proteus-config 0.2.0__tar.gz

proteus_config-0.2.0/.gitignore

@@ -0,0 +1,207 @@
+# Byte-compiled / optimized / DLL files
+__pycache__/
+*.py[codz]
+*$py.class
+
+# C extensions
+*.so
+
+# Distribution / packaging
+.Python
+build/
+develop-eggs/
+dist/
+downloads/
+eggs/
+.eggs/
+lib/
+lib64/
+parts/
+sdist/
+var/
+wheels/
+share/python-wheels/
+*.egg-info/
+.installed.cfg
+*.egg
+MANIFEST
+
+# PyInstaller
+#  Usually these files are written by a python script from a template
+#  before PyInstaller builds the exe, so as to inject date/other infos into it.
+*.manifest
+*.spec
+
+# Installer logs
+pip-log.txt
+pip-delete-this-directory.txt
+
+# Unit test / coverage reports
+htmlcov/
+.tox/
+.nox/
+.coverage
+.coverage.*
+.cache
+nosetests.xml
+coverage.xml
+*.cover
+*.py.cover
+.hypothesis/
+.pytest_cache/
+cover/
+
+# Translations
+*.mo
+*.pot
+
+# Django stuff:
+*.log
+local_settings.py
+db.sqlite3
+db.sqlite3-journal
+
+# Flask stuff:
+instance/
+.webassets-cache
+
+# Scrapy stuff:
+.scrapy
+
+# Sphinx documentation
+docs/_build/
+
+# PyBuilder
+.pybuilder/
+target/
+
+# Jupyter Notebook
+.ipynb_checkpoints
+
+# IPython
+profile_default/
+ipython_config.py
+
+# pyenv
+#   For a library or package, you might want to ignore these files since the code is
+#   intended to run in multiple environments; otherwise, check them in:
+# .python-version
+
+# pipenv
+#   According to pypa/pipenv#598, it is recommended to include Pipfile.lock in version control.
+#   However, in case of collaboration, if having platform-specific dependencies or dependencies
+#   having no cross-platform support, pipenv may install dependencies that don't work, or not
+#   install all needed dependencies.
+#Pipfile.lock
+
+# UV
+#   Similar to Pipfile.lock, it is generally recommended to include uv.lock in version control.
+#   This is especially recommended for binary packages to ensure reproducibility, and is more
+#   commonly ignored for libraries.
+#uv.lock
+
+# poetry
+#   Similar to Pipfile.lock, it is generally recommended to include poetry.lock in version control.
+#   This is especially recommended for binary packages to ensure reproducibility, and is more
+#   commonly ignored for libraries.
+#   https://python-poetry.org/docs/basic-usage/#commit-your-poetrylock-file-to-version-control
+#poetry.lock
+#poetry.toml
+
+# pdm
+#   Similar to Pipfile.lock, it is generally recommended to include pdm.lock in version control.
+#   pdm recommends including project-wide configuration in pdm.toml, but excluding .pdm-python.
+#   https://pdm-project.org/en/latest/usage/project/#working-with-version-control
+#pdm.lock
+#pdm.toml
+.pdm-python
+.pdm-build/
+
+# pixi
+#   Similar to Pipfile.lock, it is generally recommended to include pixi.lock in version control.
+#pixi.lock
+#   Pixi creates a virtual environment in the .pixi directory, just like venv module creates one
+#   in the .venv directory. It is recommended not to include this directory in version control.
+.pixi
+
+# PEP 582; used by e.g. github.com/David-OConnor/pyflow and github.com/pdm-project/pdm
+__pypackages__/
+
+# Celery stuff
+celerybeat-schedule
+celerybeat.pid
+
+# SageMath parsed files
+*.sage.py
+
+# Environments
+.env
+.envrc
+.venv
+env/
+venv/
+ENV/
+env.bak/
+venv.bak/
+
+# Spyder project settings
+.spyderproject
+.spyproject
+
+# Rope project settings
+.ropeproject
+
+# mkdocs documentation
+/site
+
+# mypy
+.mypy_cache/
+.dmypy.json
+dmypy.json
+
+# Pyre type checker
+.pyre/
+
+# pytype static type analyzer
+.pytype/
+
+# Cython debug symbols
+cython_debug/
+
+# PyCharm
+#  JetBrains specific template is maintained in a separate JetBrains.gitignore that can
+#  be found at https://github.com/github/gitignore/blob/main/Global/JetBrains.gitignore
+#  and can be added to the global gitignore or merged into this file.  For a more nuclear
+#  option (not recommended) you can uncomment the following to ignore the entire idea folder.
+#.idea/
+
+# Abstra
+# Abstra is an AI-powered process automation framework.
+# Ignore directories containing user credentials, local state, and settings.
+# Learn more at https://abstra.io/docs
+.abstra/
+
+# Visual Studio Code
+#  Visual Studio Code specific template is maintained in a separate VisualStudioCode.gitignore
+#  that can be found at https://github.com/github/gitignore/blob/main/Global/VisualStudioCode.gitignore
+#  and can be added to the global gitignore or merged into this file. However, if you prefer,
+#  you could uncomment the following to ignore the entire vscode folder
+# .vscode/
+
+# Ruff stuff:
+.ruff_cache/
+
+# PyPI configuration file
+.pypirc
+
+# Cursor
+#  Cursor is an AI-powered code editor. `.cursorignore` specifies files/directories to
+#  exclude from AI features like autocomplete and code analysis. Recommended for sensitive data
+#  refer to https://docs.cursor.com/context/ignore-files
+.cursorignore
+.cursorindexingignore
+
+# Marimo
+marimo/_static/
+marimo/_lsp/
+__marimo__/

proteus_config-0.2.0/LICENSE

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+MIT License
+
+Copyright (c) 2026 Luca Di Leo
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.

proteus_config-0.2.0/PKG-INFO

@@ -0,0 +1,252 @@
+Metadata-Version: 2.4
+Name: proteus-config
+Version: 0.2.0
+Summary: Unified configuration management library for Python
+Project-URL: Homepage, https://github.com/lucadileo9/proteus
+Project-URL: Documentation, https://github.com/lucadileo9/proteus#readme
+Project-URL: Repository, https://github.com/lucadileo9/proteus
+Project-URL: Issues, https://github.com/lucadileo9/proteus/issues
+Author-email: Luca Di Leo <lucadileo70@gmail.com>
+License: MIT License
+        
+        Copyright (c) 2026 Luca Di Leo
+        
+        Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+        of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+        in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+        to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+        copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+        furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+        
+        The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+        copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+        
+        THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+        IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+        FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+        AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+        LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+        OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+        SOFTWARE.
+License-File: LICENSE
+Keywords: config,configuration,design-patterns,json,settings,yaml
+Classifier: Development Status :: 3 - Alpha
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.8
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12
+Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules
+Classifier: Topic :: System :: Systems Administration
+Requires-Python: >=3.8
+Requires-Dist: python-dotenv>=1.0
+Requires-Dist: pyyaml>=6.0
+Requires-Dist: tomli-w>=1.0.0
+Requires-Dist: tomli>=2.0.0; python_version < '3.11'
+Provides-Extra: dev
+Requires-Dist: bandit>=1.7.0; extra == 'dev'
+Requires-Dist: mypy>=1.0; extra == 'dev'
+Requires-Dist: pytest-cov>=4.0; extra == 'dev'
+Requires-Dist: pytest>=7.0; extra == 'dev'
+Requires-Dist: ruff>=0.1.0; extra == 'dev'
+Requires-Dist: types-pyyaml>=6.0; extra == 'dev'
+Description-Content-Type: text/markdown
+
+# Proteus
+
+**Unified Configuration Management Library for Python**
+
+[![CI](https://github.com/lucadileo9/proteus/actions/workflows/ci.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/lucadileo9/proteus/actions/workflows/ci.yml)
+[![codecov](https://codecov.io/gh/lucadileo9/proteus/branch/main/graph/badge.svg)](https://codecov.io/gh/lucadileo9/proteus)
+![Python Versions](https://img.shields.io/badge/python-3.8%20%7C%203.9%20%7C%203.10%20%7C%203.11%20%7C%203.12-blue)
+
+Proteus is a Python library that provides a clean, pattern-based approach to managing application configurations. It allows you to load settings from multiple formats (JSON, YAML, TOML, ENV) and access them through a unified interface, regardless of the source format.
+
+
+---
+
+## ✨ Features
+
+- **Multi-format Support**: Load configurations from JSON, YAML, and TOML files seamlessly
+- **Unified Interface**: Access all settings through a single, consistent API with dot-notation
+- **Smart Merging**: Combine multiple configuration files with intelligent deep-merge
+- **Translation Engine**: Convert configuration files between formats (e.g., YAML to JSON) programmatically
+- **Thread-Safe**: Optional singleton access via `ConfigurationManager.instance()`
+- **Context Manager**: Use `with ConfigurationManager.temporary()` for isolated workspaces
+- **Easily Extensible**: Add support for new formats (TOML, XML, etc.) with minimal code
+- **Zero Heavy Dependencies**: Only requires `pyyaml` for YAML support and `python-dotenv` for ENV
+
+---
+
+## 🚀 Quick Start
+
+### Installation
+
+```bash
+# Clone the repository
+git clone https://github.com/lucadileo9/proteus.git
+cd proteus
+
+# Install in development mode
+pip install -e .
+```
+
+### Basic Usage
+
+```python
+from proteus import ConfigurationManager
+
+config = ConfigurationManager()
+config.load("examples/configs/app.yaml")
+
+print(config.get("app_name"))
+print(config.get("database.host"))
+print(config.get("server.port"))
+```
+
+Example output:
+
+```text
+proteus-demo
+localhost
+8080
+```
+
+For a shared application-wide instance, use `ConfigurationManager.instance()`.
+
+For detailed and comprehensive examples covering all formats (JSON, YAML, TOML, ENV), see the [examples/](examples/) directory.
+
+
+---
+
+## 🏗️ Architecture & Design Patterns
+
+Proteus is built on a foundation of proven design patterns from the Gang of Four catalog:
+
+### **Optional Singleton Pattern**
+`ConfigurationManager.instance()` provides a single, global point of access to configuration when you want shared state, while direct construction still gives isolated instances.
+
+### **Context Manager**
+`ConfigurationManager.temporary()` creates a short-lived manager for `with` blocks, automatically resetting state when the block ends.
+
+### **Facade Pattern**
+Simple methods like `load()`, `get()`, `merge()`, `translate()`, and `translate_and_load()` hide the complexity of reader creation, file validation, and data normalization.
+
+### **Factory Method Pattern**
+`FormatCreator` automatically selects and instantiates the appropriate reader/writer pair based on file extension, making format detection transparent.
+
+### **Template Method Pattern**
+`BaseReader` and `BaseWriter` define fixed algorithms (validate → read → parse and validate → serialize → write) while allowing subclasses to customize only the format-specific steps.
+
+### **Adapter Pattern**
+Each adapter converts a specific format into a unified internal representation (IR), so the manager works with consistent data structures.
+
+For detailed architecture documentation and diagrams, see:
+- [docs/architecture.md](docs/architecture.md) - Comprehensive architecture explanation
+- [docs/manager.md](docs/manager.md) - Manager behavior and API details
+- [docs/formats.md](docs/formats.md) - Reader/writer factory details
+- [docs/readers.md](docs/readers.md) - Template Method reader behavior
+- [docs/writers.md](docs/writers.md) - Template Method writer behavior
+
+---
+
+
+## 🧪 Development
+
+### Project Structure
+
+```
+proteus/
+├── src/proteus/           # Source code
+│   ├── core.py            # ConfigurationManager
+│   ├── exceptions.py      # Custom exceptions
+│   ├── adapters/          # Format adapters
+│   ├── formats/           # Creator classes for readers/writers
+│   ├── readers/           # Template Method readers
+│   └── writers/           # Template Method writers
+├── examples/             # Usage examples and configs
+└── docs/                 # Documentation
+```
+
+### Toolchain
+
+- **Linting & Formatting**: [Ruff](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff) (ultra-fast all-in-one linter/formatter)
+- **Type Checking**: [Mypy](http://mypy-lang.org/)
+- **Testing**: [Pytest](https://pytest.org/) with [Pytest-Cov](https://github.com/pytest-dev/pytest-cov)
+- **Security**: [Bandit](https://github.com/PyCQA/bandit)
+- **Automation**: [Tox](https://tox.wiki/) (multi-version testing) and [Make](https://www.gnu.org/software/make/)
+
+### Makefile Commands (Cross-platform)
+
+| Command | Description |
+|---------|-------------|
+| `make install-dev` | Install all development dependencies and pre-commit hooks |
+| `make test` | Run the test suite and generate coverage report |
+| `make lint` | Run Ruff to check for code style and logical errors |
+| `make format` | Automatically format code and fix linting issues |
+| `make typecheck` | Run Mypy to verify static type hints |
+| `make tox` | Run tests against all supported Python versions |
+| `make all` | Run format, lint, typecheck, and tests in sequence |
+| `make build` | Prepare the package for distribution (wheel/sdist) |
+
+---
+
+## 🎓 Educational Purpose
+
+This project was developed as part of a Software Engineering course to demonstrate:
+
+- **Design Patterns in Practice**: Real-world application of GoF patterns
+- **SOLID Principles**: Clean architecture with clear responsibilities
+- **Extensibility**: Open/Closed principle in action
+- **Modular Design**: Separation of concerns and loose coupling
+
+The codebase is intentionally structured to be readable and educational, with:
+- Explicit pattern documentation in docstrings
+- Clear separation between pattern responsibilities
+- Comprehensive architecture documentation
+
+However, **Proteus is designed for real use**. The patterns aren't just academic exercises—they solve actual problems in configuration management and provide a foundation for production-ready features.
+
+
+---
+
+## 🤝 Contributing
+
+Contributions are welcome! Whether you're fixing bugs, adding features, or improving documentation:
+
+1. Fork the repository
+2. Create a feature branch (`git checkout -b feature/amazing-feature`)
+3. Make your changes
+4. Add tests if applicable
+5. Commit your changes (`git commit -m 'Add amazing feature'`)
+6. Push to the branch (`git push origin feature/amazing-feature`)
+7. Open a Pull Request
+
+---
+
+## 📄 License
+
+This project is licensed under the MIT License - see the [LICENSE](LICENSE) file for details.
+
+---
+
+## 🙏 Acknowledgments
+
+- **Gang of Four** - For the foundational design patterns
+- **Python Community** - For excellent libraries and best practices
+- **Software Engineering Course** - For inspiring this project
+
+---
+
+## 📞 Contact
+
+**Luca Di Leo**
+- GitHub: [@lucadileo9](https://github.com/lucadileo9)
+- Repository: [proteus](https://github.com/lucadileo9/proteus)
+
+---
+
+**Built with ❤️ and design patterns**

proteus_config-0.2.0/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+# Proteus
+
+**Unified Configuration Management Library for Python**
+
+[![CI](https://github.com/lucadileo9/proteus/actions/workflows/ci.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/lucadileo9/proteus/actions/workflows/ci.yml)
+[![codecov](https://codecov.io/gh/lucadileo9/proteus/branch/main/graph/badge.svg)](https://codecov.io/gh/lucadileo9/proteus)
+![Python Versions](https://img.shields.io/badge/python-3.8%20%7C%203.9%20%7C%203.10%20%7C%203.11%20%7C%203.12-blue)
+
+Proteus is a Python library that provides a clean, pattern-based approach to managing application configurations. It allows you to load settings from multiple formats (JSON, YAML, TOML, ENV) and access them through a unified interface, regardless of the source format.
+
+
+---
+
+## ✨ Features
+
+- **Multi-format Support**: Load configurations from JSON, YAML, and TOML files seamlessly
+- **Unified Interface**: Access all settings through a single, consistent API with dot-notation
+- **Smart Merging**: Combine multiple configuration files with intelligent deep-merge
+- **Translation Engine**: Convert configuration files between formats (e.g., YAML to JSON) programmatically
+- **Thread-Safe**: Optional singleton access via `ConfigurationManager.instance()`
+- **Context Manager**: Use `with ConfigurationManager.temporary()` for isolated workspaces
+- **Easily Extensible**: Add support for new formats (TOML, XML, etc.) with minimal code
+- **Zero Heavy Dependencies**: Only requires `pyyaml` for YAML support and `python-dotenv` for ENV
+
+---
+
+## 🚀 Quick Start
+
+### Installation
+
+```bash
+# Clone the repository
+git clone https://github.com/lucadileo9/proteus.git
+cd proteus
+
+# Install in development mode
+pip install -e .
+```
+
+### Basic Usage
+
+```python
+from proteus import ConfigurationManager
+
+config = ConfigurationManager()
+config.load("examples/configs/app.yaml")
+
+print(config.get("app_name"))
+print(config.get("database.host"))
+print(config.get("server.port"))
+```
+
+Example output:
+
+```text
+proteus-demo
+localhost
+8080
+```
+
+For a shared application-wide instance, use `ConfigurationManager.instance()`.
+
+For detailed and comprehensive examples covering all formats (JSON, YAML, TOML, ENV), see the [examples/](examples/) directory.
+
+
+---
+
+## 🏗️ Architecture & Design Patterns
+
+Proteus is built on a foundation of proven design patterns from the Gang of Four catalog:
+
+### **Optional Singleton Pattern**
+`ConfigurationManager.instance()` provides a single, global point of access to configuration when you want shared state, while direct construction still gives isolated instances.
+
+### **Context Manager**
+`ConfigurationManager.temporary()` creates a short-lived manager for `with` blocks, automatically resetting state when the block ends.
+
+### **Facade Pattern**
+Simple methods like `load()`, `get()`, `merge()`, `translate()`, and `translate_and_load()` hide the complexity of reader creation, file validation, and data normalization.
+
+### **Factory Method Pattern**
+`FormatCreator` automatically selects and instantiates the appropriate reader/writer pair based on file extension, making format detection transparent.
+
+### **Template Method Pattern**
+`BaseReader` and `BaseWriter` define fixed algorithms (validate → read → parse and validate → serialize → write) while allowing subclasses to customize only the format-specific steps.
+
+### **Adapter Pattern**
+Each adapter converts a specific format into a unified internal representation (IR), so the manager works with consistent data structures.
+
+For detailed architecture documentation and diagrams, see:
+- [docs/architecture.md](docs/architecture.md) - Comprehensive architecture explanation
+- [docs/manager.md](docs/manager.md) - Manager behavior and API details
+- [docs/formats.md](docs/formats.md) - Reader/writer factory details
+- [docs/readers.md](docs/readers.md) - Template Method reader behavior
+- [docs/writers.md](docs/writers.md) - Template Method writer behavior
+
+---
+
+
+## 🧪 Development
+
+### Project Structure
+
+```
+proteus/
+├── src/proteus/           # Source code
+│   ├── core.py            # ConfigurationManager
+│   ├── exceptions.py      # Custom exceptions
+│   ├── adapters/          # Format adapters
+│   ├── formats/           # Creator classes for readers/writers
+│   ├── readers/           # Template Method readers
+│   └── writers/           # Template Method writers
+├── examples/             # Usage examples and configs
+└── docs/                 # Documentation
+```
+
+### Toolchain
+
+- **Linting & Formatting**: [Ruff](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff) (ultra-fast all-in-one linter/formatter)
+- **Type Checking**: [Mypy](http://mypy-lang.org/)
+- **Testing**: [Pytest](https://pytest.org/) with [Pytest-Cov](https://github.com/pytest-dev/pytest-cov)
+- **Security**: [Bandit](https://github.com/PyCQA/bandit)
+- **Automation**: [Tox](https://tox.wiki/) (multi-version testing) and [Make](https://www.gnu.org/software/make/)
+
+### Makefile Commands (Cross-platform)
+
+| Command | Description |
+|---------|-------------|
+| `make install-dev` | Install all development dependencies and pre-commit hooks |
+| `make test` | Run the test suite and generate coverage report |
+| `make lint` | Run Ruff to check for code style and logical errors |
+| `make format` | Automatically format code and fix linting issues |
+| `make typecheck` | Run Mypy to verify static type hints |
+| `make tox` | Run tests against all supported Python versions |
+| `make all` | Run format, lint, typecheck, and tests in sequence |
+| `make build` | Prepare the package for distribution (wheel/sdist) |
+
+---
+
+## 🎓 Educational Purpose
+
+This project was developed as part of a Software Engineering course to demonstrate:
+
+- **Design Patterns in Practice**: Real-world application of GoF patterns
+- **SOLID Principles**: Clean architecture with clear responsibilities
+- **Extensibility**: Open/Closed principle in action
+- **Modular Design**: Separation of concerns and loose coupling
+
+The codebase is intentionally structured to be readable and educational, with:
+- Explicit pattern documentation in docstrings
+- Clear separation between pattern responsibilities
+- Comprehensive architecture documentation
+
+However, **Proteus is designed for real use**. The patterns aren't just academic exercises—they solve actual problems in configuration management and provide a foundation for production-ready features.
+
+
+---
+
+## 🤝 Contributing
+
+Contributions are welcome! Whether you're fixing bugs, adding features, or improving documentation:
+
+1. Fork the repository
+2. Create a feature branch (`git checkout -b feature/amazing-feature`)
+3. Make your changes
+4. Add tests if applicable
+5. Commit your changes (`git commit -m 'Add amazing feature'`)
+6. Push to the branch (`git push origin feature/amazing-feature`)
+7. Open a Pull Request
+
+---
+
+## 📄 License
+
+This project is licensed under the MIT License - see the [LICENSE](LICENSE) file for details.
+
+---
+
+## 🙏 Acknowledgments
+
+- **Gang of Four** - For the foundational design patterns
+- **Python Community** - For excellent libraries and best practices
+- **Software Engineering Course** - For inspiring this project
+
+---
+
+## 📞 Contact
+
+**Luca Di Leo**
+- GitHub: [@lucadileo9](https://github.com/lucadileo9)
+- Repository: [proteus](https://github.com/lucadileo9/proteus)
+
+---
+
+**Built with ❤️ and design patterns**