PyPyNum 1.18.0__tar.gz → 1.19.0__tar.gz

{pypynum-1.18.0 → pypynum-1.19.0}/PKG-INFO

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 Metadata-Version: 2.4
 Name: PyPyNum
-Version: 1.18.0
+Version: 1.19.0
 Summary: PyPyNum is a versatile Python math lib. It features modules for math, data analysis, arrays, crypto, physics, RNG, data proc, stats, eq solving, image proc, interp, matrix calc, and high-prec math. Designed for scientific computing, data science, and ML, it offers efficient, general-purpose tools.
 Home-page: https://github.com/PythonSJL/PyPyNum
 Author: Shen Jiayi
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ science, and ML, it offers efficient, general-purpose tools.
 [![Downloads](https://static.pepy.tech/badge/pypynum/month)](https://pepy.tech/project/pypynum)
 [![Downloads](https://static.pepy.tech/badge/pypynum/week)](https://pepy.tech/project/pypynum)
 
-## PyPyNum | Version -> 1.18.0 | PyPI -> https://pypi.org/project/PyPyNum/ | Gitee -> https://www.gitee.com/PythonSJL/PyPyNum | GitHub -> https://github.com/PythonSJL/PyPyNum
+## PyPyNum | Version -> 1.19.0 | PyPI -> https://pypi.org/project/PyPyNum/ | Gitee -> https://www.gitee.com/PythonSJL/PyPyNum | GitHub -> https://github.com/PythonSJL/PyPyNum
 
 ![LOGO](PyPyNum.png)
 
@@ -169,70 +169,52 @@ Python interpreter and run it!
 
 ### Functional Changes Compared to the Previous Version
 
-```
-!=!=!=!=!=!=!=!=!=!=!=!=!=!=!=!=!=!=!=!=!=!=!=!=!=!=!=!=!=!=!=!=
-
-PyPyNum version 1.18.0 has undergone the following functional changes compared to version 1.17.2:
+**`pypynum.images`**
 
-1. `arrays` Module
-   a. Fixed reflection operation errors in the `Array` class.
+- Added comprehensive support for the **GIF format**, including LZW encoding/decoding, multi-frame animations,
+  interlacing, and local/global palettes.
+- Completely rewrote the **JPEG** module: now supports **progressive JPEG**, chroma subsampling (e.g., 4:2:0), grayscale
+  images, restart markers, and dynamic Huffman tree construction.
+- Extended **PNG** and **BMP** support to handle low-bit-depth indexed colors (1/2/4-bit) and grayscale modes. Added
+  support for PNG Adam7 interlacing.
+- Introduced octree color quantization and universal image format conversion (e.g., converting between BMP, PNG, JPEG,
+  and GIF with specific color modes).
 
-2. `ciphers` Module
-   a. The `base_64` function's input parameter and return type have been changed from `str` to `bytes`.
+**`pypynum.plotting`**
 
-3. `groups` Module
-   a. The `Group` class has been refactored and new available methods have been added.
-   b. The `group` function now accepts an additional `operation` parameter.
+- Refactored the plotting module into an object-oriented `Canvas` class for better state management and rendering.
+- Significantly improved the contour plotting algorithm by implementing adaptive quadtree subdivision and Lipschitz
+  constant interval pruning, replacing the previous brute-force pixel scanning.
 
-4. `images` Module
-   a. Added a new class `JPEG` for JPEG image handling.
-   b. Added JPEG processing functions: `jpeg_adjust_qtable`, `jpeg_category`, `jpeg_channel_encoding`,
-      `jpeg_chroma_dc_huff`, `jpeg_dct8x8`, `jpeg_decode_pixels`, `jpeg_encode_pixels`, `jpeg_luma_dc_huff`,
-      `jpeg_rle_decoding`, `jpeg_rle_encoding`, `jpeg_split_pixels`, and `jpeg_zigzag`.
-   c. Added color space conversion functions `rgb2ycbcr` and `ycbcr2rgb` (which are JPEG-related functions).
-   d. Added `entropy` function (which is a PNG function).
-   e. Added PNG filter functions `png_apply_filter` and `png_reverse_filter`, allowing the `apply_filter` parameter
-      to be specified during writing to compress the generated file size.
+**`pypynum.ufuncs`**
 
-5. `kernels` Module
-   a. Added `matmul8x8kernel` function for 8x8 matrix multiplication kernel operations.
+- Added a suite of advanced special functions with full support for complex numbers and arrays: `gamma`, `loggamma`,
+  `beta`, `logbeta`, `factorial`, `logfactorial`, `pochhammer`, and `binomial`.
+- Added `dtype` parameter support to universal function applications for better type control.
 
-6. `maths` Module
-   a. Added `dsigmoid` function.
-   b. Updated `sumprod` function with a new `floating` parameter.
+**`pypynum.maths`**
 
-7. `matrices` Module
-   a. Added `dctmtx` function to generate a discrete cosine transform matrix.
+- Enhanced statistical functions (`ptp`, `median`, `mean`, `var`, `std`) to fully support complex number sequences.
 
-8. `numbers` Module
-   a. Added `round_sigfig` function.
-   b. Added `words2int` function to convert English words to integers.
+**`pypynum.graphs`**
 
-9. `plotting` Module
-   a. Renamed the `color` function to `colortext`.
+- Improved vertex removal logic to safely handle unconnected nodes across all graph types.
+- Enhanced `dijkstra` and path reconstruction algorithms to correctly handle unreachable vertices and use all graph
+  vertices for initialization.
+- `all_edges()` now returns weights as a third element for weighted graphs.
 
-10. `seqs` Module
-    a. Updated `stirling1` function with a new `sign` parameter.
+**`pypynum.arrays` & `pypynum.matrices`**
 
-11. `special` Module
-    a. Added `ellipe` and `ellipk` functions for complete elliptic integrals.
+- Improved multidimensional array indexing: integer and slice indexing now correctly returns the appropriate subtype (
+  `Array` or `Matrix`) rather than raw lists.
+- Added complex number support for `max`, `min`, `argmax`, and `argmin` operations.
+- `basic()` now accepts a `dtype` parameter and properly reshapes 1D results into single-row matrices.
 
-12. `symbols` Module
-    a. Added `Expr` class.
-    b. Added `build_expr_tree`, `infix2postfix`, and `tokenize` functions.
-    c. The `parse_expr` function now returns an `Expr` object (previously returned a `list`).
+**`pypynum.dists`**
 
-13. `ufuncs` Module
-    a. Renamed comparison functions to follow more explicit naming conventions:
-       i. `eq` renamed to `equal`
-       ii. `ge` renamed to `greater_equal`
-       iii. `gt` renamed to `greater_than`
-       iv. `le` renamed to `less_equal`
-       v. `lt` renamed to `less_than`
-       vi. `ne` renamed to `not_equal`
-
-!=!=!=!=!=!=!=!=!=!=!=!=!=!=!=!=!=!=!=!=!=!=!=!=!=!=!=!=!=!=!=!=
-```
+- Standardized parameter names and orderings across multiple statistical distributions for a more intuitive interface (
+  e.g., `scale` -> `lam` for exponential/Poisson distributions, updated parameter models for uniform, Pareto, and
+  Weibull distributions).
 
 ### Run Time Test
 
@@ -260,23 +242,21 @@ Python interpreter version
 PyPyNum
 ├── arrays
 │   ├── CLASS
-│   │   ├── Array(object)/__init__(self: Any, data: Any, check: Any) -> Any
-│   │   └── BoolArray(pypynum.arrays.Array)/__init__(self: Any, data: Any, check: Any) -> Any
+│   │   ├── Array(object)/__init__(self: Any, data: Any, check: Any, dtype: Any) -> Any
+│   │   └── BoolArray(pypynum.arrays.Array)/__init__(self: Any, data: Any, check: Any, dtype: Any) -> Any
 │   └── FUNCTION
-│       ├── array(data: Any) -> Any
-│       ├── asarray(data: Any) -> Any
-│       ├── aslist(data: Any) -> Any
+│       ├── array(data: Any, dtype: Any) -> Any
 │       ├── boolarray(data: Any) -> Any
-│       ├── fill(shape: typing.Union[list, tuple], sequence: typing.Union[list, tuple, str], repeat: bool, pad: typing.Any, rtype: typing.Callable) -> typing.Any
-│       ├── full(shape: typing.Union[list, tuple], fill_value: typing.Any, rtype: typing.Callable) -> typing.Any
-│       ├── full_like(a: typing.Any, fill_value: typing.Any, rtype: typing.Callable) -> typing.Any
+│       ├── fill(shape: typing.Sequence, sequence: typing.Sequence, repeat: bool, pad: typing.Any, rtype: typing.Callable, dtype: type) -> typing.Any
+│       ├── full(shape: typing.Sequence, fill_value: typing.Any, rtype: typing.Callable, dtype: type) -> typing.Any
+│       ├── full_like(a: typing.Any, fill_value: typing.Any, rtype: typing.Callable, dtype: type) -> typing.Any
 │       ├── get_shape(data: Any) -> Any
 │       ├── is_valid_array(_array: Any, _shape: Any) -> Any
-│       ├── ones(shape: typing.Union[list, tuple], rtype: typing.Callable) -> typing.Any
-│       ├── ones_like(a: typing.Any, rtype: typing.Callable) -> typing.Any
+│       ├── ones(shape: typing.Sequence, rtype: typing.Callable, dtype: type) -> typing.Any
+│       ├── ones_like(a: typing.Any, rtype: typing.Callable, dtype: type) -> typing.Any
 │       ├── tensorproduct(tensors: pypynum.arrays.Array) -> pypynum.arrays.Array
-│       ├── zeros(shape: typing.Union[list, tuple], rtype: typing.Callable) -> typing.Any
-│       └── zeros_like(a: typing.Any, rtype: typing.Callable) -> typing.Any
+│       ├── zeros(shape: typing.Sequence, rtype: typing.Callable, dtype: type) -> typing.Any
+│       └── zeros_like(a: typing.Any, rtype: typing.Callable, dtype: type) -> typing.Any
 ├── chars
 │   ├── CLASS
 │   └── FUNCTION
@@ -318,41 +298,41 @@ PyPyNum
 ├── dists
 │   ├── CLASS
 │   └── FUNCTION
-│       ├── beta_pdf(x: Any, a: Any, b: Any) -> Any
+│       ├── beta_pdf(x: Any, alpha: Any, beta: Any) -> Any
 │       ├── binom_pmf(k: Any, n: Any, p: Any) -> Any
 │       ├── cauchy_cdf(x: Any, x0: Any, gamma: Any) -> Any
 │       ├── cauchy_pdf(x: Any, x0: Any, gamma: Any) -> Any
 │       ├── chi2_cdf(x: Any, df: Any) -> Any
 │       ├── chi2_pdf(x: Any, df: Any) -> Any
-│       ├── expon_cdf(x: Any, scale: Any) -> Any
-│       ├── expon_pdf(x: Any, scale: Any) -> Any
+│       ├── expon_cdf(x: Any, lam: Any) -> Any
+│       ├── expon_pdf(x: Any, lam: Any) -> Any
 │       ├── f_pdf(x: Any, dfnum: Any, dfden: Any) -> Any
 │       ├── gamma_pdf(x: Any, shape: Any, scale: Any) -> Any
 │       ├── geometric_pmf(k: Any, p: Any) -> Any
-│       ├── hypergeom_pmf(k: Any, mg: Any, n: Any, nt: Any) -> Any
-│       ├── invgauss_pdf(x: Any, mu: Any, lambda_: Any, alpha: Any) -> Any
+│       ├── hypergeom_pmf(k: Any, N: Any, K: Any, n: Any) -> Any
+│       ├── invgauss_pdf(x: Any, mu: Any, lam: Any) -> Any
 │       ├── levy_pdf(x: Any, c: Any) -> Any
 │       ├── log_logistic_cdf(x: Any, alpha: Any, beta: Any) -> Any
 │       ├── log_logistic_pdf(x: Any, alpha: Any, beta: Any) -> Any
-│       ├── logistic_cdf(x: Any, mu: Any, s: Any) -> Any
-│       ├── logistic_pdf(x: Any, mu: Any, s: Any) -> Any
+│       ├── logistic_cdf(x: Any, loc: Any, scale: Any) -> Any
+│       ├── logistic_pdf(x: Any, loc: Any, scale: Any) -> Any
 │       ├── lognorm_cdf(x: Any, mu: Any, sigma: Any) -> Any
-│       ├── lognorm_pdf(x: Any, s: Any, scale: Any) -> Any
+│       ├── lognorm_pdf(x: Any, mu: Any, sigma: Any) -> Any
 │       ├── logser_pmf(k: Any, p: Any) -> Any
 │       ├── multinomial_pmf(k: Any, n: Any, p: Any) -> Any
-│       ├── nbinom_pmf(k: Any, n: Any, p: Any) -> Any
-│       ├── nhypergeom_pmf(k: Any, m: Any, n: Any, r: Any) -> Any
+│       ├── nbinom_pmf(k: Any, r: Any, p: Any) -> Any
+│       ├── nhypergeom_pmf(k: Any, N: Any, K: Any, r: Any) -> Any
 │       ├── normal_cdf(x: Any, mu: Any, sigma: Any) -> Any
 │       ├── normal_pdf(x: Any, mu: Any, sigma: Any) -> Any
-│       ├── pareto_pdf(x: Any, k: Any, m: Any) -> Any
-│       ├── poisson_pmf(k: Any, mu: Any) -> Any
+│       ├── pareto_pdf(x: Any, alpha: Any, x_m: Any) -> Any
+│       ├── poisson_pmf(k: Any, lam: Any) -> Any
 │       ├── rayleigh_pdf(x: Any, sigma: Any) -> Any
 │       ├── t_pdf(x: Any, df: Any) -> Any
-│       ├── uniform_cdf(x: Any, loc: Any, scale: Any) -> Any
-│       ├── uniform_pdf(x: Any, loc: Any, scale: Any) -> Any
+│       ├── uniform_cdf(x: Any, a: Any, b: Any) -> Any
+│       ├── uniform_pdf(x: Any, a: Any, b: Any) -> Any
 │       ├── vonmises_pdf(x: Any, mu: Any, kappa: Any) -> Any
-│       ├── weibull_max_pdf(x: Any, c: Any, scale: Any, loc: Any) -> Any
-│       ├── weibull_min_pdf(x: Any, c: Any, scale: Any, loc: Any) -> Any
+│       ├── weibull_max_pdf(x: Any, k: Any, scale: Any, loc: Any) -> Any
+│       ├── weibull_min_pdf(x: Any, k: Any, scale: Any, loc: Any) -> Any
 │       └── zipf_pmf(k: Any, s: Any, n: Any) -> Any
 ├── equations
 │   ├── CLASS
@@ -377,6 +357,8 @@ PyPyNum
 │   │   ├── Quadrilateral(object)/__init__(self: Any, a: typing.Union[list, tuple], b: typing.Union[list, tuple], c: typing.Union[list, tuple], d: typing.Union[list, tuple]) -> Any
 │   │   └── Triangle(object)/__init__(self: Any, a: typing.Union[list, tuple], b: typing.Union[list, tuple], c: typing.Union[list, tuple]) -> Any
 │   └── FUNCTION
+│       ├── _rotate_point(p: Any, theta: Any, cx: Any, cy: Any) -> Any
+│       ├── _scale_point(p: Any, k: Any, cx: Any, cy: Any) -> Any
 │       └── distance(g1: Any, g2: Any, error: typing.Union[int, float]) -> float
 ├── graphs
 │   ├── CLASS
@@ -406,22 +388,38 @@ PyPyNum
 │   ├── CLASS
 │   │   ├── BMP(pypynum.images.BaseImage)/__init__(self: Any) -> None
 │   │   ├── BaseImage(object)/__init__(self: Any) -> None
+│   │   ├── GIF(pypynum.images.BaseImage)/__init__(self: Any) -> None
 │   │   ├── JPEG(pypynum.images.BaseImage)/__init__(self: Any) -> None
-│   │   └── PNG(pypynum.images.BaseImage)/__init__(self: Any) -> None
+│   │   ├── OctreeNode(object)/__init__(self: Any, level: Any, parent: Any) -> Any
+│   │   ├── PNG(pypynum.images.BaseImage)/__init__(self: Any) -> None
+│   │   ├── _BitReader(object)/__init__(self: Any, data: bytes) -> None
+│   │   └── _BitWriter(object)/__init__(self: Any) -> None
 │   └── FUNCTION
+│       ├── __dht2dict(dht_bytes: Any) -> Any
+│       ├── _deinterlace(pixels: list, w: int, h: int) -> list
+│       ├── _find_closest_color(color: Any, palette: Any, octree_root: Any) -> int
+│       ├── _interlace(pixels: list, w: int, h: int) -> list
+│       ├── _lzw_decode(min_code_size: int, data: bytes) -> list
+│       ├── _lzw_encode(min_code_size: int, pixels: list) -> bytes
+│       ├── _norm_palette(pal: list) -> list
+│       ├── _read_sub_blocks(data: bytes, offset: int) -> tuple
+│       ├── _write_sub_blocks(raw: bytes) -> bytes
 │       ├── entropy(data: typing.Any) -> float
 │       ├── jpeg_adjust_qtable(qtable: typing.Union[list, tuple], quality: int) -> list
 │       ├── jpeg_category(data: typing.Any, reverse: bool) -> typing.Any
 │       ├── jpeg_channel_encoding(matrix: list, quality: int, mode: int) -> tuple
 │       ├── jpeg_chroma_dc_huff(data: typing.Any, reverse: bool) -> typing.Any
 │       ├── jpeg_dct8x8(block: typing.Union[list, tuple], reverse: bool) -> list
-│       ├── jpeg_decode_pixels(scan_data: bytes, lqtable: list, cqtable: list, width: int, height: int) -> list
-│       ├── jpeg_encode_pixels(pixels: typing.Union[list, tuple], quality: int) -> tuple
+│       ├── jpeg_decode_pixels(scan_data: bytes, q_tables: dict, huff_tables: dict, width: int, height: int, yh: int, yv: int, comp_ids: list, comp_info: dict, comp_huff: dict, rst_offsets: list) -> list
+│       ├── jpeg_decode_progressive_pixels(scans_info: Any, q_tables: Any, huff_tables: Any, width: Any, height: Any, yh: Any, yv: Any, comp_ids: Any, comp_info: Any, comp_huff: Any) -> Any
+│       ├── jpeg_encode_pixels(pixels: typing.Union[list, tuple], quality: int, subsampling: str) -> tuple
+│       ├── jpeg_encode_progressive_pixels(pixels: Any, quality: Any, subsampling: Any) -> Any
 │       ├── jpeg_luma_dc_huff(data: typing.Any, reverse: bool) -> typing.Any
 │       ├── jpeg_rle_decoding(sequence: typing.Union[list, tuple]) -> list
 │       ├── jpeg_rle_encoding(sequence: typing.Union[list, tuple]) -> list
 │       ├── jpeg_split_pixels(matrix: list) -> list
 │       ├── jpeg_zigzag(data: typing.Union[list, tuple], reverse: bool) -> list
+│       ├── octree_quantize(pixels: Any, num_colors: Any) -> Any
 │       ├── png_apply_filter(pixels: list, above_pixels: list, filter_type: int) -> list
 │       ├── png_reverse_filter(pixels: list, above_pixels: list, filter_type: int) -> list
 │       ├── rgb2ycbcr(weights: typing.Union[list, tuple]) -> tuple
@@ -497,7 +495,6 @@ PyPyNum
 │       ├── atan(x: typing.Union[int, float]) -> typing.Union[int, float]
 │       ├── atanh(x: typing.Union[int, float]) -> typing.Union[int, float]
 │       ├── average(data: typing.Union[list, tuple], weights: typing.Union[list, tuple]) -> float
-│       ├── beta(p: typing.Union[int, float], q: typing.Union[int, float]) -> typing.Union[int, float]
 │       ├── central_moment(data: typing.Union[list, tuple], order: int) -> float
 │       ├── coeff_det(x: typing.Union[list, tuple], y: typing.Union[list, tuple]) -> typing.Union[int, float, complex]
 │       ├── combination(n: int, r: int) -> int
@@ -517,9 +514,7 @@ PyPyNum
 │       ├── erf(x: typing.Union[int, float]) -> float
 │       ├── exgcd(a: int, b: int) -> tuple
 │       ├── exp(x: typing.Union[int, float]) -> typing.Union[int, float]
-│       ├── factorial(n: int) -> int
 │       ├── freq(data: typing.Union[list, tuple]) -> dict
-│       ├── gamma(alpha: typing.Union[int, float]) -> float
 │       ├── gcd(args: int) -> int
 │       ├── geom_mean(numbers: typing.Union[list, tuple]) -> typing.Union[int, float, complex]
 │       ├── harm_mean(numbers: typing.Union[list, tuple]) -> typing.Union[int, float, complex]
@@ -567,23 +562,23 @@ PyPyNum
 │       └── zeta(alpha: typing.Union[int, float, complex]) -> typing.Union[int, float, complex]
 ├── matrices
 │   ├── CLASS
-│   │   └── Matrix(pypynum.arrays.Array)/__init__(self: Any, data: Any, check: Any) -> Any
+│   │   └── Matrix(pypynum.arrays.Array)/__init__(self: Any, data: Any, check: Any, dtype: Any) -> Any
 │   └── FUNCTION
-│       ├── cholesky(matrix: pypynum.matrices.Matrix, hermitian: bool) -> pypynum.matrices.Matrix
-│       ├── dctmtx(n: int) -> pypynum.matrices.Matrix
-│       ├── diag(v: typing.Any, k: int, n: int, m: int) -> typing.Any
+│       ├── cholesky(matrix: pypynum.matrices.Matrix, hermitian: bool, dtype: Any) -> pypynum.matrices.Matrix
+│       ├── dctmtx(n: int, dtype: Any) -> pypynum.matrices.Matrix
+│       ├── diag(v: typing.Any, k: int, n: int, m: int, dtype: Any) -> typing.Any
 │       ├── diag_indices(n: int, k: int, m: int) -> tuple
-│       ├── eigen(matrix: pypynum.matrices.Matrix) -> tuple
-│       ├── hessenberg(matrix: pypynum.matrices.Matrix) -> tuple
-│       ├── identity(n: int, m: int) -> pypynum.matrices.Matrix
-│       ├── lu(matrix: pypynum.matrices.Matrix) -> tuple
-│       ├── mat(data: typing.Any) -> pypynum.matrices.Matrix
-│       ├── perm_mat(num_rows: int, num_cols: int, row_swaps: typing.Union[list, tuple], col_swaps: typing.Union[list, tuple], rtype: typing.Callable) -> typing.Any
+│       ├── eigen(matrix: pypynum.matrices.Matrix, dtype: Any) -> tuple
+│       ├── hessenberg(matrix: pypynum.matrices.Matrix, dtype: Any) -> tuple
+│       ├── identity(n: int, m: int, dtype: Any) -> pypynum.matrices.Matrix
+│       ├── lu(matrix: pypynum.matrices.Matrix, dtype: Any) -> tuple
+│       ├── mat(data: typing.Any, dtype: Any) -> pypynum.matrices.Matrix
+│       ├── perm_mat(num_rows: int, num_cols: int, row_swaps: typing.Union[list, tuple], col_swaps: typing.Union[list, tuple], rtype: typing.Callable, dtype: Any) -> typing.Any
 │       ├── perm_mat_indices(num_rows: int, num_cols: int, row_swaps: typing.Union[list, tuple], col_swaps: typing.Union[list, tuple]) -> tuple
-│       ├── qr(matrix: pypynum.matrices.Matrix, reduce: bool) -> tuple
-│       ├── rank_decomp(matrix: pypynum.matrices.Matrix) -> tuple
-│       ├── rotate90(matrix: pypynum.matrices.Matrix, times: int) -> pypynum.matrices.Matrix
-│       ├── svd(matrix: pypynum.matrices.Matrix, full: bool, calc_uv: bool) -> tuple
+│       ├── qr(matrix: pypynum.matrices.Matrix, reduce: bool, dtype: Any) -> tuple
+│       ├── rank_decomp(matrix: pypynum.matrices.Matrix, dtype: Any) -> tuple
+│       ├── rotate90(matrix: pypynum.matrices.Matrix, times: int, dtype: Any) -> pypynum.matrices.Matrix
+│       ├── svd(matrix: pypynum.matrices.Matrix, full: bool, calc_uv: bool, dtype: Any) -> tuple
 │       ├── tril_indices(n: int, k: int, m: int) -> tuple
 │       └── triu_indices(n: int, k: int, m: int) -> tuple
 ├── multiprec
@@ -630,13 +625,11 @@ PyPyNum
 │       └── words2int(words: str) -> int
 ├── plotting
 │   ├── CLASS
+│   │   └── Canvas(object)/__init__(self: Any, xlim: tuple, ylim: tuple, resolution: typing.Union[int, float], aspect_ratio: typing.Union[int, float]) -> Any
 │   └── FUNCTION
-│       ├── background(right: typing.Union[int, float], left: typing.Union[int, float], top: typing.Union[int, float], bottom: typing.Union[int, float], complexity: typing.Union[int, float], ratio: typing.Union[int, float], string: bool) -> typing.Union[list, str]
-│       ├── binary(function: Any, right: typing.Union[int, float], left: typing.Union[int, float], top: typing.Union[int, float], bottom: typing.Union[int, float], complexity: typing.Union[int, float], ratio: typing.Union[int, float], error: Any, compare: Any, string: bool, basic: list, character: str, data: bool, coloration: Any) -> typing.Union[list, str]
-│       ├── c_unary(function: Any, projection: str, right: typing.Union[int, float], left: typing.Union[int, float], top: typing.Union[int, float], bottom: typing.Union[int, float], complexity: typing.Union[int, float], ratio: typing.Union[int, float], string: bool, basic: list, character: str, data: bool, coloration: Any) -> typing.Union[list, str]
-│       ├── change(data: typing.Union[list, str]) -> typing.Union[list, str]
 │       ├── colortext(text: str, rgb: typing.Union[list, tuple]) -> str
-│       └── unary(function: Any, right: typing.Union[int, float], left: typing.Union[int, float], top: typing.Union[int, float], bottom: typing.Union[int, float], complexity: typing.Union[int, float], ratio: typing.Union[int, float], string: bool, basic: list, character: str, data: bool, coloration: Any) -> typing.Union[list, str]
+│       ├── estimate_lipschitz(func: Any, domain: Any, threshold: Any, n: Any, safety: Any) -> Any
+│       └── safe_eval(func: Any, x: Any, y: Any, threshold: Any) -> Any
 ├── polys
 │   ├── CLASS
 │   │   └── Polynomial(object)/__init__(self: Any, terms: Any) -> Any
@@ -795,22 +788,40 @@ PyPyNum
 ├── ufuncs
 │   ├── CLASS
 │   └── FUNCTION
+│       ├── _beta_scalar(a: Any, b: Any) -> Any
+│       ├── _binomial_scalar(n: Any, k: Any) -> Any
+│       ├── _factorial_scalar(n: Any) -> Any
+│       ├── _lanczos_sum(z: Any) -> Any
+│       ├── _log_sin_pi(z: Any) -> Any
+│       ├── _logbeta_scalar(a: Any, b: Any) -> Any
+│       ├── _logfactorial_scalar(n: Any) -> Any
+│       ├── _pochhammer_scalar(a: Any, n: Any) -> Any
+│       ├── _scalar_gamma(z: Any) -> Any
+│       ├── _scalar_loggamma(z: Any) -> Any
 │       ├── add(x: Any, y: Any) -> Any
-│       ├── apply(a: Any, func: Any, rtype: Any) -> Any
-│       ├── base_ufunc(arrays: Any, func: Any, args: Any, rtype: Any) -> Any
+│       ├── apply(a: Any, func: Any, rtype: Any, dtype: Any) -> Any
+│       ├── base_ufunc(arrays: Any, func: Any, args: Any, rtype: Any, dtype: Any) -> Any
+│       ├── beta(a: Any, b: Any) -> Any
+│       ├── binomial(n: Any, k: Any) -> Any
 │       ├── divide(x: Any, y: Any) -> Any
 │       ├── equal(x: Any, y: Any) -> Any
+│       ├── factorial(n: Any) -> Any
 │       ├── floor_divide(x: Any, y: Any) -> Any
+│       ├── gamma(z: Any) -> Any
 │       ├── greater_equal(x: Any, y: Any) -> Any
 │       ├── greater_than(x: Any, y: Any) -> Any
 │       ├── less_equal(x: Any, y: Any) -> Any
 │       ├── less_than(x: Any, y: Any) -> Any
+│       ├── logbeta(a: Any, b: Any) -> Any
+│       ├── logfactorial(n: Any) -> Any
+│       ├── loggamma(z: Any) -> Any
 │       ├── modulo(x: Any, y: Any) -> Any
 │       ├── multiply(x: Any, y: Any) -> Any
 │       ├── not_equal(x: Any, y: Any) -> Any
+│       ├── pochhammer(a: Any, n: Any) -> Any
 │       ├── power(x: Any, y: Any, m: Any) -> Any
 │       ├── subtract(x: Any, y: Any) -> Any
-│       └── ufunc_helper(x: Any, y: Any, func: Any) -> Any
+│       └── ufunc_helper(x: Any, y: Any, func: Any, rtype: Any, dtype: Any) -> Any
 ├── utils
 │   ├── CLASS
 │   │   ├── InfIterator(object)/__init__(self: Any, start: typing.Union[int, float, complex], mode: str, common: typing.Union[int, float, complex]) -> Any
@@ -822,162 +833,19 @@ PyPyNum
 │   └── FUNCTION
 ├── vectors
 │   ├── CLASS
-│   │   └── Vector(pypynum.arrays.Array)/__init__(self: Any, data: Any, check: Any) -> Any
+│   │   └── Vector(pypynum.arrays.Array)/__init__(self: Any, data: Any, check: Any, dtype: Any) -> Any
 │   └── FUNCTION
 │       └── vec(data: Any) -> Any
 └── zh_cn
     ├── CLASS
     └── FUNCTION
-        ├── Fraction转为Decimal(分数对象: fractions.Fraction, 有效位数: int) -> decimal.Decimal
-        ├── RC4伪随机生成算法(密钥序列: list) -> Any
-        ├── RC4初始化密钥调度算法(密钥: bytes) -> list
-        ├── RC4密码(文本: bytes, 密钥: bytes) -> bytes
-        ├── ROT13密码(文本: str) -> str
-        ├── S型函数(x: typing.Union[int, float]) -> typing.Union[int, float]
-        ├── base64密码(文本: str, 解密: bool) -> str
-        ├── x对数y乘积(x: float, y: float) -> float
-        ├── y次方根(被开方数: typing.Union[int, float, complex], 开方数: typing.Union[int, float, complex]) -> typing.Union[int, float, complex]
-        ├── 一维傅里叶变换(数据: Any) -> pypynum.fft.FT1D
-        ├── 上伽玛(s: typing.Union[int, float, complex], x: typing.Union[int, float, complex]) -> typing.Union[int, float, complex]
-        ├── 上标转整数(上标字符串: str) -> str
-        ├── 下伽玛(s: typing.Union[int, float, complex], x: typing.Union[int, float, complex]) -> typing.Union[int, float, complex]
-        ├── 下标转整数(下标字符串: str) -> str
-        ├── 中位数(数据: typing.List[float]) -> float
-        ├── 中国剩余定理(n: typing.List[int], a: typing.List[int]) -> int
-        ├── 中心矩(数据: typing.List[float], 阶数: int) -> float
-        ├── 乘积和(多个数组: typing.List[typing.Any]) -> float
-        ├── 代替密码(文本: str, 替换映射: dict, 解密: bool) -> str
-        ├── 众数(数据: typing.List[typing.Any]) -> Any
-        ├── 伽玛函数(alpha: float) -> float
-        ├── 余切(x: typing.Union[int, float]) -> typing.Union[int, float]
-        ├── 余割(x: typing.Union[int, float]) -> typing.Union[int, float]
-        ├── 余弦(x: typing.Union[int, float]) -> typing.Union[int, float]
-        ├── 偏度(数据: typing.List[float]) -> float
-        ├── 全一(形状: Any, 返回类型: Any) -> Any
-        ├── 全部填充(形状: Any, 填充值: Any, 返回类型: Any) -> Any
-        ├── 全零(形状: Any, 返回类型: Any) -> Any
-        ├── 写入(文件: str, 对象: object) -> Any
-        ├── 几何平均数(数据: typing.List[float]) -> float
-        ├── 凯撒密码(文本: str, 移位: int, 解密: bool) -> str
-        ├── 分位数(数据: list, 分位值: float, 插值方法: str, 已排序: bool) -> float
-        ├── 判定系数(x: typing.List[float], y: typing.List[float]) -> float
-        ├── 判断平方数(n: int) -> bool
-        ├── 加权平均(数据: typing.List[float], 权重: typing.List[float]) -> float
-        ├── 协方差(x: typing.List[float], y: typing.List[float], 自由度: int) -> float
-        ├── 原根(a: int, 单个: bool) -> typing.Union[int, typing.List[int]]
-        ├── 原点矩(数据: typing.List[float], 阶数: int) -> float
-        ├── 双曲余切(x: typing.Union[int, float]) -> typing.Union[int, float]
-        ├── 双曲余割(x: typing.Union[int, float]) -> typing.Union[int, float]
-        ├── 双曲余弦(x: typing.Union[int, float]) -> typing.Union[int, float]
-        ├── 双曲正切(x: typing.Union[int, float]) -> typing.Union[int, float]
-        ├── 双曲正割(x: typing.Union[int, float]) -> typing.Union[int, float]
-        ├── 双曲正弦(x: typing.Union[int, float]) -> typing.Union[int, float]
-        ├── 反余切(x: typing.Union[int, float]) -> typing.Union[int, float]
-        ├── 反余割(x: typing.Union[int, float]) -> typing.Union[int, float]
-        ├── 反余弦(x: typing.Union[int, float]) -> typing.Union[int, float]
-        ├── 反双曲余切(x: typing.Union[int, float]) -> typing.Union[int, float]
-        ├── 反双曲余割(x: typing.Union[int, float]) -> typing.Union[int, float]
-        ├── 反双曲余弦(x: typing.Union[int, float]) -> typing.Union[int, float]
-        ├── 反双曲正切(x: typing.Union[int, float]) -> typing.Union[int, float]
-        ├── 反双曲正割(x: typing.Union[int, float]) -> typing.Union[int, float]
-        ├── 反双曲正弦(x: typing.Union[int, float]) -> typing.Union[int, float]
-        ├── 反正切(x: typing.Union[int, float]) -> typing.Union[int, float]
-        ├── 反正割(x: typing.Union[int, float]) -> typing.Union[int, float]
-        ├── 反正弦(x: typing.Union[int, float]) -> typing.Union[int, float]
-        ├── 可能是平方数(n: int) -> bool
-        ├── 填充序列(形状: Any, 序列: Any, 重复: Any, 填充: Any, 返回类型: Any) -> Any
-        ├── 多次方根取整(被开方数: int, 开方数: int) -> int
-        ├── 多精度余弦(x: typing.Union[int, float], 有效位数: int) -> decimal.Decimal
-        ├── 多精度双曲余弦(x: typing.Union[int, float], 有效位数: int) -> decimal.Decimal
-        ├── 多精度双曲正弦(x: typing.Union[int, float], 有效位数: int) -> decimal.Decimal
-        ├── 多精度反余弦(x: typing.Union[int, float], 有效位数: int) -> decimal.Decimal
-        ├── 多精度反正切(x: typing.Union[int, float], 有效位数: int) -> decimal.Decimal
-        ├── 多精度反正弦(x: typing.Union[int, float], 有效位数: int) -> decimal.Decimal
-        ├── 多精度圆周率(有效位数: int, 方法: str) -> decimal.Decimal
-        ├── 多精度复数(实部: typing.Union[int, float, str, decimal.Decimal], 虚部: typing.Union[int, float, str, decimal.Decimal], 有效位数: int) -> pypynum.multiprec.MPComplex
-        ├── 多精度对数(真数: typing.Union[int, float], 底数: typing.Union[int, float], 有效位数: int, 使用内置方法: bool) -> decimal.Decimal
-        ├── 多精度方位角(y: typing.Union[int, float], x: typing.Union[int, float], 有效位数: int) -> decimal.Decimal
-        ├── 多精度欧拉伽马(有效位数: int) -> decimal.Decimal
-        ├── 多精度正弦(x: typing.Union[int, float], 有效位数: int) -> decimal.Decimal
-        ├── 多精度自然对数(真数: typing.Union[int, float], 有效位数: int, 使用内置方法: bool) -> decimal.Decimal
-        ├── 多精度自然常数(有效位数: int, 方法: str) -> decimal.Decimal
-        ├── 多精度自然指数(指数: typing.Union[int, float], 有效位数: int, 使用内置方法: bool) -> decimal.Decimal
-        ├── 多精度菲涅耳余弦积分(x: typing.Union[int, float], 有效位数: int) -> decimal.Decimal
-        ├── 多精度菲涅耳正弦积分(x: typing.Union[int, float], 有效位数: int) -> decimal.Decimal
-        ├── 多精度黄金分割率(有效位数: int, 方法: str) -> decimal.Decimal
-        ├── 多项式方程(系数: list) -> list
-        ├── 字符串转整数(字符串: str) -> int
-        ├── 导数(函数: Any, 参数: float, 步长: float, 额外参数: Any, 额外关键字参数: Any) -> float
-        ├── 峰度(数据: typing.List[float], 费希尔: bool) -> float
-        ├── 希尔256密码(文本: bytes, 密钥: list, 解密: bool) -> bytes
-        ├── 平均数(数据: typing.List[float]) -> float
-        ├── 平方平均数(数据: typing.List[float]) -> float
-        ├── 平方根取整(被开方数: int) -> int
-        ├── 序列滚动(序列: typing.Iterator[typing.Any], 偏移: int) -> typing.Iterator[typing.Any]
-        ├── 归一化(数据: typing.List[float], 目标: float) -> typing.List[float]
-        ├── 扩展欧几里得算法(a: int, b: int) -> typing.Tuple[int, int, int]
-        ├── 排列数(总数: int, 选取数: int) -> int
-        ├── 数组(数据: list, 检查: bool) -> pypynum.arrays.Array
-        ├── 整数转上标(标准字符串: str) -> str
-        ├── 整数转下标(标准字符串: str) -> str
-        ├── 整数转单词(整数: int) -> str
-        ├── 整数转罗马数(整数: int, 上划线: bool) -> str
-        ├── 方差(数据: typing.List[float], 自由度: int) -> float
-        ├── 普莱费尔密码(文本: str, 密钥: str, 解密: bool) -> str
-        ├── 最大公约数(args: int) -> int
-        ├── 最小公倍数(args: int) -> int
-        ├── 极差(数据: typing.List[float]) -> float
-        ├── 标准差(数据: typing.List[float], 自由度: int) -> float
-        ├── 模运算阶(a: int, n: int, b: int) -> int
-        ├── 欧拉函数(n: int) -> int
-        ├── 正切(x: typing.Union[int, float]) -> typing.Union[int, float]
-        ├── 正割(x: typing.Union[int, float]) -> typing.Union[int, float]
-        ├── 正弦(x: typing.Union[int, float]) -> typing.Union[int, float]
-        ├── 浮点数转分数(数值: float, 是否带分数: bool, 误差: float) -> tuple
-        ├── 相关系数(x: typing.List[float], y: typing.List[float]) -> float
-        ├── 积分(函数: Any, 积分开始: float, 积分结束: float, 积分点数: int, 额外参数: Any, 额外关键字参数: Any) -> float
-        ├── 积累乘积(数据: typing.List[float]) -> float
-        ├── 符号函数(x: typing.Union[int, float, complex]) -> typing.Union[int, float, complex]
-        ├── 类似形状全一(数组A: Any, 返回类型: Any) -> Any
-        ├── 类似形状全零(数组A: Any, 返回类型: Any) -> Any
-        ├── 类似形状填充(数组A: Any, 填充值: Any, 返回类型: Any) -> Any
-        ├── 累乘积(序列: typing.List[float]) -> typing.List[float]
-        ├── 累加和(序列: typing.List[float]) -> typing.List[float]
-        ├── 线性方程组(左边: list, 右边: list) -> list
-        ├── 组合数(总数: int, 选取数: int) -> int
-        ├── 维吉尼亚密码(文本: str, 密钥: str, 解密: bool) -> str
-        ├── 罗马数转整数(罗马数: str) -> int
-        ├── 自然对数(真数: typing.Union[int, float]) -> typing.Union[int, float]
-        ├── 自然指数(指数: typing.Union[int, float]) -> typing.Union[int, float]
-        ├── 莫尔斯密码(文本: str, 解密: bool) -> str
-        ├── 解析浮点数字符串(字符串: str) -> tuple
-        ├── 误差函数(x: typing.Union[int, float]) -> typing.Union[int, float]
-        ├── 读取(文件: str) -> list
-        ├── 调和平均数(数据: typing.List[float]) -> float
-        ├── 贝塔函数(p: float, q: float) -> float
-        ├── 贝塞尔函数I0(x: typing.Union[int, float, complex]) -> typing.Union[int, float, complex]
-        ├── 贝塞尔函数I1(x: typing.Union[int, float, complex]) -> typing.Union[int, float, complex]
-        ├── 贝塞尔函数Iv(v: typing.Union[int, float], x: typing.Union[int, float, complex]) -> typing.Union[int, float, complex]
-        ├── 贝塞尔函数J0(x: typing.Union[int, float, complex]) -> typing.Union[int, float, complex]
-        ├── 贝塞尔函数J1(x: typing.Union[int, float, complex]) -> typing.Union[int, float, complex]
-        ├── 贝塞尔函数Jv(v: typing.Union[int, float], x: typing.Union[int, float, complex]) -> typing.Union[int, float, complex]
-        ├── 负一整数次幂(指数: int) -> int
-        ├── 转为多精度复数(实部: typing.Union[int, float, str, decimal.Decimal, complex, pypynum.multiprec.MPComplex], 虚部: typing.Union[int, float, str, decimal.Decimal], 有效位数: int) -> pypynum.multiprec.MPComplex
-        ├── 转换为列表(数据: Any) -> list
-        ├── 转换为数组(数据: Any) -> pypynum.arrays.Array
-        ├── 连续乘积(下界: int, 上界: int, 函数: typing.Callable) -> float
-        ├── 连续加和(下界: int, 上界: int, 函数: typing.Callable) -> float
-        ├── 阶乘函数(n: int) -> int
-        ├── 阿特巴什密码(文本: str) -> str
-        ├── 频率统计(数据: typing.List[typing.Any]) -> typing.Dict[typing.Any, int]
-        └── 黎曼函数(alpha: float) -> float
 ```
 
 ### Code Testing
 
 ```python
-from pypynum import (arrays, geoms, hypcmpnms, logics, matrices, multiprec, special, vectors,
-                     ciphers, consts, equations, maths, plotting, random, regs, tools)
+from pypynum import (arrays, geoms, hypcmpnms, logics, matrices, multiprec, polys, special, vectors, ciphers, consts,
+                     equations, maths, plotting, random, regs, tools, ufuncs)
 
 ...
 
@@ -1087,12 +955,38 @@ print("Value of exp(e^2):", exp_e_squared)
 """
 Modulus of the complex1: 3.064156670102011971734464
 Square root of the complex2: 1.630869996965458756791024890326755654659+0.9631646481434200567938527724670041364524i
-Power of complex1 raised to complex2: 0.144632311554759549910373681031-0.17337039786352194417298867399i
+Power of complex1 raised to complex2: 0.144632311554759549910373681032-0.17337039786352194417298867399i
 Value of Euler's gamma constant: 0.577215664901532860606512090082402431042159336
 Logarithm of 2 (base 10): 0.30102999566398119521373889472449302676818988146211
 Value of exp(e^2): 1618.1779919126535017
 """
 
+p0 = polys.poly([(2, 1), (1, -2), (0, 1)])
+p1 = polys.poly([(1, 1), (0, -1)])
+print(p0)
+print(p1)
+print(p0 + p1)
+print(p0 * p1)
+print(p0.deriv())
+print(p0.integ())
+print(p0.roots())
+print(p0.gcd(p1))
+print(polys.legpoly(3))
+print(polys.chebpoly(3))
+
+"""
+1 - 2x + x^2
+-1 + x
+-x + x^2
+-1 + 3x - 3x^2 + x^3
+-2 + 2x
+x - x^2 + 0.3333333333333333x^3
+[0.9999999999999998, 0.9999999999999999]
+-1 + x
+-1.5x + 2.5x^3
+-3x + 4x^3
+"""
+
 print("Bessel Function of the first kind, order 0 at x=1:", special.besselj0(1))
 print("Modified Bessel function of the first kind, order 1 at x=1:", special.besseli1(1))
 print("Hypergeometric function 0F1 at z=0.5 with b0=1:", special.hyp0f1(1, 0.5))
@@ -1105,7 +999,7 @@ Bessel Function of the first kind, order 0 at x=1: 0.7651976865579666
 Modified Bessel function of the first kind, order 1 at x=1: 0.565159103992485
 Hypergeometric function 0F1 at z=0.5 with b0=1: 1.5660829297563503
 Hypergeometric function 1F1 at z=1 with a0=1, b0=1: 2.7182818284590455
-q-Pochhammer Symbol with a=2+1j, q=0.5+0.1j, n=2+1j: (-0.33353429405776575+1.8573191887407854j)
+q-Pochhammer Symbol with a=2+1j, q=0.5+0.1j, n=2+1j: (-0.3335342940577659+1.8573191887407858j)
 q-Gamma Function at n=2 with q=0.5+0.1j: (0.9999999999999989-4.953510875709033e-16j)
 """
 
@@ -1182,12 +1076,12 @@ print(equations.poly_eq(p))
 print(equations.lin_eq(*m))
 
 """
-[(-1.5615528128088307-6.5209667308287455e-24j), (1.0000000000000007+3.241554513744382e-25j), (2.5615528128088294+4.456233626665941e-24j)]
-[1.6666666666666665, -0.6666666666666666, -0.4444444444444444]
+[(-1.5615528128088307-3.728101026218476e-24j), (1.0000000000000007+3.2415545137443745e-25j), (2.5615528128088294+7.352235277305158e-24j)]
+[ 1.6666666666666665 -0.6666666666666666 -0.4444444444444444]
 """
 
 print(maths.cot(consts.pi / 3))
-print(maths.gamma(1.5))
+print(maths.combination(10, 3))
 print(maths.pi(1, 10, lambda x: x ** 2))
 print(maths.product([2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29]))
 print(maths.sigma(1, 10, lambda x: x ** 2))
@@ -1195,86 +1089,108 @@ print(maths.var([2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29]))
 
 """
 0.577350269189626
-0.886226925452758
+120
 13168189440000
 6469693230
 385
 73.29
 """
 
-plt = plotting.unary(lambda x: x ** 2, top=10, bottom=0, character="+")
-print(plt)
-print(plotting.binary(lambda x, y: x ** 2 + y ** 2 - 10, right=10, left=0, compare="<=", basic=plotting.change(plt)))
-print(plotting.c_unary(lambda x: x ** x, right=2, left=-2, top=2, bottom=-2, complexity=20, character="-"))
+print("Scalar gamma(5):", ufuncs.gamma(5))
+print("Complex gamma(1+1j):", ufuncs.gamma(1 + 1j))
+print("Array gamma:", ufuncs.gamma(arrays.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])))
+print("Scalar factorial(10):", ufuncs.factorial(10))
+print("Array factorial:", ufuncs.factorial(arrays.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])))
+print("Scalar binomial(10, 3):", ufuncs.binomial(10, 3))
+print("Complex binomial(5+1j, 2+1j):", ufuncs.binomial(5 + 1j, 2 + 1j))
+print("Array binomial:", ufuncs.binomial(arrays.array([5, 6, 7]), arrays.array([2, 3, 4])))
+print("Scalar beta(2, 3):", ufuncs.beta(2, 3))
+print("Complex beta(1+1j, 2+1j):", ufuncs.beta(1 + 1j, 2 + 1j))
+print("Scalar pochhammer(2, 3):", ufuncs.pochhammer(2, 3))
+print("Array loggamma:", ufuncs.loggamma(arrays.array([2, 3, 4, 5])))
+
+"""
+Scalar gamma(5): 24.0
+Complex gamma(1+1j): (0.49801566811835757-0.15494982830181106j)
+Array gamma: [ 1.0  1.0  2.0  6.0 24.0]
+Scalar factorial(10): 3628800.0
+Array factorial: [  1.0   2.0   6.0  24.0 120.0]
+Scalar binomial(10, 3): 119.99999999999987
+Complex binomial(5+1j, 2+1j): (7.999999999999997+7.6666666666666625j)
+Array binomial: [10.000000000000002 20.000000000000007  35.00000000000001]
+Scalar beta(2, 3): 0.08333333333333337
+Complex beta(1+1j, 2+1j): (-0.10563618646826745-0.3827641582689022j)
+Scalar pochhammer(2, 3): 24.0
+Array loggamma: [               0.0  0.693147180559945 1.7917594692280554  3.178053830347945]
+"""
+
+canvas = plotting.Canvas(xlim=(0, 10), ylim=(0, 10), resolution=50)
+canvas.plot(lambda x: x ** 2, marker="+")
+print(canvas.render())
+canvas2 = plotting.Canvas(xlim=(-5, 5), ylim=(-5, 5), resolution=60)
+canvas2.plot_contour(lambda x, y: maths.sin(x ** 2) + maths.sin(y ** 2), threshold=0, marker="*")
+print(canvas2.render())
+canvas3 = plotting.Canvas(xlim=(-2, 2), ylim=(-2, 2), resolution=40)
+canvas3.plot_complex(lambda z: z ** z, marker="-")
+print(canvas3.render())
 
 """
-  1.00e+01|         +                               +         
+  1.00e+01|                +                                  
           |                                                   
-          |          +                             +          
+          |               +                                   
           |                                                   
-          |           +                           +           
-          |            +                         +            
+          |              +                                    
           |                                                   
-          |             +                       +             
+          |             +                                     
+          |            +                                      
   5.00e+00|_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-          |              +                     +              
-          |               +                   +               
-          |                +                 +                
-          |                 +               +                 
-          |                  +             +                  
-          |                   +           +                   
-          |                    +         +                    
-          |                     +++   +++                     
-  0.00e+00|________________________+++________________________
-           -5.00e+00             0.00e+00             5.00e+00
-  1.00e+01|         +                               +         
-          |                                                   
-          |          +                             +          
+          |           +                                       
+          |          +                                        
+          |         +                                         
           |                                                   
-          |.........  +                           +           
-          |.............                         +            
-          |..............                                     
-          |................                     +             
-  5.00e+00|................_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-          |................                    +              
-          |................                   +               
-          |..............  +                 +                
-          |.............    +               +                 
-          |.........         +             +                  
-          |                   +           +                   
-          |                    +         +                    
-          |                     +++   +++                     
-  0.00e+00|________________________+++________________________
-           -5.00e+00             0.00e+00             5.00e+00
-  2.00e+00|           -                 -           -          -          -            -    
-          |               -  -            -          -         -         -           -      
-          |                     -           -         -        -        -          -        
-          |-                       -          -       -       -        -         -          
-          |     -   -                - -       --      -      -       -        -            
-          |            -  -              -       -      -     -      -       -             -
-          |                  -  - -       - --  - ---  -- -  --     -     - -         - -   
-          |                         - -   -  --    --    -   -  - --     -       - -        
-          |  -   -  - - -  -          - -- -   ---  ---  -   -   ---   --     - -           
-          |             -    -  - - - --    ----- -- -- --- --  --  ---    --           -  -
-          |               - -      -     ------------ ----  - --  -- - ---       - - -      
-          |    -  -  -  - -  ----- - -- ----------------------- -- ----  - -- --            
-          |   -  -   - -         - ---- ---------------------------------      - - - - -  - 
-  0.00e+00|_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _-_-_-_-_---- ------------------------------------_-- _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-          |            -  -   - - ----------------------------------------- -- - - - -      
-          |   -  --  -  -       -- -  -  --------------------------------- -           -  - 
-          |    -          - ---- - - -- --------------------- ----- ----    - -- -          
-          |               -         - -- --------- -- -- -  -----  ---  -- -       - -  -   
-          |             -  - -  - - - -    ---- --- --- --- --  --  ---     - -            -
-          |  -   -  - -               - --     --   --   -   -    --   --       --          
-          |                       - -     -  --    -    --   -- -  -     --        -  -     
-          |                  -  -         - -   - - -  -- -   -     --      -           -   
-          |            -  -            - -      --     --     -      -       - -           -
-          |     -   -                -         -       -      -       -          -          
-          |-                    -  -          -       -        -       -           -        
-          |                  -              -         -        -        -            -      
-          |               -               -          -         -         -                  
- -2.00e+00|___________-_________________-___________-_____________________-____________-____
-           -2.00e+00                            0.00e+00                            2.00e+00
+          |        +                                          
+          |       +                                           
+          |     ++                                            
+          |   ++                                              
+  0.00e+00|+++________________________________________________
+           0.00e+00              5.00e+00             1.00e+01
+  5.00e+00|  *** ****  ****    *********   *********    ****  **** ***  
+          |************* ********   ***********   ******** *************
+          |*************************************************************
+          |*************************************************************
+          |**********************  *************  **********************
+          |*************************************************************
+          |  *** ****  ****   ***********************   ****  **** ***  
+          |*** ***  ****  *****                     *****  ****  *** ***
+          |**  ***  ***    ***                       ***    ***  ***  **
+          |*** * *  * **  ** **                     ** **  ** *  * * ***
+  0.00e+00|_ * * * _*_ * _*_ _*_ _ _ _ _ * _ _ _ _ _*_ _*_ * _*_ * * * _
+          |*** * *  * **  ** **                     ** **  ** *  * * ***
+          |**  ***  ***    ***                       ***    ***  ***  **
+          |*** ***  ****  *****                     *****  ****  *** ***
+          |  *** ****  ****   ***********************   ****  **** ***  
+          |*************************************************************
+          |**********************  *************  **********************
+          |*************************************************************
+          |*************************************************************
+          |************* ********   ***********   ******** *************
+ -5.00e+00|__***_****__****____*********___*********____****__****_***__
+           -5.00e+00                  0.00e+00                  5.00e+00
+  2.00e+00|                -           -            
+          |-                -         -            -
+          |     -  -          --      -       -  -  
+          |           - -      --    -       -      
+          |     -         ---- ---- --    --        
+          |      - ---- ------------- ----     - -  
+  0.00e+00|_ _-_ _ _ _-_-------------------- - _ _ _
+          |   -       - -------------------- -      
+          |      - ---- ------------- ----     - -  
+          |     -         ---- ---- --    --        
+          |           - -      --    -       -      
+          |     -  -          --      -       -  -  
+          |-                -         -            -
+ -2.00e+00|________________-___________-____________
+           -2.00e+00     -  0.00e+00   -    2.00e+00
 """
 
 print(random.gauss(0, 1, [2, 3, 4]))
@@ -1283,10 +1199,10 @@ print(random.randint(0, 9, [2, 3, 4]))
 print(random.uniform(0, 9, [2, 3, 4]))
 
 """
-[[[0.19564108603837504, 1.01920370166293, -0.0432622197313817, 1.8767392228517594], [-0.9372140720220945, 0.6455939848661518, 0.06219926062283103, -0.03646501719525719], [-0.6575861228704779, -1.627831653990843, 1.4669927522358261, -2.1082184047042944]], [[-0.4550416369776341, 0.5921202822490813, 0.1393176939653395, -0.1994214479986489], [-0.559257919413219, -1.629764620332396, 0.04658277611512766, 0.20529751771180757], [0.492656546311569, 0.9731757491363898, -0.3281597719355017, -0.6855996837842998]]]
-[[[0.9897608447208633, 0.9091539554606014, 0.839742901348473, 0.7483640950392159], [0.1271954637618754, 0.23914774960655272, 0.6603167703557995, 0.09706202212722614], [0.1020987366479954, 0.16628877700140854, 0.9844464087410161, 0.8213963537473721]], [[0.268434775377716, 0.8021623176316018, 0.48319517625501174, 0.30410149780944096], [0.8970313978138931, 0.9980790184879383, 0.1185467392465952, 0.19570961919567464], [0.08626090792820118, 0.5790211560246683, 0.7475290741004703, 0.8048613204213184]]]
-[[[9, 0, 7, 5], [2, 7, 3, 5], [7, 6, 4, 2]], [[3, 4, 2, 0], [4, 2, 2, 1], [4, 5, 4, 9]]]
-[[[8.067902792666303, 3.1398970785364244, 7.875028237778611, 7.766921948037462], [3.337337214716076, 2.852783099370506, 1.028257336777862, 7.822605535085232], [7.111199916783942, 5.890725764603359, 3.038605829888671, 6.272148674191553]], [[1.076715403659712, 6.806086377982102, 5.699002266942416, 1.1654651363361368], [1.3920577362733448, 8.527352563852686, 2.359964996027981, 5.183071574749471], [7.8250627862940725, 1.6259461468536924, 8.333173856724002, 5.068032713313034]]]
+[[[-0.1298501384051712, 0.3727699801277098, 0.4166700916648799, -0.7775206291555409], [-0.30014656405123064, -0.16697588134574046, 0.05882136579879377, -1.3702698211987647], [0.6197659045003135, 1.991697529996604, 0.9298444669920536, 0.4422044574065226]], [[-1.0421887750231207, 1.0127464645610977, -0.19182259386341258, -0.005000095322641637], [-0.9920550978825892, -0.10153125400742637, -0.10261269275330637, 0.14806319544548724], [-0.4828220202617309, -1.1860880232637627, -2.0699004045058267, -0.529540752082409]]]
+[[[0.08655140967833264, 0.6394780807323993, 0.2524438881598683, 0.6474199226773842], [0.5756049932474537, 0.5282380647601147, 0.7316894682109464, 0.019931361163881167], [0.7159100626981946, 0.9890997667800252, 0.07139958022635717, 0.41108364623335725]], [[0.3968800554375378, 0.2991796674738614, 0.6018719095232256, 0.8784654982369239], [0.4686461866479704, 0.590160413315007, 0.8152095317051954, 0.27473954566778025], [0.4442862079226716, 0.9497328028804668, 0.024900765451991935, 0.6874120115820541]]]
+[[[1, 2, 1, 8], [7, 5, 6, 4], [7, 2, 0, 3]], [[4, 7, 5, 9], [6, 5, 7, 7], [9, 7, 9, 7]]]
+[[[8.03159946997718, 0.6986351746766797, 6.257222546262797, 0.201624984908367], [1.5010606332093606, 8.490949276137348, 2.801498207055703, 1.6336744885080783], [3.940481233427212, 7.308098296419055, 2.025878540098897, 8.64457791957968]], [[6.154491182321485, 0.7269750156678364, 2.5524453548150046, 0.9963287593978754], [7.233834593868724, 8.238488157751819, 5.011182865628198, 1.7274625227896652], [2.378375506221915, 7.213742910935083, 2.705310847444149, 6.1706150877584705]]]
 """
 
 print(regs.lin_reg(list(range(5)), [2, 4, 6, 7, 8]))
@@ -1305,14 +1221,14 @@ print(tools.frange(0, 3, 0.4))
 print(tools.linspace(0, 2.8, 8))
 
 """
-{<class 'int'>: [1], <class 'float'>: [2.3, 3.14], <class 'complex'>: [(4+5j)], <class 'str'>: ['string'], <class 'type'>: [<class 'list'>, <class 'tuple'>], <class 'bool'>: [True, False], <class 'module'>: [<module 'pypynum.tools' from 'C:\\Users\\Administrator\\PycharmProjects\\pythonProject\\pypynum\\tools.py'>]}
+{<class 'int'>: [1], <class 'float'>: [2.3, 3.14], <class 'complex'>: [(4+5j)], <class 'str'>: ['string'], <class 'type'>: [<class 'list'>, <class 'tuple'>], <class 'bool'>: [True, False], <class 'module'>: [<module 'pypynum.tools' from 'C:\\Users\\Administrator\\PycharmProjects\\PythonProject\\pypynum\\tools.py'>]}
 ['Python', 6, 'NumPy', <class 'int'>, 'PyPyNum', 9, 'pypynum', True]
 [0.0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2000000000000002, 1.6, 2.0, 2.4000000000000004, 2.8000000000000003, 3.2]
 [0.0, 0.39999999999999997, 0.7999999999999999, 1.2, 1.5999999999999999, 1.9999999999999998, 2.4, 2.8]
 """
 
-# Tip:
-# The test has been successfully passed and ended.
-# These tests are only part of the functionality of this package.
-# More features need to be explored and tried by yourself!
+# Tip: 
+# The test has been successfully passed and ended. 
+# These tests are only part of the functionality of this package. 
+# More features need to be explored and tried by yourself! 
 ```