molty 0.1.0__tar.gz

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molty-0.1.0/LICENSE ADDED
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+ recursive-include tests *.py
molty-0.1.0/PKG-INFO ADDED
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+ Metadata-Version: 2.4
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+ Name: molty
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+ Version: 0.1.0
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+ Summary: A strict superset of Python that turns common Python traps into compile-time errors.
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+ Author: Shogo Toda
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+ License-Expression: Apache-2.0
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+ Project-URL: Homepage, https://github.com/Shogo256/molty
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+ Project-URL: Repository, https://github.com/Shogo256/molty
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+ Project-URL: Issues, https://github.com/Shogo256/molty/issues
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+ Keywords: python,superset,transpiler,immutability,concurrency,asyncio,multiprocessing
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+ Classifier: Development Status :: 3 - Alpha
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+ Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
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+ Classifier: Operating System :: POSIX :: Linux
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+ Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
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+ Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11
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+ Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12
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+ Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.13
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+ Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.14
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+ Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Compilers
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+ Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Quality Assurance
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+ Classifier: Typing :: Typed
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+ Requires-Python: >=3.11
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+ Description-Content-Type: text/markdown
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+ License-File: LICENSE
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+ Dynamic: license-file
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+
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+ ```text
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+ __ __ ___ _ _______ __
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+ | \/ |/ _ \| | |_ _\ \ / /
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+ | |\/| | | | | | | | \ V /
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+ | | | | |_| | |___| | | |
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+ |_| |_|\___/|_____|_| |_|
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+ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:> Molty
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+ ```
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+
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+ # Molty
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+
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+ Molty is a strict superset of Python. Every valid Python file is a valid
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+ Molty file. Molty adds a few keywords that turn everyday Python traps into
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+ errors at compile time: shared mutable objects, the wrong kind of
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+ concurrency, and type hints that protect nothing at run time.
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+
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+ `moltyc` compiles `app.molty.py` to a plain, readable `app.py` that imports only
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+ `molty.runtime`. Ordinary type checking is left to mypy and pyright, run on the
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+ generated file.
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+
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+ ## The trap, side by side
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+
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+ The same file, run as plain Python and compiled by moltyc:
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+
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+ ```text
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+ # plain Python # Molty
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+ def add(item, items: list = []): def add(item, items: list = []):
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+ items.append(item) items.append(item)
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+ return items return items
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+
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+ print(add(1)) # [1] $ moltyc app.molty.py
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+ print(add(2)) # [1, 2] <- same list app.molty.py:1:29: warning MOL1004:
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+ print(add(3)) # [1, 2, 3] default [] of 'items' is created
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+ once and shared by every call
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+ # nothing tells you # moltyc tells you before it runs
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+ ```
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+
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+ By default moltyc does not change what the code means. The `.py` it writes
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+ behaves exactly like the source, and the warning tells you about the trap.
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+ There are two ways to act on it:
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+
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+ ```python
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+ def lookup(key, _cache={}): # molty: cache
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+ ... # the sharing is on purpose: no warning
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+ ```
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+
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+ ```bash
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+ moltyc --rewrite-defaults app.molty.py # moltyc gives every call a fresh list
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+ ```
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+
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+ `--rewrite-defaults` changes the meaning on purpose, and in one way only:
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+ every call gets a fresh object. With it, moltyc writes:
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+
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+ ```python
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+ def add(item, items: list | None = None):
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+ if items is None: # molty: fresh default on every call
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+ items = []
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+ items.append(item)
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+ return items
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+ ```
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+
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+ ## A superset, checked
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+
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+ Every `.py` file in the standard library compiles under moltyc without errors.
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+ Each one comes out byte for byte the same, apart from the one-line
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+ generated-file header. We checked 628 files on CPython 3.14 (Ubuntu), and 633,
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+ 686 and 734 files on 3.13, 3.12 and 3.11 (python-build-standalone). To check
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+ it on your own Python:
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+
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+ ```bash
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+ MOLTY_STDLIB=1 python -m unittest discover -s tests -p test_stdlib_superset.py
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+ ```
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+
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+ ## Install and run
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+
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+ Not on PyPI yet. From a checkout:
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+
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+ ```bash
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+ pip install -e .
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+ ```
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+
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+ ```bash
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+ moltyc app.molty.py # writes app.py next to it
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+ moltyc src/ # every *.molty.py under src/
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+ moltyc app.molty.py -o - # print to stdout
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+ moltyc app.molty.py --explain # list every rewrite moltyc made
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+ moltyc app.molty.py --rewrite-defaults # fix mutable defaults instead of warning
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+ moltyc app.molty.py -q # no success line
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+ moltyc app.molty.py --force # overwrite an app.py that moltyc did not write
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+ moltyc --version
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+ ```
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+
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+ `moltyc` exits with 1 if any file has errors. Warnings are printed, but the
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+ `.py` file is still written. At a terminal, each file that compiles gets one
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+ line on stderr:
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+
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+ ```text
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+ ~~~~:> app.molty.py -> app.py ok (2 warnings)
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+ ```
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+
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+ When the output is piped, as in CI, that line is left out, and
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+ `moltyc --version` prints a plain `moltyc 0.1.0` instead of the logo.
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+
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+ moltyc refuses to write a `.py` file, and exits with 1, in these cases:
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+
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+ * the file is a symbolic link
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+ * the file is one of the sources, as with `-o app.molty.py`
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+ * the file is an existing regular file that moltyc did not generate (`--force`
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+ overwrites it); `-o /dev/null`, to see only the diagnostics, is fine
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+
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+ When moltyc walks a directory, it skips symbolic links, so it never reads
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+ files outside the tree. A file named on the command line is read even if it
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+ is a link.
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+
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+ moltyc also opens the file with `O_NOFOLLOW`, so a link put in place after the
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+ checks above cannot redirect the write either. Windows has no `O_NOFOLLOW`;
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+ there, the check before writing is the only guard.
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+
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+ ## What Molty adds
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+
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+ ### `val` and `var`
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+
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+ ```python
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+ val config = {"host": "localhost", "ports": [8080, 8081]}
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+ var count = 0
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+ ```
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+
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+ * A `val` can never be rebound in its scope (MOL1001). That covers `=`,
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+ `+=`, `for`, `with ... as`, `import`, `del`, `global` and `nonlocal`.
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+ * A `val` may be declared once in each branch of an `if`/`elif`/`else` or a
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+ `match`, since only one of them runs:
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+
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+ ```python
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+ if verbose:
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+ val LEVEL = "debug"
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+ else:
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+ val LEVEL = "info"
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+ ```
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+ * Literals bound to a `val` are frozen at compile time, nested ones
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+ included: `list` becomes `tuple`, `dict` becomes `MappingProxyType`,
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+ `set` becomes `frozenset`. The annotation follows, so
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+ `val xs: list[int] = [1]` becomes `xs: tuple[int, ...] = (1,)`.
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+ * Changing a frozen `val` in place, as in `PRICES.append(3)` or
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+ `CONFIG["port"] = 80`, is an error (MOL1005); it would fail at run time
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+ anyway. So is changing a frozen part of it, as in `CONFIG["db"]["host"] = "y"`,
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+ and `ROUTES[key].append(x)` when every item of `ROUTES` is a frozen literal.
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+ A value you build up step by step belongs in a `var`.
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+ * A `val` bound to any other object, such as `val cache = LRUCache()`, only
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+ promises not to be rebound. Its methods can be called as usual.
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+ * `json.dumps` does not accept a frozen dict. Convert it first:
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+ `json.dumps(dict(config))`.
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+ * `var` and plain `x = ...` work exactly as in Python.
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+
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+ ### `val` parameters
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+
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+ ```python
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+ def total(items: val list[int]) -> int:
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+ items.append(0) # MOL1002
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+ return sum(items)
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+ ```
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+
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+ Rebinding a `val` parameter, or calling one of the built-in mutating methods
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+ of `list`, `dict` and `set` on it (`append`, `update`, `items[k] = v`, `+=`,
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+ ...), is an error. The full list is `MUTATING_METHODS` in
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+ `molty/compiler/rules.py`. Callers pass the object as usual; nothing is copied.
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+
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+ Because the function promises not to change the argument, moltyc widens its
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+ annotation to the read-only type: `list[int]` becomes `Sequence[int]`,
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+ `dict[K, V]` becomes `Mapping[K, V]`, and `set[T]` becomes `AbstractSet[T]`.
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+ Frozen `val` values (a tuple, a `MappingProxyType`, a `frozenset`) can then be
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+ passed in, and both `@molty.checked` and mypy accept them.
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+
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+ ### Mutable default arguments
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+
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+ A `list`, `dict` or `set` literal, or a call such as `list()` or
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+ `collections.defaultdict(...)`, used as a default is a MOL1004 warning. The
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+ code is left alone.
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+
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+ * A `# molty: cache` comment on the parameter's line marks the sharing as
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+ intended. The warning goes away, and the parameter is never rewritten.
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+ * `moltyc --rewrite-defaults` rewrites each unmarked default to a `None`
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+ default plus a check in the body, as shown above. `--explain` lists every
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+ rewrite.
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+ * It only moves a default whose names are builtins, module-level imports, or
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+ the loop variables of a comprehension inside the default. Any other name
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+ would mean something else in the function body: a class attribute is not
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+ visible there, and a variable would be read at call time instead of when
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+ `def` ran. Such a default keeps the warning, and so does a default of a
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+ `lambda`.
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+
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+ ### `task`, `compute` and `scope`
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+
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+ ```python
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+ task def fetch(url: str) -> bytes: ... # I/O-bound: an asyncio coroutine
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+ compute def digest(data: bytes) -> bytes: ... # CPU-bound: runs in a process pool
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+
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+ task def main(urls: list[str]) -> list[bytes]:
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+ async with scope() as s:
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+ for url in urls:
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+ s.spawn(fetch(url))
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+ pages = s.results() # everything spawned has finished here
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+ return [await digest(page) for page in pages]
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+ ```
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+
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+ * `task def` compiles to `async def`.
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+ * Calling a `compute` function returns a coroutine that runs the body in a
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+ shared `ProcessPoolExecutor`, so you can `await` it or `spawn` it.
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+ * `scope()` wraps `asyncio.TaskGroup`. `s.results()` returns the results in
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+ spawn order once the block has exited. If one spawned task fails, the
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+ others are cancelled, the block raises an `ExceptionGroup`, and
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+ `s.results()` is no longer usable. Partial results have to be collected by
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+ the tasks themselves.
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+ * A `compute` that calls a `task` is an error (MOL2001). A `task` that awaits
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+ a `compute` is fine.
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+ * A call to a `task` or `compute` whose coroutine never gets run is a warning
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+ (MOL2006). That covers using the result in an f-string or an expression,
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+ dropping it, and passing it to an ordinary function such as `print(work(n))`.
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+ Awaiting it, assigning it, returning it, and passing it to something that
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+ runs coroutines (`s.spawn`, `asyncio.run`, `asyncio.gather`,
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+ `asyncio.wait_for`, `create_task`, `run_until_complete`, ...) are fine; to
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+ hand it to a helper of your own, assign it to a name first. A `compute`
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+ calling another `compute` is also MOL2006, because a worker process cannot
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+ await. The check covers functions defined in the same file, called by their
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+ own name or through a plain alias such as `f = work`.
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+ * A job that calls `sys.exit()`, or raises an exception the caller cannot
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+ rebuild (one whose `__init__` takes two arguments, say), fails with
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+ `molty.runtime.ComputeError` instead. Its message names the original
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+ exception, and the worker's traceback comes with it. Other jobs are not
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+ affected, and the caller's program keeps running.
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+ * If a worker process dies (a crash, `os._exit`, running out of memory), the
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+ calls in flight fail with `BrokenProcessPool`. The next call starts a fresh
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+ pool. A failed call is not retried, since it may be the one that crashed.
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+ * Cancelling a `compute` call, or letting it time out (`asyncio.wait_for`, a
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+ failing scope), stops the waiting but not the work. The job runs to the end
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+ and keeps its worker busy, so later `compute` calls can queue behind jobs
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+ nobody is waiting for any more.
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+ * For long jobs that must really stop, put `@molty.isolated` on the
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+ `compute def`. Each call then runs in a process of its own, and cancelling
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+ or timing out the call kills that process at once, without touching any
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+ other call. Starting the process costs about 10 ms per call on Linux
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+ (forkserver) and about 170 ms where only spawn exists, as on Windows. At
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+ most as many isolated calls run at once as there are CPUs. `@molty.isolated`
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+ on anything other than a `compute def` is an error (MOL2007).
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+
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+ ```python
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+ import molty
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+
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+ @molty.isolated
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+ compute def render(job: Job) -> bytes: ...
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+ ```
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+ * Arguments and the result of a `compute` must pickle. Types that are
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+ picklable by their hint (`int`, `str`, `bytes`, containers of them with the
279
+ item types written out, enums, and module-level dataclasses, NamedTuples and
280
+ TypedDicts) are accepted at compile time with no run-time cost. A bare
281
+ `dict` or `list` says nothing about its items, so it is checked at run time. Types that never pickle (`threading.Lock`,
282
+ generators, sockets, ...) are an error (MOL2004). Anything else is checked
283
+ when the call is made, and the result is checked in the worker.
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+ * Stopped with SIGTERM (the default of `kill`, systemd and Docker), Python
285
+ skips its exit handlers, so the forkserver and idle workers stay behind.
286
+ Turn SIGTERM into a normal exit when the program starts; Ctrl-C needs
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+ nothing.
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+
289
+ ```python
290
+ import signal, sys
291
+ signal.signal(signal.SIGTERM, lambda *_: sys.exit(0))
292
+ ```
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+ * A `compute def` must be a plain module-level function (MOL2005), because
294
+ worker processes import it by name. As with any `multiprocessing` code,
295
+ start your program under `if __name__ == "__main__":`, and run it from a
296
+ file. Code fed through stdin or a REPL fails with confusing errors, because
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+ the workers cannot import the main module.
298
+ * Creating a `threading.Thread` inside a `task` or `compute` is a warning
299
+ (MOL2002), and so is `asyncio.create_task` outside a scope (MOL2003).
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+ Neither is forbidden.
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+
302
+ ### `@molty.checked`
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+
304
+ ```python
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+ import molty
306
+
307
+ @molty.checked
308
+ def scale(xs: list[int], factor: float) -> list[float]: ...
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+
310
+ scale("abc", 2) # CheckError: scale() argument 'xs' must be list, not str
311
+ ```
312
+
313
+ Only functions with the decorator are checked. By default the check covers
314
+ the arguments only and is shallow: `list[int]` checks for `list` but not its
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+ elements. Two options go further, at the cost of more work on every call:
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+
317
+ ```python
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+ @molty.checked(deep=True) # items of lists, tuples, sets and dicts too
319
+ def load(rows: list[dict[str, int]]) -> None: ...
320
+ # CheckError: load() argument 'rows'[2]['id'] must be int, not str
321
+
322
+ @molty.checked(returns=True) # the return value too
323
+ def name() -> str: ...
324
+ ```
325
+
326
+ The check follows `isinstance`, as mypy does, so `True` passes where an
327
+ `int` is expected, and an `int` passes where a `float` is.
328
+
329
+ ### `MOLTY_CHECKS=0`
330
+
331
+ This turns off every run-time check: `@molty.checked` returns the function
332
+ unchanged, and `compute` stops checking picklability.
333
+
334
+ ## Diagnostics
335
+
336
+ | Code | Kind | Meaning |
337
+ |---------|---------|--------------------------------------------------------------|
338
+ | MOL0001 | error | syntax error |
339
+ | MOL1001 | error | a `val` is rebound |
340
+ | MOL1002 | error | a `val` parameter is rebound or mutated |
341
+ | MOL1003 | error | malformed `val`/`var` declaration (`val x: int` with no value, `val a.b = 1`, ...) |
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+ | MOL1004 | warning | a mutable default argument, shared by every call |
343
+ | MOL1005 | error | a frozen `val` is changed in place |
344
+ | MOL2001 | error | a `compute` calls a `task` |
345
+ | MOL2002 | warning | `threading.Thread` inside a `task` or `compute` |
346
+ | MOL2003 | warning | `asyncio.create_task` outside `scope()` |
347
+ | MOL2004 | error | a `compute` argument or result cannot be pickled |
348
+ | MOL2005 | error | a `compute def` that is nested, a method, or a generator |
349
+ | MOL2006 | warning | a `task` or `compute` called but not awaited or handed on |
350
+ | MOL2007 | error | `@molty.isolated` on something other than a `compute def` |
351
+
352
+ ## Limits of this first version
353
+
354
+ * There is no ownership model. Aliasing a `val` parameter (`other = items;
355
+ other.append(1)`) is not caught.
356
+ * Tested on CPython 3.11, 3.12, 3.13 and 3.14. On 3.11, a `@molty.checked`
357
+ task is checked when it is awaited rather than when it is called, because
358
+ `inspect.markcoroutinefunction` only exists from 3.12.
359
+
360
+ ## Development
361
+
362
+ ```bash
363
+ python -m unittest discover -s tests
364
+ ```
365
+
366
+ The package and the tests use only the standard library. The `molty` package
367
+ passes `mypy --strict`.
368
+
369
+ ## License
370
+
371
+ Apache License 2.0. See [LICENSE](LICENSE).