crawlee 1.0.5b12__tar.gz → 1.0.5b14__tar.gz

{crawlee-1.0.5b12 → crawlee-1.0.5b14}/.github/workflows/run_code_checks.yaml

@@ -40,3 +40,4 @@ jobs:
   docs_check:
     name: Docs check
     uses: apify/workflows/.github/workflows/python_docs_check.yaml@main
+    secrets: inherit

{crawlee-1.0.5b12 → crawlee-1.0.5b14}/CHANGELOG.md

@@ -8,11 +8,13 @@ All notable changes to this project will be documented in this file.
 ### 🚀 Features
 
 - Add `chrome` `BrowserType` for `PlaywrightCrawler` to use the Chrome browser ([#1487](https://github.com/apify/crawlee-python/pull/1487)) ([b06937b](https://github.com/apify/crawlee-python/commit/b06937bbc3afe3c936b554bfc503365c1b2c526b)) by [@Mantisus](https://github.com/Mantisus), closes [#1071](https://github.com/apify/crawlee-python/issues/1071)
+- Add `RedisStorageClient` based on Redis v8.0+ ([#1406](https://github.com/apify/crawlee-python/pull/1406)) ([d08d13d](https://github.com/apify/crawlee-python/commit/d08d13d39203c24ab61fe254b0956d6744db3b5f)) by [@Mantisus](https://github.com/Mantisus)
 
 ### 🐛 Bug Fixes
 
 - Improve indexing of the `request_queue_records` table for `SqlRequestQueueClient` ([#1527](https://github.com/apify/crawlee-python/pull/1527)) ([6509534](https://github.com/apify/crawlee-python/commit/65095346a9d8b703b10c91e0510154c3c48a4176)) by [@Mantisus](https://github.com/Mantisus), closes [#1526](https://github.com/apify/crawlee-python/issues/1526)
 - Improve error handling for `RobotsTxtFile.load` ([#1524](https://github.com/apify/crawlee-python/pull/1524)) ([596a311](https://github.com/apify/crawlee-python/commit/596a31184914a254b3e7a81fd2f48ea8eda7db49)) by [@Mantisus](https://github.com/Mantisus)
+- Fix `crawler_runtime` not being updated during run and only in the end ([#1540](https://github.com/apify/crawlee-python/pull/1540)) ([0d6c3f6](https://github.com/apify/crawlee-python/commit/0d6c3f6d3337ddb6cab4873747c28cf95605d550)) by [@Pijukatel](https://github.com/Pijukatel), closes [#1541](https://github.com/apify/crawlee-python/issues/1541)
 
 
 <!-- git-cliff-unreleased-end -->

{crawlee-1.0.5b12 → crawlee-1.0.5b14}/Makefile

@@ -4,9 +4,6 @@
 # This is default for local testing, but GitHub workflows override it to a higher value in CI
 E2E_TESTS_CONCURRENCY = 1
 
-# Placeholder token; replace with a real one for local docs testing if needed
-APIFY_TOKEN = apify_api_token_placeholder
-
 clean:
 	rm -rf .mypy_cache .pytest_cache .ruff_cache build dist htmlcov .coverage
 
@@ -58,4 +55,4 @@ build-docs:
 	cd website && corepack enable && yarn && uv run yarn build
 
 run-docs: build-api-reference
-	export APIFY_SIGNING_TOKEN=$(APIFY_TOKEN) && cd website && corepack enable && yarn && uv run yarn start
+	cd website && corepack enable && yarn && uv run yarn start

{crawlee-1.0.5b12 → crawlee-1.0.5b14}/PKG-INFO

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 Metadata-Version: 2.4
 Name: crawlee
-Version: 1.0.5b12
+Version: 1.0.5b14
 Summary: Crawlee for Python
 Project-URL: Apify Homepage, https://apify.com
 Project-URL: Changelog, https://crawlee.dev/python/docs/changelog
@@ -263,6 +263,7 @@ Requires-Dist: opentelemetry-sdk>=1.34.1; extra == 'all'
 Requires-Dist: opentelemetry-semantic-conventions>=0.54; extra == 'all'
 Requires-Dist: parsel>=1.10.0; extra == 'all'
 Requires-Dist: playwright>=1.27.0; extra == 'all'
+Requires-Dist: redis[hiredis]>=7.0.0; extra == 'all'
 Requires-Dist: rich>=13.9.0; extra == 'all'
 Requires-Dist: scikit-learn>=1.6.0; extra == 'all'
 Requires-Dist: sqlalchemy[asyncio]<3.0.0,>=2.0.0; extra == 'all'
@@ -296,6 +297,8 @@ Provides-Extra: playwright
 Requires-Dist: apify-fingerprint-datapoints>=0.0.2; extra == 'playwright'
 Requires-Dist: browserforge>=1.2.3; extra == 'playwright'
 Requires-Dist: playwright>=1.27.0; extra == 'playwright'
+Provides-Extra: redis
+Requires-Dist: redis[hiredis]>=7.0.0; extra == 'redis'
 Provides-Extra: sql-postgres
 Requires-Dist: asyncpg>=0.24.0; extra == 'sql-postgres'
 Requires-Dist: sqlalchemy[asyncio]<3.0.0,>=2.0.0; extra == 'sql-postgres'

crawlee-1.0.5b14/docs/guides/code_examples/storage_clients/redis_storage_client_basic_example.py

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+from crawlee.crawlers import ParselCrawler
+from crawlee.storage_clients import RedisStorageClient
+
+# Create a new instance of storage client using connection string.
+# 'redis://localhost:6379' is the just placeholder, replace it with your actual
+# connection string.
+storage_client = RedisStorageClient(connection_string='redis://localhost:6379')
+
+# And pass it to the crawler.
+crawler = ParselCrawler(storage_client=storage_client)

crawlee-1.0.5b14/docs/guides/code_examples/storage_clients/redis_storage_client_configuration_example.py

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+from redis.asyncio import Redis
+
+from crawlee.configuration import Configuration
+from crawlee.crawlers import ParselCrawler
+from crawlee.storage_clients import RedisStorageClient
+
+# Create a new instance of storage client using a Redis client with custom settings.
+# Replace host and port with your actual Redis server configuration.
+# Other Redis client settings can be adjusted as needed.
+storage_client = RedisStorageClient(
+    redis=Redis(
+        host='localhost',
+        port=6379,
+        retry_on_timeout=True,
+        socket_keepalive=True,
+        socket_connect_timeout=10,
+    )
+)
+
+# Create a configuration with custom settings.
+configuration = Configuration(purge_on_start=False)
+
+# And pass them to the crawler.
+crawler = ParselCrawler(
+    storage_client=storage_client,
+    configuration=configuration,
+)

{crawlee-1.0.5b12 → crawlee-1.0.5b14}/docs/guides/storage_clients.mdx

@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@ import CustomStorageClientExample from '!!raw-loader!roa-loader!./code_examples/
 import RegisteringStorageClientsExample from '!!raw-loader!roa-loader!./code_examples/storage_clients/registering_storage_clients_example.py';
 import SQLStorageClientBasicExample from '!!raw-loader!roa-loader!./code_examples/storage_clients/sql_storage_client_basic_example.py';
 import SQLStorageClientConfigurationExample from '!!raw-loader!./code_examples/storage_clients/sql_storage_client_configuration_example.py';
+import RedisStorageClientBasicExample from '!!raw-loader!./code_examples/storage_clients/redis_storage_client_basic_example.py';
+import RedisStorageClientConfigurationExample from '!!raw-loader!./code_examples/storage_clients/redis_storage_client_configuration_example.py';
 
 Storage clients provide a unified interface for interacting with <ApiLink to="class/Dataset">`Dataset`</ApiLink>, <ApiLink to="class/KeyValueStore">`KeyValueStore`</ApiLink>, and <ApiLink to="class/RequestQueue">`RequestQueue`</ApiLink>, regardless of the underlying implementation. They handle operations like creating, reading, updating, and deleting storage instances, as well as managing data persistence and cleanup. This abstraction makes it easy to switch between different environments, such as local development and cloud production setups.
 
@@ -26,7 +28,8 @@ Crawlee provides three main storage client implementations:
 
 - <ApiLink to="class/FileSystemStorageClient">`FileSystemStorageClient`</ApiLink> - Provides persistent file system storage with in-memory caching.
 - <ApiLink to="class/MemoryStorageClient">`MemoryStorageClient`</ApiLink> - Stores data in memory with no persistence.
-- <ApiLink to="class/SqlStorageClient">`SqlStorageClient`</ApiLink> – Provides persistent storage using a SQL database ([SQLite](https://sqlite.org/) or [PostgreSQL](https://www.postgresql.org/)). Requires installing the extra dependency: 'crawlee[sql_sqlite]' for SQLite or 'crawlee[sql_postgres]' for PostgreSQL.
+- <ApiLink to="class/SqlStorageClient">`SqlStorageClient`</ApiLink> - Provides persistent storage using a SQL database ([SQLite](https://sqlite.org/) or [PostgreSQL](https://www.postgresql.org/)). Requires installing the extra dependency: `crawlee[sql_sqlite]` for SQLite or `crawlee[sql_postgres]` for PostgreSQL.
+- <ApiLink to="class/RedisStorageClient">`RedisStorageClient`</ApiLink> - Provides persistent storage using a [Redis](https://redis.io/) database v8.0+. Requires installing the extra dependency `crawlee[redis]`.
 - [`ApifyStorageClient`](https://docs.apify.com/sdk/python/reference/class/ApifyStorageClient) - Manages storage on the [Apify platform](https://apify.com), implemented in the [Apify SDK](https://github.com/apify/apify-sdk-python).
 
 ```mermaid
@@ -56,6 +59,8 @@ class MemoryStorageClient
 
 class SqlStorageClient
 
+class RedisStorageClient
+
 class ApifyStorageClient
 
 %% ========================
@@ -65,6 +70,7 @@ class ApifyStorageClient
 StorageClient --|> FileSystemStorageClient
 StorageClient --|> MemoryStorageClient
 StorageClient --|> SqlStorageClient
+StorageClient --|> RedisStorageClient
 StorageClient --|> ApifyStorageClient
 ```
 
@@ -304,8 +310,8 @@ Configuration options for the <ApiLink to="class/SqlStorageClient">`SqlStorageCl
 
 Configuration options for the <ApiLink to="class/SqlStorageClient">`SqlStorageClient`</ApiLink> can be set via constructor arguments:
 
-- **`connection_string`** (default: SQLite in <ApiLink to="class/Configuration">`Configuration`</ApiLink> storage dir) – SQLAlchemy connection string, e.g. `sqlite+aiosqlite:///my.db` or `postgresql+asyncpg://user:pass@host/db`.
-- **`engine`** – Pre-configured SQLAlchemy AsyncEngine (optional).
+- **`connection_string`** (default: SQLite in <ApiLink to="class/Configuration">`Configuration`</ApiLink> storage dir) - SQLAlchemy connection string, e.g. `sqlite+aiosqlite:///my.db` or `postgresql+asyncpg://user:pass@host/db`.
+- **`engine`** - Pre-configured SQLAlchemy AsyncEngine (optional).
 
 For advanced scenarios, you can configure <ApiLink to="class/SqlStorageClient">`SqlStorageClient`</ApiLink> with a custom SQLAlchemy engine and additional options via the <ApiLink to="class/Configuration">`Configuration`</ApiLink> class. This is useful, for example, when connecting to an external PostgreSQL database or customizing connection pooling.
 
@@ -313,6 +319,172 @@ For advanced scenarios, you can configure <ApiLink to="class/SqlStorageClient">`
     {SQLStorageClientConfigurationExample}
 </CodeBlock>
 
+### Redis storage client
+
+:::warning Experimental feature
+The <ApiLink to="class/RedisStorageClient">`RedisStorageClient`</ApiLink> is experimental. Its API and behavior may change in future releases.
+:::
+
+The <ApiLink to="class/RedisStorageClient">`RedisStorageClient`</ApiLink> provides persistent storage using [Redis](https://redis.io/) database. It supports concurrent access from multiple independent clients or processes and uses Redis native data structures for efficient operations.
+
+:::note dependencies
+The <ApiLink to="class/RedisStorageClient">`RedisStorageClient`</ApiLink> is not included in the core Crawlee package.
+To use it, you need to install Crawlee with the Redis extra dependency:
+
+<code>pip install 'crawlee[redis]'</code>
+
+Additionally, Redis version 8.0 or higher is required.
+:::
+
+:::note Redis persistence
+Data persistence in Redis depends on your [database configuration](https://redis.io/docs/latest/operate/oss_and_stack/management/persistence/).
+:::
+
+The client requires either a Redis connection string or a pre-configured Redis client instance. Use a pre-configured client when you need custom Redis settings such as connection pooling, timeouts, or SSL/TLS encryption.
+
+<CodeBlock className="language-python" language="python">
+    {RedisStorageClientBasicExample}
+</CodeBlock>
+
+Data is organized using Redis key patterns. Below are the main data structures used for each storage type:
+
+```mermaid
+---
+config:
+    class:
+        hideEmptyMembersBox: true
+---
+
+classDiagram
+
+%% ========================
+%% Storage Client
+%% ========================
+
+class RedisDatasetClient {
+    <<Dataset>>
+}
+
+%% ========================
+%% Dataset Keys
+%% ========================
+
+class DatasetKeys {
+    datasets:[name]:items - JSON Array
+    datasets:[name]:metadata - JSON Object
+}
+
+class DatasetsIndexes {
+    datasets:id_to_name - Hash
+    datasets:name_to_id - Hash
+}
+
+%% ========================
+%% Client to Keys arrows
+%% ========================
+
+RedisDatasetClient --> DatasetKeys
+RedisDatasetClient --> DatasetsIndexes
+```
+
+```mermaid
+---
+config:
+    class:
+        hideEmptyMembersBox: true
+---
+
+classDiagram
+
+%% ========================
+%% Storage Clients
+%% ========================
+
+class RedisKeyValueStoreClient {
+    <<Key-value store>>
+}
+
+%% ========================
+%% Key-Value Store Keys
+%% ========================
+
+class KeyValueStoreKeys {
+    key_value_stores:[name]:items - Hash
+    key_value_stores:[name]:metadata_items - Hash
+    key_value_stores:[name]:metadata - JSON Object
+}
+
+class KeyValueStoresIndexes {
+    key_value_stores:id_to_name - Hash
+    key_value_stores:name_to_id - Hash
+}
+
+%% ========================
+%% Client to Keys arrows
+%% ========================
+
+RedisKeyValueStoreClient --> KeyValueStoreKeys
+RedisKeyValueStoreClient --> KeyValueStoresIndexes
+```
+
+```mermaid
+---
+config:
+    class:
+        hideEmptyMembersBox: true
+---
+
+classDiagram
+
+%% ========================
+%% Storage Clients
+%% ========================
+
+class RedisRequestQueueClient {
+    <<Request queue>>
+}
+
+%% ========================
+%% Request Queue Keys
+%% ========================
+
+class RequestQueueKeys{
+    request_queues:[name]:queue - List
+    request_queues:[name]:data - Hash
+    request_queues:[name]:in_progress - Hash
+    request_queues:[name]:added_bloom_filter - Bloom Filter | bloom queue_dedup_strategy
+    request_queues:[name]:handled_bloom_filter - Bloom Filter | bloom queue_dedup_strategy
+    request_queues:[name]:pending_set - Set | default queue_dedup_strategy
+    request_queues:[name]:handled_set - Set | default queue_dedup_strategy
+    request_queues:[name]:metadata - JSON Object
+}
+
+class RequestQueuesIndexes {
+    request_queues:id_to_name - Hash
+    request_queues:name_to_id - Hash
+}
+
+%% ========================
+%% Client to Keys arrows
+%% ========================
+
+RedisRequestQueueClient --> RequestQueueKeys
+RedisRequestQueueClient --> RequestQueuesIndexes
+```
+
+Configuration options for the <ApiLink to="class/RedisStorageClient">`RedisStorageClient`</ApiLink> can be set through environment variables or the <ApiLink to="class/Configuration">`Configuration`</ApiLink> class:
+
+- **`purge_on_start`** (env: `CRAWLEE_PURGE_ON_START`, default: `True`) - Whether to purge default storages on start.
+
+Configuration options for the <ApiLink to="class/RedisStorageClient">`RedisStorageClient`</ApiLink> can be set via constructor arguments:
+
+- **`connection_string`** - Redis connection string, e.g. `redis://localhost:6379/0`.
+- **`redis`** - Pre-configured Redis client instance (optional).
+
+<CodeBlock className="language-python" language="python">
+    {RedisStorageClientConfigurationExample}
+</CodeBlock>
+
 ## Creating a custom storage client
 
 A storage client consists of two parts: the storage client factory and individual storage type clients. The <ApiLink to="class/StorageClient">`StorageClient`</ApiLink> acts as a factory that creates specific clients (<ApiLink to="class/DatasetClient">`DatasetClient`</ApiLink>, <ApiLink to="class/KeyValueStoreClient">`KeyValueStoreClient`</ApiLink>, <ApiLink to="class/RequestQueueClient">`RequestQueueClient`</ApiLink>) where the actual storage logic is implemented.

{crawlee-1.0.5b12 → crawlee-1.0.5b14}/pyproject.toml

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ build-backend = "hatchling.build"
 
 [project]
 name = "crawlee"
-version = "1.0.5b12"
+version = "1.0.5b14"
 description = "Crawlee for Python"
 authors = [{ name = "Apify Technologies s.r.o.", email = "support@apify.com" }]
 license = { file = "LICENSE" }
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ dependencies = [
 ]
 
 [project.optional-dependencies]
-all = ["crawlee[adaptive-crawler,beautifulsoup,cli,curl-impersonate,httpx,parsel,playwright,otel,sql_sqlite,sql_postgres]"]
+all = ["crawlee[adaptive-crawler,beautifulsoup,cli,curl-impersonate,httpx,parsel,playwright,otel,sql_sqlite,sql_postgres,redis]"]
 adaptive-crawler = [
     "jaro-winkler>=2.0.3",
     "playwright>=1.27.0",
@@ -79,6 +79,7 @@ sql_sqlite = [
     "sqlalchemy[asyncio]>=2.0.0,<3.0.0",
     "aiosqlite>=0.21.0",
 ]
+redis = ["redis[hiredis] >= 7.0.0"]
 
 [project.scripts]
 crawlee = "crawlee._cli:cli"
@@ -98,6 +99,7 @@ dev = [
     "apify_client", # For e2e tests.
     "build<2.0.0", # For e2e tests.
     "dycw-pytest-only<3.0.0",
+    "fakeredis[probabilistic,json,lua]<3.0.0",
     "mypy~=1.18.0",
     "pre-commit<5.0.0",
     "proxy-py<3.0.0",

{crawlee-1.0.5b12 → crawlee-1.0.5b14}/src/crawlee/crawlers/_adaptive_playwright/_adaptive_playwright_crawler.py

@@ -71,7 +71,6 @@ class _NonPersistentStatistics(Statistics):
     async def __aenter__(self) -> Self:
         self._active = True
         await self._state.initialize()
-        self._after_initialize()
         return self
 
     async def __aexit__(

{crawlee-1.0.5b12 → crawlee-1.0.5b14}/src/crawlee/statistics/_statistics.py

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 # Inspiration: https://github.com/apify/crawlee/blob/v3.9.2/packages/core/src/crawlers/statistics.ts
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+import asyncio
 import math
 import time
 from datetime import datetime, timedelta, timezone
@@ -84,8 +85,6 @@ class Statistics(Generic[TStatisticsState]):
         self._id = Statistics.__next_id
         Statistics.__next_id += 1
 
-        self._instance_start: datetime | None = None
-
         self.error_tracker = ErrorTracker(
             save_error_snapshots=save_error_snapshots,
             snapshot_kvs_name=persist_state_kvs_name,
@@ -111,6 +110,9 @@ class Statistics(Generic[TStatisticsState]):
         # Flag to indicate the context state.
         self._active = False
 
+        # Pre-existing runtime offset, that can be non-zero when restoring serialized state from KVS.
+        self._runtime_offset = timedelta(seconds=0)
+
     def replace_state_model(self, state_model: type[TNewStatisticsState]) -> Statistics[TNewStatisticsState]:
         """Create near copy of the `Statistics` with replaced `state_model`."""
         new_statistics: Statistics[TNewStatisticsState] = Statistics(
@@ -165,14 +167,17 @@ class Statistics(Generic[TStatisticsState]):
         if self._active:
             raise RuntimeError(f'The {self.__class__.__name__} is already active.')
 
-        self._active = True
-        self._instance_start = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
-
         await self._state.initialize()
-        self._after_initialize()
 
+        self._runtime_offset = self.state.crawler_runtime
+
+        # Start periodic logging and let it print initial state before activation.
         self._periodic_logger.start()
+        await asyncio.sleep(0.01)
+        self._active = True
 
+        self.state.crawler_last_started_at = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
+        self.state.crawler_started_at = self.state.crawler_started_at or self.state.crawler_last_started_at
         return self
 
     async def __aexit__(
@@ -191,14 +196,16 @@ class Statistics(Generic[TStatisticsState]):
 
         if not self.state.crawler_last_started_at:
             raise RuntimeError('Statistics.state.crawler_last_started_at not set.')
-        self.state.crawler_finished_at = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
-        self.state.crawler_runtime += self.state.crawler_finished_at - self.state.crawler_last_started_at
-
-        await self._state.teardown()
 
+        # Stop logging and deactivate the statistics to prevent further changes to crawler_runtime
         await self._periodic_logger.stop()
+        self.state.crawler_finished_at = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
+        self.state.crawler_runtime = (
+            self._runtime_offset + self.state.crawler_finished_at - self.state.crawler_last_started_at
+        )
 
         self._active = False
+        await self._state.teardown()
 
     @property
     def state(self) -> TStatisticsState:
@@ -255,10 +262,19 @@ class Statistics(Generic[TStatisticsState]):
 
         del self._requests_in_progress[request_id_or_key]
 
+    def _update_crawler_runtime(self) -> None:
+        current_run_duration = (
+            (datetime.now(timezone.utc) - self.state.crawler_last_started_at)
+            if self.state.crawler_last_started_at
+            else timedelta()
+        )
+        self.state.crawler_runtime = current_run_duration + self._runtime_offset
+
     def calculate(self) -> FinalStatistics:
         """Calculate the current statistics."""
-        if self._instance_start is None:
-            raise RuntimeError('The Statistics object is not initialized')
+        if self._active:
+            # Only update state when active. If not, just report the last known runtime.
+            self._update_crawler_runtime()
 
         total_minutes = self.state.crawler_runtime.total_seconds() / 60
         state = self._state.current_value
@@ -291,21 +307,6 @@ class Statistics(Generic[TStatisticsState]):
         else:
             self._periodic_message_logger.info(self._log_message, extra=stats.to_dict())
 
-    def _after_initialize(self) -> None:
-        state = self._state.current_value
-
-        if state.crawler_started_at is None:
-            state.crawler_started_at = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
-
-        if state.stats_persisted_at is not None and state.crawler_last_started_at:
-            self._instance_start = datetime.now(timezone.utc) - (
-                state.stats_persisted_at - state.crawler_last_started_at
-            )
-        elif state.crawler_last_started_at:
-            self._instance_start = state.crawler_last_started_at
-
-        state.crawler_last_started_at = self._instance_start
-
     def _save_retry_count_for_request(self, record: RequestProcessingRecord) -> None:
         retry_count = record.retry_count
         state = self._state.current_value

{crawlee-1.0.5b12 → crawlee-1.0.5b14}/src/crawlee/storage_clients/__init__.py

@@ -13,9 +13,13 @@ _install_import_hook(__name__)
 with _try_import(__name__, 'SqlStorageClient'):
     from ._sql import SqlStorageClient
 
+with _try_import(__name__, 'RedisStorageClient'):
+    from ._redis import RedisStorageClient
+
 __all__ = [
     'FileSystemStorageClient',
     'MemoryStorageClient',
+    'RedisStorageClient',
     'SqlStorageClient',
     'StorageClient',
 ]

crawlee-1.0.5b14/src/crawlee/storage_clients/_redis/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+from ._dataset_client import RedisDatasetClient
+from ._key_value_store_client import RedisKeyValueStoreClient
+from ._request_queue_client import RedisRequestQueueClient
+from ._storage_client import RedisStorageClient
+
+__all__ = ['RedisDatasetClient', 'RedisKeyValueStoreClient', 'RedisRequestQueueClient', 'RedisStorageClient']