SB</td>\n",
+       "      <td>SB-MK</td>\n",
+       "      <td>Arona</td>\n",
+       "      <td>no</td>\n",
+       "      <td>AGAR</td>\n",
+       "      <td>RNA</td>\n",
+       "      <td>12.1920</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>4</th>\n",
+       "      <td>small_airport</td>\n",
+       "      <td>Uru Harbour Airport</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-8.873330</td>\n",
+       "      <td>161.011002</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
+       "      <td>SB</td>\n",
+       "      <td>SB-ML</td>\n",
+       "      <td>Atoifi</td>\n",
+       "      <td>yes</td>\n",
+       "      <td>AGAT</td>\n",
+       "      <td>ATD</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0.0000</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "  </tbody>\n",
+       "</table>\n",
+       "</div>"
+      ],
+      "text/plain": [
+       "            type                      name   latitude   longitude  \\\n",
+       "0  small_airport     Rothera Point Airport -67.566941  -68.126993   \n",
+       "1  small_airport  Angeles City Flying Club  15.254326  120.677772   \n",
+       "2  small_airport         Afutara Aerodrome  -9.191389  160.948611   \n",
+       "3  small_airport             Ulawa Airport  -9.860544  161.979547   \n",
+       "4  small_airport       Uru Harbour Airport  -8.873330  161.011002   \n",
+       "\n",
+       "   elevation_ft iso_country iso_region   municipality scheduled_service  \\\n",
+       "0           0.0          AQ     AQ-U-A  Rothera Point                no   \n",
+       "1         100.0          PH     PH-U-A             MG                no   \n",
+       "2          23.0          SB      SB-ML           Bila               yes   \n",
+       "3          40.0          SB      SB-MK          Arona                no   \n",
+       "4           0.0          SB      SB-ML         Atoifi               yes   \n",
+       "\n",
+       "  icao_code iata_code  elevation_m  \n",
+       "0      AAXX       NaN       0.0000  \n",
+       "1      ACFC       AFC      30.4800  \n",
+       "2      AGAF       AFT       7.0104  \n",
+       "3      AGAR       RNA      12.1920  \n",
+       "4      AGAT       ATD       0.0000  "
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 4,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "cache = DiskCacheStore(cache_dir=\"airports\")\n",
+    "db = airports.global_airport_database(cachestore=cache)\n",
+    "db.head()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "56351b1c-03b7-4876-8cb0-c4848b98a479",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "You can force an update of the cached airports by passing in `update_cache=True`:"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 5,
+   "id": "4ca1ab6c-d8b3-4df0-b883-46a5cc2fe0b6",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "# redownloads airport database\n",
+    "db = airports.global_airport_database(update_cache=True)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "74202780-184b-44e7-b6fc-7763468e5506",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Find nearest airport\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Find the nearest airport to waypoint location"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 6,
+   "id": "a893b9e7-8577-4feb-939f-4a9fea56ad8b",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'KBOS'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 6,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "# a point in the Massachusetts bay close to BOS\n",
+    "longitude = -70.842554\n",
+    "latitude = 42.387466\n",
+    "altitude = 1000\n",
+    "\n",
+    "# open the airport database\n",
+    "db = airports.global_airport_database()\n",
+    "\n",
+    "# returns the icao code of the closest airport\n",
+    "airports.find_nearest_airport(db, longitude, latitude, altitude)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "39ed3d7e-8829-4289-a7eb-a57324c0c1f3",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "The function returns `None` if no airport is found within the default bounding box (2&deg;)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 7,
+   "id": "8aa654e2-2864-4679-b89f-f8c56a9b7648",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "# Somewhere in the atlantic\n",
+    "longitude = -50\n",
+    "latitude = 35\n",
+    "altitude = 1000\n",
+    "\n",
+    "airports.find_nearest_airport(db, longitude, latitude, altitude)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "7da18969-53eb-4395-bbeb-48ab72142743",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "Pass in the `bbox` parameter (in units of &deg;) to increase the search distance"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 8,
+   "id": "d9570a46-d18a-421b-9694-c050df9a2dfe",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'CYYT'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 8,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "airports.find_nearest_airport(db, longitude, latitude, altitude, bbox=20)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "9cdcf9dc-89db-49c0-969f-0d8c36464144",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Find distance to airports\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Calculate the haversine distance (in `m`) to all input airports"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 9,
+   "id": "9591d842-866c-4e69-9453-4001c3974184",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "array([ 13616.14944594, 312341.96236736])"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 9,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "db = airports.global_airport_database()\n",
+    "\n",
+    "# select BOS and JFK\n",
+    "subset = db[db[\"iata_code\"].isin([\"BOS\", \"JFK\"])]\n",
+    "\n",
+    "# Find distance to a point in the massachusetts bay close to BOS\n",
+    "longitude = -70.842554\n",
+    "latitude = 42.387466\n",
+    "altitude = 500\n",
+    "\n",
+    "airports.distance_to_airports(subset, longitude, latitude, altitude)"
+   ]
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python3"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 3
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+   "version": "3.10.8"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 5
+}

{pycontrails-0.41.0 → pycontrails-0.42.0}/pycontrails/_version.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 # file generated by setuptools_scm
 # don't change, don't track in version control
-__version__ = version = '0.41.0'
-__version_tuple__ = version_tuple = (0, 41, 0)
+__version__ = version = '0.42.0'
+__version_tuple__ = version_tuple = (0, 42, 0)