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+ABeginnersCompleteGuideToMicrocontrollerProgrammingWithRuby.md

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+# A Beginner's Complete Guide to Microcontroller Programming with Ruby
+
+author
+:   hasumikin
+
+content-source
+:   RubyConf Africa 2024
+
+place
+:  Nairobi, Kenya
+
+date
+:   27 July 2024
+
+allotted-time
+:   33m
+
+theme
+:   theme
+
+# Today's content
+
+{:.center}
+{::tag name="x-small"}Part 1{:/tag}
+Preparation\\n
+
+{:.center}
+{::tag name="x-small"}Part 2{:/tag}
+Getting Started with Microcontroller\\n
+
+{:.center}
+{::tag name="x-small"}Part 3{:/tag}
+Exploring PicoRuby Further\\n
+
+{:.center}
+{::tag name="x-small"}Part 4{:/tag}
+PicoRuby Under the Hood\\n
+
+
+# self.inspect
+
+  - Hitoshi HASUMI
+  - @hasumikin {::tag name="small"}(GitHub and Twitter){:/tag}
+  - ANDPAD: construction tech👷🏽‍♂️
+  - Creator of PicoRuby
+  - Contributor to CRuby and mruby
+  - Member of IRB maintainer team
+
+![](images/hasumi.jpg){:
+    align="right"
+    relative-height="65"
+    relative_margin_top="10"
+    relative_margin_left="20"
+}
+
+# The former IRB maintainer
+
+![](images/itoyanagi.jpg){:
+    align="center"
+    relative-width="100"
+    relative_margin_top="5"
+    relative_margin_left="0"
+    draw0="[rectangle, false, 0.55, 0.01, 0.18, 0.6, {color: red, line_width: 8\}]"
+    draw1="[text, Itoyanagi-san, 0.48, -0.14, {color: red, size: 50, font_family: 'Courier Prime', weight: bold\}]"
+}
+
+{:.center}
+{::tag name="x-small"}RubyConf Africa 2019{:/tag}
+
+# chapter
+
+Part 1
+{::tag name="xx-large"}Preparation{:/tag}
+
+## Properties
+hide-title
+:   true
+
+# Setup (minimal)
+  - Raspberry Pi Pico
+    - Or other *RP2040)-based controller
+  - USB cable
+  - Terminal emulator on laptop
+
+# Raspberry Pi *Pico*
+  - Raspberry Pi Pico: Microcontroller board
+    - MCU: RP2040
+      - Cortex-Mzero+ (dual)
+      - 264 KB RAM
+      - 2 MB flash ROM
+    - Generally runs without an OS
+  - Raspberry Pi: Single-board computer
+    - Generally needs an OS like Raspberry Pi OS\\nor Windows for Arm
+
+![](images/rpi_pico.jpg){:
+    align="right"
+    relative-height="95"
+    relative_margin_top="0"
+    relative_margin_left="20"
+    draw0="[rectangle, false, 0.3, 0.41, 0.37, 0.2, {color: red, line_width: 8\}]"
+    draw1="[text, RP2040, 0.12, 0.61, {color: red, size: 70, font_family: 'Courier Prime', weight: bold\}]"
+}
+
+# Terminal emulator (recommendation)
+  - Linux -> GTKTerm
+  - Windows -> Tera Term
+  - macOS -> PuTTY
+
+![](images/Terminal-dec-vt100.jpg){:
+    align="right"
+    relative-height="62"
+    relative_margin_top="0"
+    relative_margin_left="20"
+}
+
+{::tag name="large"}\\n\\n\\n{:/tag}
+
+{:.right}
+{::tag name="xx-small"}Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0
+https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6693684{:/tag}
+
+# Let's begin  1/4
+  - Download the latest\\n`R2P2-*.uf2`\\nfrom GitHub
+
+![](images/download-r2p2.png){:
+    align="right"
+    relative-height="78"
+    relative_margin_left="19"
+    relative_margin_top="-5"
+}
+
+\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n
+
+{:.right}
+{::tag name="xx-small"}https://github.com/picoruby/R2P2/release{:/tag}
+
+# Let's begin  1/4
+BTW, R2P2 stands for
+{::tag name="large"}*R*uby on *R*aspberry *P*i *P*ico{:/tag}
+
+![](images/R2D2_mosaic.png){:
+    align="right"
+    relative-height="90"
+    relative_margin_left="10"
+    relative_margin_top="0"
+}
+
+# Let's begin 2/4
+  - Connect Pi Pico and PC while\\npressing the BOOTSEL button
+    - You'll find "RPI-RP2" drive in file manager
+
+![](images/boot_button_1.png){:
+    align="right"
+    relative-height="78"
+    relative_margin_left="20"
+    relative_margin_top="-1"
+}
+
+\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n
+
+{:.right}
+{::tag name="xx-small"}https://www.raspberrypi.org/documentation/rp2040/getting-started{:/tag}
+
+# Let's begin 3/4
+
+  - Drag & drop `R2P2-*.uf2` into RPI-RP2 drive
+
+![](images/install-uf2.png){:
+    align="bottom"
+    relative-height="90"
+    relative_margin_left="0"
+    relative_margin_top="1"
+}
+
+# Let's begin 4/4
+  - Open a proper\\nserial port on\\nterminal emulator
+
+![](images/teraterm-0.png){:
+    align="right"
+    relative-height="80"
+    relative_margin_left="22"
+    relative_margin_top="0"
+}
+
+# R2P2 Shell should start [Demo]
+  - Unix-like shell running on Raspberry Pi Pico
+  - You can use some\\ncommands like `cd`,\\n`ls`, `mkdir`, and *`irb`*
+
+![](images/teraterm.png){:
+    align="right"
+    relative-height="75"
+    relative_margin_left="28"
+    relative_margin_top="5"
+}
+
+# PicoIRB [Demo]
+  - PicoRuby's IRB is running within the R2P2 shell on Raspberry Pi Pico
+  - Your Ruby snippet is compiled into mruby VM code and executed *on the fly*
+    - It means PicoRuby contains an mruby compiler which can run on a one-chip microcontroller (will be mentioned later)
+
+# chapter
+Part 2
+{::tag name="xx-large"}Getting Started with Microcontroller{:/tag}
+
+## Properties
+hide-title
+:   true
+
+# GPIO (General Purpose Input/Output)
+  - Fundamental digital I/O
+  - Variety of uses:
+    - Input: Detects on-off state of switch and button
+    - Output: Makes a voltage
+    - You can even implement a communication protocol by controlling GPIO in milli/micro sec
+
+# GPIO --- Blinking LED [Demo]
+
+    irb> led = GPIO.new(25, GPIO::OUT)
+    irb> 5.times do
+    irb*   led.write 1
+    irb*   sleep 1
+    irb*   led.write 0
+    irb*   sleep 1
+    irb* end
+
+{:.center}
+{::tag name="small"}GPIO25 internally connects to\\non-board LED through a resistor{:/tag}
+
+# GPIO --- Blinking LED by discrete parts
+  - Parts list:
+    - LED (RED)
+    - Resistor (1kΩ)
+
+![](images/rp2-resistor-led_bb.png){:
+    align="right"
+    relative-height="90"
+    relative_margin_left="10"
+    relative_margin_top="0"
+}
+
+# GPIO --- Blinking LED by discrete parts
+
+    irb> pin = GPIO.new(15, GPIO::OUT)
+
+![](images/rp2-resistor-led_bb.png){:
+    align="bottom"
+    relative-height="100"
+    relative_margin_left="0"
+    relative_margin_top="0"
+}
+
+# GPIO --- Blinking LED by discrete parts
+    GPIO15 ===> 1kΩ ===> LED ===> GND
+    <----- 1.5V -----><--- 1.8V ---->
+    <------------ 3.3V ------------->
+
+  - RP2040's logic level: 3.3V
+  - LED voltage drop: *1.8V*\\n(according to LED's datasheet)
+  - Current: (3.3V - 1.8V) / 1kΩ = *1.5mA*\\n(calculated by Ohm's Law)
+
+![](images/rp2-resistor-led_schem.png){:
+    align="right"
+    relative-height="100"
+    relative_margin_left="15"
+    relative_margin_top="0"
+}
+
+# 🏫Study time: Physics
+  - Ohm's Law
+    - V = I - R ⇔ I = V / R ⇔ R = V / I
+  - Kirchhoff's Circuit Laws
+    - Current law: The algebraic sum of currents in a network of conductors meeting at a point is zero
+    - Voltage law: The directed sum of the potential differences (voltages) around any closed loop is zero
+
+# Peripherals for serial communication
+  - I²C: To communicate between integrated circuits with support for multiple devices connected to the same bus
+  - SPI: To facilitate high-speed communication between microcontrollers and peripheral devices
+  - UART: To establish asynchronous serial communication between devices
+
+# I²C --- Inter-Integrated Circuit
+
+    irb> require 'i2c'
+    irb> i2c = I2C.new(unit: :RP2040_I2C1, sda_pin: 26, scl_pin: 27)
+    irb> [0x38, 0x39, 0x14, 0x70, 0x56, 0x6c].each { |i| i2c.write(0x3e, 0, i); sleep_ms 1 }
+    irb> [0x38, 0x0c, 0x01].each { |i| i2c.write(0x3e, 0, i); sleep_ms 1 }
+    irb> "Hello,".bytes.each { |c| i2c.write(0x3e, 0x40, c); sleep_ms 1 }
+    irb> i2c.write(0x3e, 0, 0x80|0x40)
+    irb> "Nairobi!".bytes.each { |c| i2c.write(0x3e, 0x40, c); sleep_ms 1 }
+
+![](images/hello_nairobi.jpg){:
+    relative_height="100"
+    relative_margin_top="0"
+}
+
+# LCD wraps I²C
+
+    # /lib/lcd.rb in R2P2 drive
+    require 'i2c'
+    class LCD
+      ADDRESS = 0x3e # 0x7c == (0x3e << 1) + 0 (R/W)
+      def initialize(i2c:)
+        @i2c = i2c
+        reset
+      end
+      def reset
+        [0x38, 0x39, 0x14, 0x70, 0x56, 0x6c].each { |i| @i2c.write(ADDRESS, 0, i) }
+        sleep_ms 200
+        [0x38, 0x0c, 0x01].each { |i| @i2c.write(ADDRESS, 0, i) }
+      end
+      def putc(c)
+        @i2c.write(ADDRESS, 0x40, c)
+        sleep_ms 1
+      end
+      def print(line)
+        line.bytes.each { |c| putc c }
+      end
+    # ...
+    # See https://github.com/picoruby/picoruby/tree/master/mrbgems
+    #    /picoruby-ble/example/broadcaster-observer
+{: lang="ruby"}
+
+## properties
+fill-color
+:   #f8f8f8
+
+# LCD wraps I²C
+
+    irb> require 'lcd'
+    irb> lcd = LCD.new(i2c: I2C.new(unit: :RP2040_I2C1, sda_pin: 26, scl_pin: 27))
+    irb> lcd.print "Hello,"
+    irb> lcd.break_line
+    irb> lcd.print "Nairobi!"
+
+![](images/hello_nairobi.jpg){:
+    relative_height="100"
+    relative_margin_top="0"
+}
+
+# SPI --- Serial Peripheral Interface
+
+    irb> require 'spi'
+    irb> spi = SPI.new(unit: :RP2040_SPI0, cipo_pin: 16,
+               cs_pin: 17, sck_pin: 18, copi_pin: 19)
+    irb> spi.select
+    irb> spi.write(255,255,255,255) # Reset
+    irb> spi.write(0x54)            # Start continuous mode
+    irb> data = spi.read(2).bytes
+    irb> temp = data[0] << 8 | data[1]
+    irb> temp / 128.0               # Convert to Celsius
+    => 19.5621
+
+# THERMO wraps SPI
+
+    #/lib/thermo.rb in R2P2 drive
+    require 'spi'
+    class THERMO
+      def initialize(unit:, sck_pin:, cipo_pin:, copi_pin:, cs_pin:)
+        @spi = SPI.new(unit: unit, frequency: 500_000, mode: 0, cs_pin: cs_pin,
+          sck_pin: sck_pin, cipo_pin: cipo_pin, copi_pin: copi_pin
+        )
+        @spi.select
+        @spi.write 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF # Reset
+        @spi.write 0x54 # Start continuous mode
+        sleep_ms 240
+      end
+
+      def read
+        data = @spi.read(2).bytes
+        temp = (data[0] << 8 | data[1]) >> 3
+        # If it minus?
+        temp -= 0x2000 if 0 < temp & 0b1_0000_0000_0000
+        temp / 16.0  # Convert to Celsius
+      end
+    end
+    # See https://github.com/picoruby/picoruby/tree/master/mrbgems
+    #     /picoruby-ble/example/broadcaster-observer
+{: lang="ruby"}
+
+# THERMO wraps SPI
+
+    irb> require 'thermo'
+    irb> thermo = THERMO.new(unit: :RP2040_SPI0,
+                  cipo_pin: 16, cs_pin: 17, sck_pin: 18, copi_pin: 19)
+    irb> thermo.read
+    => 19.5621
+
+# LCD and THERMO
+
+![](images/lcd_and_thermo.png){:
+    relative_height="100"
+    relative_margin_top="0"
+}
+
+# LCD and THERMO
+
+    irb> require 'lcd'
+    irb> lcd = LCD.new(i2c: I2C.new(unit: :RP2040_I2C1, sda_pin: 26, scl_pin: 27))
+    irb> require 'thermo'
+    irb> thermo = THERMO.new(unit: :RP2040_SPI0,
+                  cipo_pin: 16, cs_pin: 17, sck_pin: 18, copi_pin: 19)
+    irb> lcd.print sprintf("%5.2f \xdfC", thermo.read)
+
+
+![](images/lcd-and-thermo.jpg){:
+    relative_height="100"
+    relative_margin_top="0"
+}
+
+
+# chapter
+Part 3
+{::tag name="xx-large"}Exploring PicoRuby Further{:/tag}
+
+## Properties
+hide-title
+:   true
+
+# PicoRuby killer applications
+  - R2P2
+    - Microcontroller application framework
+    - Unix-like shell system and IRB written in PicoRuby
+  - PRK Firmware
+    - Keyboard firmware framework for DIY keyboard
+    - You can write your keymap and keyboard's behavior with Ruby
+
+# R2P2 (again)
+  - IRB
+    - Multiple-line editor
+  - Built-in commands and executables (all written in Ruby)
+    - You can write your own external command
+
+# Executables in R2P2, for example,
+
+    # date
+    puts Time.now.to_s
+{: lang="ruby"}
+
+    # mkdir
+    Dir.mkdir(ARGV[0])
+{: lang="ruby"}
+
+# Write a Ruby script file [Demo]
+
+    $> vim hello.rb
+
+{:.center}
+Edit the file and save it.
+
+    puts "Hello World!"
+{: lang="ruby"}
+
+{:.center}
+Then run it.
+
+    $> ./hello.rb
+
+# Make a standalone IoT device
+
+    # `/home/app.rb` automatically runs
+    require 'lcd'
+    require 'thermo'
+    
+    led = GPIO.new(25, GPIO::OUT)
+    lcd = LCD.new(i2c: I2C.new(unit: :RP2040_I2C1,
+                               sda_pin: 26, scl_pin: 27))
+    thermo = THERMO.new(unit: :RP2040_SPI0, cipo_pin: 16,
+                        cs_pin: 17, sck_pin: 18, copi_pin: 19)
+    
+    # Stop infinite loop by Ctrl-C
+    while true
+      temp = thermo.read
+      lcd.clear
+      sleep 0.1
+      lcd.print sprintf("%5.2f \xdfC", temp)
+      sleep 1
+      led.write(30 < temp ? 1 : 0)
+    end
+{: lang="ruby"}
+
+# Make a standalone IoT device
+
+![](images/drag-and-drop.png){:
+    align="bottom"
+    relative-height="90"
+    relative_margin_left="0"
+    relative_margin_top="3"
+}
+
+# chapter
+Part 4
+{::tag name="xx-large"}PicoRuby Under the Hood{:/tag}
+
+## Properties
+hide-title
+:   true
+
+# mruby and PicoRuby
+  - mruby
+    - General purpose embedded Ruby implementation written by Matz
+  - PicoRuby (PicoRuby compiler + mruby/c VM)
+    - Another implementation of murby targeting on one-chip microcontroller (*smaller foot print*)
+    - Based on the mruby's VM code standard
+
+# Small foot print
+
+    $ valgrind                  \
+       --tool=massif            \
+       --stacks=yes             \
+       path/to/(mruby|picoruby) \
+       -e 'puts "Hello World!"'
+
+{:.center}
+`massif.out.[pid]` file will be created. Then,
+
+    $ ms_print massif.out.1234 | less
+
+# Small foot print
+
+    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    Command:            mruby -e 'puts "Hello World!"'
+    Massif arguments:   --stacks=yes
+    ms_print arguments: massif.out.18391
+    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+        KB
+    133.5^                                                                     #
+         |                                                                     #
+         |                                                                     #
+         |                                                                     #
+         |                                                                     #
+         |                                                                     #
+         |                                                                     #
+         |                                                                     #
+         |                                                          @   :@:::@:#:
+         |                                                      @:@@@::::@:::@:#::
+         |                                    ::@::::::@::::::::@:@@@::::@:::@:#::
+         |                  @:::::::::@@::::@:::@::::::@:::::: :@:@@@::::@:::@:#::
+         |            @@@:::@:::::::::@ :: :@:::@::::::@:::::: :@:@@@::::@:::@:#::
+         |            @  :: @:::::::::@ :: :@:::@::::::@:::::: :@:@@@::::@:::@:#::
+         |            @  :: @:::::::::@ :: :@:::@::::::@:::::: :@:@@@::::@:::@:#::
+         |            @  :: @:::::::::@ :: :@:::@::::::@:::::: :@:@@@::::@:::@:#::
+         |            @  :: @:::::::::@ :: :@:::@::::::@:::::: :@:@@@::::@:::@:#::
+         |            @  :: @:::::::::@ :: :@:::@::::::@:::::: :@:@@@::::@:::@:#::
+         |            @  :: @:::::::::@ :: :@:::@::::::@:::::: :@:@@@::::@:::@:#::
+         |  @         @  :: @:::::::::@ :: :@:::@::::::@:::::: :@:@@@::::@:::@:#::
+       0 +----------------------------------------------------------------------->Mi
+         0                                                                   1.281
+      Note: Measured in 64 bit Ubuntu
+
+# Small foot print
+
+    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    Command:            picoruby -e 'puts "Hello World!"'
+    Massif arguments:   --stacks=yes
+    ms_print arguments: massif.out.21752
+    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+        KB
+    9.820^                                                                 #
+         |                                                               @:#:::
+         |                                                               @:#:::::
+         |                                                               @:#:::::
+         |                                                               @:#:::::
+         |         @                                                     @:#:::::
+         |         @                                                     @:#:::::
+         |         @                                                   : @:#:::::
+         |         @                                                 ::: @:#:::::
+         |         @                                               : ::: @:#:::::
+         |         @                                              ::@::::@:#:::::@
+         |         @                                              ::@::::@:#:::::@
+         |         @:                                          :::::@::::@:#:::::@
+         |         @:::                                       :: :::@::::@:#:::::@
+         |         @::                                       ::: :::@::::@:#:::::@
+         |         @:: :                                     ::: :::@::::@:#:::::@
+         |         @:: :                                     ::: :::@::::@:#:::::@
+         |        :@:: :      :   :: :@:@: :   :@@: ::@::::: ::: :::@::::@:#:::::@
+         |        :@:: :::::::::::::::@:@:@:::::@ ::: @:: : :::: :::@::::@:#:::::@
+         |::::::@::@:: :::   ::: :::::@:@:@:: ::@ : : @:: : :::: :::@::::@:#:::::@
+       0 +----------------------------------------------------------------------->ki
+         0                                                                   324.5
+      Note: Measured in 64 bit Ubuntu
+
+# Small foot print
+
+  - RAM consumption of `puts "Hello World!"`
+    - mruby: 133.5 KB (on 64 bit)
+    - PicoRuby: 9.82 KB (on 64 bit)
+  - RP2040 (32 bit) has 264 KB RAM
+    - Only small applications written in mruby should work
+    - R2P2 and PRK Firmware should be written in PicoRuby
+
+# PRK Firmware: DIY keyboard firmware
+![](images/crkbd_2.jpg){:
+    relative_height="95"
+}
+
+# PRK Firmware on Meishi2 (4-keys macro pad)
+![](images/meishi2.jpg){:
+    relative_height="95"
+}
+
+# PRK Firmware on Meishi2 (4-keys macro pad)
+
+    require "consumer_key"
+    kbd = Keyboard.new
+    kbd.init_pins(
+        [ 6, 7 ],   # row0, row1
+        [ 28, 27 ]  # col0, col1
+    )
+    kbd.add_layer :default, %i[ RAISE  KC_2  KC_A  KC_4 ]
+    kbd.add_layer :raise,   %i[ RAISE
+                                KC_AUDIO_VOL_UP
+                                KC_AUDIO_VOL_DOWN
+                                KC_AUDIO_MUTE ]
+    kbd.define_mode_key :RAISE, [ :KC_SPACE, :raise, 200, 200 ]
+    kbd.start!
+{: lang="ruby"}
+
+# PicoRuby ecosystem
+  - Picogems
+    - PRK Firmware is also a Picogem
+    - Peripheral gems
+      - picoruby-gpio, picoruby-adc, picoruby-i2c,\\npicoruby-spi, picoruby-uart, picoruby-pwm
+    - Peripheral interface guide
+      - https://github.com/mruby/\\nmicrocontroller-peripheral-interface-guide
+
+![](images/QR_github-com-peripheral-interface-guide.png){:
+    align="right"
+    relative_height="70"
+    relative_margin_top="0"
+    relative_margin_left="22"
+}
+
+# PicoRuby ecosystem
+  - Build system forked from mruby
+    - You can build your application in a similar way to mruby
+    - You can also write your gem and host it on your GitHub
+  - RP2040 is the only target as of now though,
+    - Carefully designed to keep portability
+
+# Conclusion
+  - PicoRuby is a Ruby implementaiton targeting on one-chip microcontroller
+  - You can prototype your microcontroller application step-by-step using R2P2 and IRB
+  - You don't need any compiler or linker
+  - Educational and fun to learn about microcontroller programming
+
+# chapter
+
+{::tag name="xx-large"}Stargaze at{:/tag}
+
+![](images/QR_picoruby.png){:
+  relative_height="70"
+}
+
+github.com/picoruby/picoruby
+
+
+## Properties
+hide-title
+:   true
+

data/README.rd

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+= A Beginner's Complete Guide to Microcontroller Programming with Ruby
+
+Presentation slide for Euruko 2023
+
+== For author
+
+=== Show
+
+  rake
+
+=== Publish
+
+  rake publish
+
+== For viewers
+
+=== Install
+
+  gem install rabbit-slide-hasumikin-Euruko2023
+
+=== Show
+
+  rabbit rabbit-slide-hasumikin-Euruko2023.gem
+

data/Rakefile

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+require "rabbit/task/slide"
+
+# Edit ./config.yaml to customize meta data
+
+spec = nil
+Rabbit::Task::Slide.new do |task|
+  spec = task.spec
+  # spec.files += Dir.glob("doc/**/*.*")
+  # spec.files -= Dir.glob("private/**/*.*")
+  # spec.add_runtime_dependency("rabbit-theme-YOUR-THEME")
+end
+
+desc "Tag #{spec.version}"
+task :tag do
+  sh("git", "tag", "-a", spec.version.to_s, "-m", "Publish #{spec.version}")
+  sh("git", "push", "--tags")
+end