simple-backbone-rails 1.0.0

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data/.gitignore

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+/.bundle/
+/.yardoc
+/Gemfile.lock
+/_yardoc/
+/coverage/
+/doc/
+/pkg/
+/spec/reports/
+/tmp/
+*.bundle
+*.so
+*.o
+*.a
+mkmf.log

data/Gemfile

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+source 'https://rubygems.org'
+
+# Specify your gem's dependencies in simple-backbone-rails.gemspec
+gemspec

data/LICENSE.txt

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+Copyright (c) 2015 Chris Gee
+
+MIT License
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+"Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

data/README.md

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+Simply a gem that makes [Backbone](http://backbonejs.org/) available in the
+pipeline with minimal dependencies.
+
+As described by Backbone, the following are dependencies:
+
+* [jQuery](http://jquery.com/) via
+  [simple-jquery-rails](http://rubygems.org/gems/simple-jquery-rails)
+* [underscore](http://underscorejs.org/) via
+  [underscore-rails](http://rubygems.org/gems/underscore-rails/)
+
+## Installation
+
+Add this line to your application's Gemfile:
+
+```ruby
+gem 'simple-backbone-rails'
+```
+
+And then execute:
+
+    $ bundle
+
+Or install it yourself as:
+
+    $ gem install simple-backbone-rails
+
+## Usage
+
+In your application JavaScript file add the following line:
+
+```ruby
+    //= require backbone
+```
+
+In addition you may need to include `jQuery` and `underscore`:
+
+```ruby
+    //= require jquery
+    //= require underscore
+```

data/Rakefile

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+require "bundler/gem_tasks"
+

data/lib/simple/backbone/rails.rb

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+require 'simple/backbone/rails/version'
+
+module Simple
+  module Backbone
+    module Rails
+      class Engine < ::Rails::Engine; end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/simple/backbone/rails/version.rb

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+module Simple
+  module Backbone
+    module Rails
+      VERSION = '1.0.0'
+    end
+  end
+end

data/simple-backbone-rails.gemspec

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+# coding: utf-8
+lib = File.expand_path('../lib', __FILE__)
+$LOAD_PATH.unshift(lib) unless $LOAD_PATH.include?(lib)
+require 'simple/backbone/rails/version'
+
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = 'simple-backbone-rails'
+  spec.version       = Simple::Backbone::Rails::VERSION
+  spec.authors       = ['Chris G']
+  spec.email         = ['cgee@indigobio.com']
+  spec.summary       = %q{Just Backbone}
+  spec.description   = %q{No, seriously, it's just Backbone and its dependencies (underscore & jQuery)}
+  spec.homepage      = ''
+  spec.license       = 'MIT'
+  spec.files         = `git ls-files`.split("\n")
+  spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{^bin/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
+  spec.test_files    = spec.files.grep(%r{^(test|spec|features)/})
+  spec.require_paths = ['lib']
+
+  spec.add_dependency 'simple-jquery-rails'
+  spec.add_dependency 'underscore-rails'
+  spec.add_development_dependency 'bundler', '~> 1.7'
+  spec.add_development_dependency 'rake', '~> 10.0'
+end

data/vendor/assets/javascripts/backbone.js

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+//     Backbone.js 1.2.3
+
+//     (c) 2010-2015 Jeremy Ashkenas, DocumentCloud and Investigative Reporters & Editors
+//     Backbone may be freely distributed under the MIT license.
+//     For all details and documentation:
+//     http://backbonejs.org
+
+(function(factory) {
+
+    // Establish the root object, `window` (`self`) in the browser, or `global` on the server.
+    // We use `self` instead of `window` for `WebWorker` support.
+    var root = (typeof self == 'object' && self.self == self && self) ||
+        (typeof global == 'object' && global.global == global && global);
+
+    // Set up Backbone appropriately for the environment. Start with AMD.
+    if (typeof define === 'function' && define.amd) {
+        define(['underscore', 'jquery', 'exports'], function(_, $, exports) {
+            // Export global even in AMD case in case this script is loaded with
+            // others that may still expect a global Backbone.
+            root.Backbone = factory(root, exports, _, $);
+        });
+
+        // Next for Node.js or CommonJS. jQuery may not be needed as a module.
+    } else if (typeof exports !== 'undefined') {
+        var _ = require('underscore'), $;
+        try { $ = require('jquery'); } catch(e) {}
+        factory(root, exports, _, $);
+
+        // Finally, as a browser global.
+    } else {
+        root.Backbone = factory(root, {}, root._, (root.jQuery || root.Zepto || root.ender || root.$));
+    }
+
+}(function(root, Backbone, _, $) {
+
+    // Initial Setup
+    // -------------
+
+    // Save the previous value of the `Backbone` variable, so that it can be
+    // restored later on, if `noConflict` is used.
+    var previousBackbone = root.Backbone;
+
+    // Create a local reference to a common array method we'll want to use later.
+    var slice = Array.prototype.slice;
+
+    // Current version of the library. Keep in sync with `package.json`.
+    Backbone.VERSION = '1.2.3';
+
+    // For Backbone's purposes, jQuery, Zepto, Ender, or My Library (kidding) owns
+    // the `$` variable.
+    Backbone.$ = $;
+
+    // Runs Backbone.js in *noConflict* mode, returning the `Backbone` variable
+    // to its previous owner. Returns a reference to this Backbone object.
+    Backbone.noConflict = function() {
+        root.Backbone = previousBackbone;
+        return this;
+    };
+
+    // Turn on `emulateHTTP` to support legacy HTTP servers. Setting this option
+    // will fake `"PATCH"`, `"PUT"` and `"DELETE"` requests via the `_method` parameter and
+    // set a `X-Http-Method-Override` header.
+    Backbone.emulateHTTP = false;
+
+    // Turn on `emulateJSON` to support legacy servers that can't deal with direct
+    // `application/json` requests ... this will encode the body as
+    // `application/x-www-form-urlencoded` instead and will send the model in a
+    // form param named `model`.
+    Backbone.emulateJSON = false;
+
+    // Proxy Backbone class methods to Underscore functions, wrapping the model's
+    // `attributes` object or collection's `models` array behind the scenes.
+    //
+    // collection.filter(function(model) { return model.get('age') > 10 });
+    // collection.each(this.addView);
+    //
+    // `Function#apply` can be slow so we use the method's arg count, if we know it.
+    var addMethod = function(length, method, attribute) {
+        switch (length) {
+            case 1: return function() {
+                return _[method](this[attribute]);
+            };
+            case 2: return function(value) {
+                return _[method](this[attribute], value);
+            };
+            case 3: return function(iteratee, context) {
+                return _[method](this[attribute], cb(iteratee, this), context);
+            };
+            case 4: return function(iteratee, defaultVal, context) {
+                return _[method](this[attribute], cb(iteratee, this), defaultVal, context);
+            };
+            default: return function() {
+                var args = slice.call(arguments);
+                args.unshift(this[attribute]);
+                return _[method].apply(_, args);
+            };
+        }
+    };
+    var addUnderscoreMethods = function(Class, methods, attribute) {
+        _.each(methods, function(length, method) {
+            if (_[method]) Class.prototype[method] = addMethod(length, method, attribute);
+        });
+    };
+
+    // Support `collection.sortBy('attr')` and `collection.findWhere({id: 1})`.
+    var cb = function(iteratee, instance) {
+        if (_.isFunction(iteratee)) return iteratee;
+        if (_.isObject(iteratee) && !instance._isModel(iteratee)) return modelMatcher(iteratee);
+        if (_.isString(iteratee)) return function(model) { return model.get(iteratee); };
+        return iteratee;
+    };
+    var modelMatcher = function(attrs) {
+        var matcher = _.matches(attrs);
+        return function(model) {
+            return matcher(model.attributes);
+        };
+    };
+
+    // Backbone.Events
+    // ---------------
+
+    // A module that can be mixed in to *any object* in order to provide it with
+    // a custom event channel. You may bind a callback to an event with `on` or
+    // remove with `off`; `trigger`-ing an event fires all callbacks in
+    // succession.
+    //
+    //     var object = {};
+    //     _.extend(object, Backbone.Events);
+    //     object.on('expand', function(){ alert('expanded'); });
+    //     object.trigger('expand');
+    //
+    var Events = Backbone.Events = {};
+
+    // Regular expression used to split event strings.
+    var eventSplitter = /\s+/;
+
+    // Iterates over the standard `event, callback` (as well as the fancy multiple
+    // space-separated events `"change blur", callback` and jQuery-style event
+    // maps `{event: callback}`).
+    var eventsApi = function(iteratee, events, name, callback, opts) {
+        var i = 0, names;
+        if (name && typeof name === 'object') {
+            // Handle event maps.
+            if (callback !== void 0 && 'context' in opts && opts.context === void 0) opts.context = callback;
+            for (names = _.keys(name); i < names.length ; i++) {
+                events = eventsApi(iteratee, events, names[i], name[names[i]], opts);
+            }
+        } else if (name && eventSplitter.test(name)) {
+            // Handle space separated event names by delegating them individually.
+            for (names = name.split(eventSplitter); i < names.length; i++) {
+                events = iteratee(events, names[i], callback, opts);
+            }
+        } else {
+            // Finally, standard events.
+            events = iteratee(events, name, callback, opts);
+        }
+        return events;
+    };
+
+    // Bind an event to a `callback` function. Passing `"all"` will bind
+    // the callback to all events fired.
+    Events.on = function(name, callback, context) {
+        return internalOn(this, name, callback, context);
+    };
+
+    // Guard the `listening` argument from the public API.
+    var internalOn = function(obj, name, callback, context, listening) {
+        obj._events = eventsApi(onApi, obj._events || {}, name, callback, {
+            context: context,
+            ctx: obj,
+            listening: listening
+        });
+
+        if (listening) {
+            var listeners = obj._listeners || (obj._listeners = {});
+            listeners[listening.id] = listening;
+        }
+
+        return obj;
+    };
+
+    // Inversion-of-control versions of `on`. Tell *this* object to listen to
+    // an event in another object... keeping track of what it's listening to
+    // for easier unbinding later.
+    Events.listenTo =  function(obj, name, callback) {
+        if (!obj) return this;
+        var id = obj._listenId || (obj._listenId = _.uniqueId('l'));
+        var listeningTo = this._listeningTo || (this._listeningTo = {});
+        var listening = listeningTo[id];
+
+        // This object is not listening to any other events on `obj` yet.
+        // Setup the necessary references to track the listening callbacks.
+        if (!listening) {
+            var thisId = this._listenId || (this._listenId = _.uniqueId('l'));
+            listening = listeningTo[id] = {obj: obj, objId: id, id: thisId, listeningTo: listeningTo, count: 0};
+        }
+
+        // Bind callbacks on obj, and keep track of them on listening.
+        internalOn(obj, name, callback, this, listening);
+        return this;
+    };
+
+    // The reducing API that adds a callback to the `events` object.
+    var onApi = function(events, name, callback, options) {
+        if (callback) {
+            var handlers = events[name] || (events[name] = []);
+            var context = options.context, ctx = options.ctx, listening = options.listening;
+            if (listening) listening.count++;
+
+            handlers.push({ callback: callback, context: context, ctx: context || ctx, listening: listening });
+        }
+        return events;
+    };
+
+    // Remove one or many callbacks. If `context` is null, removes all
+    // callbacks with that function. If `callback` is null, removes all
+    // callbacks for the event. If `name` is null, removes all bound
+    // callbacks for all events.
+    Events.off =  function(name, callback, context) {
+        if (!this._events) return this;
+        this._events = eventsApi(offApi, this._events, name, callback, {
+            context: context,
+            listeners: this._listeners
+        });
+        return this;
+    };
+
+    // Tell this object to stop listening to either specific events ... or
+    // to every object it's currently listening to.
+    Events.stopListening =  function(obj, name, callback) {
+        var listeningTo = this._listeningTo;
+        if (!listeningTo) return this;
+
+        var ids = obj ? [obj._listenId] : _.keys(listeningTo);
+
+        for (var i = 0; i < ids.length; i++) {
+            var listening = listeningTo[ids[i]];
+
+            // If listening doesn't exist, this object is not currently
+            // listening to obj. Break out early.
+            if (!listening) break;
+
+            listening.obj.off(name, callback, this);
+        }
+        if (_.isEmpty(listeningTo)) this._listeningTo = void 0;
+
+        return this;
+    };
+
+    // The reducing API that removes a callback from the `events` object.
+    var offApi = function(events, name, callback, options) {
+        if (!events) return;
+
+        var i = 0, listening;
+        var context = options.context, listeners = options.listeners;
+
+        // Delete all events listeners and "drop" events.
+        if (!name && !callback && !context) {
+            var ids = _.keys(listeners);
+            for (; i < ids.length; i++) {
+                listening = listeners[ids[i]];
+                delete listeners[listening.id];
+                delete listening.listeningTo[listening.objId];
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+
+        var names = name ? [name] : _.keys(events);
+        for (; i < names.length; i++) {
+            name = names[i];
+            var handlers = events[name];
+
+            // Bail out if there are no events stored.
+            if (!handlers) break;
+
+            // Replace events if there are any remaining.  Otherwise, clean up.
+            var remaining = [];
+            for (var j = 0; j < handlers.length; j++) {
+                var handler = handlers[j];
+                if (
+                    callback && callback !== handler.callback &&
+                    callback !== handler.callback._callback ||
+                    context && context !== handler.context
+                ) {
+                    remaining.push(handler);
+                } else {
+                    listening = handler.listening;
+                    if (listening && --listening.count === 0) {
+                        delete listeners[listening.id];
+                        delete listening.listeningTo[listening.objId];
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Update tail event if the list has any events.  Otherwise, clean up.
+            if (remaining.length) {
+                events[name] = remaining;
+            } else {
+                delete events[name];
+            }
+        }
+        if (_.size(events)) return events;
+    };
+
+    // Bind an event to only be triggered a single time. After the first time
+    // the callback is invoked, its listener will be removed. If multiple events
+    // are passed in using the space-separated syntax, the handler will fire
+    // once for each event, not once for a combination of all events.
+    Events.once =  function(name, callback, context) {
+        // Map the event into a `{event: once}` object.
+        var events = eventsApi(onceMap, {}, name, callback, _.bind(this.off, this));
+        return this.on(events, void 0, context);
+    };
+
+    // Inversion-of-control versions of `once`.
+    Events.listenToOnce =  function(obj, name, callback) {
+        // Map the event into a `{event: once}` object.
+        var events = eventsApi(onceMap, {}, name, callback, _.bind(this.stopListening, this, obj));
+        return this.listenTo(obj, events);
+    };
+
+    // Reduces the event callbacks into a map of `{event: onceWrapper}`.
+    // `offer` unbinds the `onceWrapper` after it has been called.
+    var onceMap = function(map, name, callback, offer) {
+        if (callback) {
+            var once = map[name] = _.once(function() {
+                offer(name, once);
+                callback.apply(this, arguments);
+            });
+            once._callback = callback;
+        }
+        return map;
+    };
+
+    // Trigger one or many events, firing all bound callbacks. Callbacks are
+    // passed the same arguments as `trigger` is, apart from the event name
+    // (unless you're listening on `"all"`, which will cause your callback to
+    // receive the true name of the event as the first argument).
+    Events.trigger =  function(name) {
+        if (!this._events) return this;
+
+        var length = Math.max(0, arguments.length - 1);
+        var args = Array(length);
+        for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) args[i] = arguments[i + 1];
+
+        eventsApi(triggerApi, this._events, name, void 0, args);
+        return this;
+    };
+
+    // Handles triggering the appropriate event callbacks.
+    var triggerApi = function(objEvents, name, cb, args) {
+        if (objEvents) {
+            var events = objEvents[name];
+            var allEvents = objEvents.all;
+            if (events && allEvents) allEvents = allEvents.slice();
+            if (events) triggerEvents(events, args);
+            if (allEvents) triggerEvents(allEvents, [name].concat(args));
+        }
+        return objEvents;
+    };
+
+    // A difficult-to-believe, but optimized internal dispatch function for
+    // triggering events. Tries to keep the usual cases speedy (most internal
+    // Backbone events have 3 arguments).
+    var triggerEvents = function(events, args) {
+        var ev, i = -1, l = events.length, a1 = args[0], a2 = args[1], a3 = args[2];
+        switch (args.length) {
+            case 0: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx); return;
+            case 1: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx, a1); return;
+            case 2: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx, a1, a2); return;
+            case 3: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx, a1, a2, a3); return;
+            default: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.apply(ev.ctx, args); return;
+        }
+    };
+
+    // Aliases for backwards compatibility.
+    Events.bind   = Events.on;
+    Events.unbind = Events.off;
+
+    // Allow the `Backbone` object to serve as a global event bus, for folks who
+    // want global "pubsub" in a convenient place.
+    _.extend(Backbone, Events);
+
+    // Backbone.Model
+    // --------------
+
+    // Backbone **Models** are the basic data object in the framework --
+    // frequently representing a row in a table in a database on your server.
+    // A discrete chunk of data and a bunch of useful, related methods for
+    // performing computations and transformations on that data.
+
+    // Create a new model with the specified attributes. A client id (`cid`)
+    // is automatically generated and assigned for you.
+    var Model = Backbone.Model = function(attributes, options) {
+        var attrs = attributes || {};
+        options || (options = {});
+        this.cid = _.uniqueId(this.cidPrefix);
+        this.attributes = {};
+        if (options.collection) this.collection = options.collection;
+        if (options.parse) attrs = this.parse(attrs, options) || {};
+        attrs = _.defaults({}, attrs, _.result(this, 'defaults'));
+        this.set(attrs, options);
+        this.changed = {};
+        this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
+    };
+
+    // Attach all inheritable methods to the Model prototype.
+    _.extend(Model.prototype, Events, {
+
+        // A hash of attributes whose current and previous value differ.
+        changed: null,
+
+        // The value returned during the last failed validation.
+        validationError: null,
+
+        // The default name for the JSON `id` attribute is `"id"`. MongoDB and
+        // CouchDB users may want to set this to `"_id"`.
+        idAttribute: 'id',
+
+        // The prefix is used to create the client id which is used to identify models locally.
+        // You may want to override this if you're experiencing name clashes with model ids.
+        cidPrefix: 'c',
+
+        // Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own
+        // initialization logic.
+        initialize: function(){},
+
+        // Return a copy of the model's `attributes` object.
+        toJSON: function(options) {
+            return _.clone(this.attributes);
+        },
+
+        // Proxy `Backbone.sync` by default -- but override this if you need
+        // custom syncing semantics for *this* particular model.
+        sync: function() {
+            return Backbone.sync.apply(this, arguments);
+        },
+
+        // Get the value of an attribute.
+        get: function(attr) {
+            return this.attributes[attr];
+        },
+
+        // Get the HTML-escaped value of an attribute.
+        escape: function(attr) {
+            return _.escape(this.get(attr));
+        },
+
+        // Returns `true` if the attribute contains a value that is not null
+        // or undefined.
+        has: function(attr) {
+            return this.get(attr) != null;
+        },
+
+        // Special-cased proxy to underscore's `_.matches` method.
+        matches: function(attrs) {
+            return !!_.iteratee(attrs, this)(this.attributes);
+        },
+
+        // Set a hash of model attributes on the object, firing `"change"`. This is
+        // the core primitive operation of a model, updating the data and notifying
+        // anyone who needs to know about the change in state. The heart of the beast.
+        set: function(key, val, options) {
+            if (key == null) return this;
+
+            // Handle both `"key", value` and `{key: value}` -style arguments.
+            var attrs;
+            if (typeof key === 'object') {
+                attrs = key;
+                options = val;
+            } else {
+                (attrs = {})[key] = val;
+            }
+
+            options || (options = {});
+
+            // Run validation.
+            if (!this._validate(attrs, options)) return false;
+
+            // Extract attributes and options.
+            var unset      = options.unset;
+            var silent     = options.silent;
+            var changes    = [];
+            var changing   = this._changing;
+            this._changing = true;
+
+            if (!changing) {
+                this._previousAttributes = _.clone(this.attributes);
+                this.changed = {};
+            }
+
+            var current = this.attributes;
+            var changed = this.changed;
+            var prev    = this._previousAttributes;
+
+            // For each `set` attribute, update or delete the current value.
+            for (var attr in attrs) {
+                val = attrs[attr];
+                if (!_.isEqual(current[attr], val)) changes.push(attr);
+                if (!_.isEqual(prev[attr], val)) {
+                    changed[attr] = val;
+                } else {
+                    delete changed[attr];
+                }
+                unset ? delete current[attr] : current[attr] = val;
+            }
+
+            // Update the `id`.
+            this.id = this.get(this.idAttribute);
+
+            // Trigger all relevant attribute changes.
+            if (!silent) {
+                if (changes.length) this._pending = options;
+                for (var i = 0; i < changes.length; i++) {
+                    this.trigger('change:' + changes[i], this, current[changes[i]], options);
+                }
+            }
+
+            // You might be wondering why there's a `while` loop here. Changes can
+            // be recursively nested within `"change"` events.
+            if (changing) return this;
+            if (!silent) {
+                while (this._pending) {
+                    options = this._pending;
+                    this._pending = false;
+                    this.trigger('change', this, options);
+                }
+            }
+            this._pending = false;
+            this._changing = false;
+            return this;
+        },
+
+        // Remove an attribute from the model, firing `"change"`. `unset` is a noop
+        // if the attribute doesn't exist.
+        unset: function(attr, options) {
+            return this.set(attr, void 0, _.extend({}, options, {unset: true}));
+        },
+
+        // Clear all attributes on the model, firing `"change"`.
+        clear: function(options) {
+            var attrs = {};
+            for (var key in this.attributes) attrs[key] = void 0;
+            return this.set(attrs, _.extend({}, options, {unset: true}));
+        },
+
+        // Determine if the model has changed since the last `"change"` event.
+        // If you specify an attribute name, determine if that attribute has changed.
+        hasChanged: function(attr) {
+            if (attr == null) return !_.isEmpty(this.changed);
+            return _.has(this.changed, attr);
+        },
+
+        // Return an object containing all the attributes that have changed, or
+        // false if there are no changed attributes. Useful for determining what
+        // parts of a view need to be updated and/or what attributes need to be
+        // persisted to the server. Unset attributes will be set to undefined.
+        // You can also pass an attributes object to diff against the model,
+        // determining if there *would be* a change.
+        changedAttributes: function(diff) {
+            if (!diff) return this.hasChanged() ? _.clone(this.changed) : false;
+            var old = this._changing ? this._previousAttributes : this.attributes;
+            var changed = {};
+            for (var attr in diff) {
+                var val = diff[attr];
+                if (_.isEqual(old[attr], val)) continue;
+                changed[attr] = val;
+            }
+            return _.size(changed) ? changed : false;
+        },
+
+        // Get the previous value of an attribute, recorded at the time the last
+        // `"change"` event was fired.
+        previous: function(attr) {
+            if (attr == null || !this._previousAttributes) return null;
+            return this._previousAttributes[attr];
+        },
+
+        // Get all of the attributes of the model at the time of the previous
+        // `"change"` event.
+        previousAttributes: function() {
+            return _.clone(this._previousAttributes);
+        },
+
+        // Fetch the model from the server, merging the response with the model's
+        // local attributes. Any changed attributes will trigger a "change" event.
+        fetch: function(options) {
+            options = _.extend({parse: true}, options);
+            var model = this;
+            var success = options.success;
+            options.success = function(resp) {
+                var serverAttrs = options.parse ? model.parse(resp, options) : resp;
+                if (!model.set(serverAttrs, options)) return false;
+                if (success) success.call(options.context, model, resp, options);
+                model.trigger('sync', model, resp, options);
+            };
+            wrapError(this, options);
+            return this.sync('read', this, options);
+        },
+
+        // Set a hash of model attributes, and sync the model to the server.
+        // If the server returns an attributes hash that differs, the model's
+        // state will be `set` again.
+        save: function(key, val, options) {
+            // Handle both `"key", value` and `{key: value}` -style arguments.
+            var attrs;
+            if (key == null || typeof key === 'object') {
+                attrs = key;
+                options = val;
+            } else {
+                (attrs = {})[key] = val;
+            }
+
+            options = _.extend({validate: true, parse: true}, options);
+            var wait = options.wait;
+
+            // If we're not waiting and attributes exist, save acts as
+            // `set(attr).save(null, opts)` with validation. Otherwise, check if
+            // the model will be valid when the attributes, if any, are set.
+            if (attrs && !wait) {
+                if (!this.set(attrs, options)) return false;
+            } else {
+                if (!this._validate(attrs, options)) return false;
+            }
+
+            // After a successful server-side save, the client is (optionally)
+            // updated with the server-side state.
+            var model = this;
+            var success = options.success;
+            var attributes = this.attributes;
+            options.success = function(resp) {
+                // Ensure attributes are restored during synchronous saves.
+                model.attributes = attributes;
+                var serverAttrs = options.parse ? model.parse(resp, options) : resp;
+                if (wait) serverAttrs = _.extend({}, attrs, serverAttrs);
+                if (serverAttrs && !model.set(serverAttrs, options)) return false;
+                if (success) success.call(options.context, model, resp, options);
+                model.trigger('sync', model, resp, options);
+            };
+            wrapError(this, options);
+
+            // Set temporary attributes if `{wait: true}` to properly find new ids.
+            if (attrs && wait) this.attributes = _.extend({}, attributes, attrs);
+
+            var method = this.isNew() ? 'create' : (options.patch ? 'patch' : 'update');
+            if (method === 'patch' && !options.attrs) options.attrs = attrs;
+            var xhr = this.sync(method, this, options);
+
+            // Restore attributes.
+            this.attributes = attributes;
+
+            return xhr;
+        },
+
+        // Destroy this model on the server if it was already persisted.
+        // Optimistically removes the model from its collection, if it has one.
+        // If `wait: true` is passed, waits for the server to respond before removal.
+        destroy: function(options) {
+            options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};
+            var model = this;
+            var success = options.success;
+            var wait = options.wait;
+
+            var destroy = function() {
+                model.stopListening();
+                model.trigger('destroy', model, model.collection, options);
+            };
+
+            options.success = function(resp) {
+                if (wait) destroy();
+                if (success) success.call(options.context, model, resp, options);
+                if (!model.isNew()) model.trigger('sync', model, resp, options);
+            };
+
+            var xhr = false;
+            if (this.isNew()) {
+                _.defer(options.success);
+            } else {
+                wrapError(this, options);
+                xhr = this.sync('delete', this, options);
+            }
+            if (!wait) destroy();
+            return xhr;
+        },
+
+        // Default URL for the model's representation on the server -- if you're
+        // using Backbone's restful methods, override this to change the endpoint
+        // that will be called.
+        url: function() {
+            var base =
+                _.result(this, 'urlRoot') ||
+                _.result(this.collection, 'url') ||
+                urlError();
+            if (this.isNew()) return base;
+            var id = this.get(this.idAttribute);
+            return base.replace(/[^\/]$/, '$&/') + encodeURIComponent(id);
+        },
+
+        // **parse** converts a response into the hash of attributes to be `set` on
+        // the model. The default implementation is just to pass the response along.
+        parse: function(resp, options) {
+            return resp;
+        },
+
+        // Create a new model with identical attributes to this one.
+        clone: function() {
+            return new this.constructor(this.attributes);
+        },
+
+        // A model is new if it has never been saved to the server, and lacks an id.
+        isNew: function() {
+            return !this.has(this.idAttribute);
+        },
+
+        // Check if the model is currently in a valid state.
+        isValid: function(options) {
+            return this._validate({}, _.defaults({validate: true}, options));
+        },
+
+        // Run validation against the next complete set of model attributes,
+        // returning `true` if all is well. Otherwise, fire an `"invalid"` event.
+        _validate: function(attrs, options) {
+            if (!options.validate || !this.validate) return true;
+            attrs = _.extend({}, this.attributes, attrs);
+            var error = this.validationError = this.validate(attrs, options) || null;
+            if (!error) return true;
+            this.trigger('invalid', this, error, _.extend(options, {validationError: error}));
+            return false;
+        }
+
+    });
+
+    // Underscore methods that we want to implement on the Model, mapped to the
+    // number of arguments they take.
+    var modelMethods = { keys: 1, values: 1, pairs: 1, invert: 1, pick: 0,
+        omit: 0, chain: 1, isEmpty: 1 };
+
+    // Mix in each Underscore method as a proxy to `Model#attributes`.
+    addUnderscoreMethods(Model, modelMethods, 'attributes');
+
+    // Backbone.Collection
+    // -------------------
+
+    // If models tend to represent a single row of data, a Backbone Collection is
+    // more analogous to a table full of data ... or a small slice or page of that
+    // table, or a collection of rows that belong together for a particular reason
+    // -- all of the messages in this particular folder, all of the documents
+    // belonging to this particular author, and so on. Collections maintain
+    // indexes of their models, both in order, and for lookup by `id`.
+
+    // Create a new **Collection**, perhaps to contain a specific type of `model`.
+    // If a `comparator` is specified, the Collection will maintain
+    // its models in sort order, as they're added and removed.
+    var Collection = Backbone.Collection = function(models, options) {
+        options || (options = {});
+        if (options.model) this.model = options.model;
+        if (options.comparator !== void 0) this.comparator = options.comparator;
+        this._reset();
+        this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
+        if (models) this.reset(models, _.extend({silent: true}, options));
+    };
+
+    // Default options for `Collection#set`.
+    var setOptions = {add: true, remove: true, merge: true};
+    var addOptions = {add: true, remove: false};
+
+    // Splices `insert` into `array` at index `at`.
+    var splice = function(array, insert, at) {
+        at = Math.min(Math.max(at, 0), array.length);
+        var tail = Array(array.length - at);
+        var length = insert.length;
+        for (var i = 0; i < tail.length; i++) tail[i] = array[i + at];
+        for (i = 0; i < length; i++) array[i + at] = insert[i];
+        for (i = 0; i < tail.length; i++) array[i + length + at] = tail[i];
+    };
+
+    // Define the Collection's inheritable methods.
+    _.extend(Collection.prototype, Events, {
+
+        // The default model for a collection is just a **Backbone.Model**.
+        // This should be overridden in most cases.
+        model: Model,
+
+        // Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own
+        // initialization logic.
+        initialize: function(){},
+
+        // The JSON representation of a Collection is an array of the
+        // models' attributes.
+        toJSON: function(options) {
+            return this.map(function(model) { return model.toJSON(options); });
+        },
+
+        // Proxy `Backbone.sync` by default.
+        sync: function() {
+            return Backbone.sync.apply(this, arguments);
+        },
+
+        // Add a model, or list of models to the set. `models` may be Backbone
+        // Models or raw JavaScript objects to be converted to Models, or any
+        // combination of the two.
+        add: function(models, options) {
+            return this.set(models, _.extend({merge: false}, options, addOptions));
+        },
+
+        // Remove a model, or a list of models from the set.
+        remove: function(models, options) {
+            options = _.extend({}, options);
+            var singular = !_.isArray(models);
+            models = singular ? [models] : _.clone(models);
+            var removed = this._removeModels(models, options);
+            if (!options.silent && removed) this.trigger('update', this, options);
+            return singular ? removed[0] : removed;
+        },
+
+        // Update a collection by `set`-ing a new list of models, adding new ones,
+        // removing models that are no longer present, and merging models that
+        // already exist in the collection, as necessary. Similar to **Model#set**,
+        // the core operation for updating the data contained by the collection.
+        set: function(models, options) {
+            if (models == null) return;
+
+            options = _.defaults({}, options, setOptions);
+            if (options.parse && !this._isModel(models)) models = this.parse(models, options);
+
+            var singular = !_.isArray(models);
+            models = singular ? [models] : models.slice();
+
+            var at = options.at;
+            if (at != null) at = +at;
+            if (at < 0) at += this.length + 1;
+
+            var set = [];
+            var toAdd = [];
+            var toRemove = [];
+            var modelMap = {};
+
+            var add = options.add;
+            var merge = options.merge;
+            var remove = options.remove;
+
+            var sort = false;
+            var sortable = this.comparator && (at == null) && options.sort !== false;
+            var sortAttr = _.isString(this.comparator) ? this.comparator : null;
+
+            // Turn bare objects into model references, and prevent invalid models
+            // from being added.
+            var model;
+            for (var i = 0; i < models.length; i++) {
+                model = models[i];
+
+                // If a duplicate is found, prevent it from being added and
+                // optionally merge it into the existing model.
+                var existing = this.get(model);
+                if (existing) {
+                    if (merge && model !== existing) {
+                        var attrs = this._isModel(model) ? model.attributes : model;
+                        if (options.parse) attrs = existing.parse(attrs, options);
+                        existing.set(attrs, options);
+                        if (sortable && !sort) sort = existing.hasChanged(sortAttr);
+                    }
+                    if (!modelMap[existing.cid]) {
+                        modelMap[existing.cid] = true;
+                        set.push(existing);
+                    }
+                    models[i] = existing;
+
+                    // If this is a new, valid model, push it to the `toAdd` list.
+                } else if (add) {
+                    model = models[i] = this._prepareModel(model, options);
+                    if (model) {
+                        toAdd.push(model);
+                        this._addReference(model, options);
+                        modelMap[model.cid] = true;
+                        set.push(model);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Remove stale models.
+            if (remove) {
+                for (i = 0; i < this.length; i++) {
+                    model = this.models[i];
+                    if (!modelMap[model.cid]) toRemove.push(model);
+                }
+                if (toRemove.length) this._removeModels(toRemove, options);
+            }
+
+            // See if sorting is needed, update `length` and splice in new models.
+            var orderChanged = false;
+            var replace = !sortable && add && remove;
+            if (set.length && replace) {
+                orderChanged = this.length != set.length || _.some(this.models, function(model, index) {
+                        return model !== set[index];
+                    });
+                this.models.length = 0;
+                splice(this.models, set, 0);
+                this.length = this.models.length;
+            } else if (toAdd.length) {
+                if (sortable) sort = true;
+                splice(this.models, toAdd, at == null ? this.length : at);
+                this.length = this.models.length;
+            }
+
+            // Silently sort the collection if appropriate.
+            if (sort) this.sort({silent: true});
+
+            // Unless silenced, it's time to fire all appropriate add/sort events.
+            if (!options.silent) {
+                for (i = 0; i < toAdd.length; i++) {
+                    if (at != null) options.index = at + i;
+                    model = toAdd[i];
+                    model.trigger('add', model, this, options);
+                }
+                if (sort || orderChanged) this.trigger('sort', this, options);
+                if (toAdd.length || toRemove.length) this.trigger('update', this, options);
+            }
+
+            // Return the added (or merged) model (or models).
+            return singular ? models[0] : models;
+        },
+
+        // When you have more items than you want to add or remove individually,
+        // you can reset the entire set with a new list of models, without firing
+        // any granular `add` or `remove` events. Fires `reset` when finished.
+        // Useful for bulk operations and optimizations.
+        reset: function(models, options) {
+            options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};
+            for (var i = 0; i < this.models.length; i++) {
+                this._removeReference(this.models[i], options);
+            }
+            options.previousModels = this.models;
+            this._reset();
+            models = this.add(models, _.extend({silent: true}, options));
+            if (!options.silent) this.trigger('reset', this, options);
+            return models;
+        },
+
+        // Add a model to the end of the collection.
+        push: function(model, options) {
+            return this.add(model, _.extend({at: this.length}, options));
+        },
+
+        // Remove a model from the end of the collection.
+        pop: function(options) {
+            var model = this.at(this.length - 1);
+            return this.remove(model, options);
+        },
+
+        // Add a model to the beginning of the collection.
+        unshift: function(model, options) {
+            return this.add(model, _.extend({at: 0}, options));
+        },
+
+        // Remove a model from the beginning of the collection.
+        shift: function(options) {
+            var model = this.at(0);
+            return this.remove(model, options);
+        },
+
+        // Slice out a sub-array of models from the collection.
+        slice: function() {
+            return slice.apply(this.models, arguments);
+        },
+
+        // Get a model from the set by id.
+        get: function(obj) {
+            if (obj == null) return void 0;
+            var id = this.modelId(this._isModel(obj) ? obj.attributes : obj);
+            return this._byId[obj] || this._byId[id] || this._byId[obj.cid];
+        },
+
+        // Get the model at the given index.
+        at: function(index) {
+            if (index < 0) index += this.length;
+            return this.models[index];
+        },
+
+        // Return models with matching attributes. Useful for simple cases of
+        // `filter`.
+        where: function(attrs, first) {
+            return this[first ? 'find' : 'filter'](attrs);
+        },
+
+        // Return the first model with matching attributes. Useful for simple cases
+        // of `find`.
+        findWhere: function(attrs) {
+            return this.where(attrs, true);
+        },
+
+        // Force the collection to re-sort itself. You don't need to call this under
+        // normal circumstances, as the set will maintain sort order as each item
+        // is added.
+        sort: function(options) {
+            var comparator = this.comparator;
+            if (!comparator) throw new Error('Cannot sort a set without a comparator');
+            options || (options = {});
+
+            var length = comparator.length;
+            if (_.isFunction(comparator)) comparator = _.bind(comparator, this);
+
+            // Run sort based on type of `comparator`.
+            if (length === 1 || _.isString(comparator)) {
+                this.models = this.sortBy(comparator);
+            } else {
+                this.models.sort(comparator);
+            }
+            if (!options.silent) this.trigger('sort', this, options);
+            return this;
+        },
+
+        // Pluck an attribute from each model in the collection.
+        pluck: function(attr) {
+            return _.invoke(this.models, 'get', attr);
+        },
+
+        // Fetch the default set of models for this collection, resetting the
+        // collection when they arrive. If `reset: true` is passed, the response
+        // data will be passed through the `reset` method instead of `set`.
+        fetch: function(options) {
+            options = _.extend({parse: true}, options);
+            var success = options.success;
+            var collection = this;
+            options.success = function(resp) {
+                var method = options.reset ? 'reset' : 'set';
+                collection[method](resp, options);
+                if (success) success.call(options.context, collection, resp, options);
+                collection.trigger('sync', collection, resp, options);
+            };
+            wrapError(this, options);
+            return this.sync('read', this, options);
+        },
+
+        // Create a new instance of a model in this collection. Add the model to the
+        // collection immediately, unless `wait: true` is passed, in which case we
+        // wait for the server to agree.
+        create: function(model, options) {
+            options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};
+            var wait = options.wait;
+            model = this._prepareModel(model, options);
+            if (!model) return false;
+            if (!wait) this.add(model, options);
+            var collection = this;
+            var success = options.success;
+            options.success = function(model, resp, callbackOpts) {
+                if (wait) collection.add(model, callbackOpts);
+                if (success) success.call(callbackOpts.context, model, resp, callbackOpts);
+            };
+            model.save(null, options);
+            return model;
+        },
+
+        // **parse** converts a response into a list of models to be added to the
+        // collection. The default implementation is just to pass it through.
+        parse: function(resp, options) {
+            return resp;
+        },
+
+        // Create a new collection with an identical list of models as this one.
+        clone: function() {
+            return new this.constructor(this.models, {
+                model: this.model,
+                comparator: this.comparator
+            });
+        },
+
+        // Define how to uniquely identify models in the collection.
+        modelId: function (attrs) {
+            return attrs[this.model.prototype.idAttribute || 'id'];
+        },
+
+        // Private method to reset all internal state. Called when the collection
+        // is first initialized or reset.
+        _reset: function() {
+            this.length = 0;
+            this.models = [];
+            this._byId  = {};
+        },
+
+        // Prepare a hash of attributes (or other model) to be added to this
+        // collection.
+        _prepareModel: function(attrs, options) {
+            if (this._isModel(attrs)) {
+                if (!attrs.collection) attrs.collection = this;
+                return attrs;
+            }
+            options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};
+            options.collection = this;
+            var model = new this.model(attrs, options);
+            if (!model.validationError) return model;
+            this.trigger('invalid', this, model.validationError, options);
+            return false;
+        },
+
+        // Internal method called by both remove and set.
+        _removeModels: function(models, options) {
+            var removed = [];
+            for (var i = 0; i < models.length; i++) {
+                var model = this.get(models[i]);
+                if (!model) continue;
+
+                var index = this.indexOf(model);
+                this.models.splice(index, 1);
+                this.length--;
+
+                // Remove references before triggering 'remove' event to prevent an
+                // infinite loop. #3693
+                delete this._byId[model.cid];
+                var id = this.modelId(model.attributes);
+                if (id != null) delete this._byId[id];
+
+                if (!options.silent) {
+                    options.index = index;
+                    model.trigger('remove', model, this, options);
+                }
+
+                removed.push(model);
+                this._removeReference(model, options);
+            }
+            return removed.length ? removed : false;
+        },
+
+        // Method for checking whether an object should be considered a model for
+        // the purposes of adding to the collection.
+        _isModel: function (model) {
+            return model instanceof Model;
+        },
+
+        // Internal method to create a model's ties to a collection.
+        _addReference: function(model, options) {
+            this._byId[model.cid] = model;
+            var id = this.modelId(model.attributes);
+            if (id != null) this._byId[id] = model;
+            model.on('all', this._onModelEvent, this);
+        },
+
+        // Internal method to sever a model's ties to a collection.
+        _removeReference: function(model, options) {
+            delete this._byId[model.cid];
+            var id = this.modelId(model.attributes);
+            if (id != null) delete this._byId[id];
+            if (this === model.collection) delete model.collection;
+            model.off('all', this._onModelEvent, this);
+        },
+
+        // Internal method called every time a model in the set fires an event.
+        // Sets need to update their indexes when models change ids. All other
+        // events simply proxy through. "add" and "remove" events that originate
+        // in other collections are ignored.
+        _onModelEvent: function(event, model, collection, options) {
+            if ((event === 'add' || event === 'remove') && collection !== this) return;
+            if (event === 'destroy') this.remove(model, options);
+            if (event === 'change') {
+                var prevId = this.modelId(model.previousAttributes());
+                var id = this.modelId(model.attributes);
+                if (prevId !== id) {
+                    if (prevId != null) delete this._byId[prevId];
+                    if (id != null) this._byId[id] = model;
+                }
+            }
+            this.trigger.apply(this, arguments);
+        }
+
+    });
+
+    // Underscore methods that we want to implement on the Collection.
+    // 90% of the core usefulness of Backbone Collections is actually implemented
+    // right here:
+    var collectionMethods = { forEach: 3, each: 3, map: 3, collect: 3, reduce: 4,
+        foldl: 4, inject: 4, reduceRight: 4, foldr: 4, find: 3, detect: 3, filter: 3,
+        select: 3, reject: 3, every: 3, all: 3, some: 3, any: 3, include: 3, includes: 3,
+        contains: 3, invoke: 0, max: 3, min: 3, toArray: 1, size: 1, first: 3,
+        head: 3, take: 3, initial: 3, rest: 3, tail: 3, drop: 3, last: 3,
+        without: 0, difference: 0, indexOf: 3, shuffle: 1, lastIndexOf: 3,
+        isEmpty: 1, chain: 1, sample: 3, partition: 3, groupBy: 3, countBy: 3,
+        sortBy: 3, indexBy: 3, findIndex: 3, findLastIndex: 3};
+
+    // Mix in each Underscore method as a proxy to `Collection#models`.
+    addUnderscoreMethods(Collection, collectionMethods, 'models');
+
+    // Backbone.View
+    // -------------
+
+    // Backbone Views are almost more convention than they are actual code. A View
+    // is simply a JavaScript object that represents a logical chunk of UI in the
+    // DOM. This might be a single item, an entire list, a sidebar or panel, or
+    // even the surrounding frame which wraps your whole app. Defining a chunk of
+    // UI as a **View** allows you to define your DOM events declaratively, without
+    // having to worry about render order ... and makes it easy for the view to
+    // react to specific changes in the state of your models.
+
+    // Creating a Backbone.View creates its initial element outside of the DOM,
+    // if an existing element is not provided...
+    var View = Backbone.View = function(options) {
+        this.cid = _.uniqueId('view');
+        _.extend(this, _.pick(options, viewOptions));
+        this._ensureElement();
+        this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
+    };
+
+    // Cached regex to split keys for `delegate`.
+    var delegateEventSplitter = /^(\S+)\s*(.*)$/;
+
+    // List of view options to be set as properties.
+    var viewOptions = ['model', 'collection', 'el', 'id', 'attributes', 'className', 'tagName', 'events'];
+
+    // Set up all inheritable **Backbone.View** properties and methods.
+    _.extend(View.prototype, Events, {
+
+        // The default `tagName` of a View's element is `"div"`.
+        tagName: 'div',
+
+        // jQuery delegate for element lookup, scoped to DOM elements within the
+        // current view. This should be preferred to global lookups where possible.
+        $: function(selector) {
+            return this.$el.find(selector);
+        },
+
+        // Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own
+        // initialization logic.
+        initialize: function(){},
+
+        // **render** is the core function that your view should override, in order
+        // to populate its element (`this.el`), with the appropriate HTML. The
+        // convention is for **render** to always return `this`.
+        render: function() {
+            return this;
+        },
+
+        // Remove this view by taking the element out of the DOM, and removing any
+        // applicable Backbone.Events listeners.
+        remove: function() {
+            this._removeElement();
+            this.stopListening();
+            return this;
+        },
+
+        // Remove this view's element from the document and all event listeners
+        // attached to it. Exposed for subclasses using an alternative DOM
+        // manipulation API.
+        _removeElement: function() {
+            this.$el.remove();
+        },
+
+        // Change the view's element (`this.el` property) and re-delegate the
+        // view's events on the new element.
+        setElement: function(element) {
+            this.undelegateEvents();
+            this._setElement(element);
+            this.delegateEvents();
+            return this;
+        },
+
+        // Creates the `this.el` and `this.$el` references for this view using the
+        // given `el`. `el` can be a CSS selector or an HTML string, a jQuery
+        // context or an element. Subclasses can override this to utilize an
+        // alternative DOM manipulation API and are only required to set the
+        // `this.el` property.
+        _setElement: function(el) {
+            this.$el = el instanceof Backbone.$ ? el : Backbone.$(el);
+            this.el = this.$el[0];
+        },
+
+        // Set callbacks, where `this.events` is a hash of
+        //
+        // *{"event selector": "callback"}*
+        //
+        //     {
+        //       'mousedown .title':  'edit',
+        //       'click .button':     'save',
+        //       'click .open':       function(e) { ... }
+        //     }
+        //
+        // pairs. Callbacks will be bound to the view, with `this` set properly.
+        // Uses event delegation for efficiency.
+        // Omitting the selector binds the event to `this.el`.
+        delegateEvents: function(events) {
+            events || (events = _.result(this, 'events'));
+            if (!events) return this;
+            this.undelegateEvents();
+            for (var key in events) {
+                var method = events[key];
+                if (!_.isFunction(method)) method = this[method];
+                if (!method) continue;
+                var match = key.match(delegateEventSplitter);
+                this.delegate(match[1], match[2], _.bind(method, this));
+            }
+            return this;
+        },
+
+        // Add a single event listener to the view's element (or a child element
+        // using `selector`). This only works for delegate-able events: not `focus`,
+        // `blur`, and not `change`, `submit`, and `reset` in Internet Explorer.
+        delegate: function(eventName, selector, listener) {
+            this.$el.on(eventName + '.delegateEvents' + this.cid, selector, listener);
+            return this;
+        },
+
+        // Clears all callbacks previously bound to the view by `delegateEvents`.
+        // You usually don't need to use this, but may wish to if you have multiple
+        // Backbone views attached to the same DOM element.
+        undelegateEvents: function() {
+            if (this.$el) this.$el.off('.delegateEvents' + this.cid);
+            return this;
+        },
+
+        // A finer-grained `undelegateEvents` for removing a single delegated event.
+        // `selector` and `listener` are both optional.
+        undelegate: function(eventName, selector, listener) {
+            this.$el.off(eventName + '.delegateEvents' + this.cid, selector, listener);
+            return this;
+        },
+
+        // Produces a DOM element to be assigned to your view. Exposed for
+        // subclasses using an alternative DOM manipulation API.
+        _createElement: function(tagName) {
+            return document.createElement(tagName);
+        },
+
+        // Ensure that the View has a DOM element to render into.
+        // If `this.el` is a string, pass it through `$()`, take the first
+        // matching element, and re-assign it to `el`. Otherwise, create
+        // an element from the `id`, `className` and `tagName` properties.
+        _ensureElement: function() {
+            if (!this.el) {
+                var attrs = _.extend({}, _.result(this, 'attributes'));
+                if (this.id) attrs.id = _.result(this, 'id');
+                if (this.className) attrs['class'] = _.result(this, 'className');
+                this.setElement(this._createElement(_.result(this, 'tagName')));
+                this._setAttributes(attrs);
+            } else {
+                this.setElement(_.result(this, 'el'));
+            }
+        },
+
+        // Set attributes from a hash on this view's element.  Exposed for
+        // subclasses using an alternative DOM manipulation API.
+        _setAttributes: function(attributes) {
+            this.$el.attr(attributes);
+        }
+
+    });
+
+    // Backbone.sync
+    // -------------
+
+    // Override this function to change the manner in which Backbone persists
+    // models to the server. You will be passed the type of request, and the
+    // model in question. By default, makes a RESTful Ajax request
+    // to the model's `url()`. Some possible customizations could be:
+    //
+    // * Use `setTimeout` to batch rapid-fire updates into a single request.
+    // * Send up the models as XML instead of JSON.
+    // * Persist models via WebSockets instead of Ajax.
+    //
+    // Turn on `Backbone.emulateHTTP` in order to send `PUT` and `DELETE` requests
+    // as `POST`, with a `_method` parameter containing the true HTTP method,
+    // as well as all requests with the body as `application/x-www-form-urlencoded`
+    // instead of `application/json` with the model in a param named `model`.
+    // Useful when interfacing with server-side languages like **PHP** that make
+    // it difficult to read the body of `PUT` requests.
+    Backbone.sync = function(method, model, options) {
+        var type = methodMap[method];
+
+        // Default options, unless specified.
+        _.defaults(options || (options = {}), {
+            emulateHTTP: Backbone.emulateHTTP,
+            emulateJSON: Backbone.emulateJSON
+        });
+
+        // Default JSON-request options.
+        var params = {type: type, dataType: 'json'};
+
+        // Ensure that we have a URL.
+        if (!options.url) {
+            params.url = _.result(model, 'url') || urlError();
+        }
+
+        // Ensure that we have the appropriate request data.
+        if (options.data == null && model && (method === 'create' || method === 'update' || method === 'patch')) {
+            params.contentType = 'application/json';
+            params.data = JSON.stringify(options.attrs || model.toJSON(options));
+        }
+
+        // For older servers, emulate JSON by encoding the request into an HTML-form.
+        if (options.emulateJSON) {
+            params.contentType = 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded';
+            params.data = params.data ? {model: params.data} : {};
+        }
+
+        // For older servers, emulate HTTP by mimicking the HTTP method with `_method`
+        // And an `X-HTTP-Method-Override` header.
+        if (options.emulateHTTP && (type === 'PUT' || type === 'DELETE' || type === 'PATCH')) {
+            params.type = 'POST';
+            if (options.emulateJSON) params.data._method = type;
+            var beforeSend = options.beforeSend;
+            options.beforeSend = function(xhr) {
+                xhr.setRequestHeader('X-HTTP-Method-Override', type);
+                if (beforeSend) return beforeSend.apply(this, arguments);
+            };
+        }
+
+        // Don't process data on a non-GET request.
+        if (params.type !== 'GET' && !options.emulateJSON) {
+            params.processData = false;
+        }
+
+        // Pass along `textStatus` and `errorThrown` from jQuery.
+        var error = options.error;
+        options.error = function(xhr, textStatus, errorThrown) {
+            options.textStatus = textStatus;
+            options.errorThrown = errorThrown;
+            if (error) error.call(options.context, xhr, textStatus, errorThrown);
+        };
+
+        // Make the request, allowing the user to override any Ajax options.
+        var xhr = options.xhr = Backbone.ajax(_.extend(params, options));
+        model.trigger('request', model, xhr, options);
+        return xhr;
+    };
+
+    // Map from CRUD to HTTP for our default `Backbone.sync` implementation.
+    var methodMap = {
+        'create': 'POST',
+        'update': 'PUT',
+        'patch':  'PATCH',
+        'delete': 'DELETE',
+        'read':   'GET'
+    };
+
+    // Set the default implementation of `Backbone.ajax` to proxy through to `$`.
+    // Override this if you'd like to use a different library.
+    Backbone.ajax = function() {
+        return Backbone.$.ajax.apply(Backbone.$, arguments);
+    };
+
+    // Backbone.Router
+    // ---------------
+
+    // Routers map faux-URLs to actions, and fire events when routes are
+    // matched. Creating a new one sets its `routes` hash, if not set statically.
+    var Router = Backbone.Router = function(options) {
+        options || (options = {});
+        if (options.routes) this.routes = options.routes;
+        this._bindRoutes();
+        this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
+    };
+
+    // Cached regular expressions for matching named param parts and splatted
+    // parts of route strings.
+    var optionalParam = /\((.*?)\)/g;
+    var namedParam    = /(\(\?)?:\w+/g;
+    var splatParam    = /\*\w+/g;
+    var escapeRegExp  = /[\-{}\[\]+?.,\\\^$|#\s]/g;
+
+    // Set up all inheritable **Backbone.Router** properties and methods.
+    _.extend(Router.prototype, Events, {
+
+        // Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own
+        // initialization logic.
+        initialize: function(){},
+
+        // Manually bind a single named route to a callback. For example:
+        //
+        //     this.route('search/:query/p:num', 'search', function(query, num) {
+        //       ...
+        //     });
+        //
+        route: function(route, name, callback) {
+            if (!_.isRegExp(route)) route = this._routeToRegExp(route);
+            if (_.isFunction(name)) {
+                callback = name;
+                name = '';
+            }
+            if (!callback) callback = this[name];
+            var router = this;
+            Backbone.history.route(route, function(fragment) {
+                var args = router._extractParameters(route, fragment);
+                if (router.execute(callback, args, name) !== false) {
+                    router.trigger.apply(router, ['route:' + name].concat(args));
+                    router.trigger('route', name, args);
+                    Backbone.history.trigger('route', router, name, args);
+                }
+            });
+            return this;
+        },
+
+        // Execute a route handler with the provided parameters.  This is an
+        // excellent place to do pre-route setup or post-route cleanup.
+        execute: function(callback, args, name) {
+            if (callback) callback.apply(this, args);
+        },
+
+        // Simple proxy to `Backbone.history` to save a fragment into the history.
+        navigate: function(fragment, options) {
+            Backbone.history.navigate(fragment, options);
+            return this;
+        },
+
+        // Bind all defined routes to `Backbone.history`. We have to reverse the
+        // order of the routes here to support behavior where the most general
+        // routes can be defined at the bottom of the route map.
+        _bindRoutes: function() {
+            if (!this.routes) return;
+            this.routes = _.result(this, 'routes');
+            var route, routes = _.keys(this.routes);
+            while ((route = routes.pop()) != null) {
+                this.route(route, this.routes[route]);
+            }
+        },
+
+        // Convert a route string into a regular expression, suitable for matching
+        // against the current location hash.
+        _routeToRegExp: function(route) {
+            route = route.replace(escapeRegExp, '\\$&')
+                .replace(optionalParam, '(?:$1)?')
+                .replace(namedParam, function(match, optional) {
+                    return optional ? match : '([^/?]+)';
+                })
+                .replace(splatParam, '([^?]*?)');
+            return new RegExp('^' + route + '(?:\\?([\\s\\S]*))?$');
+        },
+
+        // Given a route, and a URL fragment that it matches, return the array of
+        // extracted decoded parameters. Empty or unmatched parameters will be
+        // treated as `null` to normalize cross-browser behavior.
+        _extractParameters: function(route, fragment) {
+            var params = route.exec(fragment).slice(1);
+            return _.map(params, function(param, i) {
+                // Don't decode the search params.
+                if (i === params.length - 1) return param || null;
+                return param ? decodeURIComponent(param) : null;
+            });
+        }
+
+    });
+
+    // Backbone.History
+    // ----------------
+
+    // Handles cross-browser history management, based on either
+    // [pushState](http://diveintohtml5.info/history.html) and real URLs, or
+    // [onhashchange](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/DOM/window.onhashchange)
+    // and URL fragments. If the browser supports neither (old IE, natch),
+    // falls back to polling.
+    var History = Backbone.History = function() {
+        this.handlers = [];
+        this.checkUrl = _.bind(this.checkUrl, this);
+
+        // Ensure that `History` can be used outside of the browser.
+        if (typeof window !== 'undefined') {
+            this.location = window.location;
+            this.history = window.history;
+        }
+    };
+
+    // Cached regex for stripping a leading hash/slash and trailing space.
+    var routeStripper = /^[#\/]|\s+$/g;
+
+    // Cached regex for stripping leading and trailing slashes.
+    var rootStripper = /^\/+|\/+$/g;
+
+    // Cached regex for stripping urls of hash.
+    var pathStripper = /#.*$/;
+
+    // Has the history handling already been started?
+    History.started = false;
+
+    // Set up all inheritable **Backbone.History** properties and methods.
+    _.extend(History.prototype, Events, {
+
+        // The default interval to poll for hash changes, if necessary, is
+        // twenty times a second.
+        interval: 50,
+
+        // Are we at the app root?
+        atRoot: function() {
+            var path = this.location.pathname.replace(/[^\/]$/, '$&/');
+            return path === this.root && !this.getSearch();
+        },
+
+        // Does the pathname match the root?
+        matchRoot: function() {
+            var path = this.decodeFragment(this.location.pathname);
+            var root = path.slice(0, this.root.length - 1) + '/';
+            return root === this.root;
+        },
+
+        // Unicode characters in `location.pathname` are percent encoded so they're
+        // decoded for comparison. `%25` should not be decoded since it may be part
+        // of an encoded parameter.
+        decodeFragment: function(fragment) {
+            return decodeURI(fragment.replace(/%25/g, '%2525'));
+        },
+
+        // In IE6, the hash fragment and search params are incorrect if the
+        // fragment contains `?`.
+        getSearch: function() {
+            var match = this.location.href.replace(/#.*/, '').match(/\?.+/);
+            return match ? match[0] : '';
+        },
+
+        // Gets the true hash value. Cannot use location.hash directly due to bug
+        // in Firefox where location.hash will always be decoded.
+        getHash: function(window) {
+            var match = (window || this).location.href.match(/#(.*)$/);
+            return match ? match[1] : '';
+        },
+
+        // Get the pathname and search params, without the root.
+        getPath: function() {
+            var path = this.decodeFragment(
+                this.location.pathname + this.getSearch()
+            ).slice(this.root.length - 1);
+            return path.charAt(0) === '/' ? path.slice(1) : path;
+        },
+
+        // Get the cross-browser normalized URL fragment from the path or hash.
+        getFragment: function(fragment) {
+            if (fragment == null) {
+                if (this._usePushState || !this._wantsHashChange) {
+                    fragment = this.getPath();
+                } else {
+                    fragment = this.getHash();
+                }
+            }
+            return fragment.replace(routeStripper, '');
+        },
+
+        // Start the hash change handling, returning `true` if the current URL matches
+        // an existing route, and `false` otherwise.
+        start: function(options) {
+            if (History.started) throw new Error('Backbone.history has already been started');
+            History.started = true;
+
+            // Figure out the initial configuration. Do we need an iframe?
+            // Is pushState desired ... is it available?
+            this.options          = _.extend({root: '/'}, this.options, options);
+            this.root             = this.options.root;
+            this._wantsHashChange = this.options.hashChange !== false;
+            this._hasHashChange   = 'onhashchange' in window && (document.documentMode === void 0 || document.documentMode > 7);
+            this._useHashChange   = this._wantsHashChange && this._hasHashChange;
+            this._wantsPushState  = !!this.options.pushState;
+            this._hasPushState    = !!(this.history && this.history.pushState);
+            this._usePushState    = this._wantsPushState && this._hasPushState;
+            this.fragment         = this.getFragment();
+
+            // Normalize root to always include a leading and trailing slash.
+            this.root = ('/' + this.root + '/').replace(rootStripper, '/');
+
+            // Transition from hashChange to pushState or vice versa if both are
+            // requested.
+            if (this._wantsHashChange && this._wantsPushState) {
+
+                // If we've started off with a route from a `pushState`-enabled
+                // browser, but we're currently in a browser that doesn't support it...
+                if (!this._hasPushState && !this.atRoot()) {
+                    var root = this.root.slice(0, -1) || '/';
+                    this.location.replace(root + '#' + this.getPath());
+                    // Return immediately as browser will do redirect to new url
+                    return true;
+
+                    // Or if we've started out with a hash-based route, but we're currently
+                    // in a browser where it could be `pushState`-based instead...
+                } else if (this._hasPushState && this.atRoot()) {
+                    this.navigate(this.getHash(), {replace: true});
+                }
+
+            }
+
+            // Proxy an iframe to handle location events if the browser doesn't
+            // support the `hashchange` event, HTML5 history, or the user wants
+            // `hashChange` but not `pushState`.
+            if (!this._hasHashChange && this._wantsHashChange && !this._usePushState) {
+                this.iframe = document.createElement('iframe');
+                this.iframe.src = 'javascript:0';
+                this.iframe.style.display = 'none';
+                this.iframe.tabIndex = -1;
+                var body = document.body;
+                // Using `appendChild` will throw on IE < 9 if the document is not ready.
+                var iWindow = body.insertBefore(this.iframe, body.firstChild).contentWindow;
+                iWindow.document.open();
+                iWindow.document.close();
+                iWindow.location.hash = '#' + this.fragment;
+            }
+
+            // Add a cross-platform `addEventListener` shim for older browsers.
+            var addEventListener = window.addEventListener || function (eventName, listener) {
+                    return attachEvent('on' + eventName, listener);
+                };
+
+            // Depending on whether we're using pushState or hashes, and whether
+            // 'onhashchange' is supported, determine how we check the URL state.
+            if (this._usePushState) {
+                addEventListener('popstate', this.checkUrl, false);
+            } else if (this._useHashChange && !this.iframe) {
+                addEventListener('hashchange', this.checkUrl, false);
+            } else if (this._wantsHashChange) {
+                this._checkUrlInterval = setInterval(this.checkUrl, this.interval);
+            }
+
+            if (!this.options.silent) return this.loadUrl();
+        },
+
+        // Disable Backbone.history, perhaps temporarily. Not useful in a real app,
+        // but possibly useful for unit testing Routers.
+        stop: function() {
+            // Add a cross-platform `removeEventListener` shim for older browsers.
+            var removeEventListener = window.removeEventListener || function (eventName, listener) {
+                    return detachEvent('on' + eventName, listener);
+                };
+
+            // Remove window listeners.
+            if (this._usePushState) {
+                removeEventListener('popstate', this.checkUrl, false);
+            } else if (this._useHashChange && !this.iframe) {
+                removeEventListener('hashchange', this.checkUrl, false);
+            }
+
+            // Clean up the iframe if necessary.
+            if (this.iframe) {
+                document.body.removeChild(this.iframe);
+                this.iframe = null;
+            }
+
+            // Some environments will throw when clearing an undefined interval.
+            if (this._checkUrlInterval) clearInterval(this._checkUrlInterval);
+            History.started = false;
+        },
+
+        // Add a route to be tested when the fragment changes. Routes added later
+        // may override previous routes.
+        route: function(route, callback) {
+            this.handlers.unshift({route: route, callback: callback});
+        },
+
+        // Checks the current URL to see if it has changed, and if it has,
+        // calls `loadUrl`, normalizing across the hidden iframe.
+        checkUrl: function(e) {
+            var current = this.getFragment();
+
+            // If the user pressed the back button, the iframe's hash will have
+            // changed and we should use that for comparison.
+            if (current === this.fragment && this.iframe) {
+                current = this.getHash(this.iframe.contentWindow);
+            }
+
+            if (current === this.fragment) return false;
+            if (this.iframe) this.navigate(current);
+            this.loadUrl();
+        },
+
+        // Attempt to load the current URL fragment. If a route succeeds with a
+        // match, returns `true`. If no defined routes matches the fragment,
+        // returns `false`.
+        loadUrl: function(fragment) {
+            // If the root doesn't match, no routes can match either.
+            if (!this.matchRoot()) return false;
+            fragment = this.fragment = this.getFragment(fragment);
+            return _.some(this.handlers, function(handler) {
+                if (handler.route.test(fragment)) {
+                    handler.callback(fragment);
+                    return true;
+                }
+            });
+        },
+
+        // Save a fragment into the hash history, or replace the URL state if the
+        // 'replace' option is passed. You are responsible for properly URL-encoding
+        // the fragment in advance.
+        //
+        // The options object can contain `trigger: true` if you wish to have the
+        // route callback be fired (not usually desirable), or `replace: true`, if
+        // you wish to modify the current URL without adding an entry to the history.
+        navigate: function(fragment, options) {
+            if (!History.started) return false;
+            if (!options || options === true) options = {trigger: !!options};
+
+            // Normalize the fragment.
+            fragment = this.getFragment(fragment || '');
+
+            // Don't include a trailing slash on the root.
+            var root = this.root;
+            if (fragment === '' || fragment.charAt(0) === '?') {
+                root = root.slice(0, -1) || '/';
+            }
+            var url = root + fragment;
+
+            // Strip the hash and decode for matching.
+            fragment = this.decodeFragment(fragment.replace(pathStripper, ''));
+
+            if (this.fragment === fragment) return;
+            this.fragment = fragment;
+
+            // If pushState is available, we use it to set the fragment as a real URL.
+            if (this._usePushState) {
+                this.history[options.replace ? 'replaceState' : 'pushState']({}, document.title, url);
+
+                // If hash changes haven't been explicitly disabled, update the hash
+                // fragment to store history.
+            } else if (this._wantsHashChange) {
+                this._updateHash(this.location, fragment, options.replace);
+                if (this.iframe && (fragment !== this.getHash(this.iframe.contentWindow))) {
+                    var iWindow = this.iframe.contentWindow;
+
+                    // Opening and closing the iframe tricks IE7 and earlier to push a
+                    // history entry on hash-tag change.  When replace is true, we don't
+                    // want this.
+                    if (!options.replace) {
+                        iWindow.document.open();
+                        iWindow.document.close();
+                    }
+
+                    this._updateHash(iWindow.location, fragment, options.replace);
+                }
+
+                // If you've told us that you explicitly don't want fallback hashchange-
+                // based history, then `navigate` becomes a page refresh.
+            } else {
+                return this.location.assign(url);
+            }
+            if (options.trigger) return this.loadUrl(fragment);
+        },
+
+        // Update the hash location, either replacing the current entry, or adding
+        // a new one to the browser history.
+        _updateHash: function(location, fragment, replace) {
+            if (replace) {
+                var href = location.href.replace(/(javascript:|#).*$/, '');
+                location.replace(href + '#' + fragment);
+            } else {
+                // Some browsers require that `hash` contains a leading #.
+                location.hash = '#' + fragment;
+            }
+        }
+
+    });
+
+    // Create the default Backbone.history.
+    Backbone.history = new History;
+
+    // Helpers
+    // -------
+
+    // Helper function to correctly set up the prototype chain for subclasses.
+    // Similar to `goog.inherits`, but uses a hash of prototype properties and
+    // class properties to be extended.
+    var extend = function(protoProps, staticProps) {
+        var parent = this;
+        var child;
+
+        // The constructor function for the new subclass is either defined by you
+        // (the "constructor" property in your `extend` definition), or defaulted
+        // by us to simply call the parent constructor.
+        if (protoProps && _.has(protoProps, 'constructor')) {
+            child = protoProps.constructor;
+        } else {
+            child = function(){ return parent.apply(this, arguments); };
+        }
+
+        // Add static properties to the constructor function, if supplied.
+        _.extend(child, parent, staticProps);
+
+        // Set the prototype chain to inherit from `parent`, without calling
+        // `parent`'s constructor function and add the prototype properties.
+        child.prototype = _.create(parent.prototype, protoProps);
+        child.prototype.constructor = child;
+
+        // Set a convenience property in case the parent's prototype is needed
+        // later.
+        child.__super__ = parent.prototype;
+
+        return child;
+    };
+
+    // Set up inheritance for the model, collection, router, view and history.
+    Model.extend = Collection.extend = Router.extend = View.extend = History.extend = extend;
+
+    // Throw an error when a URL is needed, and none is supplied.
+    var urlError = function() {
+        throw new Error('A "url" property or function must be specified');
+    };
+
+    // Wrap an optional error callback with a fallback error event.
+    var wrapError = function(model, options) {
+        var error = options.error;
+        options.error = function(resp) {
+            if (error) error.call(options.context, model, resp, options);
+            model.trigger('error', model, resp, options);
+        };
+    };
+
+    return Backbone;
+
+}));