delierium 1.0.0__tar.gz

delierium-1.0.0/LICENSE

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+MIT License
+
+Copyright (c) 2021 tapir442
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.

delierium-1.0.0/PKG-INFO

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+Metadata-Version: 2.4
+Name: delierium
+Version: 1.0.0
+Summary: Symmetry Analysis for ODEs and PDEs using SymPy
+Keywords: ODE,PDE,Lie,Symmetry,Janet basis
+Author: tapir
+License-Expression: MIT
+License-File: LICENSE
+Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Science/Research
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.13
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.14
+Classifier: Topic :: Scientific/Engineering :: Mathematics
+Requires-Dist: gmpy2>=2.3.1
+Requires-Dist: more-itertools>=10
+Requires-Dist: sympy>=1.13
+Requires-Dist: ipython>=8 ; extra == 'jupyter'
+Requires-Dist: matplotlib>=3.8 ; extra == 'plot'
+Requires-Dist: line-profiler>=4 ; extra == 'profile'
+Requires-Python: >=3.12
+Project-URL: Source, https://github.com/tapir442/delierium
+Project-URL: Issues, https://github.com/tapir442/delierium/issues
+Provides-Extra: jupyter
+Provides-Extra: plot
+Provides-Extra: profile
+Description-Content-Type: text/markdown
+
+# delierium
+<span style="font-size:30px;"><b>D</b>ifferential <b>E</b>quations' <b>LIE</b> symmetries <b>R</b>esearch <b>I</b>nstr<b>UM</b>ent</span>
+
+Lie point symmetries of ordinary and partial differential equations with Python and SymPy,
+using Janet bases.
+
+# Release 1.0.0
+
+Had a hard time debugging and profiling (a Janet base is, after all, a Gröbner base, with all
+its implications during computation), and claude was of great help to find and fix all the
+next-to-last bugs.
+
+delierium computes
+
+* the **determining equations** of the Lie point symmetries of an ODE, a system of ODEs or a
+  scalar PDE,
+* **Janet bases** of linear systems of PDEs, in particular of these determining equations,
+  fraction free, with the conditions they assume (factors assumed nonzero, special cases of
+  the parameters),
+* from a Janet basis its **rank** (the dimension of the solution space, for determining
+  equations the dimension of the Lie algebra of point symmetries), its **parametric** and
+  **principal derivatives** and its type,
+* **pictures**: the staircase of a Janet basis, symmetry generators as vector fields with
+  solution curves, their flows as animations.
+
+A catalogue of about 260 equations with known symmetries from the literature checks it
+(see *Tests*). Solving the determining equations for the infinitesimals themselves is not
+part of this release.
+
+# Installation
+
+    pip install delierium            # the package, needs Python 3.12 or newer
+    pip install "delierium[plot]"    # with matplotlib, for delierium.visualization
+
+delierium runs on Python 3.12, 3.13 and 3.14; the whole test suite passes on each of them.
+With uv, choose the version with `--python`, e.g. `uv sync --python 3.12` for the
+environment of the project, or, without touching it,
+
+    uv run --isolated --python 3.13 --group test pytest
+
+From the sources, with [uv](https://docs.astral.sh/uv/):
+
+    git clone https://github.com/tapir442/delierium.git
+    cd delierium
+    uv sync                          # the package and the development tools
+    uv sync --group notebooks        # also JupyterLab and matplotlib, for the notebooks
+
+# How to use
+
+### The determining equations of an ODE
+
+The Blasius equation `y''' + y y'' = 0`. `lie_derivative_printer` writes them in the notation
+of Lie: `X_xy` is the second derivative of the infinitesimal `X` by `x` and `y`.
+
+    >>> from sympy import Function, Symbol, diff
+    >>> from delierium import lie_derivative_printer, overdetermined_system_ode
+    >>> x = Symbol("x")
+    >>> y = Function("y")(x)
+    >>> ode = diff(y, x, 3) + y * diff(y, x, 2)
+    >>> determining = overdetermined_system_ode(ode, [y], [x])
+    >>> for e in lie_derivative_printer(determining, [y], [x], output="text"):
+    ...     print(e)
+    Y_xx*y + Y_xxx
+    -9*X_xy + X_y*y + 3*Y_yy
+    -3*X_xyy - X_yy*y + Y_yyy
+    -X_xx*y - X_xxx + 3*Y_xxy + 2*Y_xy*y
+    -3*X_xxy - 2*X_xy*y + 3*Y_xyy + Y_yy*y
+    X_x*y - 3*X_xx + Y + 3*Y_xy
+    X_y
+    X_yy
+    X_yyy
+
+In JupyterLab, `lie_derivative_printer` without `output` renders them as formulas, and `ltf`
+does so for a single expression. `overdetermined_system_odes` and `overdetermined_system_pde`
+work the same way for systems of ODEs and for scalar PDEs.
+
+### Their Janet basis
+
+    >>> from delierium import janet_basis_from_ode
+    >>> for e in janet_basis_from_ode(ode, y, x):
+    ...     print(e)
+    D(X(y(x), x), x) + (1/y(x)) * Y(y(x), x)
+    D(X(y(x), x), y(x))
+    D(Y(y(x), x), x)
+    D(Y(y(x), x), y(x)) + (-1/y(x)) * Y(y(x), x)
+
+Every derivative of `X` and `Y` is determined by these four equations, only the values of
+`X` and `Y` themselves are free: the Blasius equation has a two-dimensional Lie algebra of
+point symmetries, `d/dx` and `x d/dx - y d/dy`.
+
+### Janet bases of linear systems
+
+`JanetBasis` takes a list of linear homogeneous PDEs, the unknown functions and the
+variables (highest first), and optionally a ranking (`Mgrevlex`, the default, `Mgrlex`,
+`Mlex`). Schwarz's system (2.25):
+
+    >>> from sympy import symbols
+    >>> from delierium import JanetBasis
+    >>> x, y = symbols("x y")
+    >>> z = Function("z")(x, y)
+    >>> w = Function("w")(x, y)
+    >>> g1 = diff(z, y, y) + diff(z, y) / (2 * y)
+    >>> g2 = diff(w, x, x) + 4 * diff(w, y) * y**2 - 8 * y**2 * diff(z, x) - 8 * w * y
+    >>> g3 = diff(w, x, y) - diff(z, x, x) / 2 - diff(w, x) / (2 * y) - 6 * y**2 * diff(z, y)
+    >>> g4 = diff(w, y, y) - 2 * diff(z, x, y) - diff(w, y) / (2 * y) + w / (2 * y**2)
+    >>> janet = JanetBasis([g2, g3, g4, g1], (w, z), (x, y))
+    >>> for e in janet.S:
+    ...     print(e)
+    D(z(x, y), y)
+    D(z(x, y), x) + (1/(2*y)) * w(x, y)
+    D(w(x, y), y) + (-1/y) * w(x, y)
+    D(w(x, y), x)
+    >>> janet.rank()
+    2
+    >>> print(janet.parametric_derivatives())
+    [w(x, y), z(x, y)]
+    >>> print(janet.principal_derivatives(1))
+    [Derivative(w(x, y), x), Derivative(w(x, y), y), Derivative(z(x, y), x), Derivative(z(x, y), y)]
+
+`rank()` is `oo` if there are infinitely many parametric derivatives. `assumed_nonzero()`
+lists the factors the computation divided by: where one of them vanishes, for special
+values of parameters or on singular lines, the Janet basis may differ.
+`parameter_conditions()` gives these special cases of the parameters.
+
+### Pictures
+
+`delierium.visualization` needs matplotlib (`delierium[plot]`) and is not imported by
+`import delierium`:
+
+    from delierium.visualization import staircase, vector_fields, ode_solutions, animate_flow
+
+    staircase(janet)                                  # leading, principal, parametric derivatives
+    curves = ode_solutions(ode, y)                    # solution curves of an ODE
+    vector_fields([("1", "0"), ("x", "-y")], symbols("x y"), curves)
+    animate_flow(("x", "-y"), symbols("x y"), curves) # in Jupyter: HTML(_.to_jshtml())
+
+A generator is a tuple of its components, the independent variables first: `("x", "-y")` is
+`x d/dx - y d/dy`.
+
+# The package
+
+The public interface is what `delierium` exports; `help(delierium)` lists it:
+
+* determining equations: `overdetermined_system_ode`, `overdetermined_system_odes`,
+  `overdetermined_system_pde`, `prolongation`, `make_infinitesimal`, `create_infinitesimals`
+* Janet bases: `JanetBasis` (with `rank`, `parametric_derivatives`, `principal_derivatives`,
+  `type`, `assumed_nonzero`, `parameter_conditions`, `representation`),
+  `janet_basis_from_ode`, `janet_basis_from_odes`, `integrability_conditions`, and checks
+  against published bases: `is_janet_basis_of`, `is_janet_basis_of_ode`,
+  `is_janet_basis_of_odes`
+* rankings: `Context`, `Mgrevlex`, `Mgrlex`, `Mlex`
+* the notation of Lie: `lie_form`, `ltf`, `lie_derivative_printer`
+* operators: `euler_operator`, `frechet_derivative`, `adjoint_frechet_derivative`,
+  `variational_derivative`
+* pictures: the module `delierium.visualization`
+
+### Tests and the symmetry catalogue
+
+`tests/symmetry_catalog.py` is a catalogue of about 260 ODEs, systems of ODEs and PDEs with
+their known symmetries: Kamke's collection (as classified in Schwarz's Appendix E), the
+examples and exercises of Arrigo, Schwarz, Hydon, Baumann and others, and classical
+equations. For each, the listed generators have to solve the determining equations and the
+rank of their Janet basis has to be the dimension of the symmetry algebra.
+`tests/test_schwarz_examples.py` checks the Janet bases printed in Schwarz's book, coefficients
+included.
+
+    uv run pytest                    # the fast tests, including the doctests of this README
+    uv run pytest -m slow -n auto    # the whole catalogue, about 15 s
+
+### Notebooks
+
+* `notebooks/Catalogue_template.ipynb`: pick an equation of the catalogue by name; its
+  Janet basis and pictures.
+* `notebooks/Arrigo`, `Baumann`, `Schwarz`, `Khare-Timol`: the examples of these books and
+  papers, in their order, built the same way.
+* `notebooks/Backlund`: Bäcklund transformations (sine-Gordon, Liouville, Burgers, KdV), and
+  the symmetries of their equations.
+
+# Open problems
+
+Equations delierium cannot handle yet are tests in `tests/test_open_problems.py`, each
+documented in its module docstring: what is asked, what delierium does, why it fails, what
+is known, and ways forward. They are skipped by default; run them with
+
+    uv run pytest -m too_slow --run-too-slow
+
+1. The symmetries of `2 (K(u) u')' + x u' = 0` for an arbitrary `K(u)` (the
+   Boltzmann-reduced nonlinear diffusion equation, a group classification problem): the
+   Janet basis does not finish, as every differentiation brings in the next derivative of
+   `K` as a new generator of the coefficients.
+2. The determining equation of the general second order ODE `u'' = F(x, u, u')` with an
+   arbitrary `F`: splitting the symmetry condition fails, as `F` is an arbitrary function of
+   the jet variable `u'`.
+3. Kamke 6.171 and 6.219 with symbolic parameters: the Janet basis does not finish in
+   reasonable time. The catalogue checks them at random parameter values, which give the
+   generic dimension.
+
+# Literature
+
+* Werner M. Seiler: Involution. The Formal Theory of Differential Equations and its
+  Applications in Computer Algebra, Springer Berlin 2010, ISBN 978-3-642-26135-0.
+* Fritz Schwarz: Algorithmic Lie Theory for Solving Ordinary Differential Equations, CRC
+  Press 2008, ISBN 978-1-58488-889-5.
+* Fritz Schwarz: Loewy Decomposition of Linear Differential Equations, Springer Wien 2012,
+  ISBN 978-3-7091-1687-6.
+* Daniel J. Arrigo: Symmetry Analysis of Differential Equations, Wiley Hoboken/New Jersey
+  2015, ISBN 978-1-118-72140-7.
+* Gerd Baumann: Symmetry Analysis of Differential Equations with Mathematica, Springer New
+  York Berlin Heidelberg 2000, ISBN 0-387-98552-2.
+* Peter E. Hydon: Symmetry Methods for Differential Equations, Cambridge University Press
+  2000.
+* Erich Kamke: Differentialgleichungen. Lösungsmethoden und Lösungen.
+* John Starrett: Solving Differential Equations by Symmetry Groups,
+  https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233653257_Solving_Differential_Equations_by_Symmetry_Groups
+* Alexey A. Kasatkin, Aliya A. Gainetdinova: Symbolic and Numerical Methods for Searching
+  Symmetries of Ordinary Differential Equations with a Small Parameter and Reducing Its
+  Order, https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-030-26831-2_19
+* Vishwas Khare, M. G. Timol: New Algorithm In SageMath To Check Symmetry Of Ode Of First
+  Order,
+  https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338388495_New_Algorithm_In_SageMath_To_Check_Symmetry_Of_Ode_Of_First_Order
+
+# License
+
+MIT, see `LICENSE`.

delierium-1.0.0/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
+# delierium
+<span style="font-size:30px;"><b>D</b>ifferential <b>E</b>quations' <b>LIE</b> symmetries <b>R</b>esearch <b>I</b>nstr<b>UM</b>ent</span>
+
+Lie point symmetries of ordinary and partial differential equations with Python and SymPy,
+using Janet bases.
+
+# Release 1.0.0
+
+Had a hard time debugging and profiling (a Janet base is, after all, a Gröbner base, with all
+its implications during computation), and claude was of great help to find and fix all the
+next-to-last bugs.
+
+delierium computes
+
+* the **determining equations** of the Lie point symmetries of an ODE, a system of ODEs or a
+  scalar PDE,
+* **Janet bases** of linear systems of PDEs, in particular of these determining equations,
+  fraction free, with the conditions they assume (factors assumed nonzero, special cases of
+  the parameters),
+* from a Janet basis its **rank** (the dimension of the solution space, for determining
+  equations the dimension of the Lie algebra of point symmetries), its **parametric** and
+  **principal derivatives** and its type,
+* **pictures**: the staircase of a Janet basis, symmetry generators as vector fields with
+  solution curves, their flows as animations.
+
+A catalogue of about 260 equations with known symmetries from the literature checks it
+(see *Tests*). Solving the determining equations for the infinitesimals themselves is not
+part of this release.
+
+# Installation
+
+    pip install delierium            # the package, needs Python 3.12 or newer
+    pip install "delierium[plot]"    # with matplotlib, for delierium.visualization
+
+delierium runs on Python 3.12, 3.13 and 3.14; the whole test suite passes on each of them.
+With uv, choose the version with `--python`, e.g. `uv sync --python 3.12` for the
+environment of the project, or, without touching it,
+
+    uv run --isolated --python 3.13 --group test pytest
+
+From the sources, with [uv](https://docs.astral.sh/uv/):
+
+    git clone https://github.com/tapir442/delierium.git
+    cd delierium
+    uv sync                          # the package and the development tools
+    uv sync --group notebooks        # also JupyterLab and matplotlib, for the notebooks
+
+# How to use
+
+### The determining equations of an ODE
+
+The Blasius equation `y''' + y y'' = 0`. `lie_derivative_printer` writes them in the notation
+of Lie: `X_xy` is the second derivative of the infinitesimal `X` by `x` and `y`.
+
+    >>> from sympy import Function, Symbol, diff
+    >>> from delierium import lie_derivative_printer, overdetermined_system_ode
+    >>> x = Symbol("x")
+    >>> y = Function("y")(x)
+    >>> ode = diff(y, x, 3) + y * diff(y, x, 2)
+    >>> determining = overdetermined_system_ode(ode, [y], [x])
+    >>> for e in lie_derivative_printer(determining, [y], [x], output="text"):
+    ...     print(e)
+    Y_xx*y + Y_xxx
+    -9*X_xy + X_y*y + 3*Y_yy
+    -3*X_xyy - X_yy*y + Y_yyy
+    -X_xx*y - X_xxx + 3*Y_xxy + 2*Y_xy*y
+    -3*X_xxy - 2*X_xy*y + 3*Y_xyy + Y_yy*y
+    X_x*y - 3*X_xx + Y + 3*Y_xy
+    X_y
+    X_yy
+    X_yyy
+
+In JupyterLab, `lie_derivative_printer` without `output` renders them as formulas, and `ltf`
+does so for a single expression. `overdetermined_system_odes` and `overdetermined_system_pde`
+work the same way for systems of ODEs and for scalar PDEs.
+
+### Their Janet basis
+
+    >>> from delierium import janet_basis_from_ode
+    >>> for e in janet_basis_from_ode(ode, y, x):
+    ...     print(e)
+    D(X(y(x), x), x) + (1/y(x)) * Y(y(x), x)
+    D(X(y(x), x), y(x))
+    D(Y(y(x), x), x)
+    D(Y(y(x), x), y(x)) + (-1/y(x)) * Y(y(x), x)
+
+Every derivative of `X` and `Y` is determined by these four equations, only the values of
+`X` and `Y` themselves are free: the Blasius equation has a two-dimensional Lie algebra of
+point symmetries, `d/dx` and `x d/dx - y d/dy`.
+
+### Janet bases of linear systems
+
+`JanetBasis` takes a list of linear homogeneous PDEs, the unknown functions and the
+variables (highest first), and optionally a ranking (`Mgrevlex`, the default, `Mgrlex`,
+`Mlex`). Schwarz's system (2.25):
+
+    >>> from sympy import symbols
+    >>> from delierium import JanetBasis
+    >>> x, y = symbols("x y")
+    >>> z = Function("z")(x, y)
+    >>> w = Function("w")(x, y)
+    >>> g1 = diff(z, y, y) + diff(z, y) / (2 * y)
+    >>> g2 = diff(w, x, x) + 4 * diff(w, y) * y**2 - 8 * y**2 * diff(z, x) - 8 * w * y
+    >>> g3 = diff(w, x, y) - diff(z, x, x) / 2 - diff(w, x) / (2 * y) - 6 * y**2 * diff(z, y)
+    >>> g4 = diff(w, y, y) - 2 * diff(z, x, y) - diff(w, y) / (2 * y) + w / (2 * y**2)
+    >>> janet = JanetBasis([g2, g3, g4, g1], (w, z), (x, y))
+    >>> for e in janet.S:
+    ...     print(e)
+    D(z(x, y), y)
+    D(z(x, y), x) + (1/(2*y)) * w(x, y)
+    D(w(x, y), y) + (-1/y) * w(x, y)
+    D(w(x, y), x)
+    >>> janet.rank()
+    2
+    >>> print(janet.parametric_derivatives())
+    [w(x, y), z(x, y)]
+    >>> print(janet.principal_derivatives(1))
+    [Derivative(w(x, y), x), Derivative(w(x, y), y), Derivative(z(x, y), x), Derivative(z(x, y), y)]
+
+`rank()` is `oo` if there are infinitely many parametric derivatives. `assumed_nonzero()`
+lists the factors the computation divided by: where one of them vanishes, for special
+values of parameters or on singular lines, the Janet basis may differ.
+`parameter_conditions()` gives these special cases of the parameters.
+
+### Pictures
+
+`delierium.visualization` needs matplotlib (`delierium[plot]`) and is not imported by
+`import delierium`:
+
+    from delierium.visualization import staircase, vector_fields, ode_solutions, animate_flow
+
+    staircase(janet)                                  # leading, principal, parametric derivatives
+    curves = ode_solutions(ode, y)                    # solution curves of an ODE
+    vector_fields([("1", "0"), ("x", "-y")], symbols("x y"), curves)
+    animate_flow(("x", "-y"), symbols("x y"), curves) # in Jupyter: HTML(_.to_jshtml())
+
+A generator is a tuple of its components, the independent variables first: `("x", "-y")` is
+`x d/dx - y d/dy`.
+
+# The package
+
+The public interface is what `delierium` exports; `help(delierium)` lists it:
+
+* determining equations: `overdetermined_system_ode`, `overdetermined_system_odes`,
+  `overdetermined_system_pde`, `prolongation`, `make_infinitesimal`, `create_infinitesimals`
+* Janet bases: `JanetBasis` (with `rank`, `parametric_derivatives`, `principal_derivatives`,
+  `type`, `assumed_nonzero`, `parameter_conditions`, `representation`),
+  `janet_basis_from_ode`, `janet_basis_from_odes`, `integrability_conditions`, and checks
+  against published bases: `is_janet_basis_of`, `is_janet_basis_of_ode`,
+  `is_janet_basis_of_odes`
+* rankings: `Context`, `Mgrevlex`, `Mgrlex`, `Mlex`
+* the notation of Lie: `lie_form`, `ltf`, `lie_derivative_printer`
+* operators: `euler_operator`, `frechet_derivative`, `adjoint_frechet_derivative`,
+  `variational_derivative`
+* pictures: the module `delierium.visualization`
+
+### Tests and the symmetry catalogue
+
+`tests/symmetry_catalog.py` is a catalogue of about 260 ODEs, systems of ODEs and PDEs with
+their known symmetries: Kamke's collection (as classified in Schwarz's Appendix E), the
+examples and exercises of Arrigo, Schwarz, Hydon, Baumann and others, and classical
+equations. For each, the listed generators have to solve the determining equations and the
+rank of their Janet basis has to be the dimension of the symmetry algebra.
+`tests/test_schwarz_examples.py` checks the Janet bases printed in Schwarz's book, coefficients
+included.
+
+    uv run pytest                    # the fast tests, including the doctests of this README
+    uv run pytest -m slow -n auto    # the whole catalogue, about 15 s
+
+### Notebooks
+
+* `notebooks/Catalogue_template.ipynb`: pick an equation of the catalogue by name; its
+  Janet basis and pictures.
+* `notebooks/Arrigo`, `Baumann`, `Schwarz`, `Khare-Timol`: the examples of these books and
+  papers, in their order, built the same way.
+* `notebooks/Backlund`: Bäcklund transformations (sine-Gordon, Liouville, Burgers, KdV), and
+  the symmetries of their equations.
+
+# Open problems
+
+Equations delierium cannot handle yet are tests in `tests/test_open_problems.py`, each
+documented in its module docstring: what is asked, what delierium does, why it fails, what
+is known, and ways forward. They are skipped by default; run them with
+
+    uv run pytest -m too_slow --run-too-slow
+
+1. The symmetries of `2 (K(u) u')' + x u' = 0` for an arbitrary `K(u)` (the
+   Boltzmann-reduced nonlinear diffusion equation, a group classification problem): the
+   Janet basis does not finish, as every differentiation brings in the next derivative of
+   `K` as a new generator of the coefficients.
+2. The determining equation of the general second order ODE `u'' = F(x, u, u')` with an
+   arbitrary `F`: splitting the symmetry condition fails, as `F` is an arbitrary function of
+   the jet variable `u'`.
+3. Kamke 6.171 and 6.219 with symbolic parameters: the Janet basis does not finish in
+   reasonable time. The catalogue checks them at random parameter values, which give the
+   generic dimension.
+
+# Literature
+
+* Werner M. Seiler: Involution. The Formal Theory of Differential Equations and its
+  Applications in Computer Algebra, Springer Berlin 2010, ISBN 978-3-642-26135-0.
+* Fritz Schwarz: Algorithmic Lie Theory for Solving Ordinary Differential Equations, CRC
+  Press 2008, ISBN 978-1-58488-889-5.
+* Fritz Schwarz: Loewy Decomposition of Linear Differential Equations, Springer Wien 2012,
+  ISBN 978-3-7091-1687-6.
+* Daniel J. Arrigo: Symmetry Analysis of Differential Equations, Wiley Hoboken/New Jersey
+  2015, ISBN 978-1-118-72140-7.
+* Gerd Baumann: Symmetry Analysis of Differential Equations with Mathematica, Springer New
+  York Berlin Heidelberg 2000, ISBN 0-387-98552-2.
+* Peter E. Hydon: Symmetry Methods for Differential Equations, Cambridge University Press
+  2000.
+* Erich Kamke: Differentialgleichungen. Lösungsmethoden und Lösungen.
+* John Starrett: Solving Differential Equations by Symmetry Groups,
+  https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233653257_Solving_Differential_Equations_by_Symmetry_Groups
+* Alexey A. Kasatkin, Aliya A. Gainetdinova: Symbolic and Numerical Methods for Searching
+  Symmetries of Ordinary Differential Equations with a Small Parameter and Reducing Its
+  Order, https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-030-26831-2_19
+* Vishwas Khare, M. G. Timol: New Algorithm In SageMath To Check Symmetry Of Ode Of First
+  Order,
+  https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338388495_New_Algorithm_In_SageMath_To_Check_Symmetry_Of_Ode_Of_First_Order
+
+# License
+
+MIT, see `LICENSE`.