bustapi 0.12.0__tar.gz → 0.13.0__tar.gz

bustapi-0.13.0/.github/FUNDING.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# These are supported funding model platforms
+
+custom: ["https://ej.grandpaacademy.org/"]

{bustapi-0.12.0 → bustapi-0.13.0}/CHANGELOG.md

@@ -2,6 +2,24 @@
 
 All notable changes to this project will be documented here.
 
+## [0.13.0] - 2026-05-02
+
+### Added
+- **Robust Header Infrastructure**:
+  - Refactored `Headers` class to use `collections.UserDict` for better standard library compatibility.
+  - Implemented full case-insensitivity for all header operations (get, set, delete).
+  - Added native support for multi-value headers via `headers.add(key, value)` and `headers.getlist(key)`.
+- **WSGI Adapter Enhancements**:
+  - Refactored `WSGIAdapter` to correctly handle multi-value headers.
+  - Integrated application-level error handling (including custom 404/500 handlers) into the WSGI layer.
+
+### Fixed
+- **JWT & Cookie Security**:
+  - Updated `Response.delete_cookie()` signature to accept `secure`, `httponly`, and `samesite` arguments, fixing crashes in JWT logout flows.
+  - Improved cookie attribute handling to ensure consistency between Python and Rust layers.
+- **Response Unwrapping**: Fixed a bug where returning a `Response` object inside another `Response` (common in error handlers using `render_template`) resulted in the object's string representation being sent as the body.
+- **FFI Stability**: Standardized the Python-to-Rust response conversion to ensure reliable header serialization.
+
 ## [0.12.0] - 2026-04-27
 
 ### Added

{bustapi-0.12.0 → bustapi-0.13.0}/Cargo.lock

@@ -438,7 +438,7 @@ checksum = "5d20789868f4b01b2f2caec9f5c4e0213b41e3e5702a50157d699ae31ced2fcb"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "bustapi_core"
-version = "0.12.0"
+version = "0.13.0"
 dependencies = [
  "actix-files",
  "actix-http",
@@ -488,9 +488,9 @@ checksum = "1e748733b7cbc798e1434b6ac524f0c1ff2ab456fe201501e6497c8417a4fc33"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "bytestring"
-version = "1.5.0"
+version = "1.5.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "113b4343b5f6617e7ad401ced8de3cc8b012e73a594347c307b90db3e9271289"
+checksum = "86566c496f2f47d9b8147a4c8b02ffdb69c919fe0c2b2e7195d22cbba0e635c9"
 dependencies = [
  "bytes",
 ]
@@ -1262,9 +1262,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna_adapter"
-version = "1.2.1"
+version = "1.2.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3acae9609540aa318d1bc588455225fb2085b9ed0c4f6bd0d9d5bcd86f1a0344"
+checksum = "cb68373c0d6620ef8105e855e7745e18b0d00d3bdb07fb532e434244cdb9a714"
 dependencies = [
  "icu_normalizer",
  "icu_properties",
@@ -1344,10 +1344,12 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "js-sys"
-version = "0.3.95"
+version = "0.3.97"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2964e92d1d9dc3364cae4d718d93f227e3abb088e747d92e0395bfdedf1c12ca"
+checksum = "a1840c94c045fbcf8ba2812c95db44499f7c64910a912551aaaa541decebcacf"
 dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+ "futures-util",
  "once_cell",
  "wasm-bindgen",
 ]
@@ -2487,9 +2489,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen"
-version = "0.2.118"
+version = "0.2.120"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0bf938a0bacb0469e83c1e148908bd7d5a6010354cf4fb73279b7447422e3a89"
+checksum = "df52b6d9b87e0c74c9edfa1eb2d9bf85e5d63515474513aa50fa181b3c4f5db1"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "once_cell",
@@ -2500,9 +2502,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-macro"
-version = "0.2.118"
+version = "0.2.120"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "eeff24f84126c0ec2db7a449f0c2ec963c6a49efe0698c4242929da037ca28ed"
+checksum = "78b1041f495fb322e64aca85f5756b2172e35cd459376e67f2a6c9dffcedb103"
 dependencies = [
  "quote",
  "wasm-bindgen-macro-support",
@@ -2510,9 +2512,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-macro-support"
-version = "0.2.118"
+version = "0.2.120"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9d08065faf983b2b80a79fd87d8254c409281cf7de75fc4b773019824196c904"
+checksum = "9dcd0ff20416988a18ac686d4d4d0f6aae9ebf08a389ff5d29012b05af2a1b41"
 dependencies = [
  "bumpalo",
  "proc-macro2",
@@ -2523,9 +2525,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-shared"
-version = "0.2.118"
+version = "0.2.120"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5fd04d9e306f1907bd13c6361b5c6bfc7b3b3c095ed3f8a9246390f8dbdee129"
+checksum = "49757b3c82ebf16c57d69365a142940b384176c24df52a087fb748e2085359ea"
 dependencies = [
  "unicode-ident",
 ]

{bustapi-0.12.0 → bustapi-0.13.0}/Cargo.toml

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "bustapi_core"
-version = "0.12.0"
+version = "0.13.0"
 edition = "2021"
 readme = "README.md"
 

{bustapi-0.12.0 → bustapi-0.13.0}/PKG-INFO

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 Metadata-Version: 2.4
 Name: bustapi
-Version: 0.12.0
+Version: 0.13.0
 Classifier: Development Status :: 3 - Alpha
 Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
 Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License
@@ -61,10 +61,10 @@ Author-email: GrandpaEJ <>
 License: MIT
 Requires-Python: >=3.10
 Description-Content-Type: text/markdown; charset=UTF-8; variant=GFM
-Project-URL: Documentation, https://grandpaej.github.io/BustAPI/
-Project-URL: Homepage, https://github.com/GrandpaEJ/bustapi
-Project-URL: Issues, https://github.com/GrandpaEJ/bustapi/issues
-Project-URL: Repository, https://github.com/GrandpaEJ/bustapi.git
+Project-URL: Documentation, https://RUSTxPY.github.io/BustAPI/
+Project-URL: Homepage, https://github.com/RUSTxPY/BustAPI
+Project-URL: Issues, https://github.com/RUSTxPY/BustAPI/issues
+Project-URL: Repository, https://github.com/RUSTxPY/BustAPI.git
 
 # BustAPI — High-Performance Python Web Framework
 
@@ -107,6 +107,7 @@ Under the hood, BustAPI runs on [Actix-Web](https://actix.rs/) — consistently
 - 🦀 **Rust-powered** — Zero-copy JSON, mimalloc allocator, Actix-Web
 - 🐍 **Pure Python API** — No Rust knowledge required
 - 🔒 **Security built-in** — JWT, sessions, CSRF, rate limiting
+- 🛡️ **Robust Header System** — Case-insensitive, multi-value support, high-performance cookie parsing
 - 📦 **Zero config** — `pip install bustapi` and you're ready
 - 🔥 **Hot reload** — Rust-native file watcher for instant restarts
 
@@ -510,13 +511,13 @@ CMD ["python", "app.py"]
 
 ## 📖 Documentation
 
-📚 **[Full Documentation](https://grandpaej.github.io/BustAPI/)**
+📚 **[Full Documentation](https://RUSTxPY.github.io/BustAPI/)**
 
-- [Getting Started](https://grandpaej.github.io/BustAPI/quickstart/)
-- [Routing Guide](https://grandpaej.github.io/BustAPI/user-guide/routing/)
-- [JWT Authentication](https://grandpaej.github.io/BustAPI/user-guide/jwt/)
-- [WebSocket Guide](https://grandpaej.github.io/BustAPI/user-guide/websocket/)
-- [API Reference](https://grandpaej.github.io/BustAPI/api-reference/)
+- [Getting Started](https://RUSTxPY.github.io/BustAPI/quickstart/)
+- [Routing Guide](https://RUSTxPY.github.io/BustAPI/user-guide/routing/)
+- [JWT Authentication](https://RUSTxPY.github.io/BustAPI/user-guide/jwt/)
+- [WebSocket Guide](https://RUSTxPY.github.io/BustAPI/user-guide/websocket/)
+- [API Reference](https://RUSTxPY.github.io/BustAPI/api-reference/)
 
 ---
 
@@ -532,8 +533,8 @@ We welcome contributions! Here's how:
 
 Found a bug? Have a feature request?
 
-- [Open an Issue](https://github.com/GrandpaEJ/bustapi/issues)
-- [Start a Discussion](https://github.com/GrandpaEJ/bustapi/discussions)
+- [Open an Issue](https://github.com/RUSTxPY/BustAPI/issues)
+- [Start a Discussion](https://github.com/RUSTxPY/BustAPI/discussions)
 
 ---
 

{bustapi-0.12.0 → bustapi-0.13.0}/README.md

@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ Under the hood, BustAPI runs on [Actix-Web](https://actix.rs/) — consistently
 - 🦀 **Rust-powered** — Zero-copy JSON, mimalloc allocator, Actix-Web
 - 🐍 **Pure Python API** — No Rust knowledge required
 - 🔒 **Security built-in** — JWT, sessions, CSRF, rate limiting
+- 🛡️ **Robust Header System** — Case-insensitive, multi-value support, high-performance cookie parsing
 - 📦 **Zero config** — `pip install bustapi` and you're ready
 - 🔥 **Hot reload** — Rust-native file watcher for instant restarts
 
@@ -442,13 +443,13 @@ CMD ["python", "app.py"]
 
 ## 📖 Documentation
 
-📚 **[Full Documentation](https://grandpaej.github.io/BustAPI/)**
+📚 **[Full Documentation](https://RUSTxPY.github.io/BustAPI/)**
 
-- [Getting Started](https://grandpaej.github.io/BustAPI/quickstart/)
-- [Routing Guide](https://grandpaej.github.io/BustAPI/user-guide/routing/)
-- [JWT Authentication](https://grandpaej.github.io/BustAPI/user-guide/jwt/)
-- [WebSocket Guide](https://grandpaej.github.io/BustAPI/user-guide/websocket/)
-- [API Reference](https://grandpaej.github.io/BustAPI/api-reference/)
+- [Getting Started](https://RUSTxPY.github.io/BustAPI/quickstart/)
+- [Routing Guide](https://RUSTxPY.github.io/BustAPI/user-guide/routing/)
+- [JWT Authentication](https://RUSTxPY.github.io/BustAPI/user-guide/jwt/)
+- [WebSocket Guide](https://RUSTxPY.github.io/BustAPI/user-guide/websocket/)
+- [API Reference](https://RUSTxPY.github.io/BustAPI/api-reference/)
 
 ---
 
@@ -464,8 +465,8 @@ We welcome contributions! Here's how:
 
 Found a bug? Have a feature request?
 
-- [Open an Issue](https://github.com/GrandpaEJ/bustapi/issues)
-- [Start a Discussion](https://github.com/GrandpaEJ/bustapi/discussions)
+- [Open an Issue](https://github.com/RUSTxPY/BustAPI/issues)
+- [Start a Discussion](https://github.com/RUSTxPY/BustAPI/discussions)
 
 ---
 

{bustapi-0.12.0 → bustapi-0.13.0}/docs/changelog.md

@@ -2,6 +2,24 @@
 
 All notable changes to this project will be documented here.
 
+## [0.13.0] - 2026-05-02
+
+### Added
+- **Robust Header Infrastructure**:
+  - Refactored `Headers` class to use `collections.UserDict` for better standard library compatibility.
+  - Implemented full case-insensitivity for all header operations (get, set, delete).
+  - Added native support for multi-value headers via `headers.add(key, value)` and `headers.getlist(key)`.
+- **WSGI Adapter Enhancements**:
+  - Refactored `WSGIAdapter` to correctly handle multi-value headers.
+  - Integrated application-level error handling (including custom 404/500 handlers) into the WSGI layer.
+
+### Fixed
+- **JWT & Cookie Security**:
+  - Updated `Response.delete_cookie()` signature to accept `secure`, `httponly`, and `samesite` arguments, fixing crashes in JWT logout flows.
+  - Improved cookie attribute handling to ensure consistency between Python and Rust layers.
+- **Response Unwrapping**: Fixed a bug where returning a `Response` object inside another `Response` (common in error handlers using `render_template`) resulted in the object's string representation being sent as the body.
+- **FFI Stability**: Standardized the Python-to-Rust response conversion to ensure reliable header serialization.
+
 ## [0.12.0] - 2026-04-27
 
 ### Added

{bustapi-0.12.0 → bustapi-0.13.0}/docs/complete-api-reference.md

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # BustAPI Complete API Reference
 
-> **Version:** 0.3.1  
-> **Last Updated:** 2025-12-10
+> **Version:** 0.13.0  
+> **Last Updated:** 2026-05-02
 
 ## Table of Contents
 
@@ -356,8 +356,29 @@ response.data           # Response body as bytes
 ```python
 response.set_data(data)                 # Set response data
 response.get_data(as_text=False)        # Get response data
-response.set_cookie(key, value, ...)    # Set a cookie
-response.delete_cookie(key, ...)        # Delete a cookie
+
+# Set a cookie
+response.set_cookie(
+    key: str,
+    value: str = '',
+    max_age: Optional[int] = None,
+    expires: Optional[Union[datetime, float]] = None,
+    path: str = '/',
+    domain: Optional[str] = None,
+    secure: bool = False,
+    httponly: bool = False,
+    samesite: Optional[str] = 'Lax'
+)
+
+# Delete a cookie
+response.delete_cookie(
+    key: str,
+    path: str = '/',
+    domain: Optional[str] = None,
+    secure: bool = False,
+    httponly: bool = False,
+    samesite: Optional[str] = 'Lax'
+)
 ```
 
 **Example:**
@@ -371,6 +392,30 @@ def custom_response():
     return resp
 ```
 
+### Headers Object
+
+The `response.headers` object provides a case-insensitive dictionary-like interface for managing HTTP headers.
+
+#### Methods
+
+- `get(key, default=None)`: Get the first value for a header (case-insensitive).
+- `add(key, value)`: Add a value to a header, preserving existing values (multi-value support).
+- `getlist(key)`: Get all values for a header as a list.
+- `setlist(key, values)`: Set multiple values for a header.
+- `items()`: Get all header key-value pairs as a list of tuples.
+
+**Example:**
+
+```python
+resp.headers['Content-Type'] = 'application/json'
+resp.headers.add('Link', '<https://example.com>; rel="next"')
+resp.headers.add('Link', '<https://example.com>; rel="prev"')
+
+links = resp.headers.getlist('Link')  # ['...', '...']
+```
+
+---
+
 #### Response Helper Functions
 
 ##### `jsonify(*args, **kwargs)`
@@ -1076,14 +1121,30 @@ def internal_error(error):
 
 #### Exception Handlers
 
-```python
+````python
 class ValidationError(Exception):
     pass
 
 @app.errorhandler(ValidationError)
 def handle_validation_error(error):
     return {'error': str(error), 'type': 'validation_error'}, 400
-```
+
+#### Catch-All Handler
+
+Handle all otherwise unhandled exceptions:
+
+```python
+@app.errorhandler(Exception)
+def handle_exception(e):
+    # Pass through HTTP errors
+    if hasattr(e, "get_response"):
+        return e.get_response()
+
+    # Generic error for everything else
+    return {"error": "Something went wrong"}, 500
+````
+
+````
 
 ### Using `abort()`
 
@@ -1102,7 +1163,7 @@ def admin():
     if not is_admin():
         abort(403, 'Admin access required')
     return {'message': 'Admin panel'}
-```
+````
 
 ### Complete Error Handling Example
 
@@ -1546,11 +1607,11 @@ app.run(
 ```python
 import bustapi
 
-print(bustapi.__version__)           # '0.3.1'
-print(bustapi.get_version())         # '0.3.1'
+print(bustapi.__version__)           # '0.13.0'
+print(bustapi.get_version())         # '0.13.0'
 print(bustapi.get_debug_info())      # Detailed version info
 ```
 
 ---
 
-_This documentation covers BustAPI version 0.3.1. For the latest updates, visit the [official documentation](https://grandpaej.github.io/BustAPI/)._
+_This documentation covers BustAPI version 0.13.0. For the latest updates, visit the [official documentation](https://rustxpy.github.io/BustAPI/)._

{bustapi-0.12.0 → bustapi-0.13.0}/docs/examples-guide.md

@@ -12,6 +12,15 @@ The `examples/` directory in the repository contains many complete scripts demon
 - **03_async.py**: Using `async def` for non-blocking routes.
 - **04_request_data.py**: accessing query args and form data.
 
+## Security & Authentication
+
+Learn how to protect your application.
+
+- **17_jwt_auth.py**: Standard JWT authentication using the Authorization header.
+- **18_jwt_cookies.py**: Secure JWT implementation using HttpOnly cookies.
+- **11_security_demo.py**: Implementing security headers.
+- **10_rate_limit_demo.py**: Using the built-in rate limiter to prevent abuse.
+
 ## Data & Validation
 
 Learn how to robustly handle input.
@@ -27,8 +36,6 @@ For production-grade applications.
 
 - **06_blueprints.py**: Organizing your app into modules.
 - **14_middleware.py**: Custom request/response hooks.
-- **10_rate_limit_demo.py**: Using the built-in rate limiter to prevent abuse.
-- **11_security_demo.py**: Implementing security headers.
 
 ## Database & Templates
 

{bustapi-0.12.0 → bustapi-0.13.0}/docs/index.md

@@ -44,7 +44,8 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
 - **Multiprocessing** - `workers=4` for parallel request handling on Linux
 - **JWT Authentication** - Built-in token-based auth
 - **Templates** - Jinja2 template rendering
-- **Blueprints** - Modular app organization
+-   **Blueprints** - Modular app organization
+-   **Auto-Documentation** - Instant OpenAPI/Swagger & ReDoc UI
 
 ---
 
@@ -79,3 +80,4 @@ Supports Python **3.10 - 3.14** on Linux, macOS, and Windows.
 - [Turbo Routes](user-guide/turbo-routes.md) - Maximum performance
 - [Multiprocessing](user-guide/multiprocessing.md) - Scale to 100k+ RPS
 - [JWT Auth](user-guide/jwt.md) - Secure your API
+- [Auto-Documentation](user-guide/documentation.md) - Swagger & ReDoc

{bustapi-0.12.0 → bustapi-0.13.0}/docs/quickstart.md

@@ -157,4 +157,8 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
 
     Secure your API with tokens.
 
+-   [:material-book-open: **Auto-Docs**](user-guide/documentation.md)
+
+    Interactive Swagger & ReDoc UI.
+
 </div>

{bustapi-0.12.0 → bustapi-0.13.0}/docs/user-guide/authentication.md

@@ -2,6 +2,9 @@
 
 Flask-Login style session-based authentication for BustAPI.
 
+> [!TIP]
+> For stateless APIs or mobile backends, consider using [JWT Authentication](jwt.md) instead.
+
 ## Quick Start
 
 ```python

bustapi-0.13.0/docs/user-guide/documentation.md

@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+# Auto-Documentation
+
+BustAPI provides automatic OpenAPI (Swagger) and ReDoc documentation for your application via the `BustAPIDocs` extension. It extracts information from route signatures, docstrings, and parameter validators.
+
+## Comparison with FastAPI
+
+BustAPI's documentation system is designed to be familiar to FastAPI users while leveraging BustAPI's high-performance Rust backend.
+
+| Feature | FastAPI | BustAPI |
+|:---|:---|:---|
+| **Engine** | Starlette / Pydantic | **Actix-web / Rust-core** |
+| **Setup** | Automatic in `FastAPI()` | Manual via `BustAPIDocs(app)` |
+| **Parameters** | `Query()`, `Path()`, `Body()` | `Query()`, `Path()`, `Body()` |
+| **Validation** | Pydantic Models | `Struct` or `dict` schemas |
+| **UI Endpoints** | `/docs`, `/redoc` | `/docs`, `/redoc` |
+| **Metadata** | `tags`, `summary`, `description` | `tags`, `summary`, `description` |
+| **Performance** | High (Python-based) | **Extreme (Rust-core parsing)** |
+
+## Basic Setup
+
+Initialize the `BustAPIDocs` extension with your application to enable the documentation endpoints.
+
+```python
+from bustapi import BustAPI, BustAPIDocs
+
+app = BustAPI()
+
+# Configure auto-documentation
+docs = BustAPIDocs(
+    app,
+    title="My Store API",
+    version="1.0.0",
+    description="API for managing items and users",
+    docs_url="/docs",       # Swagger UI path
+    redoc_url="/redoc",     # ReDoc path
+    openapi_url="/openapi.json"
+)
+```
+
+## Documenting Parameters
+
+BustAPI automatically documents parameters defined in your route handlers using `Path`, `Query`, and `Body` validators.
+
+### Query Parameters
+
+Use `Query()` to add constraints and metadata to query strings.
+
+```python
+from bustapi import Query
+
+@app.route("/search")
+def search(
+    q: str = Query(..., min_length=3, description="Search query"),
+    page: int = Query(1, ge=1, description="Page number")
+):
+    return {"q": q, "page": page}
+```
+
+### Path Parameters
+
+`Path()` works similarly for URL path segments.
+
+```python
+from bustapi import Path
+
+@app.route("/items/<int:item_id>")
+def get_item(item_id: int = Path(..., ge=1, title="Item ID")):
+    return {"id": item_id}
+```
+
+### Request Bodies
+
+The `Body()` validator documents JSON request bodies. You can provide a `schema` dictionary to define fields and their constraints.
+
+```python
+from bustapi import Body
+
+@app.route("/items", methods=["POST"])
+def create_item(
+    item: dict = Body(..., schema={
+        "name": {"type": "str", "min_length": 1, "description": "Item name"},
+        "price": {"type": "float", "gt": 0, "description": "Price in USD"},
+        "tags": {"type": "list", "required": False}
+    })
+):
+    return {"created": item}
+```
+
+## Route Metadata
+
+You can further customize documentation for specific routes using decorator arguments:
+
+```python
+@app.route(
+    "/protected", 
+    methods=["GET"],
+    tags=["Security"],
+    summary="Access protected resource",
+    description="This endpoint requires an active session.",
+    deprecated=True
+)
+def protected_route():
+    return {"status": "ok"}
+```
+
+### Custom Responses
+
+Define specific response codes and their descriptions:
+
+```python
+@app.route(
+    "/items/<int:id>",
+    responses={
+        200: {"description": "Item found"},
+        404: {"description": "Item not in database"}
+    }
+)
+def get_item_with_docs(id):
+    return {"id": id}
+```
+
+## Response Models
+
+If you use `Struct` from `bustapi.safe.types`, you can specify it as a `response_model` to automatically generate a reusable schema in the documentation.
+
+```python
+from bustapi.safe.types import Struct
+
+class Item(Struct):
+    id: int
+    name: str
+
+@app.route("/item", response_model=Item)
+def get_item_model():
+    return Item(id=1, name="Tool")
+```
+
+## UI Endpoints
+
+Once initialized, your documentation is accessible at:
+
+- **Swagger UI**: `http://127.0.0.1:5000/docs` (interactive "Try it out" support)
+- **ReDoc**: `http://127.0.0.1:5000/redoc` (clean, readable layout)
+- **OpenAPI JSON**: `http://127.0.0.1:5000/openapi.json` (raw specification)

{bustapi-0.12.0 → bustapi-0.13.0}/docs/user-guide/error_handling.md

@@ -37,3 +37,33 @@ def admin():
         abort(403, description="Admins only!")
     return "Welcome Admin"
 ```
+
+## Catch-All Error Handler
+
+To handle any unhandled exception (the "else" block), you can register a handler for the base `Exception` class.
+
+```python
+@app.errorhandler(Exception)
+def handle_unexpected_error(e):
+    # Log the error
+    app.logger.error(f"Unexpected error: {e}")
+    
+    # If it's already an HTTP error, let it handle itself
+    if hasattr(e, "get_response"):
+        return e.get_response()
+        
+    return {"error": "An internal error occurred"}, 500
+```
+
+## Custom Exceptions
+
+You can create your own exception classes and register handlers for them.
+
+```python
+class PaymentRequired(Exception):
+    pass
+
+@app.errorhandler(PaymentRequired)
+def handle_payment_required(e):
+    return "Please pay to continue", 402
+```