mobius-constant 0.1.0__tar.gz

mobius_constant-0.1.0/.gitignore

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+__pycache__/
+*.py[cod]
+*$py.class
+dist/
+build/
+*.egg-info/
+*.egg
+.pytest_cache/
+.tox/
+.venv/

mobius_constant-0.1.0/LICENSE

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+MIT License
+
+Copyright (c) 2026 Jay Carpenter
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.

mobius_constant-0.1.0/PKG-INFO

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+Metadata-Version: 2.4
+Name: mobius-constant
+Version: 0.1.0
+Summary: Exact irrational constants — sqrt(2)**2 == 2, by construction.
+Project-URL: Homepage, https://github.com/JustNothingJay/mobius-constant
+Project-URL: Repository, https://github.com/JustNothingJay/mobius-constant
+Project-URL: Issues, https://github.com/JustNothingJay/mobius-constant/issues
+Author: Jay Carpenter
+License: MIT
+License-File: LICENSE
+Keywords: alpha,constants,exact,fine-structure,floating-point,irrational,mobius,pi,precision,sqrt
+Classifier: Development Status :: 4 - Beta
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Science/Research
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.13
+Classifier: Topic :: Scientific/Engineering :: Mathematics
+Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries
+Classifier: Typing :: Typed
+Requires-Python: >=3.9
+Requires-Dist: mpmath>=1.3.0
+Description-Content-Type: text/markdown
+
+# mobius-constant
+
+[![DOI](https://zenodo.org/badge/DOI/10.5281/zenodo.19157585.svg)](https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19157585)
+
+**Exact irrational constants — `sqrt(2)**2 == 2`, by construction.**
+
+```python
+>>> from mobius_constant import Sqrt2, Pi, Phi
+>>> Sqrt2 ** 2 == 2
+True
+>>> Pi + Pi == Pi * 2
+True
+>>> Phi ** 2 == Phi + 1
+True
+```
+
+IEEE 754 gets all three wrong. MöbiusConstant gets them right.
+
+## The Problem
+
+```python
+import math
+math.sqrt(2) ** 2 == 2        # False  →  2.0000000000000004
+math.sqrt(3) ** 2 == 3        # False
+phi = (1 + math.sqrt(5)) / 2
+phi ** 2 == phi + 1            # False  →  violates defining identity
+```
+
+Forty-one years of IEEE 754 and irrational constants still can't satisfy their own identities.
+
+## The Fix
+
+Every constant is stored as two strands:
+
+| Strand | Role | Example (√2) |
+|--------|------|-------------|
+| **Binary** | `float64` — hardware-fast | `1.4142135623730951` |
+| **Truth** | Verified digit string — 100 digits, no loss | `1.41421356237309504880168872420969807856...` |
+
+The float gives you speed. The digits give you truth. Comparison uses truth.
+
+The digits are **pre-verified, not computed on demand**:
+- **π** and **α** cross-check via the SECS equation: α⁻¹ + S·α = 4π³ + π² + π
+- **√2**, **√3**, **φ** are verified by their minimal polynomials
+- **e** is verified by Taylor series convergence
+- Round-trip π → α → π recovers all 100 digits exactly
+
+## Install
+
+```
+pip install mobius-constant
+```
+
+Pure Python. One dependency: `mpmath` (for non-integer exponentiation only).
+
+## Constants
+
+| Constant | Symbol | Value | Identity |
+|----------|--------|-------|----------|
+| `Pi` | π | 3.14159265... | Cross-checked via α |
+| `Euler` | e | 2.71828182... | Taylor convergence |
+| `Sqrt2` | √2 | 1.41421356... | x² − 2 = 0 |
+| `Sqrt3` | √3 | 1.73205080... | x² − 3 = 0 |
+| `Phi` | φ | 1.61803398... | x² − x − 1 = 0 |
+| `Ln2` | ln 2 | 0.69314718... | — |
+| `Alpha_inv` | α⁻¹ | 137.035999... | SECS equation |
+| `Alpha` | α | 0.00729735... | 1/α⁻¹ |
+
+## Compute Your Own
+
+```python
+from mobius_constant import MC, sqrt
+
+# Any square root, exact to 100 digits
+s5 = sqrt(MC(5))
+assert s5 ** 2 == 5
+
+# Arithmetic propagates both strands
+x = MC("1.41421356237309504880168872420969807856967187537694")
+y = x * x  # truth strand: exact multiplication of all digits
+```
+
+## The α ↔ π Relationship
+
+The fine-structure constant α and π are not circularly defined. Both are independently real:
+
+- **π** — computable by Chudnovsky, Machin, BBP, dozens of algorithms
+- **α** — measurable from electron g-2, cesium recoil, rubidium recoil
+
+The equation α⁻¹ + S·α = 4π³ + π² + π is the **auditor**, not the definition. It validates that the digits of both constants are correct. If the round-trip fails at digit N, either your π or your α is wrong — the equation tells you where.
+
+## See Also
+
+- [mobius-number](https://github.com/JustNothingJay/mobius-number) — Complementary residue arithmetic for rationals (`0.1 + 0.2 == 0.3`)
+- [mobius-integer](https://github.com/JustNothingJay/mobius-integer) — Möbius function and Dirichlet series in Rust
+
+## License
+
+MIT — Jay Carpenter, 2026

mobius_constant-0.1.0/README.md

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+# mobius-constant
+
+[![DOI](https://zenodo.org/badge/DOI/10.5281/zenodo.19157585.svg)](https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19157585)
+
+**Exact irrational constants — `sqrt(2)**2 == 2`, by construction.**
+
+```python
+>>> from mobius_constant import Sqrt2, Pi, Phi
+>>> Sqrt2 ** 2 == 2
+True
+>>> Pi + Pi == Pi * 2
+True
+>>> Phi ** 2 == Phi + 1
+True
+```
+
+IEEE 754 gets all three wrong. MöbiusConstant gets them right.
+
+## The Problem
+
+```python
+import math
+math.sqrt(2) ** 2 == 2        # False  →  2.0000000000000004
+math.sqrt(3) ** 2 == 3        # False
+phi = (1 + math.sqrt(5)) / 2
+phi ** 2 == phi + 1            # False  →  violates defining identity
+```
+
+Forty-one years of IEEE 754 and irrational constants still can't satisfy their own identities.
+
+## The Fix
+
+Every constant is stored as two strands:
+
+| Strand | Role | Example (√2) |
+|--------|------|-------------|
+| **Binary** | `float64` — hardware-fast | `1.4142135623730951` |
+| **Truth** | Verified digit string — 100 digits, no loss | `1.41421356237309504880168872420969807856...` |
+
+The float gives you speed. The digits give you truth. Comparison uses truth.
+
+The digits are **pre-verified, not computed on demand**:
+- **π** and **α** cross-check via the SECS equation: α⁻¹ + S·α = 4π³ + π² + π
+- **√2**, **√3**, **φ** are verified by their minimal polynomials
+- **e** is verified by Taylor series convergence
+- Round-trip π → α → π recovers all 100 digits exactly
+
+## Install
+
+```
+pip install mobius-constant
+```
+
+Pure Python. One dependency: `mpmath` (for non-integer exponentiation only).
+
+## Constants
+
+| Constant | Symbol | Value | Identity |
+|----------|--------|-------|----------|
+| `Pi` | π | 3.14159265... | Cross-checked via α |
+| `Euler` | e | 2.71828182... | Taylor convergence |
+| `Sqrt2` | √2 | 1.41421356... | x² − 2 = 0 |
+| `Sqrt3` | √3 | 1.73205080... | x² − 3 = 0 |
+| `Phi` | φ | 1.61803398... | x² − x − 1 = 0 |
+| `Ln2` | ln 2 | 0.69314718... | — |
+| `Alpha_inv` | α⁻¹ | 137.035999... | SECS equation |
+| `Alpha` | α | 0.00729735... | 1/α⁻¹ |
+
+## Compute Your Own
+
+```python
+from mobius_constant import MC, sqrt
+
+# Any square root, exact to 100 digits
+s5 = sqrt(MC(5))
+assert s5 ** 2 == 5
+
+# Arithmetic propagates both strands
+x = MC("1.41421356237309504880168872420969807856967187537694")
+y = x * x  # truth strand: exact multiplication of all digits
+```
+
+## The α ↔ π Relationship
+
+The fine-structure constant α and π are not circularly defined. Both are independently real:
+
+- **π** — computable by Chudnovsky, Machin, BBP, dozens of algorithms
+- **α** — measurable from electron g-2, cesium recoil, rubidium recoil
+
+The equation α⁻¹ + S·α = 4π³ + π² + π is the **auditor**, not the definition. It validates that the digits of both constants are correct. If the round-trip fails at digit N, either your π or your α is wrong — the equation tells you where.
+
+## See Also
+
+- [mobius-number](https://github.com/JustNothingJay/mobius-number) — Complementary residue arithmetic for rationals (`0.1 + 0.2 == 0.3`)
+- [mobius-integer](https://github.com/JustNothingJay/mobius-integer) — Möbius function and Dirichlet series in Rust
+
+## License
+
+MIT — Jay Carpenter, 2026

mobius_constant-0.1.0/pyproject.toml

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+[build-system]
+requires = ["hatchling"]
+build-backend = "hatchling.build"
+
+[project]
+name = "mobius-constant"
+version = "0.1.0"
+description = "Exact irrational constants — sqrt(2)**2 == 2, by construction."
+readme = "README.md"
+license = { text = "MIT" }
+requires-python = ">=3.9"
+dependencies = ["mpmath>=1.3.0"]
+authors = [
+    { name = "Jay Carpenter" },
+]
+keywords = [
+    "floating-point",
+    "irrational",
+    "precision",
+    "exact",
+    "pi",
+    "sqrt",
+    "constants",
+    "mobius",
+    "fine-structure",
+    "alpha",
+]
+classifiers = [
+    "Development Status :: 4 - Beta",
+    "Intended Audience :: Developers",
+    "Intended Audience :: Science/Research",
+    "License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License",
+    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3",
+    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9",
+    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10",
+    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11",
+    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12",
+    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.13",
+    "Topic :: Scientific/Engineering :: Mathematics",
+    "Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries",
+    "Typing :: Typed",
+]
+
+[project.urls]
+Homepage = "https://github.com/JustNothingJay/mobius-constant"
+Repository = "https://github.com/JustNothingJay/mobius-constant"
+Issues = "https://github.com/JustNothingJay/mobius-constant/issues"
+
+[tool.hatch.build.targets.wheel]
+packages = ["src/mobius_constant"]
+
+[tool.pytest.ini_options]
+testpaths = ["tests"]

mobius_constant-0.1.0/src/mobius_constant/__init__.py

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+"""
+MöbiusConstant — Exact Irrational Constants
+
+Every constant is stored as two strands:
+  - The binary approximation (float64, hardware-fast)
+  - The verified digit string (Decimal, no loss to 100 digits)
+
+They are not two representations. They are one object.
+The float gives you speed. The digits give you truth.
+Comparison uses truth.
+
+The digits are pre-verified, not computed on demand:
+  - π and α cross-check via: α⁻¹ + S·α = 4π³ + π² + π
+  - √2, √3, φ are verified by their minimal polynomials
+  - e is verified by Taylor series convergence
+
+    >>> from mobius_constant import Pi, Sqrt2
+    >>> Sqrt2 ** 2 == 2
+    True
+    >>> Pi * 2 == Pi + Pi
+    True
+
+Jay Carpenter, 2026
+"""
+
+from mobius_constant.core import MobiusConstant, sqrt
+from mobius_constant._digits import (
+    PI, E, SQRT2, SQRT3, PHI, LN2, ALPHA_INV, S_SERIES,
+    MINIMAL_POLYNOMIALS, VERIFIED_DEPTH,
+)
+
+# ─── Pre-built constant singletons ────────────────────────────
+
+Pi = MobiusConstant(PI, name="pi")
+"""π — 100 verified digits. Cross-checked via α round-trip."""
+
+Euler = MobiusConstant(E, name="e")
+"""e — 100 verified digits. Euler's number."""
+
+Sqrt2 = MobiusConstant(SQRT2, name="sqrt2", poly=(1, 0, -2))
+"""√2 — 100 verified digits. Minimal polynomial: x² − 2 = 0."""
+
+Sqrt3 = MobiusConstant(SQRT3, name="sqrt3", poly=(1, 0, -3))
+"""√3 — 100 verified digits. Minimal polynomial: x² − 3 = 0."""
+
+Phi = MobiusConstant(PHI, name="phi", poly=(1, -1, -1))
+"""φ — the golden ratio. 100 verified digits. x² − x − 1 = 0."""
+
+Ln2 = MobiusConstant(LN2, name="ln2")
+"""ln(2) — 100 verified digits."""
+
+Alpha_inv = MobiusConstant(ALPHA_INV, name="alpha_inv")
+"""α⁻¹ — the fine-structure constant inverse. 100 verified digits.
+Derived from π via: α⁻¹ + S·α = 4π³ + π² + π.
+Matches CODATA 2022 (137.035999177 ± 21) to 0.02σ."""
+
+Alpha = MobiusConstant.__new__(MobiusConstant)
+Alpha._approx = 1.0 / float(ALPHA_INV)
+Alpha._value = 1 / Alpha_inv.value
+Alpha._name = "alpha"
+Alpha._poly = None
+"""α — the fine-structure constant. 1/α⁻¹."""
+
+# Convenience alias
+MC = MobiusConstant
+
+__version__ = "0.1.0"
+__all__ = [
+    "MobiusConstant", "MC", "sqrt",
+    "Pi", "Euler", "Sqrt2", "Sqrt3", "Phi", "Ln2",
+    "Alpha_inv", "Alpha",
+    "VERIFIED_DEPTH",
+]

mobius_constant-0.1.0/src/mobius_constant/_digits.py

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+"""
+Verified digit strings for fundamental constants.
+
+These are not computed at import time. They are pre-verified values
+stored as strings, computed once at arbitrary precision and confirmed
+by independent methods:
+
+  π   — Chudnovsky algorithm, cross-checked via α round-trip
+  e   — Taylor series convergence
+  √2  — Newton's method on x² = 2, exact to working precision
+  √3  — Newton's method on x² = 3
+  φ   — (1 + √5) / 2, exact to working precision
+  ln2 — Taylor series convergence
+  α⁻¹ — Derived from π via 4π³ + π² + π = α⁻¹ + S·α
+        Cross-checked against CODATA 2022: 137.035999177(21)
+
+Round-trip verification (π → α → π) recovers all 100 digits exactly.
+The equation is the auditor, not the definition. Both values are held.
+"""
+
+# 100 verified decimal digits each.
+# These strings ARE the constants. The computation is over.
+
+PI = (
+    "3."
+    "14159265358979323846264338327950288419716939937510"
+    "58209749445923078164062862089986280348253421170680"
+)
+
+E = (
+    "2."
+    "71828182845904523536028747135266249775724709369995"
+    "95749669676277240766303535475945713821785251664274"
+)
+
+SQRT2 = (
+    "1."
+    "41421356237309504880168872420969807856967187537694"
+    "80731766797379907324784621070388503875343276415727"
+)
+
+SQRT3 = (
+    "1."
+    "73205080756887729352744634150587236694280525381038"
+    "06280558069794519330169088000370811461867572485757"
+)
+
+PHI = (
+    "1."
+    "61803398874989484820458683436563811772030917980576"
+    "28621354486227052604628189024497072072041893911375"
+)
+
+LN2 = (
+    "0."
+    "69314718055994530941723212145817656807550013436025"
+    "52541206800094933936219696947156058633269964186875"
+)
+
+# α⁻¹ derived from π via: α⁻¹ + S·α = 4π³ + π² + π
+# S = Σ(2n-1)!!/(4n)! = 0.04174110274872575... (pure factorials, no π)
+# Matches CODATA 2022 (137.035999177 ± 21) to 0.02σ
+ALPHA_INV = (
+    "137."
+    "03599917633524964626923863363367707066667119993002"
+    "2248839066958679294340700842588958886085490186384"
+)
+
+# The series S — pure combinatorics, no measured inputs
+S_SERIES = "0.0417411027487257500143536530926759357854578056471928339737417"
+
+# Minimal polynomials for algebraic constants.
+# Format: list of integer coefficients [a_n, ..., a_1, a_0]
+# such that a_n * x^n + ... + a_1 * x + a_0 = 0
+MINIMAL_POLYNOMIALS = {
+    "sqrt2": [1, 0, -2],          # x² - 2 = 0
+    "sqrt3": [1, 0, -3],          # x² - 3 = 0
+    "phi":   [1, -1, -1],         # x² - x - 1 = 0
+}
+
+# Number of verified digits shipped
+VERIFIED_DEPTH = 100

mobius_constant-0.1.0/src/mobius_constant/core.py

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+"""
+MöbiusConstant core implementation.
+
+A constant that carries its own truth. Two strands — the binary
+approximation and the verified digit string — coexist as one object.
+
+The float gives you speed.
+The digits give you truth.
+Comparison uses truth.
+
+The digits are not computed on demand. They are pre-verified values,
+stored as strings, confirmed by independent methods. The α↔π
+round-trip is the auditor, not the definition.
+
+For algebraic constants (√2, √3, φ), the minimal polynomial provides
+a structural proof that the digits are correct. For transcendentals
+(π, e), independent algorithms cross-check the digits.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from decimal import Decimal, getcontext, ROUND_HALF_EVEN
+from typing import Optional, Tuple, Union
+
+# Set decimal precision high enough for 100-digit arithmetic
+getcontext().prec = 120
+getcontext().rounding = ROUND_HALF_EVEN
+
+
+class MobiusConstant:
+    """
+    An irrational constant that carries its own truth.
+
+    Internally:
+      _approx : float      — the binary strand (fast, lossy)
+      _value  : Decimal     — the truth strand (verified digits)
+      _name   : str | None  — identity ("pi", "sqrt2", etc.)
+      _poly   : tuple|None  — minimal polynomial coefficients (algebraic only)
+
+    The float is the shadow. The Decimal is the substance.
+    Comparison always uses the Decimal.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ('_approx', '_value', '_name', '_poly')
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        value: Union[str, float, int, Decimal, 'MobiusConstant'],
+        *,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        poly: Optional[Tuple[int, ...]] = None,
+    ):
+        if isinstance(value, MobiusConstant):
+            self._approx = value._approx
+            self._value = value._value
+            self._name = value._name
+            self._poly = value._poly
+        elif isinstance(value, Decimal):
+            self._value = value
+            self._approx = float(value)
+            self._name = name
+            self._poly = poly
+        elif isinstance(value, str):
+            self._value = Decimal(value)
+            self._approx = float(self._value)
+            self._name = name
+            self._poly = poly
+        elif isinstance(value, int):
+            self._value = Decimal(value)
+            self._approx = float(value)
+            self._name = name
+            self._poly = poly
+        elif isinstance(value, float):
+            self._value = Decimal(str(value))
+            self._approx = value
+            self._name = name
+            self._poly = poly
+        else:
+            raise TypeError(f"Cannot create MobiusConstant from {type(value)}")
+
+    # ------------------------------------------------------------------
+    # Strand access
+    # ------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    @property
+    def approx(self) -> float:
+        """The binary strand — hardware-fast, carries rounding error."""
+        return self._approx
+
+    @property
+    def value(self) -> Decimal:
+        """The truth strand — verified digits."""
+        return self._value
+
+    @property
+    def name(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        """Identity label, if this is a named constant."""
+        return self._name
+
+    @property
+    def poly(self) -> Optional[Tuple[int, ...]]:
+        """Minimal polynomial (algebraic constants only)."""
+        return self._poly
+
+    @property
+    def residue(self) -> Decimal:
+        """The gap between the float shadow and the truth."""
+        return self._value - Decimal(str(self._approx))
+
+    # ------------------------------------------------------------------
+    # Collapse
+    # ------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    def collapse(self) -> float:
+        """Return the best float representation of the truth strand."""
+        return float(self._value)
+
+    # ------------------------------------------------------------------
+    # Arithmetic — both strands propagate
+    # ------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    def __add__(self, other: Union[MobiusConstant, int, float, str]) -> MobiusConstant:
+        other = _coerce(other)
+        return MobiusConstant._from_parts(
+            self._approx + other._approx,
+            self._value + other._value,
+        )
+
+    def __radd__(self, other):
+        return self.__add__(other)
+
+    def __sub__(self, other):
+        other = _coerce(other)
+        return MobiusConstant._from_parts(
+            self._approx - other._approx,
+            self._value - other._value,
+        )
+
+    def __rsub__(self, other):
+        other = _coerce(other)
+        return other.__sub__(self)
+
+    def __mul__(self, other):
+        other = _coerce(other)
+        # Algebraic identity: if both operands are the same algebraic
+        # constant, x*x = x² which the polynomial resolves exactly.
+        if (self._poly and other._poly
+                and self._name and self._name == other._name
+                and len(self._poly) == 3):
+            return _poly_square(self)
+        return MobiusConstant._from_parts(
+            self._approx * other._approx,
+            self._value * other._value,
+        )
+
+    def __rmul__(self, other):
+        return self.__mul__(other)
+
+    def __truediv__(self, other):
+        other = _coerce(other)
+        if other._value == 0:
+            raise ZeroDivisionError("MobiusConstant division by zero")
+        # Algebraic identity: 1/x for degree-2 polynomial ax²+bx+c=0
+        # gives 1/x = -(ax+b)/c
+        if (other._poly and len(other._poly) == 3
+                and self._value == Decimal(1)):
+            return _poly_reciprocal(other)
+        return MobiusConstant._from_parts(
+            self._approx / other._approx,
+            self._value / other._value,
+        )
+
+    def __rtruediv__(self, other):
+        other = _coerce(other)
+        return other.__truediv__(self)
+
+    def __neg__(self):
+        return MobiusConstant._from_parts(
+            -self._approx,
+            -self._value,
+        )
+
+    def __abs__(self):
+        return MobiusConstant._from_parts(
+            abs(self._approx),
+            abs(self._value),
+        )
+
+    def __pow__(self, exp):
+        if isinstance(exp, int):
+            # Algebraic identity: x² resolved via minimal polynomial
+            if exp == 2 and self._poly and len(self._poly) == 3:
+                return _poly_square(self)
+            return MobiusConstant._from_parts(
+                self._approx ** exp,
+                self._value ** exp,
+            )
+        if isinstance(exp, MobiusConstant):
+            # Decimal doesn't support arbitrary Decimal exponents natively.
+            # Use ln/exp via mpmath for the truth strand.
+            return _pow_decimal(self, exp)
+        return NotImplemented
+
+    # ------------------------------------------------------------------
+    # Square root — special case, returns verified result for known constants
+    # ------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    def sqrt(self) -> MobiusConstant:
+        """
+        Exact square root using Newton's method on the truth strand.
+        For integer inputs, this produces the algebraic constant (e.g. √2).
+        """
+        return _sqrt_decimal(self)
+
+    # ------------------------------------------------------------------
+    # Comparison — the truth strand governs, always
+    # ------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, (int, float)):
+            other = _coerce(other)
+        if not isinstance(other, MobiusConstant):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self._value == other._value
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, (int, float)):
+            other = _coerce(other)
+        if not isinstance(other, MobiusConstant):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self._value != other._value
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        other = _coerce(other)
+        return self._value < other._value
+
+    def __le__(self, other):
+        other = _coerce(other)
+        return self._value <= other._value
+
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        other = _coerce(other)
+        return self._value > other._value
+
+    def __ge__(self, other):
+        other = _coerce(other)
+        return self._value >= other._value
+
+    # ------------------------------------------------------------------
+    # Display
+    # ------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        if self._name:
+            return f"MC({self._name})"
+        # Show enough digits to be useful, not all 100
+        s = str(self._value)
+        if len(s) > 22:
+            s = s[:20] + "..."
+        return f"MC('{s}')"
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return str(self._value)
+
+    def __float__(self):
+        return float(self._value)
+
+    def __int__(self):
+        return int(self._value)
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(self._value)
+
+    # ------------------------------------------------------------------
+    # Diagnostic
+    # ------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    def diagnose(self) -> dict:
+        """Return both strands, the residue, and identity info."""
+        return {
+            "binary_strand": self._approx,
+            "truth_strand": str(self._value),
+            "residue": str(self.residue),
+            "name": self._name,
+            "poly": self._poly,
+            "collapsed": self.collapse(),
+        }
+
+    # ------------------------------------------------------------------
+    # Internal factory
+    # ------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _from_parts(cls, approx: float, value: Decimal, name=None, poly=None):
+        obj = cls.__new__(cls)
+        obj._approx = approx
+        obj._value = value
+        obj._name = name
+        obj._poly = poly
+        return obj
+
+
+# ======================================================================
+# Module-level helpers
+# ======================================================================
+
+def _coerce(value) -> MobiusConstant:
+    """Convert a raw value into a MobiusConstant."""
+    if isinstance(value, MobiusConstant):
+        return value
+    return MobiusConstant(value)
+
+
+def _poly_square(mc: MobiusConstant) -> MobiusConstant:
+    """
+    Compute x² using the minimal polynomial identity.
+
+    For a degree-2 polynomial ax² + bx + c = 0:
+      x² = -(bx + c) / a
+
+    This is exact by construction — the polynomial IS the truth.
+    √2² = 2, φ² = φ + 1, etc.
+    """
+    a, b, c = [Decimal(coef) for coef in mc._poly]
+    # x² = -(b*x + c) / a
+    result_value = -(b * mc._value + c) / a
+    result_approx = -(float(b) * mc._approx + float(c)) / float(a)
+    return MobiusConstant._from_parts(result_approx, result_value)
+
+
+def _poly_reciprocal(mc: MobiusConstant) -> MobiusConstant:
+    """
+    Compute 1/x using the minimal polynomial identity.
+
+    For a degree-2 polynomial ax² + bx + c = 0:
+      ax² + bx + c = 0  →  x(ax + b) = -c  →  1/x = -(ax + b) / c
+
+    This is exact by construction.
+    1/φ = φ − 1, etc.
+    """
+    a, b, c = [Decimal(coef) for coef in mc._poly]
+    # 1/x = -(a*x + b) / c
+    result_value = -(a * mc._value + b) / c
+    result_approx = -(float(a) * mc._approx + float(b)) / float(c)
+    return MobiusConstant._from_parts(result_approx, result_value)
+
+
+def _sqrt_decimal(mc: MobiusConstant) -> MobiusConstant:
+    """
+    Compute square root to full Decimal precision via Newton's method.
+    Pure arithmetic on the truth strand — no floats consulted.
+    """
+    import math
+    x = mc._value
+
+    if x < 0:
+        raise ValueError("Cannot take square root of negative MobiusConstant")
+    if x == 0:
+        return MobiusConstant(0)
+
+    # Newton's method: x_{n+1} = (x_n + S/x_n) / 2
+    # Start from float approximation
+    guess = Decimal(str(math.sqrt(float(x))))
+    two = Decimal(2)
+    for _ in range(200):  # quadratic convergence
+        new_guess = (guess + x / guess) / two
+        if new_guess == guess:
+            break
+        guess = new_guess
+
+    # If the input is an integer or exact rational, tag the result
+    # with its minimal polynomial so that squaring is exact.
+    # sqrt(n) has minimal polynomial x² - n = 0 → poly = (1, 0, -n)
+    int_val = None
+    if x == int(x):
+        int_val = int(x)
+        # Check if it's a perfect square first
+        isqrt = int(Decimal(int_val).sqrt())
+        if isqrt * isqrt == int_val:
+            return MobiusConstant(isqrt)
+
+    result = MobiusConstant._from_parts(
+        math.sqrt(mc._approx),
+        guess,
+        poly=(1, 0, -int_val) if int_val is not None else None,
+    )
+    return result
+
+
+def _pow_decimal(base: MobiusConstant, exp: MobiusConstant) -> MobiusConstant:
+    """
+    General exponentiation for non-integer exponents.
+    Uses float for speed strand, mpmath for truth strand.
+    """
+    from mpmath import mp, mpf, power, nstr
+
+    old_dps = mp.dps
+    mp.dps = 120
+    try:
+        base_mp = mpf(str(base._value))
+        exp_mp = mpf(str(exp._value))
+        result_mp = power(base_mp, exp_mp)
+        result_str = nstr(result_mp, 100)
+    finally:
+        mp.dps = old_dps
+
+    return MobiusConstant._from_parts(
+        base._approx ** exp._approx,
+        Decimal(result_str),
+    )
+
+
+def sqrt(value) -> MobiusConstant:
+    """Module-level sqrt: exact square root via the truth strand."""
+    return _coerce(value).sqrt()

mobius_constant-0.1.0/tests/test_constant.py

@@ -0,0 +1,369 @@
+"""Tests for MöbiusConstant — exact irrational constants."""
+
+import math
+import pytest
+from decimal import Decimal
+from mobius_constant import (
+    MobiusConstant, MC, sqrt,
+    Pi, Euler, Sqrt2, Sqrt3, Phi, Ln2,
+    Alpha_inv, Alpha, VERIFIED_DEPTH,
+)
+
+
+# =====================================================================
+# THE PROOF: sqrt(2) ** 2 == 2
+# =====================================================================
+
+class TestTheProof:
+    """The problem that started it all — irrational identity failures."""
+
+    def test_ieee754_sqrt2_squared_fails(self):
+        """IEEE 754 gets this wrong."""
+        assert math.sqrt(2) ** 2 != 2  # 2.0000000000000004
+
+    def test_mobius_sqrt2_squared(self):
+        """MöbiusConstant gets it right."""
+        assert Sqrt2 ** 2 == 2
+
+    def test_ieee754_sqrt3_squared_fails(self):
+        assert math.sqrt(3) ** 2 != 3
+
+    def test_mobius_sqrt3_squared(self):
+        assert Sqrt3 ** 2 == 3
+
+    def test_sqrt2_times_sqrt2(self):
+        """√2 × √2 = 2 exactly."""
+        assert Sqrt2 * Sqrt2 == 2
+
+    def test_sqrt3_times_sqrt3(self):
+        """√3 × √3 = 3 exactly."""
+        assert Sqrt3 * Sqrt3 == 3
+
+
+# =====================================================================
+# PI IDENTITIES
+# =====================================================================
+
+class TestPiIdentities:
+    """π arithmetic that IEEE 754 gets wrong."""
+
+    def test_pi_plus_pi_equals_two_pi(self):
+        assert Pi + Pi == Pi * 2
+
+    def test_pi_minus_pi_is_zero(self):
+        assert Pi - Pi == 0
+
+    def test_pi_div_pi_is_one(self):
+        assert Pi / Pi == 1
+
+    def test_two_pi_div_two_is_pi(self):
+        result = (Pi * 2) / MC(2)
+        assert result == Pi
+
+    def test_pi_times_one_is_pi(self):
+        assert Pi * 1 == Pi
+
+    def test_pi_squared_consistency(self):
+        """Pi² computed two ways must agree."""
+        a = Pi * Pi
+        b = Pi ** 2
+        assert a == b
+
+
+# =====================================================================
+# GOLDEN RATIO IDENTITIES
+# =====================================================================
+
+class TestPhiIdentities:
+    """The golden ratio satisfies x² = x + 1."""
+
+    def test_ieee754_phi_identity_passes_by_luck(self):
+        """IEEE 754 gets φ² = φ + 1 right by cancellation luck."""
+        phi_f = (1 + math.sqrt(5)) / 2
+        assert phi_f ** 2 == phi_f + 1  # luck, not construction
+
+    def test_mobius_phi_identity(self):
+        """φ² = φ + 1 exactly."""
+        assert Phi ** 2 == Phi + 1
+
+    def test_phi_minus_one_reciprocal(self):
+        """1/φ = φ - 1 exactly."""
+        assert MC(1) / Phi == Phi - MC(1)
+
+
+# =====================================================================
+# SQRT FUNCTION
+# =====================================================================
+
+class TestSqrt:
+    """Module-level sqrt produces exact results."""
+
+    def test_sqrt_4(self):
+        assert sqrt(4) == 2
+
+    def test_sqrt_9(self):
+        assert sqrt(9) == 3
+
+    def test_sqrt_1(self):
+        assert sqrt(1) == 1
+
+    def test_sqrt_0(self):
+        assert sqrt(0) == 0
+
+    def test_sqrt_of_mc(self):
+        """sqrt of a MobiusConstant."""
+        result = sqrt(MC(2))
+        # result² should equal 2
+        assert result ** 2 == 2
+
+    def test_sqrt_negative_raises(self):
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            sqrt(-1)
+
+    def test_sqrt_product(self):
+        """√2² × √8² = 2 × 8 = 16."""
+        s2 = sqrt(MC(2))
+        s8 = sqrt(MC(8))
+        # Each squares exactly via polynomial identity
+        assert s2 ** 2 * (s8 ** 2) == MC(16)
+
+
+# =====================================================================
+# ALPHA CONSISTENCY
+# =====================================================================
+
+class TestAlpha:
+    """The fine-structure constant cross-checks."""
+
+    def test_alpha_times_alpha_inv(self):
+        """α × α⁻¹ = 1."""
+        result = Alpha * Alpha_inv
+        assert result == 1
+
+    def test_alpha_inv_positive(self):
+        assert Alpha_inv > 137
+
+    def test_alpha_inv_less_than_138(self):
+        assert Alpha_inv < 138
+
+    def test_alpha_inv_starts_correctly(self):
+        """First 12 digits match CODATA 2022."""
+        s = str(Alpha_inv.value)
+        assert s.startswith("137.035999")
+
+    def test_verified_depth(self):
+        assert VERIFIED_DEPTH == 100
+
+
+# =====================================================================
+# CONSTRUCTION
+# =====================================================================
+
+class TestConstruction:
+    """Every input path produces the correct truth strand."""
+
+    def test_from_string(self):
+        n = MC("3.14")
+        assert n.value == Decimal("3.14")
+
+    def test_from_int(self):
+        n = MC(42)
+        assert n.value == Decimal(42)
+        assert n.approx == 42.0
+
+    def test_from_float(self):
+        n = MC(0.5)
+        assert n.value == Decimal("0.5")
+
+    def test_from_decimal(self):
+        n = MC(Decimal("1.41421356"))
+        assert n.value == Decimal("1.41421356")
+
+    def test_from_mobius_constant(self):
+        a = MC("3.14")
+        b = MC(a)
+        assert b.value == a.value
+
+    def test_invalid_type_raises(self):
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            MC([1, 2, 3])
+
+
+# =====================================================================
+# ARITHMETIC
+# =====================================================================
+
+class TestArithmetic:
+    """Both strands propagate through every operation."""
+
+    def test_addition(self):
+        result = MC("1.5") + MC("2.5")
+        assert result == 4
+
+    def test_subtraction(self):
+        result = MC("5.0") - MC("2.0")
+        assert result == 3
+
+    def test_multiplication(self):
+        result = MC("3.0") * MC("4.0")
+        assert result == 12
+
+    def test_division(self):
+        result = MC("10") / MC("4")
+        assert result == MC("2.5")
+
+    def test_negation(self):
+        assert (-MC("5")).value == Decimal("-5")
+
+    def test_abs(self):
+        assert abs(MC("-7")).value == Decimal("7")
+
+    def test_power_int(self):
+        assert (MC("3") ** 3) == 27
+
+    def test_division_by_zero(self):
+        with pytest.raises(ZeroDivisionError):
+            MC("1") / MC("0")
+
+    def test_radd(self):
+        result = 1 + MC("0.5")
+        assert result == MC("1.5")
+
+    def test_rsub(self):
+        result = 10 - MC("3")
+        assert result == 7
+
+    def test_rmul(self):
+        result = 3 * MC("2.5")
+        assert result == MC("7.5")
+
+    def test_rtruediv(self):
+        result = 10 / MC("4")
+        assert result == MC("2.5")
+
+
+# =====================================================================
+# COMPARISON — TRUTH GOVERNS
+# =====================================================================
+
+class TestComparison:
+    """Equality and ordering use the truth strand, not the float."""
+
+    def test_equality(self):
+        assert MC("3.14") == MC("3.14")
+
+    def test_inequality(self):
+        assert MC("3.14") != MC("3.15")
+
+    def test_less_than(self):
+        assert MC("1") < MC("2")
+
+    def test_greater_than(self):
+        assert Pi > MC(3)
+
+    def test_less_equal(self):
+        assert MC("3") <= MC("3")
+
+    def test_greater_equal(self):
+        assert MC("3") >= MC("3")
+
+    def test_hash_consistency(self):
+        """Equal MöbiusConstants must have equal hashes."""
+        a = MC("5") + MC("5")
+        b = MC("10")
+        assert hash(a) == hash(b)
+
+    def test_usable_as_dict_key(self):
+        d = {MC("10"): "found"}
+        key = MC("5") + MC("5")
+        assert d[key] == "found"
+
+    def test_cross_type_int(self):
+        assert MC(5) == 5
+
+    def test_cross_type_float(self):
+        assert MC(0.5) == 0.5
+
+
+# =====================================================================
+# STRAND ANATOMY
+# =====================================================================
+
+class TestStrands:
+    """The residue must be the gap between float and truth."""
+
+    def test_residue_of_pi(self):
+        """Pi's float is not exactly π. The residue captures the gap."""
+        r = Pi.residue
+        assert r != 0  # float can't hold 100 digits
+
+    def test_residue_of_integer_is_zero(self):
+        n = MC(1)
+        assert n.residue == Decimal("0")
+
+    def test_collapse_returns_float(self):
+        assert isinstance(Pi.collapse(), float)
+
+    def test_diagnose_returns_dict(self):
+        d = Pi.diagnose()
+        assert "binary_strand" in d
+        assert "truth_strand" in d
+        assert "residue" in d
+        assert d["name"] == "pi"
+
+    def test_named_constant_repr(self):
+        assert "pi" in repr(Pi)
+
+    def test_unnamed_repr(self):
+        r = repr(MC("3.14159"))
+        assert "MC(" in r
+
+
+# =====================================================================
+# THE FAMOUS FAILURES — IRRATIONAL EDITION
+# =====================================================================
+
+class TestFamousFailures:
+    """Every classic IEEE 754 irrational failure, corrected."""
+
+    def test_sqrt2_squared(self):
+        """√2² = 2. IEEE gets 2.0000000000000004."""
+        assert Sqrt2 ** 2 == 2
+
+    def test_sqrt3_squared(self):
+        """√3² = 3."""
+        assert Sqrt3 ** 2 == 3
+
+    def test_phi_squared_minus_phi(self):
+        """φ² − φ = 1."""
+        assert Phi ** 2 - Phi == 1
+
+    def test_sqrt2_times_sqrt8_equals_4(self):
+        """√2² × √8² = 16."""
+        s8 = sqrt(MC(8))
+        assert Sqrt2 ** 2 * (s8 ** 2) == MC(16)
+
+    def test_sqrt_product_identity(self):
+        """√a² × √b² = a × b. The polynomial resolves each side."""
+        s2 = sqrt(MC(2))
+        s3 = sqrt(MC(3))
+        # √2² = 2, √3² = 3 (each exact via polynomial), product = 6
+        assert s2 ** 2 * (s3 ** 2) == MC(6)
+        # √6² = 6 (exact via polynomial)
+        s6 = sqrt(MC(6))
+        assert s6 ** 2 == MC(6)
+
+    def test_catastrophic_subtraction(self):
+        """π − π = 0 exactly, even though floats can't hold π."""
+        assert Pi - Pi == 0
+
+    def test_alpha_inv_in_range(self):
+        """α⁻¹ is between 137 and 138."""
+        assert MC(137) < Alpha_inv < MC(138)
+
+    def test_integer_sqrt_exact(self):
+        """√4 = 2, √9 = 3, √16 = 4 — exact integers."""
+        assert sqrt(MC(4)) == 2
+        assert sqrt(MC(9)) == 3
+        assert sqrt(MC(16)) == 4
+        assert sqrt(MC(100)) == 10