@gjsify/canvas2d-core 0.3.21 → 0.4.3

package/src/canvas-rendering-context-2d.ts

@@ -1,1187 +0,0 @@
-// CanvasRenderingContext2D implementation backed by Cairo
-// Reference: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/CanvasRenderingContext2D
-// Reference: refs/node-canvas (Cairo-backed Canvas 2D for Node.js)
-
-import Cairo from 'cairo';
-import Gdk from 'gi://Gdk?version=4.0';
-import GdkPixbuf from 'gi://GdkPixbuf';
-import Pango from 'gi://Pango';
-import PangoCairo from 'gi://PangoCairo';
-// HTMLCanvasElement type is provided by the DOM lib.
-// Our @gjsify/dom-elements HTMLCanvasElement satisfies this interface.
-
-import { parseColor } from './color.js';
-import {
-    quadraticToCubic,
-    cairoArcTo,
-    cairoEllipse,
-    cairoRoundRect,
-    COMPOSITE_OP_MAP,
-    LINE_CAP_MAP,
-    LINE_JOIN_MAP,
-} from './cairo-utils.js';
-import { type CanvasState, createDefaultState, cloneState } from './canvas-state.js';
-import { OurImageData } from './image-data.js';
-import { CanvasGradient as OurCanvasGradient } from './canvas-gradient.js';
-import { CanvasPattern as OurCanvasPattern } from './canvas-pattern.js';
-import { Path2D } from './canvas-path.js';
-
-/**
- * CanvasRenderingContext2D backed by Cairo.ImageSurface.
- * Implements the Canvas 2D API for GJS.
- */
-export class CanvasRenderingContext2D {
-    readonly canvas: any;
-
-    private _surface: Cairo.ImageSurface;
-    private _ctx: Cairo.Context;
-    private _state: CanvasState;
-    private _stateStack: CanvasState[] = [];
-    private _surfaceWidth: number;
-    private _surfaceHeight: number;
-
-    constructor(canvas: any, _options?: any) {
-        this.canvas = canvas;
-        this._surfaceWidth = canvas.width || 300;
-        this._surfaceHeight = canvas.height || 150;
-        this._surface = new Cairo.ImageSurface(Cairo.Format.ARGB32, this._surfaceWidth, this._surfaceHeight);
-        this._ctx = new Cairo.Context(this._surface);
-        this._state = createDefaultState();
-    }
-
-    // ---- Internal helpers ----
-
-    /** Ensure the surface matches the current canvas dimensions. Recreate if resized. */
-    private _ensureSurface(): void {
-        const w = this.canvas.width || 300;
-        const h = this.canvas.height || 150;
-        if (w !== this._surfaceWidth || h !== this._surfaceHeight) {
-            this._ctx.$dispose();
-            this._surface.finish();
-            this._surfaceWidth = w;
-            this._surfaceHeight = h;
-            this._surface = new Cairo.ImageSurface(Cairo.Format.ARGB32, w, h);
-            this._ctx = new Cairo.Context(this._surface);
-            // Preserve the current drawing state (fillStyle, strokeStyle, font, etc.) across
-            // surface recreations triggered by widget resize. Only reset the save/restore stack
-            // because the old Cairo context is gone and saved state is invalid.
-            // NOTE: If app code wants a true canvas reset (spec: canvas.width = X resets context),
-            // it should call _resetState() explicitly. We do not reset here because _ensureSurface()
-            // is called internally from drawing operations, not from app-level canvas.width assignments.
-            this._stateStack = [];
-        }
-    }
-
-    /** Reset drawing state to defaults (called when canvas dimensions are explicitly reset). */
-    _resetState(): void {
-        this._state = createDefaultState();
-        this._stateStack = [];
-    }
-
-    /** Apply the current fill style (color, gradient, or pattern) to the Cairo context. */
-    private _applyFillStyle(): void {
-        const style = this._state.fillStyle;
-        if (typeof style === 'string') {
-            const c = this._state.fillColor;
-            const a = c.a * this._state.globalAlpha;
-            this._ctx.setSourceRGBA(c.r, c.g, c.b, a);
-        } else if (style instanceof OurCanvasGradient) {
-            this._ctx.setSource(style._getCairoPattern());
-        } else if (style instanceof OurCanvasPattern) {
-            this._ctx.setSource(style._getCairoPattern());
-            this._applyPatternFilter();
-        }
-    }
-
-    /** Apply the current stroke style to the Cairo context. */
-    private _applyStrokeStyle(): void {
-        const style = this._state.strokeStyle;
-        if (typeof style === 'string') {
-            const c = this._state.strokeColor;
-            const a = c.a * this._state.globalAlpha;
-            this._ctx.setSourceRGBA(c.r, c.g, c.b, a);
-        } else if (style instanceof OurCanvasGradient) {
-            this._ctx.setSource(style._getCairoPattern());
-        } else if (style instanceof OurCanvasPattern) {
-            this._ctx.setSource(style._getCairoPattern());
-            this._applyPatternFilter();
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Apply the current imageSmoothingEnabled + imageSmoothingQuality state
-     * to the currently installed Cairo source pattern. Per Canvas 2D spec,
-     * the filter is read from the context at *draw* time, not at pattern
-     * creation — so we re-apply it on every fill/stroke.
-     */
-    private _applyPatternFilter(): void {
-        const pat = (this._ctx as any).getSource?.();
-        if (pat && typeof pat.setFilter === 'function') {
-            let filter: number;
-            if (!this._state.imageSmoothingEnabled) {
-                filter = Cairo.Filter.NEAREST as unknown as number;
-            } else if (this._state.imageSmoothingQuality === 'high') {
-                filter = Cairo.Filter.BEST as unknown as number;
-            } else {
-                filter = Cairo.Filter.BILINEAR as unknown as number;
-            }
-            pat.setFilter(filter);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /** Apply line properties to the Cairo context. */
-    private _applyLineStyle(): void {
-        this._ctx.setLineWidth(this._state.lineWidth);
-        this._ctx.setLineCap(LINE_CAP_MAP[this._state.lineCap] as Cairo.LineCap);
-        this._ctx.setLineJoin(LINE_JOIN_MAP[this._state.lineJoin] as Cairo.LineJoin);
-        this._ctx.setMiterLimit(this._state.miterLimit);
-        this._ctx.setDash(this._state.lineDash, this._state.lineDashOffset);
-    }
-
-    /** Apply compositing operator. */
-    private _applyCompositing(): void {
-        const op = COMPOSITE_OP_MAP[this._state.globalCompositeOperation];
-        if (op !== undefined) {
-            this._ctx.setOperator(op as Cairo.Operator);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /** Get the Cairo ImageSurface (used by other contexts like drawImage). */
-    _getSurface(): Cairo.ImageSurface {
-        return this._surface;
-    }
-
-    /** Check if shadow rendering is needed. */
-    private _hasShadow(): boolean {
-        if (this._state.shadowBlur === 0 && this._state.shadowOffsetX === 0 && this._state.shadowOffsetY === 0) {
-            return false;
-        }
-        const c = parseColor(this._state.shadowColor);
-        return c !== null && c.a > 0;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Convert a distance from device pixels to Cairo user space by inverting
-     * the linear part of the current CTM (translation doesn't affect distances).
-     *
-     * Canvas 2D spec: shadowOffsetX/Y are in CSS pixels and are NOT scaled by
-     * the current transform. This helper converts them to user-space offsets so
-     * that `ctx.moveTo(x + sdx, y + sdy)` produces the correct pixel offset
-     * regardless of any ctx.scale() or ctx.rotate() in effect.
-     */
-    private _deviceToUserDistance(dx: number, dy: number): [number, number] {
-        const origin = (this._ctx as any).userToDevice(0, 0);
-        const xAxis  = (this._ctx as any).userToDevice(1, 0);
-        const yAxis  = (this._ctx as any).userToDevice(0, 1);
-        const a = (xAxis[0] ?? 0) - (origin[0] ?? 0);
-        const b = (xAxis[1] ?? 0) - (origin[1] ?? 0);
-        const c = (yAxis[0] ?? 0) - (origin[0] ?? 0);
-        const d = (yAxis[1] ?? 0) - (origin[1] ?? 0);
-        const det = a * d - b * c;
-        if (Math.abs(det) < 1e-10) return [dx, dy]; // degenerate transform — no conversion
-        return [
-            ( d * dx - c * dy) / det,
-            (-b * dx + a * dy) / det,
-        ];
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Shadow rendering is intentionally a no-op.
-     *
-     * Proper Canvas 2D shadows require a Gaussian blur pass on an isolated
-     * temporary surface, which cannot be emulated reliably without a full
-     * Path2D replay or pixel-level manipulation. The previous implementation
-     * attempted to use a temp surface but never replayed the path onto it
-     * (because `drawOp` closes over the main context), leaving the shadow
-     * surface empty while still leaking memory.
-     *
-     * Excalibur and most 2D game engines bake glow/outline effects into
-     * sprites rather than relying on canvas shadows, so this no-op does not
-     * affect the showcase. A correct implementation is tracked as a
-     * separate Canvas 2D Phase-5 enhancement.
-     */
-    private _renderShadow(_drawOp: () => void): void {
-        // Intentionally empty. See the doc-comment above.
-    }
-
-    // ---- State ----
-
-    save(): void {
-        this._ensureSurface();
-        this._stateStack.push(cloneState(this._state));
-        this._ctx.save();
-    }
-
-    restore(): void {
-        this._ensureSurface();
-        const prev = this._stateStack.pop();
-        if (prev) {
-            this._state = prev;
-            this._ctx.restore();
-        }
-    }
-
-    // ---- Transforms ----
-
-    translate(x: number, y: number): void {
-        this._ensureSurface();
-        this._ctx.translate(x, y);
-    }
-
-    rotate(angle: number): void {
-        this._ensureSurface();
-        this._ctx.rotate(angle);
-    }
-
-    scale(x: number, y: number): void {
-        this._ensureSurface();
-        this._ctx.scale(x, y);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Multiply the current transformation matrix by the given values.
-     * Matrix: [a c e]
-     *         [b d f]
-     *         [0 0 1]
-     */
-    transform(a: number, b: number, c: number, d: number, e: number, f: number): void {
-        this._ensureSurface();
-        // Guard against NaN / undefined / Infinity — Cairo will hard-crash
-        // on invalid matrix values.
-        if (!Number.isFinite(a) || !Number.isFinite(b) || !Number.isFinite(c) ||
-            !Number.isFinite(d) || !Number.isFinite(e) || !Number.isFinite(f)) {
-            return;
-        }
-        // Cairo.Context in GJS does NOT expose a generic `transform(matrix)` /
-        // `setMatrix()` call — only `translate()`, `rotate()`, `scale()` and
-        // `identityMatrix()`. So we decompose the affine 2D matrix
-        //   [a c e]
-        //   [b d f]
-        //   [0 0 1]
-        // into translate + rotate + scale (ignoring shear, which Excalibur /
-        // three.js 2D users don't rely on). Shear would require a combined
-        // matrix multiply, which isn't available in this binding.
-        const tx = e;
-        const ty = f;
-        const sx = Math.hypot(a, b);
-        const sy = Math.hypot(c, d);
-        const rotation = Math.atan2(b, a);
-        this._ctx.translate(tx, ty);
-        if (rotation !== 0) this._ctx.rotate(rotation);
-        if (sx !== 1 || sy !== 1) this._ctx.scale(sx, sy);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Reset the transform to identity, then apply the given matrix.
-     */
-    setTransform(matrix?: DOMMatrix2DInit): void;
-    setTransform(a: number, b: number, c: number, d: number, e: number, f: number): void;
-    setTransform(a?: number | DOMMatrix2DInit, b?: number, c?: number, d?: number, e?: number, f?: number): void {
-        this._ensureSurface();
-        if (typeof a === 'object' && a !== null) {
-            const m = a;
-            this._ctx.identityMatrix();
-            this.transform(
-                m.a ?? m.m11 ?? 1, m.b ?? m.m12 ?? 0,
-                m.c ?? m.m21 ?? 0, m.d ?? m.m22 ?? 1,
-                m.e ?? m.m41 ?? 0, m.f ?? m.m42 ?? 0,
-            );
-        } else if (typeof a === 'number') {
-            this._ctx.identityMatrix();
-            this.transform(a, b!, c!, d!, e!, f!);
-        } else {
-            this._ctx.identityMatrix();
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Return the current transformation matrix as a DOMMatrix-like object.
-     */
-    getTransform(): DOMMatrix {
-        // Cairo.Context in GJS doesn't expose `getMatrix()`, but it does
-        // expose `userToDevice(x, y)`. We reconstruct the current affine
-        // matrix [a,b,c,d,e,f] by transforming three reference points:
-        //   userToDevice(0, 0) = (e,     f)      — translation
-        //   userToDevice(1, 0) = (a + e, b + f)  — first basis vector
-        //   userToDevice(0, 1) = (c + e, d + f)  — second basis vector
-        const origin = (this._ctx as any).userToDevice(0, 0);
-        const xAxis  = (this._ctx as any).userToDevice(1, 0);
-        const yAxis  = (this._ctx as any).userToDevice(0, 1);
-        const e = origin[0] ?? 0;
-        const f = origin[1] ?? 0;
-        const a = (xAxis[0] ?? 0) - e;
-        const b = (xAxis[1] ?? 0) - f;
-        const c = (yAxis[0] ?? 0) - e;
-        const d = (yAxis[1] ?? 0) - f;
-
-        const DOMMatrixCtor = (globalThis as any).DOMMatrix;
-        if (typeof DOMMatrixCtor === 'function') {
-            return new DOMMatrixCtor([a, b, c, d, e, f]);
-        }
-        return {
-            a, b, c, d, e, f,
-            m11: a, m12: b, m13: 0, m14: 0,
-            m21: c, m22: d, m23: 0, m24: 0,
-            m31: 0, m32: 0, m33: 1, m34: 0,
-            m41: e, m42: f, m43: 0, m44: 1,
-            is2D: true,
-            isIdentity: (a === 1 && b === 0 && c === 0 && d === 1 && e === 0 && f === 0),
-        } as any;
-    }
-
-    resetTransform(): void {
-        this._ensureSurface();
-        this._ctx.identityMatrix();
-    }
-
-    // ---- Style properties ----
-
-    get fillStyle(): string | CanvasGradient | CanvasPattern {
-        return this._state.fillStyle;
-    }
-
-    set fillStyle(value: string | CanvasGradient | CanvasPattern) {
-        if (typeof value === 'string') {
-            const parsed = parseColor(value);
-            if (parsed) {
-                this._state.fillStyle = value;
-                this._state.fillColor = parsed;
-            }
-        } else {
-            this._state.fillStyle = value;
-        }
-    }
-
-    get strokeStyle(): string | CanvasGradient | CanvasPattern {
-        return this._state.strokeStyle;
-    }
-
-    set strokeStyle(value: string | CanvasGradient | CanvasPattern) {
-        if (typeof value === 'string') {
-            const parsed = parseColor(value);
-            if (parsed) {
-                this._state.strokeStyle = value;
-                this._state.strokeColor = parsed;
-            }
-        } else {
-            this._state.strokeStyle = value;
-        }
-    }
-
-    get lineWidth(): number { return this._state.lineWidth; }
-    set lineWidth(value: number) {
-        if (value > 0 && isFinite(value)) this._state.lineWidth = value;
-    }
-
-    get lineCap(): CanvasLineCap { return this._state.lineCap; }
-    set lineCap(value: CanvasLineCap) {
-        if (value === 'butt' || value === 'round' || value === 'square') {
-            this._state.lineCap = value;
-        }
-    }
-
-    get lineJoin(): CanvasLineJoin { return this._state.lineJoin; }
-    set lineJoin(value: CanvasLineJoin) {
-        if (value === 'miter' || value === 'round' || value === 'bevel') {
-            this._state.lineJoin = value;
-        }
-    }
-
-    get miterLimit(): number { return this._state.miterLimit; }
-    set miterLimit(value: number) {
-        if (value > 0 && isFinite(value)) this._state.miterLimit = value;
-    }
-
-    get globalAlpha(): number { return this._state.globalAlpha; }
-    set globalAlpha(value: number) {
-        if (value >= 0 && value <= 1 && isFinite(value)) this._state.globalAlpha = value;
-    }
-
-    get globalCompositeOperation(): GlobalCompositeOperation {
-        return this._state.globalCompositeOperation;
-    }
-
-    set globalCompositeOperation(value: GlobalCompositeOperation) {
-        if (COMPOSITE_OP_MAP[value] !== undefined) {
-            this._state.globalCompositeOperation = value;
-        }
-    }
-
-    get imageSmoothingEnabled(): boolean { return this._state.imageSmoothingEnabled; }
-    set imageSmoothingEnabled(value: boolean) { this._state.imageSmoothingEnabled = !!value; }
-
-    get imageSmoothingQuality(): ImageSmoothingQuality { return this._state.imageSmoothingQuality; }
-    set imageSmoothingQuality(value: ImageSmoothingQuality) {
-        if (value === 'low' || value === 'medium' || value === 'high') {
-            this._state.imageSmoothingQuality = value;
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Line dash
-    setLineDash(segments: number[]): void {
-        // Per spec, ignore if any value is negative or non-finite
-        if (segments.some(v => v < 0 || !isFinite(v))) return;
-        this._state.lineDash = [...segments];
-    }
-
-    getLineDash(): number[] {
-        return [...this._state.lineDash];
-    }
-
-    get lineDashOffset(): number { return this._state.lineDashOffset; }
-    set lineDashOffset(value: number) {
-        if (isFinite(value)) this._state.lineDashOffset = value;
-    }
-
-    // ---- Shadow properties (stored in state, rendering in Phase 5) ----
-    get shadowColor(): string { return this._state.shadowColor; }
-    set shadowColor(value: string) { this._state.shadowColor = value; }
-    get shadowBlur(): number { return this._state.shadowBlur; }
-    set shadowBlur(value: number) { if (value >= 0 && isFinite(value)) this._state.shadowBlur = value; }
-    get shadowOffsetX(): number { return this._state.shadowOffsetX; }
-    set shadowOffsetX(value: number) { if (isFinite(value)) this._state.shadowOffsetX = value; }
-    get shadowOffsetY(): number { return this._state.shadowOffsetY; }
-    set shadowOffsetY(value: number) { if (isFinite(value)) this._state.shadowOffsetY = value; }
-
-    // ---- Text properties (stored in state, rendering in Phase 4) ----
-    get font(): string { return this._state.font; }
-    set font(value: string) { this._state.font = value; }
-    get textAlign(): CanvasTextAlign { return this._state.textAlign; }
-    set textAlign(value: CanvasTextAlign) { this._state.textAlign = value; }
-    get textBaseline(): CanvasTextBaseline { return this._state.textBaseline; }
-    set textBaseline(value: CanvasTextBaseline) { this._state.textBaseline = value; }
-    get direction(): CanvasDirection { return this._state.direction; }
-    set direction(value: CanvasDirection) { this._state.direction = value; }
-
-    // ---- Path methods ----
-
-    beginPath(): void {
-        this._ensureSurface();
-        this._ctx.newPath();
-    }
-
-    moveTo(x: number, y: number): void {
-        this._ensureSurface();
-        this._ctx.moveTo(x, y);
-    }
-
-    lineTo(x: number, y: number): void {
-        this._ensureSurface();
-        this._ctx.lineTo(x, y);
-    }
-
-    closePath(): void {
-        this._ensureSurface();
-        this._ctx.closePath();
-    }
-
-    bezierCurveTo(cp1x: number, cp1y: number, cp2x: number, cp2y: number, x: number, y: number): void {
-        this._ensureSurface();
-        this._ctx.curveTo(cp1x, cp1y, cp2x, cp2y, x, y);
-    }
-
-    quadraticCurveTo(cpx: number, cpy: number, x: number, y: number): void {
-        this._ensureSurface();
-        let cx: number, cy: number;
-        if (this._ctx.hasCurrentPoint()) {
-            [cx, cy] = this._ctx.getCurrentPoint();
-        } else {
-            cx = cpx;
-            cy = cpy;
-        }
-        const { cp1x, cp1y, cp2x, cp2y } = quadraticToCubic(cx, cy, cpx, cpy, x, y);
-        this._ctx.curveTo(cp1x, cp1y, cp2x, cp2y, x, y);
-    }
-
-    arc(x: number, y: number, radius: number, startAngle: number, endAngle: number, counterclockwise = false): void {
-        this._ensureSurface();
-        // Browsers draw a full circle when |endAngle - startAngle| >= 2π,
-        // regardless of direction. Cairo's arcNegative would produce a
-        // zero-length arc for arcNegative(x,y,r,0,2π) because it normalizes
-        // endAngle to be < startAngle, collapsing the arc to nothing.
-        if (Math.abs(endAngle - startAngle) >= 2 * Math.PI) {
-            this._ctx.arc(x, y, radius, 0, 2 * Math.PI);
-            return;
-        }
-        if (counterclockwise) {
-            this._ctx.arcNegative(x, y, radius, startAngle, endAngle);
-        } else {
-            this._ctx.arc(x, y, radius, startAngle, endAngle);
-        }
-    }
-
-    arcTo(x1: number, y1: number, x2: number, y2: number, radius: number): void {
-        this._ensureSurface();
-        let x0: number, y0: number;
-        if (this._ctx.hasCurrentPoint()) {
-            [x0, y0] = this._ctx.getCurrentPoint();
-        } else {
-            x0 = x1;
-            y0 = y1;
-            this._ctx.moveTo(x1, y1);
-        }
-        cairoArcTo(this._ctx, x0, y0, x1, y1, x2, y2, radius);
-    }
-
-    ellipse(
-        x: number, y: number,
-        radiusX: number, radiusY: number,
-        rotation: number,
-        startAngle: number, endAngle: number,
-        counterclockwise = false,
-    ): void {
-        this._ensureSurface();
-        if (radiusX < 0 || radiusY < 0) {
-            throw new RangeError('The radii provided are negative');
-        }
-        cairoEllipse(this._ctx, x, y, radiusX, radiusY, rotation, startAngle, endAngle, counterclockwise);
-    }
-
-    rect(x: number, y: number, w: number, h: number): void {
-        this._ensureSurface();
-        this._ctx.rectangle(x, y, w, h);
-    }
-
-    roundRect(x: number, y: number, w: number, h: number, radii: number | number[] = 0): void {
-        this._ensureSurface();
-        cairoRoundRect(this._ctx, x, y, w, h, radii);
-    }
-
-    // ---- Drawing methods ----
-
-    fill(fillRule?: CanvasFillRule): void;
-    fill(path: Path2D, fillRule?: CanvasFillRule): void;
-    fill(pathOrRule?: Path2D | CanvasFillRule, fillRule?: CanvasFillRule): void {
-        this._ensureSurface();
-        this._applyCompositing();
-        this._applyFillStyle();
-
-        let rule: CanvasFillRule | undefined;
-        if (pathOrRule instanceof Path2D) {
-            this._ctx.newPath();
-            pathOrRule._replayOnCairo(this._ctx);
-            rule = fillRule;
-        } else {
-            rule = pathOrRule;
-        }
-
-        this._ctx.setFillRule(rule === 'evenodd' ? Cairo.FillRule.EVEN_ODD : Cairo.FillRule.WINDING);
-        this._ctx.fillPreserve();
-    }
-
-    stroke(): void;
-    stroke(path: Path2D): void;
-    stroke(path?: Path2D): void {
-        this._ensureSurface();
-        this._applyCompositing();
-        this._applyStrokeStyle();
-        this._applyLineStyle();
-
-        if (path instanceof Path2D) {
-            this._ctx.newPath();
-            path._replayOnCairo(this._ctx);
-        }
-
-        this._ctx.strokePreserve();
-    }
-
-    fillRect(x: number, y: number, w: number, h: number): void {
-        this._ensureSurface();
-        this._applyCompositing();
-        // Per spec: fillRect must not affect the current path.
-        // Save current path, draw the rect in an isolated path, then restore.
-        const savedPath = this._ctx.copyPath();
-        if (this._hasShadow()) {
-            this._renderShadow(() => {
-                this._ctx.newPath();
-                this._ctx.rectangle(x, y, w, h);
-                this._ctx.fill();
-            });
-        }
-        this._applyFillStyle();
-        this._ctx.newPath();
-        this._ctx.rectangle(x, y, w, h);
-        this._ctx.fill();
-        this._ctx.newPath();
-        this._ctx.appendPath(savedPath);
-    }
-
-    strokeRect(x: number, y: number, w: number, h: number): void {
-        this._ensureSurface();
-        this._applyCompositing();
-        // Per spec: strokeRect must not affect the current path.
-        const savedPath = this._ctx.copyPath();
-        if (this._hasShadow()) {
-            this._renderShadow(() => {
-                this._ctx.newPath();
-                this._ctx.rectangle(x, y, w, h);
-                this._ctx.stroke();
-            });
-        }
-        this._applyStrokeStyle();
-        this._applyLineStyle();
-        this._ctx.newPath();
-        this._ctx.rectangle(x, y, w, h);
-        this._ctx.stroke();
-        this._ctx.newPath();
-        this._ctx.appendPath(savedPath);
-    }
-
-    clearRect(x: number, y: number, w: number, h: number): void {
-        this._ensureSurface();
-        // Per spec: clearRect must not affect the current path.
-        const savedPath = this._ctx.copyPath();
-        this._ctx.save();
-        this._ctx.setOperator(Cairo.Operator.CLEAR);
-        this._ctx.newPath();
-        this._ctx.rectangle(x, y, w, h);
-        this._ctx.fill();
-        this._ctx.restore();
-        this._ctx.newPath();
-        this._ctx.appendPath(savedPath);
-    }
-
-    // ---- Clipping ----
-
-    clip(fillRule?: CanvasFillRule): void;
-    clip(path: Path2D, fillRule?: CanvasFillRule): void;
-    clip(pathOrRule?: Path2D | CanvasFillRule, fillRule?: CanvasFillRule): void {
-        this._ensureSurface();
-        let rule: CanvasFillRule | undefined;
-        if (pathOrRule instanceof Path2D) {
-            this._ctx.newPath();
-            pathOrRule._replayOnCairo(this._ctx);
-            rule = fillRule;
-        } else {
-            rule = pathOrRule;
-        }
-        this._ctx.setFillRule(rule === 'evenodd' ? Cairo.FillRule.EVEN_ODD : Cairo.FillRule.WINDING);
-        this._ctx.clip();
-    }
-
-    // ---- Hit testing ----
-
-    isPointInPath(x: number, y: number, fillRule?: CanvasFillRule): boolean;
-    isPointInPath(path: Path2D, x: number, y: number, fillRule?: CanvasFillRule): boolean;
-    isPointInPath(pathOrX: Path2D | number, xOrY: number, fillRuleOrY?: CanvasFillRule | number, fillRule?: CanvasFillRule): boolean {
-        this._ensureSurface();
-        let x: number, y: number, rule: CanvasFillRule | undefined;
-        if (pathOrX instanceof Path2D) {
-            this._ctx.newPath();
-            pathOrX._replayOnCairo(this._ctx);
-            x = xOrY; y = fillRuleOrY as number; rule = fillRule;
-        } else {
-            x = pathOrX; y = xOrY; rule = fillRuleOrY as CanvasFillRule | undefined;
-        }
-        this._ctx.setFillRule(rule === 'evenodd' ? Cairo.FillRule.EVEN_ODD : Cairo.FillRule.WINDING);
-        return this._ctx.inFill(x, y);
-    }
-
-    isPointInStroke(x: number, y: number): boolean;
-    isPointInStroke(path: Path2D, x: number, y: number): boolean;
-    isPointInStroke(pathOrX: Path2D | number, xOrY: number, y?: number): boolean {
-        this._ensureSurface();
-        this._applyLineStyle();
-        if (pathOrX instanceof Path2D) {
-            this._ctx.newPath();
-            pathOrX._replayOnCairo(this._ctx);
-            return this._ctx.inStroke(xOrY, y!);
-        }
-        return this._ctx.inStroke(pathOrX, xOrY);
-    }
-
-    // ---- Gradient / Pattern factories ----
-
-    createLinearGradient(x0: number, y0: number, x1: number, y1: number): CanvasGradient {
-        return new OurCanvasGradient('linear', x0, y0, x1, y1) as any;
-    }
-
-    createRadialGradient(x0: number, y0: number, r0: number, x1: number, y1: number, r1: number): CanvasGradient {
-        return new OurCanvasGradient('radial', x0, y0, x1, y1, r0, r1) as any;
-    }
-
-    createPattern(image: any, repetition: string | null): CanvasPattern | null {
-        return OurCanvasPattern.create(image, repetition) as any;
-    }
-
-    // ---- Image data methods ----
-
-    createImageData(sw: number, sh: number): ImageData;
-    createImageData(imagedata: ImageData): ImageData;
-    createImageData(swOrImageData: number | ImageData, sh?: number): ImageData {
-        if (typeof swOrImageData === 'number') {
-            return new OurImageData(Math.abs(swOrImageData), Math.abs(sh!)) as any;
-        }
-        return new OurImageData(swOrImageData.width, swOrImageData.height) as any;
-    }
-
-    getImageData(sx: number, sy: number, sw: number, sh: number): ImageData {
-        this._ensureSurface();
-        this._surface.flush();
-
-        // Use Gdk.pixbuf_get_from_surface to read pixels
-        const pixbuf = Gdk.pixbuf_get_from_surface(this._surface, sx, sy, sw, sh);
-        if (!pixbuf) {
-            return new OurImageData(sw, sh) as any;
-        }
-
-        const pixels = pixbuf.get_pixels();
-        const hasAlpha = pixbuf.get_has_alpha();
-        const rowstride = pixbuf.get_rowstride();
-        const nChannels = pixbuf.get_n_channels();
-        const out = new Uint8ClampedArray(sw * sh * 4);
-
-        for (let y = 0; y < sh; y++) {
-            for (let x = 0; x < sw; x++) {
-                const srcIdx = y * rowstride + x * nChannels;
-                const dstIdx = (y * sw + x) * 4;
-                out[dstIdx] = pixels[srcIdx];         // R
-                out[dstIdx + 1] = pixels[srcIdx + 1]; // G
-                out[dstIdx + 2] = pixels[srcIdx + 2]; // B
-                out[dstIdx + 3] = hasAlpha ? pixels[srcIdx + 3] : 255; // A
-            }
-        }
-
-        return new OurImageData(out, sw, sh) as any;
-    }
-
-    putImageData(imageData: ImageData, dx: number, dy: number, dirtyX?: number, dirtyY?: number, dirtyWidth?: number, dirtyHeight?: number): void {
-        this._ensureSurface();
-
-        // Determine the dirty region
-        const sx = dirtyX ?? 0;
-        const sy = dirtyY ?? 0;
-        const sw = dirtyWidth ?? imageData.width;
-        const sh = dirtyHeight ?? imageData.height;
-
-        // Create a GdkPixbuf from the ImageData RGBA
-        const srcData = imageData.data;
-        const srcWidth = imageData.width;
-
-        // Create a temporary buffer for the dirty region (RGBA, no padding)
-        const regionData = new Uint8Array(sw * sh * 4);
-        for (let y = 0; y < sh; y++) {
-            for (let x = 0; x < sw; x++) {
-                const srcIdx = ((sy + y) * srcWidth + (sx + x)) * 4;
-                const dstIdx = (y * sw + x) * 4;
-                regionData[dstIdx] = srcData[srcIdx];
-                regionData[dstIdx + 1] = srcData[srcIdx + 1];
-                regionData[dstIdx + 2] = srcData[srcIdx + 2];
-                regionData[dstIdx + 3] = srcData[srcIdx + 3];
-            }
-        }
-
-        const pixbuf = GdkPixbuf.Pixbuf.new_from_bytes(
-            regionData as unknown as import('@girs/glib-2.0').default.Bytes,
-            GdkPixbuf.Colorspace.RGB,
-            true, // has_alpha
-            8,    // bits_per_sample
-            sw,
-            sh,
-            sw * 4, // rowstride
-        );
-
-        // putImageData per spec ignores compositing — always uses SOURCE operator
-        this._ctx.save();
-        this._ctx.setOperator(Cairo.Operator.SOURCE);
-        Gdk.cairo_set_source_pixbuf(this._ctx as any, pixbuf, dx + sx, dy + sy);
-        this._ctx.rectangle(dx + sx, dy + sy, sw, sh);
-        this._ctx.fill();
-        this._ctx.restore();
-    }
-
-    // ---- drawImage ----
-
-    drawImage(image: any, dx: number, dy: number): void;
-    drawImage(image: any, dx: number, dy: number, dw: number, dh: number): void;
-    drawImage(image: any, sx: number, sy: number, sw: number, sh: number, dx: number, dy: number, dw: number, dh: number): void;
-    drawImage(
-        image: any,
-        a1: number, a2: number,
-        a3?: number, a4?: number,
-        a5?: number, a6?: number,
-        a7?: number, a8?: number,
-    ): void {
-        this._ensureSurface();
-        this._applyCompositing();
-
-        let sx: number, sy: number, sw: number, sh: number;
-        let dx: number, dy: number, dw: number, dh: number;
-
-        // Get source surface/pixbuf
-        const sourceInfo = this._getDrawImageSource(image);
-        if (!sourceInfo) return;
-        const { pixbuf, imgWidth, imgHeight } = sourceInfo;
-
-        if (a3 === undefined) {
-            // drawImage(image, dx, dy)
-            sx = 0; sy = 0; sw = imgWidth; sh = imgHeight;
-            dx = a1; dy = a2; dw = imgWidth; dh = imgHeight;
-        } else if (a5 === undefined) {
-            // drawImage(image, dx, dy, dw, dh)
-            sx = 0; sy = 0; sw = imgWidth; sh = imgHeight;
-            dx = a1; dy = a2; dw = a3; dh = a4!;
-        } else {
-            // drawImage(image, sx, sy, sw, sh, dx, dy, dw, dh)
-            sx = a1; sy = a2; sw = a3; sh = a4!;
-            dx = a5; dy = a6!; dw = a7!; dh = a8!;
-        }
-
-        // Spec: drawImage with any zero-width/height source or destination
-        // rectangle is a no-op (and MUST NOT throw). Without this guard,
-        // `scale(dw / sw, dh / sh)` produces 0 or Infinity which Cairo
-        // rejects with "invalid matrix (not invertible)".
-        //
-        // Non-finite (NaN / Infinity / -Infinity) inputs reach us when the
-        // caller derives a dimension from a not-yet-resized canvas (e.g.
-        // Excalibur's logo overlay computes `Math.min(logoWidth, n * 0.75)`
-        // before the engine's pixelRatio / canvas size are known). Treat
-        // them the same as 0: spec-correct, and avoids cascading Cairo
-        // matrix failures that abort frames mid-paint.
-        if (
-            !Number.isFinite(sx) || !Number.isFinite(sy) ||
-            !Number.isFinite(sw) || !Number.isFinite(sh) ||
-            !Number.isFinite(dx) || !Number.isFinite(dy) ||
-            !Number.isFinite(dw) || !Number.isFinite(dh) ||
-            sw === 0 || sh === 0 || dw === 0 || dh === 0
-        ) {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        // Clip to the destination rectangle so the source pattern is only
-        // painted inside it; this lets us use paint() (which fills the
-        // entire clip) + paintWithAlpha() for globalAlpha support.
-        this._ctx.save();
-        this._ctx.rectangle(dx, dy, dw, dh);
-        this._ctx.clip();
-
-        // Scale the source to fill the destination
-        this._ctx.translate(dx, dy);
-        this._ctx.scale(dw / sw, dh / sh);
-        this._ctx.translate(-sx, -sy);
-
-        Gdk.cairo_set_source_pixbuf(this._ctx as any, pixbuf, 0, 0);
-
-        // Apply Cairo interpolation filter based on imageSmoothingEnabled +
-        // imageSmoothingQuality. setSource installs a fresh SurfacePattern and
-        // resets any filter to Cairo's default (BILINEAR), so setFilter MUST
-        // be called between setSource and paint. Without this, Excalibur's
-        // pixel-art mode (imageSmoothingEnabled=false) renders blurry because
-        // Cairo uses bilinear interpolation by default.
-        //
-        // Cairo.Filter values (verified runtime in GJS 1.86):
-        //   FAST=0  GOOD=1  BEST=2  NEAREST=3  BILINEAR=4  GAUSSIAN=5
-        // GIR typings are incomplete for Cairo.SurfacePattern so we go via any.
-        const pat = (this._ctx as any).getSource?.();
-        if (pat && typeof pat.setFilter === 'function') {
-            let filter: number;
-            if (!this._state.imageSmoothingEnabled) {
-                filter = Cairo.Filter.NEAREST as unknown as number;
-            } else if (this._state.imageSmoothingQuality === 'high') {
-                filter = Cairo.Filter.BEST as unknown as number;
-            } else {
-                filter = Cairo.Filter.BILINEAR as unknown as number;
-            }
-            pat.setFilter(filter);
-        }
-
-        // paint() vs fill(): paint() composites the current source over the
-        // current clip region uniformly, honoring paintWithAlpha for global
-        // alpha multiplication. fill() would require a rectangle path and
-        // doesn't support per-draw alpha, so paint() is the spec-correct
-        // choice for drawImage. The clip above confines the paint to dx,dy,dw,dh.
-        if (this._state.globalAlpha < 1) {
-            (this._ctx as any).paintWithAlpha(this._state.globalAlpha);
-        } else {
-            this._ctx.paint();
-        }
-        this._ctx.restore();
-    }
-
-    private _getDrawImageSource(image: any): { pixbuf: GdkPixbuf.Pixbuf; imgWidth: number; imgHeight: number } | null {
-        // HTMLImageElement (GdkPixbuf-backed)
-        if (typeof image?.isPixbuf === 'function' && image.isPixbuf()) {
-            const pixbuf = image._pixbuf as GdkPixbuf.Pixbuf;
-            return { pixbuf, imgWidth: pixbuf.get_width(), imgHeight: pixbuf.get_height() };
-        }
-
-        // HTMLCanvasElement with a 2D context
-        if (typeof image?.getContext === 'function') {
-            const w = image.width;
-            const h = image.height;
-            // Reject non-positive / non-finite dimensions before they reach
-            // GdkPixbuf — `pixbuf_get_from_surface` logs a GLib-CRITICAL on
-            // `width > 0 && height > 0` assertion failure for NaN/0 inputs.
-            if (!Number.isFinite(w) || !Number.isFinite(h) || w <= 0 || h <= 0) {
-                return null;
-            }
-            const ctx2d = image.getContext('2d');
-            if (ctx2d && typeof ctx2d._getSurface === 'function') {
-                const surface = ctx2d._getSurface() as Cairo.ImageSurface;
-                surface.flush();
-                const pixbuf = Gdk.pixbuf_get_from_surface(surface, 0, 0, w, h);
-                if (pixbuf) {
-                    return { pixbuf, imgWidth: w, imgHeight: h };
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        return null;
-    }
-
-    // ---- Text methods (PangoCairo) ----
-
-    /** Create a PangoCairo layout configured with current font/text settings. */
-    private _createTextLayout(text: string): Pango.Layout {
-        const layout = PangoCairo.create_layout(this._ctx as any);
-        layout.set_text(text, -1);
-
-        // Force LTR base direction so text is never rendered mirrored
-        // regardless of system locale or Pango context defaults.
-        const pangoCtx = layout.get_context();
-        pangoCtx.set_base_dir(Pango.Direction.LTR);
-        layout.context_changed();
-
-        // Parse CSS font string into Pango font description
-        const fontDesc = this._parseFontToDescription(this._state.font);
-        layout.set_font_description(fontDesc);
-
-        return layout;
-    }
-
-    /** Parse a CSS font string (e.g. "bold 16px Arial") into a Pango.FontDescription. */
-    private _parseFontToDescription(cssFont: string): Pango.FontDescription {
-        // CSS font: [style] [variant] [weight] size[/line-height] family[, family...]
-        const match = cssFont.match(
-            /^\s*(italic|oblique|normal)?\s*(small-caps|normal)?\s*(bold|bolder|lighter|[1-9]00|normal)?\s*(\d+(?:\.\d+)?)(px|pt|em|rem|%)?\s*(?:\/\S+)?\s*(.+)?$/i
-        );
-
-        if (!match) {
-            // Fallback: pass directly to Pango (may have DPI-scaling quirks)
-            return Pango.font_description_from_string(cssFont);
-        }
-
-        const style  = match[1] || '';
-        const weight = match[3] || '';
-        let   size   = parseFloat(match[4]) || 10;
-        const unit   = (match[5] || 'px').toLowerCase();
-        const family = (match[6] || 'sans-serif').replace(/['"]/g, '').trim();
-
-        // Normalise everything to CSS pixels.
-        // We use set_absolute_size() below which bypasses Pango's DPI scaling,
-        // so 1 CSS pixel == 1 device pixel on a 1:1 surface (standard for Canvas2D).
-        if      (unit === 'pt')            size = size * 96 / 72;  // 1pt = 96/72 px
-        else if (unit === 'em' || unit === 'rem') size = size * 16; // assume 16px base
-        else if (unit === '%')             size = (size / 100) * 16;
-        // 'px' stays as-is
-
-        // Build description string WITHOUT size — size is set via set_absolute_size.
-        let pangoStr = family;
-        if (style === 'italic')  pangoStr += ' Italic';
-        else if (style === 'oblique') pangoStr += ' Oblique';
-        if (weight === 'bold' || weight === 'bolder' || parseInt(weight) >= 600) pangoStr += ' Bold';
-        else if (weight === 'lighter' || (parseInt(weight) > 0 && parseInt(weight) <= 300)) pangoStr += ' Light';
-
-        const desc = Pango.font_description_from_string(pangoStr);
-        // Absolute size: Pango.SCALE units per device pixel, no DPI conversion.
-        // This ensures "9px Round9x13" renders at exactly 9 pixels — pixel-perfect.
-        desc.set_absolute_size(size * Pango.SCALE);
-        return desc;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Compute the x-offset for text alignment relative to the given x coordinate.
-     */
-    private _getTextAlignOffset(layout: Pango.Layout): number {
-        const [, logicalRect] = layout.get_pixel_extents();
-        const width = logicalRect.width;
-
-        switch (this._state.textAlign) {
-            case 'center': return -width / 2;
-            case 'right':
-            case 'end': return -width;
-            case 'left':
-            case 'start':
-            default: return 0;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Compute the y-offset for text baseline positioning.
-     *
-     * PangoCairo.show_layout() places the layout TOP-LEFT at the current Cairo point
-     * (not the baseline). Within the layout, the first line's baseline is at
-     * approximately `ascent` pixels below the layout top.
-     *
-     * For CSS textBaseline semantics, we shift the current point UP (negative offset)
-     * so the layout top lands at the right position relative to the user's y coordinate.
-     */
-    private _getTextBaselineOffset(layout: Pango.Layout): number {
-        const fontDesc = layout.get_font_description() || this._parseFontToDescription(this._state.font);
-        const context = layout.get_context();
-        const metrics = context.get_metrics(fontDesc, null);
-        const ascent = metrics.get_ascent() / Pango.SCALE;
-        const descent = metrics.get_descent() / Pango.SCALE;
-        const height = ascent + descent;
-
-        // layout top = current point; baseline within layout ≈ ascent below top.
-        // yOff is added to user's y to get the layout top-left y.
-        switch (this._state.textBaseline) {
-            case 'top':          return 0;                      // top of em square = y
-            case 'hanging':      return -(ascent * 0.2);        // hanging ≈ 0.2*ascent below top
-            case 'middle':       return -(height / 2);          // center of em square = y
-            case 'alphabetic':   return -ascent;                 // baseline = y
-            case 'ideographic':  return -(ascent + descent * 0.5); // below alphabetic baseline
-            case 'bottom':       return -height;                 // bottom of em square = y
-            default:             return -ascent;                 // default = alphabetic
-        }
-    }
-
-    fillText(text: string, x: number, y: number, _maxWidth?: number): void {
-        this._ensureSurface();
-        this._applyCompositing();
-
-        const layout = this._createTextLayout(text);
-        const xOff = this._getTextAlignOffset(layout);
-        const yOff = this._getTextBaselineOffset(layout);
-
-        // Shadow pass: draw text at offset position with shadowColor.
-        // shadowOffsetX/Y are in CSS pixels (not scaled by CTM per Canvas2D spec),
-        // so we convert them to user-space before applying to moveTo.
-        // shadowBlur is approximated with a 5-tap cross kernel: one center tap at full
-        // alpha plus four arm taps at half alpha, spread by blur_u in each direction.
-        // This simulates Gaussian spreading without an actual blur pass.
-        if (this._hasShadow()) {
-            const sc = parseColor(this._state.shadowColor);
-            if (sc) {
-                const [sdx, sdy] = this._deviceToUserDistance(
-                    this._state.shadowOffsetX,
-                    this._state.shadowOffsetY,
-                );
-                const blur = this._state.shadowBlur;
-                type Tap = [number, number, number];
-                let taps: Tap[];
-                if (blur > 0) {
-                    const [bu] = this._deviceToUserDistance(blur, 0);
-                    const [, bv] = this._deviceToUserDistance(0, blur);
-                    taps = [
-                        [sdx,      sdy,      sc.a],
-                        [sdx + bu, sdy,      sc.a * 0.5],
-                        [sdx - bu, sdy,      sc.a * 0.5],
-                        [sdx,      sdy + bv, sc.a * 0.5],
-                        [sdx,      sdy - bv, sc.a * 0.5],
-                    ];
-                } else {
-                    taps = [[sdx, sdy, sc.a]];
-                }
-                const aa = this._state.imageSmoothingEnabled ? Cairo.Antialias.DEFAULT : Cairo.Antialias.NONE;
-                for (const [tx, ty, ta] of taps) {
-                    this._ctx.save();
-                    (this._ctx as any).setAntialias(aa);
-                    this._ctx.setSourceRGBA(sc.r, sc.g, sc.b, ta);
-                    this._ctx.moveTo(x + xOff + tx, y + yOff + ty);
-                    PangoCairo.show_layout(this._ctx as any, layout);
-                    this._ctx.restore();
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        this._applyFillStyle();
-        this._ctx.save();
-        // Disable anti-aliasing so pixel/bitmap fonts render crisp (matching browser
-        // behaviour for fonts with no outline hints). cairo_save/restore covers antialias.
-        (this._ctx as any).setAntialias(this._state.imageSmoothingEnabled ? Cairo.Antialias.DEFAULT : Cairo.Antialias.NONE);
-        this._ctx.moveTo(x + xOff, y + yOff);
-        PangoCairo.show_layout(this._ctx as any, layout);
-        this._ctx.restore();
-    }
-
-    strokeText(text: string, x: number, y: number, _maxWidth?: number): void {
-        this._ensureSurface();
-        this._applyCompositing();
-        this._applyStrokeStyle();
-        this._applyLineStyle();
-
-        const layout = this._createTextLayout(text);
-        const xOff = this._getTextAlignOffset(layout);
-        const yOff = this._getTextBaselineOffset(layout);
-
-        this._ctx.save();
-        (this._ctx as any).setAntialias(this._state.imageSmoothingEnabled ? Cairo.Antialias.DEFAULT : Cairo.Antialias.NONE);
-        this._ctx.moveTo(x + xOff, y + yOff);
-        PangoCairo.layout_path(this._ctx as any, layout);
-        this._ctx.stroke();
-        this._ctx.restore();
-    }
-
-    measureText(text: string): TextMetrics {
-        this._ensureSurface();
-        const layout = this._createTextLayout(text);
-        const [inkRect, logicalRect] = layout.get_pixel_extents();
-
-        // Baseline of first line in pixels from layout top (Pango.SCALE units → px).
-        const baselinePx = layout.get_baseline() / Pango.SCALE;
-
-        // actualBoundingBox: ink-based, relative to baseline (positive = above/right of baseline).
-        // inkRect.y is pixels below layout top — compare against baseline to get baseline-relative values.
-        const actualAscent  = Math.max(0, baselinePx - inkRect.y);
-        const actualDescent = Math.max(0, (inkRect.y + inkRect.height) - baselinePx);
-
-        // fontBoundingBox: font-level metrics (same for all glyphs at this font/size).
-        const fontDesc = layout.get_font_description() || this._parseFontToDescription(this._state.font);
-        const metrics = layout.get_context().get_metrics(fontDesc, null);
-        const fontAscent  = metrics.get_ascent()  / Pango.SCALE;
-        const fontDescent = metrics.get_descent() / Pango.SCALE;
-
-        return {
-            width: logicalRect.width,
-            actualBoundingBoxAscent:  actualAscent,
-            actualBoundingBoxDescent: actualDescent,
-            actualBoundingBoxLeft:    Math.max(0, -inkRect.x),
-            actualBoundingBoxRight:   inkRect.x + inkRect.width,
-            fontBoundingBoxAscent:    fontAscent,
-            fontBoundingBoxDescent:   fontDescent,
-            alphabeticBaseline:       0,
-            emHeightAscent:           fontAscent,
-            emHeightDescent:          fontDescent,
-            hangingBaseline:          fontAscent * 0.8,
-            ideographicBaseline:      -fontDescent,
-        };
-    }
-
-    // ---- toDataURL/toBlob support ----
-
-    /**
-     * Write the canvas surface to a PNG file and return as data URL.
-     * Used by HTMLCanvasElement.toDataURL() when a '2d' context is active.
-     */
-    _toDataURL(type?: string, _quality?: number): string {
-        if (type && type !== 'image/png') {
-            // Cairo only supports PNG natively
-            // For other formats, return PNG anyway (per spec, PNG is the required format)
-        }
-        this._surface.flush();
-
-        // Write to a temp file, read back as base64
-        const Gio = imports.gi.Gio;
-        const GLib = imports.gi.GLib;
-        const [, tempPath] = GLib.file_open_tmp('canvas-XXXXXX.png');
-        try {
-            this._surface.writeToPNG(tempPath);
-            const file = Gio.File.new_for_path(tempPath);
-            const [, contents] = file.load_contents(null);
-            const base64 = GLib.base64_encode(contents);
-            return `data:image/png;base64,${base64}`;
-        } finally {
-            try { GLib.unlink(tempPath); } catch (_e) { /* ignore */ }
-        }
-    }
-
-    // ---- Cleanup ----
-
-    /** Release native Cairo resources. Call when the canvas is discarded. */
-    _dispose(): void {
-        this._ctx.$dispose();
-        this._surface.finish();
-    }
-}