elasticipy 4.1.0__tar.gz → 4.2.0__tar.gz

elasticipy-4.2.0/Elasticipy_for_the_Impatient.ipynb

@@ -0,0 +1,998 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "0eb02acc-35d4-41f4-b6ea-d1159f1a2c08",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "# Elasticipy for the impatient"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "aa35037f-7acf-4e09-8906-29d71801bb8f",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "This notebook is designed to give a quick overview of the features of Elasticipy, and illustrate basic syntaxes."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "68f5cece-4b40-4145-bbaa-e74fbaad6248",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Very simple example: isotropic case"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "a86eb24f-8425-4e7d-a0f3-ce3cd8ce52b1",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### Stiffness tensor and derived properties"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "6ef6122f-f5a8-432e-81f2-6937d7892b5d",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "Let's start by creating a simple isotropic stiffness tensor:"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "95129202",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "from Elasticipy.tensors.elasticity import StiffnessTensor"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "304246a5",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "C=StiffnessTensor.isotropic(E=210e3, nu=0.25)\n",
+    "print(C)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "71e92be8-d88d-4e42-a483-167f96b2c729",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "Some engineering constants can be directly derived from it:"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "c73ab097",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "G=C.shear_modulus.mean()\n",
+    "K=C.bulk_modulus\n",
+    "print('G={}, K={}'.format(G,K))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "7217e941-95ce-4424-abd8-9dc55c138a9d",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "The stiffness tensor can actually be constructed from any combinations of $E$, $\\nu$, $K$, $\\lambda$ or G (or equivalently $\\mu$), e.g.:"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "eba09c27-cde2-4d0e-8fd7-abbf19c0adbb",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "print(StiffnessTensor.isotropic(E=210e3,lame2=G))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "b7df0bbc-2cb0-4b82-9a7a-708f169389ec",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### Compute stress/strain relationship"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "7a59dba2-b5a3-47f0-bc4d-85963ee95d08",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "Once constructed, the stiffness tensor can be used to establish the stress-strain relationship."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "e78db645-0e43-48c3-b2b0-9c3dea702993",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "#### Simple tensile strain"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "596238e5-cc09-4a81-90cd-eb7fccefb888",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "Let's start by creating a strain tensor:"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "1db9d682-11c6-4ccc-bff2-c3ea24358a36",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "from Elasticipy.tensors.stress_strain import StrainTensor\n",
+    "eps = StrainTensor.tensile([1,0,0],1e-3)\n",
+    "print(eps)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "5df0bc8e-c5d0-49dc-a530-0a0680e196d5",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "Then apply the generalized Hooke's law:"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "82ffd503-4049-4833-a6b3-698aa487b4eb",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "sigma = C * eps\n",
+    "print(sigma)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "87c55fd5-8c82-48b4-8bf2-32a7027f70c0",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "One can compute the equivalent stresses:"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "8b9208d2-230d-4066-9583-01405f367bae",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "print(sigma.vonMises())\n",
+    "print(sigma.Tresca())"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "9398ca9f-5f11-4976-bce4-268110c2b3f8",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "#### Simple tensile stress"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "e95eabf9-f143-423e-935b-290b6b899b76",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "Now, we want to define the stress, and compute the relating strain."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "7c662db3-6eb7-477f-832d-9f84fdf2ad98",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "from Elasticipy.tensors.stress_strain import StressTensor\n",
+    "sigma = StressTensor.tensile([1,0,0],100)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "e8c9566b-dd50-4fcb-8d15-e60c92061af6",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "We need the compliance tensor first:"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "3b20c426-5c80-497b-acad-fda2053967ab",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "S = C.inv()\n",
+    "print(S)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "011483a0-5e1c-49c9-84ea-bc5eb2ee56bc",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "Then, the generalized Hooke's law gives:"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "8ea0aba6-7e4c-4500-a6ac-cf9642ea2e74",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "eps = S * sigma\n",
+    "print(eps)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "ed96f826-4cdf-4e10-86fa-f9c766be133d",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "One can estimate the corresponding volumetric elastic energy density:"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "3c1f6268-8943-458b-b657-99f8c641f3cc",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "print(eps.elastic_energy(sigma))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "fbc7da89-349e-48e9-9845-6635f26daa86",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Array of strains/stresses"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "8fc4a8a7-7d0e-4dac-af9b-03798a9063cd",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "In order to simplify the syntax and speed up calculations, Elasticipy introduces the concept of *tensor array*. As an example, we create a combination of constant tensile strain (along $Z$) and a shear stress in $(X-Y)$ plane with increasing magnitude:"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "02577cf3-492e-4a7b-b9c2-a3d7669aa536",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "tau = range(100)\n",
+    "sigma = StressTensor.shear([1,0,0],[0,1,0],tau) + StressTensor.tensile([1,0,0],100)\n",
+    "print(sigma)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "42f0a3cc-92c7-4766-8b66-48bde399cc46",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "We can see the the resulting array is of shape (100,). Let's have a look of its end values:"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "b656551c-051d-4250-bee0-a58645ca891e",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "print(sigma[0]) # Chek out the usual syntax when dealing with array!\n",
+    "print(sigma[-1])"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "c47c6e4f-48f1-4dc1-9a2b-520b2ebfa00e",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "Most Elasticipy's commands can be broadcasted. E.g.:"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "2dfc031b-468b-4ecd-8731-26df6081251b",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "print(sigma.vonMises())"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "518dfdfa-cba5-47bc-bf66-e5a412ddca64",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "Conversely, the corresponding *strain array* can be computed at once:"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "20693b88-d2ee-4c76-bdfe-4a49c925c64a",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "eps = S * sigma\n",
+    "print(eps)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "b6986051-2891-41d6-b1dd-0d6cbc108c23",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "As ``sigma`` is an array of shape (100,), so is ``eps``."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "59d18b21-a06e-4895-bebd-89552ecc9d7c",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "print(eps[0])\n",
+    "print(eps[-1])"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "b74c682a-b4c5-46f6-8c87-78e2f82eec67",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Mohr circles"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "632b2e81-cb5d-4845-ad15-1019097b6976",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "Given a stress tensor, one can easily plot it through the well-known Mohr circles. E.g.:"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "db04cad4-56ee-4857-8c74-44b5b26fc350",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "fig,_= sigma[-1].draw_Mohr_circles() # Mohr circles drawn from the last stress value"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "b453d7d9-7b00-416e-98ef-b93497a03e9f",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Anisotropic elasticity"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "8382b964-4b91-4d96-882b-0d8ee5a3882f",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "We now consider the (slightly) more complex case of anisotropic elasticity. We use monoclinic TiNi as an example:"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 41,
+   "id": "45ccb9b1-d114-49b9-81f7-8e07d213c365",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Stiffness tensor (in Voigt mapping):\n",
+      "[[231. 127. 104.   0. -18.   0.]\n",
+      " [127. 240. 131.   0.   1.   0.]\n",
+      " [104. 131. 175.   0.  -3.   0.]\n",
+      " [  0.   0.   0.  81.   0.   3.]\n",
+      " [-18.   1.  -3.   0.  11.   0.]\n",
+      " [  0.   0.   0.   3.   0.  85.]]\n",
+      "Phase: TiNi\n",
+      "Symmetry: monoclinic\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "C = StiffnessTensor.monoclinic(phase_name='TiNi',\n",
+    "                                C11=231, C12=127, C13=104,\n",
+    "                                C22=240, C23=131, C33=175,\n",
+    "                                C44=81, C55=11, C66=85,\n",
+    "                                C15=-18, C25=1, C35=-3, C46=3)\n",
+    "print(C)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "17ba0db9-7698-4109-b43f-9b0d027335ae",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "One can check *how much* this material is anisotropic by checking out its Universal Anisotropy index:"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 43,
+   "id": "716808b9-0ee7-41d9-88be-9540366013c3",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "5.141009551641412\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "print(C.universal_anisotropy)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "5a68e42f-75a3-4163-80e6-c833a67244bc",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "Because of this anisotropy, the Young modulus is not constant over every direction:"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 44,
+   "id": "96bdf775-d86e-41fa-be32-c5da9dffde82",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Spherical function\n",
+      "Min=26.283577707639257, Max=191.39659146987594\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "E = C.Young_modulus\n",
+    "print(E)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "32e3771d-084b-4585-9663-9316e1a3ad56",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "This means that E ranges in 26 to 191 GPa, depending on the tensile direction. For instance, its value measured along $X$, $Y$ and $Z$ are:"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 45,
+   "id": "eec5eaa4-75e5-45bc-8328-1e5967f06375",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "[124.5223244  120.92120855  96.13750722]\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "print(E.eval([[1,0,0],[0,1,0],[0,0,1]]))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "8592ea43-9939-4605-b5ef-10c2e2a8e68f",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### Plotting engineering elastic constants"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "1bdf1a27-0885-4b21-8abf-80810f8daa2a",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "The spatial dependence of the Young modulus can illustrated by different ways:"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "00194008-ebf0-4781-bffe-7b2131eacf09",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "#### As a 3D surface"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 46,
+   "id": "f4c7c9de-de55-40c1-8c05-18ee124cbf0e",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "(<Figure size 640x480 with 2 Axes>,\n",
+       " <Axes3D: xlabel='X', ylabel='Y', zlabel='Z'>)"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 46,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "E.plot3D()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "88b0c672-4ef4-407c-a1ae-c22a262fa365",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "#### As planar sections"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 47,
+   "id": "2a483e1c-b144-4860-a395-edd5b5b40609",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "(<Figure size 640x480 with 3 Axes>,\n",
+       " [<PolarAxes: title={'center': 'X-Y plane'}>,\n",
+       "  <PolarAxes: title={'center': 'X-Z plane'}>,\n",
+       "  <PolarAxes: title={'center': 'Y-Z plane'}>])"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 47,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "E.plot_xyz_sections()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "56469662-df6b-4485-988c-91d595196a4d",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "#### As a a pole figure"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 51,
+   "id": "877bb12a-1b6a-4ebb-beab-35d2786c584d",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "(<Figure size 640x480 with 2 Axes>, <PolarAxes: >)"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 51,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "E.plot_as_pole_figure() # Lambert projection (by default)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "b43d6159-79ae-4091-ad89-ed0b50a5974d",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "#### Hyperspherical functions"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "44a06116-ce51-4cf8-8ccd-8e6d0d2a642e",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "This spatial dependence applies for other engineering moduli, like the Poisson ratio ($\\nu$), except that $\\nu$ depends on 2 orthogonal directions; hence the concept of *hyperspherical functions*:"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "35d645d2-4854-4fb1-ad2a-0264171e943b",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "nu=C.Poisson_ratio\n",
+    "print(nu)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "0a7113cd-968c-42a5-9f52-6ffbce4b9921",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "In this case, for a given direction, one can plot the mean value for every other orthogonal directions:"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "6cd190bc-9edd-41df-ba89-ffa2618fd275",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "nu.plot_xyz_sections()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "008f15e2-e688-4765-825d-aa480322ccea",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "Similarly, for a given direction, one can check out the min/max values for every orthogonal directions:"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "bac514c9-a338-47a4-bdeb-48d5b7a9978a",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "nu.plot_as_pole_figure(which='min')\n",
+    "nu.plot_as_pole_figure(which='max')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "4811c4fb-592a-4e97-a956-386962517cc8",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Rotations of tensors"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "32bc38a8-e2b8-485c-9e89-3451e8230413",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "Any stiffness or compliance tensor can be rotated by taking advantage of ``scipy.spatial.transform``:"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "53ae6af9-24f4-4861-88db-62fe35b95622",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### Apply a single rotation"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "e938b627-bf1b-4dc5-aaf2-c8d321a64797",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "Let's assume that we want to rotate the stiffness tensor by 45° aroung the $X$ direction:"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "8647e572-7974-4d36-be15-e849e30e653a",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "from scipy.spatial.transform import Rotation\n",
+    "rotation = Rotation.from_euler('X', 45, degrees=True)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "bf98e161-9fa2-4af7-a548-8810cc0362fc",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "The rotation of $C$ is simply made by multiplying it by the ``rotation`` object:"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "b4fcb3d5",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "C_rotated = C * rotation\n",
+    "print(C_rotated)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "8bd1dff5-d802-43d7-b8c0-a05b7aaa0385",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "One can check that the engineering properties have been rotated accordingly:"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "426b9203-e368-4d9b-a602-c4c355ed3c47",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "C_rotated.Young_modulus.plot3D()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "46cd4969-75b0-4e75-9da4-30286e094221",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### Apply multiple rotations"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "809963dd-c8a2-4de4-8352-afc7e0ee612f",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "As for stress and strain, one can perform multiple rotations at once, leading to an *array of stiffnesses*:"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "9e9b9642-7d7f-4957-adbe-f6edbb9d1c53",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "rotations = Rotation.random(100)\n",
+    "C_rotated = C * rotations\n",
+    "print(C_rotated)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "8ea8c2ca-cc1c-4dac-98fb-c5e6d7d78b00",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "This array can be used to compute the averages, such as the Hill average:"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "400f155a-8efd-43ed-9f3a-d86720843209",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "C_hill = C_rotated.Hill_average()\n",
+    "print(C_hill)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "4bbaf4c2-6892-4e7e-ab4f-d778a9e88782",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "One can check that such aggregate is almost isotropic:"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "82bceb3b-537b-43d2-88e2-5d975bd358ff",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "print(C_hill.universal_anisotropy)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "da6a85e5-6fcf-40a8-a349-a4b1e5ee7115",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "If one wants to consider an infinite set of rotations, he/she can compute the corresponding average from the single stiffness tensor. In this case, the analytic solution lead to:"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "9a3ecd85-7c4b-476a-a095-296705cdd49d",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "print(C.Hill_average())"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "03af1a3d-296a-4c2f-a046-62cdd90e56d9",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "which is obviously strictly isotropic:"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "d7fcab56-a227-4dbb-8d57-a2c054065131",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "print(C.Hill_average().universal_anisotropy)\n",
+    "print(C.Hill_average().is_isotropic())"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "e82ebed1-7e52-4bfe-bce2-97d639735cae",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Wave velocities"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "59e37776-6027-4b59-82ed-51b51badb589",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "The stiffness tensor of a material is highly related to the wave propagation velocities. From a given material and a given direction, one can define three different wave velocities (namely the primary wave, fast secondary and slow secondary wave velocities). They can be computed as follows:"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "e201c84f-c997-40cf-bab7-ef188def206c",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "rho = 6.5 # kg/dm^3 !\n",
+    "v1, v2, v3 = C.wave_velocity(rho)\n",
+    "print(v1)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "7bd48a08-864c-4e89-b57f-50103fce28f6",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "Note that, in order to keep unit consistency, the mass density is provided in $\\text{kg}.\\text{dm}^{-3}$, whereas the stiffness tensor is given in GPa. Therefore, the wave velocities are returned in $\\text{km}.\\text{s}^{-1}$ here.\n",
+    "Let's plot the primary wave velocity as a 3D surface:"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "e08789e0-b144-4dc8-8b82-a3b6f17fa302",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "v1.plot3D()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "63ceba08-acdf-4ab2-8edd-7a42fc57a6da",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Graphical User Interface"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "cc3d9355-c56d-48ec-bc22-bd91553e8b45",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "One convenient way to investigate the influence of symmetries on the engineering constants is to use the GUI:"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 52,
+   "id": "e9d5e3d8-980a-4da5-a43a-f367356c33c0",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "SystemExit",
+     "evalue": "0",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "An exception has occurred, use %tb to see the full traceback.\n",
+      "\u001b[1;31mSystemExit\u001b[0m\u001b[1;31m:\u001b[0m 0\n"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "name": "stderr",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "C:\\Users\\depriester\\AppData\\Local\\anaconda3\\Lib\\site-packages\\IPython\\core\\interactiveshell.py:3585: UserWarning: To exit: use 'exit', 'quit', or Ctrl-D.\n",
+      "  warn(\"To exit: use 'exit', 'quit', or Ctrl-D.\", stacklevel=1)\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "from Elasticipy.gui import crystal_elastic_plotter\n",
+    "crystal_elastic_plotter()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "43865853-6a97-43cc-8506-2b20e5fc5a75",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python3"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 3
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+   "version": "3.13.5"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 5
+}