rumale 0.18.7 → 0.19.0

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data/CHANGELOG.md

@@ -1,3 +1,30 @@
+# 0.19.0
+- Change mmh3 and mopti gem to non-runtime dependent library.
+  - The mmh3 gem is used in [FeatureHasher](https://yoshoku.github.io/rumale/doc/Rumale/FeatureExtraction/FeatureHasher.html).
+  You only need to require mmh3 gem when using FeatureHasher.
+    ```ruby
+    require 'mmh3'
+    require 'rumale'
+
+    encoder = Rumale::FeatureExtraction::FeatureHasher.new
+    ```
+  - The mopti gem is used in [NeighbourhoodComponentAnalysis](https://yoshoku.github.io/rumale/doc/Rumale/MetricLearning/NeighbourhoodComponentAnalysis.html).
+  You only need to require mopti gem when using NeighbourhoodComponentAnalysis.
+    ```ruby
+    require 'mopti'
+    require 'rumale'
+
+    transformer = Rumale::MetricLearning::NeighbourhoodComponentAnalysis.new
+    ```
+- Change the default value of solver parameter on [PCA](https://yoshoku.github.io/rumale/doc/Rumale/Decomposition/PCA.html) to 'auto'.
+If Numo::Linalg is loaded, 'evd' is selected for the solver, otherwise 'fpt' is selected.
+- Deprecate [PolynomialModel](https://yoshoku.github.io/rumale/doc/Rumale/PolynomialModel.html), [Optimizer](https://yoshoku.github.io/rumale/doc/Rumale/Optimizer.html), and the estimators contained in them. They will be deleted in version 0.20.0.
+  - Many machine learning libraries do not contain factorization machine algorithms, they are provided by another compatible library.
+  In addition, there are no plans to implement estimators in PolynomialModel.
+  Thus, the author decided to deprecate PolynomialModel.
+  - Currently, the Optimizer classes are only used by PolynomialModel estimators.
+  Therefore, they have been deprecated together with PolynomialModel.
+
 # 0.18.7
 - Fix to convert target_name to string array in [classification_report method](https://yoshoku.github.io/rumale/doc/Rumale/EvaluationMeasure.html#classification_report-class_method).
 - Refactor some codes with Rubocop.

data/Gemfile

@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ source 'https://rubygems.org'
 gemspec
 
 gem 'coveralls', '~> 0.8'
+gem 'mmh3', '>= 1.0'
+gem 'mopti', '>= 0.1.0'
 gem 'numo-linalg', '>= 0.1.4'
 gem 'parallel', '>= 1.17.0'
 gem 'rake', '~> 12.0'

data/README.md

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 Rumale (**Ru**by **ma**chine **le**arning) is a machine learning library in Ruby.
 Rumale provides machine learning algorithms with interfaces similar to Scikit-Learn in Python.
 Rumale supports Support Vector Machine,
-Logistic Regression, Ridge, Lasso, Factorization Machine,
+Logistic Regression, Ridge, Lasso,
 Multi-layer Perceptron,
 Naive Bayes, Decision Tree, Gradient Tree Boosting, Random Forest,
 K-Means, Gaussian Mixture Model, DBSCAN, Spectral Clustering,
@@ -42,39 +42,7 @@ Or install it yourself as:
 
 ## Usage
 
-### Example 1. XOR data
-First, let's classify simple xor data.
-
-```ruby
-require 'rumale'
-
-# Prepare XOR data.
-samples = [[0, 0], [0, 1], [1, 0], [1, 1]]
-labels = [0, 1, 1, 0]
-
-# Train classifier with nearest neighbor rule.
-estimator = Rumale::NearestNeighbors::KNeighborsClassifier.new(n_neighbors: 1)
-estimator.fit(samples, labels)
-
-# Predict labels.
-p labels
-p estimator.predict(samples)
-```
-
-Execution of the above script result in the following.
-
-```ruby
-[0, 1, 1, 0]
-Numo::Int32#shape=[4]
-[0, 1, 1, 0]
-```
-
-The basic usage of Rumale is to first train the model with the fit method
-and then estimate with the predict method.
-In addition, Rumale recommends using arrays such as feature vectors and labels with
-[Numo::NArray](https://github.com/ruby-numo/numo-narray).
-
-### Example 2. Pendigits dataset classification
+### Example 1. Pendigits dataset classification
 
 Rumale provides function loading libsvm format dataset file.
 We start by downloading the pendigits dataset from LIBSVM Data web site.
@@ -137,7 +105,7 @@ $ ruby test.rb
 Accuracy: 98.7%
 ```
 
-### Example 3. Cross-validation
+### Example 2. Cross-validation
 
 ```ruby
 require 'rumale'
@@ -168,7 +136,7 @@ $ ruby cross_validation.rb
 5-CV mean log-loss: 0.355
 ```
 
-### Example 4. Pipeline
+### Example 3. Pipeline
 
 ```ruby
 require 'rumale'
@@ -203,6 +171,7 @@ $ ruby pipeline.rb
 ## Speed up
 
 ### Numo::Linalg
+Rumale uses [Numo::NArray](https://github.com/ruby-numo/numo-narray) for typed arrays.
 Loading the [Numo::Linalg](https://github.com/ruby-numo/numo-linalg) allows to perform matrix product of Numo::NArray using BLAS libraries.
 For example, using the [OpenBLAS](https://github.com/xianyi/OpenBLAS) speeds up many estimators in Rumale.
 

data/lib/rumale/decomposition/pca.rb

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ module Rumale
     # PCA is a class that implements Principal Component Analysis.
     #
     # @example
-    #   decomposer = Rumale::Decomposition::PCA.new(n_components: 2)
+    #   decomposer = Rumale::Decomposition::PCA.new(n_components: 2, solver: 'fpt')
     #   representaion = decomposer.fit_transform(samples)
     #
     #   # If Numo::Linalg is installed, you can specify 'evd' for the solver option.
@@ -17,6 +17,11 @@ module Rumale
     #   decomposer = Rumale::Decomposition::PCA.new(n_components: 2, solver: 'evd')
     #   representaion = decomposer.fit_transform(samples)
     #
+    #   # If Numo::Linalg is loaded and the solver option is not given,
+    #   # the solver option is choosen 'evd' automatically.
+    #   decomposer = Rumale::Decomposition::PCA.new(n_components: 2)
+    #   representaion = decomposer.fit_transform(samples)
+    #
     # *Reference*
     # - Sharma, A., and Paliwal, K K., "Fast principal component analysis using fixed-point algorithm," Pattern Recognition Letters, 28, pp. 1151--1155, 2007.
     class PCA
@@ -38,18 +43,24 @@ module Rumale
       # Create a new transformer with PCA.
       #
       # @param n_components [Integer] The number of principal components.
-      # @param solver [String] The algorithm for the optimization ('fpt' or 'evd').
-      #   'fpt' uses the fixed-point algorithm. 'evd' performs eigen value decomposition of the covariance matrix of samples.
+      # @param solver [String] The algorithm for the optimization ('auto', 'fpt' or 'evd').
+      #   'auto' chooses the 'evd' solver if Numo::Linalg is loaded. Otherwise, it chooses the 'fpt' solver.
+      #   'fpt' uses the fixed-point algorithm.
+      #   'evd' performs eigen value decomposition of the covariance matrix of samples.
       # @param max_iter [Integer] The maximum number of iterations. If solver = 'evd', this parameter is ignored.
       # @param tol [Float] The tolerance of termination criterion. If solver = 'evd', this parameter is ignored.
       # @param random_seed [Integer] The seed value using to initialize the random generator.
-      def initialize(n_components: 2, solver: 'fpt', max_iter: 100, tol: 1.0e-4, random_seed: nil)
+      def initialize(n_components: 2, solver: 'auto', max_iter: 100, tol: 1.0e-4, random_seed: nil)
         check_params_numeric(n_components: n_components, max_iter: max_iter, tol: tol)
         check_params_string(solver: solver)
         check_params_numeric_or_nil(random_seed: random_seed)
         check_params_positive(n_components: n_components, max_iter: max_iter, tol: tol)
         @params = {}
-        @params[:solver] = solver != 'evd' ? 'fpt' : 'evd'
+        @params[:solver] = if solver == 'auto'
+                             load_linalg? ? 'evd' : 'fpt'
+                           else
+                             solver != 'evd' ? 'fpt' : 'evd'
+                           end
         @params[:n_components] = n_components
         @params[:max_iter] = max_iter
         @params[:tol] = tol
@@ -128,6 +139,13 @@ module Rumale
 
       private
 
+      def load_linalg?
+        return false if defined?(Numo::Linalg).nil?
+        return false if Numo::Linalg::VERSION < '0.1.4'
+
+        true
+      end
+
       def orthogonalize(pcvec)
         unless @components.nil?
           delta = @components.dot(pcvec) * @components.transpose

data/lib/rumale/feature_extraction/feature_hasher.rb

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
-require 'mmh3'
 require 'rumale/base/base_estimator'
 require 'rumale/base/transformer'
 
@@ -11,11 +10,15 @@ module Rumale
     # This encoder employs signed 32-bit Murmurhash3 as the hash function.
     #
     # @example
+    #   require 'mmh3'
+    #   require 'rumale'
+    #
     #   encoder = Rumale::FeatureExtraction::FeatureHasher.new(n_features: 10)
     #   x = encoder.transform([
     #     { dog: 1, cat: 2, elephant: 4 },
     #     { dog: 2, run: 5 }
     #   ])
+    #
     #   # > pp x
     #   # Numo::DFloat#shape=[2,10]
     #   # [[0, 0, -4, -1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2],
@@ -62,6 +65,8 @@ module Rumale
       # @param x [Array<Hash>] (shape: [n_samples]) The array of hash consisting of feature names and values.
       # @return [Numo::DFloat] (shape: [n_samples, n_features]) The encoded sample array.
       def transform(x)
+        raise 'FeatureHasher#transform requires Mmh3 but that is not loaded.' unless enable_mmh3?
+
         x = [x] unless x.is_a?(Array)
         n_samples = x.size
 
@@ -85,6 +90,14 @@ module Rumale
 
       private
 
+      def enable_mmh3?
+        if defined?(Mmh3).nil?
+          warn('FeatureHasher#transform requires Mmh3 but that is not loaded. You should intall and load mmh3 gem in advance.')
+          return false
+        end
+        true
+      end
+
       def n_features
         @params[:n_features]
       end

data/lib/rumale/linear_model/base_linear_model.rb

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ module Rumale
     # @note
     #   In version 0.17.0, a new linear model abstract class called BaseSGD is introduced.
     #   BaseLienarModel is deprecated and will be removed in the future.
+    # @deprecated Use BaseSGD class instead. This class will be deleted in version 0.20.0.
     #
     # BaseLinearModel is an abstract class for implementation of linear estimator
     # with mini-batch stochastic gradient descent optimization.

data/lib/rumale/metric_learning/neighbourhood_component_analysis.rb

@@ -2,13 +2,15 @@
 
 require 'rumale/base/base_estimator'
 require 'rumale/base/transformer'
-require 'mopti/scaled_conjugate_gradient'
 
 module Rumale
   module MetricLearning
     # NeighbourhoodComponentAnalysis is a class that implements Neighbourhood Component Analysis.
     #
     # @example
+    #   require 'mopti'
+    #   require 'rumale'
+    #
     #   transformer = Rumale::MetricLearning::NeighbourhoodComponentAnalysis.new
     #   transformer.fit(training_samples, traininig_labels)
     #   low_samples = transformer.transform(testing_samples)
@@ -63,6 +65,8 @@ module Rumale
       # @param y [Numo::Int32] (shape: [n_samples]) The labels to be used for fitting the model.
       # @return [NeighbourhoodComponentAnalysis] The learned classifier itself.
       def fit(x, y)
+        raise 'NeighbourhoodComponentAnalysis#fit requires Mopti but that is not loaded.' unless enable_mopti?
+
         x = check_convert_sample_array(x)
         y = check_convert_label_array(y)
         check_sample_label_size(x, y)
@@ -98,6 +102,14 @@ module Rumale
 
       private
 
+      def enable_mopti?
+        if defined?(Mopti).nil?
+          warn('NeighbourhoodComponentAnalysis#fit requires Mopti but that is not loaded. You should intall and load mopti gem in advance.')
+          return false
+        end
+        true
+      end
+
       def init_components(x, n_features, n_components)
         if @params[:init] == 'pca'
           pca = Rumale::Decomposition::PCA.new(n_components: n_components, solver: 'evd')

data/lib/rumale/optimizer/ada_grad.rb

@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ module Rumale
   module Optimizer
     # AdaGrad is a class that implements AdaGrad optimizer.
     #
+    # @deprecated AdaGrad will be deleted in version 0.20.0.
+    #
     # *Reference*
     # - Duchi, J., Hazan, E., and Singer, Y., "Adaptive Subgradient Methods for Online Learning and Stochastic Optimization," J. Machine Learning Research, vol. 12, pp. 2121--2159, 2011.
     class AdaGrad
@@ -17,6 +19,7 @@ module Rumale
       #
       # @param learning_rate [Float] The initial value of learning rate.
       def initialize(learning_rate: 0.01)
+        warn 'warning: AdaGrad is deprecated. This class will be deleted in version 0.20.0.'
         check_params_numeric(learning_rate: learning_rate)
         check_params_positive(learning_rate: learning_rate)
         @params = {}

data/lib/rumale/optimizer/adam.rb

@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ module Rumale
   module Optimizer
     # Adam is a class that implements Adam optimizer.
     #
+    # @deprecated Adam will be deleted in version 0.20.0.
+    #
     # *Reference*
     # - Kingma, D P., and Ba, J., "Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization," Proc. ICLR'15, 2015.
     class Adam
@@ -19,6 +21,7 @@ module Rumale
       # @param decay1 [Float] The smoothing parameter for the first moment.
       # @param decay2 [Float] The smoothing parameter for the second moment.
       def initialize(learning_rate: 0.001, decay1: 0.9, decay2: 0.999)
+        warn 'warning: Adam is deprecated. This class will be deleted in version 0.20.0.'
         check_params_numeric(learning_rate: learning_rate, decay1: decay1, decay2: decay2)
         check_params_positive(learning_rate: learning_rate, decay1: decay1, decay2: decay2)
         @params = {}

data/lib/rumale/optimizer/nadam.rb

@@ -5,9 +5,13 @@ require 'rumale/base/base_estimator'
 
 module Rumale
   # This module consists of the classes that implement optimizers adaptively tuning hyperparameters.
+  #
+  # @deprecated Optimizer module will be deleted in version 0.20.0.
   module Optimizer
     # Nadam is a class that implements Nadam optimizer.
     #
+    # @deprecated Nadam will be deleted in version 0.20.0.
+    #
     # *Reference*
     # - Dozat, T., "Incorporating Nesterov Momentum into Adam," Tech. Repo. Stanford University, 2015.
     class Nadam
@@ -20,6 +24,7 @@ module Rumale
       # @param decay1 [Float] The smoothing parameter for the first moment.
       # @param decay2 [Float] The smoothing parameter for the second moment.
       def initialize(learning_rate: 0.01, decay1: 0.9, decay2: 0.999)
+        warn 'warning: Nadam is deprecated. This class will be deleted in version 0.20.0.'
         check_params_numeric(learning_rate: learning_rate, decay1: decay1, decay2: decay2)
         check_params_positive(learning_rate: learning_rate, decay1: decay1, decay2: decay2)
         @params = {}

data/lib/rumale/optimizer/rmsprop.rb

@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ module Rumale
   module Optimizer
     # RMSProp is a class that implements RMSProp optimizer.
     #
+    # @deprecated RMSProp will be deleted in version 0.20.0.
+    #
     # *Reference*
     # - Sutskever, I., Martens, J., Dahl, G., and Hinton, G., "On the importance of initialization and momentum in deep learning," Proc. ICML' 13, pp. 1139--1147, 2013.
     # - Hinton, G., Srivastava, N., and Swersky, K., "Lecture 6e rmsprop," Neural Networks for Machine Learning, 2012.
@@ -20,6 +22,7 @@ module Rumale
       # @param momentum [Float] The initial value of momentum.
       # @param decay [Float] The smooting parameter.
       def initialize(learning_rate: 0.01, momentum: 0.9, decay: 0.9)
+        warn 'warning: RMSProp is deprecated. This class will be deleted in version 0.20.0.'
         check_params_numeric(learning_rate: learning_rate, momentum: momentum, decay: decay)
         check_params_positive(learning_rate: learning_rate, momentum: momentum, decay: decay)
         @params = {}

data/lib/rumale/optimizer/sgd.rb

@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@ require 'rumale/base/base_estimator'
 module Rumale
   module Optimizer
     # SGD is a class that implements SGD optimizer.
+    #
+    # @deprecated SGD will be deleted in version 0.20.0.
     class SGD
       include Base::BaseEstimator
       include Validation
@@ -16,6 +18,7 @@ module Rumale
       # @param momentum [Float] The initial value of momentum.
       # @param decay [Float] The smooting parameter.
       def initialize(learning_rate: 0.01, momentum: 0.0, decay: 0.0)
+        warn 'warning: SGD is deprecated. This class will be deleted in version 0.20.0.'
         check_params_numeric(learning_rate: learning_rate, momentum: momentum, decay: decay)
         check_params_positive(learning_rate: learning_rate, momentum: momentum, decay: decay)
         @params = {}

data/lib/rumale/optimizer/yellow_fin.rb

@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ module Rumale
   module Optimizer
     # YellowFin is a class that implements YellowFin optimizer.
     #
+    # @deprecated YellowFin will be deleted in version 0.20.0.
+    #
     # *Reference*
     # - Zhang, J., and Mitliagkas, I., "YellowFin and the Art of Momentum Tuning," CoRR abs/1706.03471, 2017.
     class YellowFin
@@ -20,6 +22,7 @@ module Rumale
       # @param decay [Float] The smooting parameter.
       # @param window_width [Integer] The sliding window width for searching curvature range.
       def initialize(learning_rate: 0.01, momentum: 0.9, decay: 0.999, window_width: 20)
+        warn 'warning: YellowFin is deprecated. This class will be deleted in version 0.20.0.'
         check_params_numeric(learning_rate: learning_rate, momentum: momentum, decay: decay, window_width: window_width)
         check_params_positive(learning_rate: learning_rate, momentum: momentum, decay: decay, window_width: window_width)
         @params = {}

data/lib/rumale/polynomial_model/base_factorization_machine.rb

@@ -5,9 +5,13 @@ require 'rumale/optimizer/nadam'
 
 module Rumale
   # This module consists of the classes that implement polynomial models.
+  #
+  # @deprecated PolynomialModel module will be deleted in version 0.20.0.
   module PolynomialModel
     # BaseFactorizationMachine is an abstract class for implementation of Factorization Machine-based estimators.
     # This class is used internally.
+    #
+    # @deprecated BaseFactorizationMachine will be deleted in version 0.20.0.
     class BaseFactorizationMachine
       include Base::BaseEstimator
 

data/lib/rumale/polynomial_model/factorization_machine_classifier.rb

@@ -10,6 +10,10 @@ module Rumale
     # with stochastic gradient descent (SGD) optimization.
     # For multiclass classification problem, it uses one-vs-the-rest strategy.
     #
+    # @deprecated
+    #   FactorizationMachineClassifier will be deleted in version 0.20.0.
+    #   The Ruamle author recommends using the xlearn gem instead.
+    #
     # @example
     #   estimator =
     #     Rumale::PolynomialModel::FactorizationMachineClassifier.new(
@@ -65,6 +69,7 @@ module Rumale
       def initialize(n_factors: 2, loss: 'hinge', reg_param_linear: 1.0, reg_param_factor: 1.0,
                      max_iter: 200, batch_size: 50, tol: 1e-4,
                      optimizer: nil, n_jobs: nil, verbose: false, random_seed: nil)
+        warn 'warning: FactorizationMachineClassifier is deprecated. This class will be deleted in version 0.20.0.'
         check_params_numeric(reg_param_linear: reg_param_linear, reg_param_factor: reg_param_factor,
                              n_factors: n_factors, max_iter: max_iter, batch_size: batch_size, tol: tol)
         check_params_string(loss: loss)

data/lib/rumale/polynomial_model/factorization_machine_regressor.rb

@@ -8,6 +8,10 @@ module Rumale
     # FactorizationMachineRegressor is a class that implements Factorization Machine
     # with stochastic gradient descent (SGD) optimization.
     #
+    # @deprecated
+    #   FactorizationMachineRegressor will be deleted in version 0.20.0.
+    #   The Ruamle author recommends using the xlearn gem instead.
+    #
     # @example
     #   estimator =
     #     Rumale::PolynomialModel::FactorizationMachineRegressor.new(
@@ -58,6 +62,7 @@ module Rumale
       def initialize(n_factors: 2, reg_param_linear: 1.0, reg_param_factor: 1.0,
                      max_iter: 200, batch_size: 50, tol: 1e-4,
                      optimizer: nil, n_jobs: nil, verbose: false, random_seed: nil)
+        warn 'warning: FactorizationMachineClassifier is deprecated. This class will be deleted in version 0.20.0.'
         check_params_numeric(reg_param_linear: reg_param_linear, reg_param_factor: reg_param_factor,
                              n_factors: n_factors, max_iter: max_iter, batch_size: batch_size, tol: tol)
         check_params_boolean(verbose: verbose)

data/lib/rumale/version.rb

@@ -3,5 +3,5 @@
 # Rumale is a machine learning library in Ruby.
 module Rumale
   # The version of Rumale you are using.
-  VERSION = '0.18.7'
+  VERSION = '0.19.0'
 end

data/rumale.gemspec

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
     Rumale is a machine learning library in Ruby.
     Rumale provides machine learning algorithms with interfaces similar to Scikit-Learn in Python.
     Rumale supports Support Vector Machine,
-    Logistic Regression, Ridge, Lasso, Factorization Machine,
+    Logistic Regression, Ridge, Lasso,
     Multi-layer Perceptron,
     Naive Bayes, Decision Tree, Gradient Tree Boosting, Random Forest,
     K-Means, Gaussian Mixture Model, DBSCAN, Spectral Clustering,
@@ -45,6 +45,4 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
   }
 
   spec.add_runtime_dependency 'numo-narray', '>= 0.9.1'
-  spec.add_runtime_dependency 'mopti', '>= 0.1.0'
-  spec.add_runtime_dependency 'mmh3', '>= 0.1.0'
 end

metadata

@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 --- !ruby/object:Gem::Specification
 name: rumale
 version: !ruby/object:Gem::Version
-  version: 0.18.7
+  version: 0.19.0
 platform: ruby
 authors:
 - yoshoku
 autorequire: 
 bindir: exe
 cert_chain: []
-date: 2020-05-16 00:00:00.000000000 Z
+date: 2020-05-23 00:00:00.000000000 Z
 dependencies:
 - !ruby/object:Gem::Dependency
   name: numo-narray
@@ -24,39 +24,11 @@ dependencies:
     - - ">="
       - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
         version: 0.9.1
-- !ruby/object:Gem::Dependency
-  name: mopti
-  requirement: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
-    requirements:
-    - - ">="
-      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
-        version: 0.1.0
-  type: :runtime
-  prerelease: false
-  version_requirements: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
-    requirements:
-    - - ">="
-      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
-        version: 0.1.0
-- !ruby/object:Gem::Dependency
-  name: mmh3
-  requirement: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
-    requirements:
-    - - ">="
-      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
-        version: 0.1.0
-  type: :runtime
-  prerelease: false
-  version_requirements: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
-    requirements:
-    - - ">="
-      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
-        version: 0.1.0
 description: |
   Rumale is a machine learning library in Ruby.
   Rumale provides machine learning algorithms with interfaces similar to Scikit-Learn in Python.
   Rumale supports Support Vector Machine,
-  Logistic Regression, Ridge, Lasso, Factorization Machine,
+  Logistic Regression, Ridge, Lasso,
   Multi-layer Perceptron,
   Naive Bayes, Decision Tree, Gradient Tree Boosting, Random Forest,
   K-Means, Gaussian Mixture Model, DBSCAN, Spectral Clustering,