opentelemetry-sampler-xray 0.1.0

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data/.yardopts

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+--no-private
+--title=OpenTelemetry Sampler XRay
+--markup=markdown
+--main=README.md
+./lib/opentelemetry/sampler/xray/**/*.rb
+./lib/opentelemetry/sampler/xray.rb
+-
+README.md
+CHANGELOG.md

data/CHANGELOG.md

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+# Release History: opentelemetry-sampler-xray
+
+### v0.1.0 / 2025-10-11
+
+Initial release.

data/LICENSE

@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
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data/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+# opentelemetry-sampler-xray
+
+The `opentelemetry-sampler-xray` gem contains the AWS X-Ray Remote Sampler for OpenTelemetry.
+
+## What is OpenTelemetry?
+
+[OpenTelemetry][opentelemetry-home] is an open source observability framework, providing a general-purpose API, SDK, and related tools required for the instrumentation of cloud-native software, frameworks, and libraries.
+
+OpenTelemetry provides a single set of APIs, libraries, agents, and collector services to capture distributed traces and metrics from your application. You can analyze them using Prometheus, Jaeger, and other observability tools.
+
+## How does this gem fit in?
+
+This gem can be used with any OpenTelemetry SDK implementation. This can be the official `opentelemetry-sdk` gem or any other concrete implementation.
+
+## How do I get started?
+
+Install the gem using:
+
+```console
+gem install opentelemetry-sampler-xray
+```
+
+Or, if you use [bundler][bundler-home], include `opentelemetry-sampler-xray` in your `Gemfile`.
+
+In your application:
+
+```ruby
+OpenTelemetry.tracer_provider.sampler = OpenTelemetry::Sampler::XRay::AwsXRayRemoteSampler.new(
+    polling_interval: 300, resource: OpenTelemetry::SDK::Resources::Resource.create({
+        "service.name"=>"my-service-name",
+        "cloud.platform"=>"aws_ec2"
+    })
+)
+```
+
+## How can I get involved?
+
+The `opentelemetry-sampler-xray` gem source is [on github][repo-github], along with related gems including `opentelemetry-api` and `opentelemetry-sdk`.
+
+The OpenTelemetry Ruby gems are maintained by the OpenTelemetry Ruby special interest group (SIG). You can get involved by joining us on our [GitHub Discussions][discussions-url], [Slack Channel][slack-channel] or attending our weekly meeting. See the [meeting calendar][community-meetings] for dates and times. For more information on this and other language SIGs, see the OpenTelemetry [community page][ruby-sig].
+
+## License
+
+The `opentelemetry-sampler-xray` gem is distributed under the Apache 2.0 license. See [LICENSE][license-github] for more information.
+
+[opentelemetry-home]: https://opentelemetry.io
+[bundler-home]: https://bundler.io
+[repo-github]: https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-ruby
+[license-github]: https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-ruby-contrib/blob/main/LICENSE
+[ruby-sig]: https://github.com/open-telemetry/community#ruby-sig
+[community-meetings]: https://github.com/open-telemetry/community#community-meetings
+[slack-channel]: https://cloud-native.slack.com/archives/C01NWKKMKMY
+[discussions-url]: https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-ruby/discussions
+[aws-xray]: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/xray/latest/devguide/aws-xray.html

data/lib/opentelemetry/sampler/xray/aws_xray_remote_sampler.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+# Copyright OpenTelemetry Authors
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+require 'json'
+require 'opentelemetry/sdk'
+require_relative 'aws_xray_sampling_client'
+require_relative 'fallback_sampler'
+require_relative 'rule_cache'
+require_relative 'sampling_rule'
+require_relative 'sampling_rule_applier'
+
+module OpenTelemetry
+  module Sampler
+    module XRay
+      # Constants
+      DEFAULT_RULES_POLLING_INTERVAL_SECONDS = 5 * 60
+      DEFAULT_TARGET_POLLING_INTERVAL_SECONDS = 10
+      DEFAULT_AWS_PROXY_ENDPOINT = 'http://localhost:2000'
+
+      # AWSXRayRemoteSampler is a Wrapper class to ensure that all XRay Sampler Functionality
+      # in InternalAWSXRayRemoteSampler uses ParentBased logic to respect the parent span's sampling decision
+      class AWSXRayRemoteSampler
+        def initialize(endpoint: '127.0.0.1:2000', polling_interval: DEFAULT_RULES_POLLING_INTERVAL_SECONDS, resource: OpenTelemetry::SDK::Resources::Resource.create)
+          @root = OpenTelemetry::SDK::Trace::Samplers.parent_based(
+            root: OpenTelemetry::Sampler::XRay::InternalAWSXRayRemoteSampler.new(endpoint: endpoint, polling_interval: polling_interval, resource: resource)
+          )
+        end
+
+        def should_sample?(trace_id:, parent_context:, links:, name:, kind:, attributes:)
+          @root.should_sample?(
+            trace_id: trace_id, parent_context: parent_context, links: links, name: name, kind: kind, attributes: attributes
+          )
+        end
+
+        def description
+          "AWSXRayRemoteSampler{root=#{@root.description}}"
+        end
+      end
+
+      # InternalAWSXRayRemoteSampler contains all core XRay Sampler Functionality,
+      # however it is NOT Parent-based (e.g. Sample logic runs for each span)
+      class InternalAWSXRayRemoteSampler
+        def initialize(endpoint: '127.0.0.1:2000', polling_interval: DEFAULT_RULES_POLLING_INTERVAL_SECONDS, resource: OpenTelemetry::SDK::Resources::Resource.create)
+          if polling_interval.nil? || polling_interval < 10
+            OpenTelemetry.logger.warn(
+              "'polling_interval' is undefined or too small. Defaulting to #{DEFAULT_RULES_POLLING_INTERVAL_SECONDS} seconds"
+            )
+            @rule_polling_interval_millis = DEFAULT_RULES_POLLING_INTERVAL_SECONDS * 1000
+          else
+            @rule_polling_interval_millis = polling_interval * 1000
+          end
+
+          @rule_polling_jitter_millis = rand * 5 * 1000
+          @target_polling_interval = DEFAULT_TARGET_POLLING_INTERVAL_SECONDS
+          @target_polling_jitter_millis = (rand / 10) * 1000
+
+          @aws_proxy_endpoint = endpoint || DEFAULT_AWS_PROXY_ENDPOINT
+          @fallback_sampler = OpenTelemetry::Sampler::XRay::FallbackSampler.new
+          @client_id = self.class.generate_client_id
+          @rule_cache = OpenTelemetry::Sampler::XRay::RuleCache.new(resource)
+
+          @sampling_client = OpenTelemetry::Sampler::XRay::AWSXRaySamplingClient.new(@aws_proxy_endpoint)
+
+          # Start the Sampling Rules poller
+          start_sampling_rules_poller
+
+          # Start the Sampling Targets poller
+          start_sampling_targets_poller
+        end
+
+        def should_sample?(trace_id:, parent_context:, links:, name:, kind:, attributes:)
+          if @rule_cache.expired?
+            OpenTelemetry.logger.debug('Rule cache is expired, so using fallback sampling strategy')
+            return @fallback_sampler.should_sample?(
+              trace_id: trace_id, parent_context: parent_context, links: links, name: name, kind: kind, attributes: attributes
+            )
+          end
+
+          matched_rule = @rule_cache.get_matched_rule(attributes)
+          if matched_rule
+            return matched_rule.should_sample?(
+              trace_id: trace_id, parent_context: parent_context, links: links, name: name, kind: kind, attributes: attributes
+            )
+          end
+
+          OpenTelemetry.logger.debug(
+            'Using fallback sampler as no rule match was found. This is likely due to a bug, since default rule should always match'
+          )
+          @fallback_sampler.should_sample?(
+            trace_id: trace_id, parent_context: parent_context, links: links, name: name, kind: kind, attributes: attributes
+          )
+        end
+
+        def description
+          "InternalAWSXRayRemoteSampler{aws_proxy_endpoint=#{@aws_proxy_endpoint}, rule_polling_interval_millis=#{@rule_polling_interval_millis}}"
+        end
+
+        private
+
+        def start_sampling_rules_poller
+          # Execute first update
+          retrieve_and_update_sampling_rules
+
+          # Update sampling rules periodically
+          @rule_poller = Thread.new do
+            loop do
+              sleep((@rule_polling_interval_millis + @rule_polling_jitter_millis) / 1000.0)
+              retrieve_and_update_sampling_rules
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        def start_sampling_targets_poller
+          @target_poller = Thread.new do
+            loop do
+              sleep(((@target_polling_interval * 1000) + @target_polling_jitter_millis) / 1000.0)
+              retrieve_and_update_sampling_targets
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        def retrieve_and_update_sampling_rules
+          sampling_rules_response = @sampling_client.fetch_sampling_rules
+          if sampling_rules_response&.body && sampling_rules_response.body != ''
+            rules = JSON.parse(sampling_rules_response.body)
+            update_sampling_rules(rules)
+          else
+            OpenTelemetry.logger.error('GetSamplingRules Response is falsy')
+          end
+        rescue StandardError => e
+          OpenTelemetry.handle_error(exception: e, message: 'Error occurred when retrieving or updating Sampling Rules')
+        end
+
+        def retrieve_and_update_sampling_targets
+          request_body = {
+            SamplingStatisticsDocuments: @rule_cache.create_sampling_statistics_documents(@client_id)
+          }
+          sampling_targets_response = @sampling_client.fetch_sampling_targets(request_body)
+          if sampling_targets_response&.body && sampling_targets_response.body != ''
+            response_body = JSON.parse(sampling_targets_response.body)
+            update_sampling_targets(response_body)
+          else
+            OpenTelemetry.logger.debug('SamplingTargets Response is falsy')
+          end
+        end
+
+        def update_sampling_rules(response_object)
+          sampling_rules = []
+          if response_object && response_object['SamplingRuleRecords']
+            response_object['SamplingRuleRecords'].each do |record|
+              if record['SamplingRule']
+                sampling_rule = OpenTelemetry::Sampler::XRay::SamplingRule.new(record['SamplingRule'])
+                sampling_rules << SamplingRuleApplier.new(sampling_rule)
+              end
+            end
+            @rule_cache.update_rules(sampling_rules)
+          else
+            OpenTelemetry.logger.error('SamplingRuleRecords from GetSamplingRules request is not defined')
+          end
+        end
+
+        def update_sampling_targets(response_object)
+          if response_object && response_object['SamplingTargetDocuments']
+            target_documents = {}
+
+            response_object['SamplingTargetDocuments'].each do |new_target|
+              target_documents[new_target['RuleName']] = new_target
+            end
+
+            refresh_sampling_rules, next_polling_interval = @rule_cache.update_targets(
+              target_documents,
+              response_object['LastRuleModification']
+            )
+
+            @target_polling_interval = next_polling_interval
+
+            if refresh_sampling_rules
+              OpenTelemetry.logger.debug('Performing out-of-band sampling rule polling to fetch updated rules.')
+              @rule_poller&.kill
+              start_sampling_rules_poller
+            end
+          else
+            OpenTelemetry.logger.debug('SamplingTargetDocuments from SamplingTargets request is not defined')
+          end
+        rescue StandardError => e
+          OpenTelemetry.logger.debug("Error occurred when updating Sampling Targets: #{e}")
+        end
+
+        class << self
+          def generate_client_id
+            hex_chars = ('0'..'9').to_a + ('a'..'f').to_a
+            Array.new(24) { hex_chars.sample }.join
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/opentelemetry/sampler/xray/aws_xray_sampling_client.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+# Copyright OpenTelemetry Authors
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+require 'net/http'
+require 'json'
+require 'uri'
+
+module OpenTelemetry
+  module Sampler
+    module XRay
+      # AWSXRaySamplingClient is responsible for making '/GetSamplingRules' and '/SamplingTargets' calls
+      # to AWS X-Ray to retrieve Sampling Rules and Sampling Targets respectively
+      class AWSXRaySamplingClient
+        def initialize(endpoint)
+          @endpoint = endpoint
+          @host, @port = parse_endpoint(@endpoint)
+
+          @sampling_rules_url = URI::HTTP.build(host: @host, path: '/GetSamplingRules', port: @port)
+          @sampling_targets_url = URI::HTTP.build(host: @host, path: '/SamplingTargets', port: @port)
+          @request_headers = { 'content-type': 'application/json' }
+        end
+
+        def fetch_sampling_rules
+          begin
+            OpenTelemetry::Common::Utilities.untraced do
+              return Net::HTTP.post(@sampling_rules_url, '{}', @request_headers)
+            end
+          rescue StandardError => e
+            OpenTelemetry.logger.debug("Error occurred when fetching Sampling Rules: #{e}")
+          end
+          nil
+        end
+
+        def fetch_sampling_targets(request_body)
+          begin
+            OpenTelemetry::Common::Utilities.untraced do
+              return Net::HTTP.post(@sampling_targets_url, request_body.to_json, @request_headers)
+            end
+          rescue StandardError => e
+            OpenTelemetry.logger.debug("Error occurred when fetching Sampling Targets: #{e}")
+          end
+          nil
+        end
+
+        private
+
+        def parse_endpoint(endpoint)
+          host, port = endpoint.split(':')
+          [host, port.to_i]
+        rescue StandardError => e
+          OpenTelemetry.handle_error(exception: e, message: "Invalid endpoint: #{endpoint}")
+          raise e
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/opentelemetry/sampler/xray/fallback_sampler.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+# Copyright OpenTelemetry Authors
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+require_relative 'rate_limiting_sampler'
+
+module OpenTelemetry
+  module Sampler
+    module XRay
+      # FallbackSampler samples 1 req/sec and additional 5% of requests using TraceIdRatioBasedSampler.
+      class FallbackSampler
+        def initialize
+          @fixed_rate_sampler = OpenTelemetry::SDK::Trace::Samplers::TraceIdRatioBased.new(0.05)
+          @rate_limiting_sampler = RateLimitingSampler.new(1)
+        end
+
+        def should_sample?(trace_id:, parent_context:, links:, name:, kind:, attributes:)
+          sampling_result = @rate_limiting_sampler.should_sample?(
+            trace_id: trace_id, parent_context: parent_context, links: links, name: name, kind: kind, attributes: attributes
+          )
+
+          return sampling_result if sampling_result.instance_variable_get(:@decision) != OpenTelemetry::SDK::Trace::Samplers::Decision::DROP
+
+          @fixed_rate_sampler.should_sample?(trace_id: trace_id, parent_context: parent_context, links: links, name: name, kind: kind, attributes: attributes)
+        end
+
+        def description
+          'FallbackSampler{fallback sampling with sampling config of 1 req/sec and 5% of additional requests}'
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/opentelemetry/sampler/xray/rate_limiter.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+# Copyright OpenTelemetry Authors
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+module OpenTelemetry
+  module Sampler
+    module XRay
+      # RateLimiter keeps track of the current reservoir quota balance available (measured via available time)
+      # If enough time has elapsed, the RateLimiter will allow quota balance to be consumed/taken (decrease available time)
+      # A RateLimitingSampler uses this RateLimiter to determine if it should sample or not based on the quota balance available.
+      class RateLimiter
+        def initialize(quota, max_balance_in_seconds = 1)
+          @max_balance_millis = max_balance_in_seconds * 1000.0
+          @quota = quota
+          @wallet_floor_millis = Time.now.to_f * 1000
+          # current "balance" would be `ceiling - floor`
+          @lock = Mutex.new
+        end
+
+        def take(cost = 1)
+          return false if @quota <= 0
+
+          quota_per_millis = @quota / 1000.0
+
+          # assume divide by zero not possible
+          cost_in_millis = cost / quota_per_millis
+
+          @lock.synchronize do
+            wallet_ceiling_millis = Time.now.to_f * 1000
+            current_balance_millis = wallet_ceiling_millis - @wallet_floor_millis
+            current_balance_millis = [current_balance_millis, @max_balance_millis].min
+            pending_remaining_balance_millis = current_balance_millis - cost_in_millis
+
+            if pending_remaining_balance_millis >= 0
+              @wallet_floor_millis = wallet_ceiling_millis - pending_remaining_balance_millis
+              return true
+            end
+
+            # No changes to the wallet state
+            false
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/opentelemetry/sampler/xray/rate_limiting_sampler.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+# Copyright OpenTelemetry Authors
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+require_relative 'rate_limiter'
+
+module OpenTelemetry
+  module Sampler
+    module XRay
+      # RateLimitingSampler is a Sampler that uses a RateLimiter to determine
+      # if it should sample or not based on the quota balance available.
+      class RateLimitingSampler
+        def initialize(quota)
+          @quota = quota
+          @reservoir = RateLimiter.new(quota)
+        end
+
+        def should_sample?(trace_id:, parent_context:, links:, name:, kind:, attributes:)
+          tracestate = OpenTelemetry::Trace.current_span(parent_context).context.tracestate
+          if @reservoir.take(1)
+            OpenTelemetry::SDK::Trace::Samplers::Result.new(
+              decision: OpenTelemetry::SDK::Trace::Samplers::Decision::RECORD_AND_SAMPLE,
+              tracestate: tracestate,
+              attributes: attributes
+            )
+          else
+            OpenTelemetry::SDK::Trace::Samplers::Result.new(
+              decision: OpenTelemetry::SDK::Trace::Samplers::Decision::DROP,
+              tracestate: tracestate,
+              attributes: attributes
+            )
+          end
+        end
+
+        def to_s
+          "RateLimitingSampler{rate limiting sampling with sampling config of #{@quota} req/sec and 0% of additional requests}"
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/opentelemetry/sampler/xray/rule_cache.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+# Copyright OpenTelemetry Authors
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+module OpenTelemetry
+  module Sampler
+    module XRay
+      # RuleCache stores all the Sampling Rule Appliers, each corresponding
+      # to the user's Sampling Rules that were retrieved from AWS X-Ray
+      class RuleCache
+        # The cache expires 1 hour after the last refresh time.
+        RULE_CACHE_TTL_MILLIS = 60 * 60 * 1000
+
+        def initialize(sampler_resource)
+          @rule_appliers = []
+          @sampler_resource = sampler_resource
+          @last_updated_epoch_millis = Time.now.to_i * 1000
+          @cache_lock = Mutex.new
+        end
+
+        def expired?
+          now_in_millis = Time.now.to_i * 1000
+          now_in_millis > @last_updated_epoch_millis + RULE_CACHE_TTL_MILLIS
+        end
+
+        def get_matched_rule(attributes)
+          @rule_appliers.find do |rule|
+            rule.matches?(attributes, @sampler_resource) || rule.sampling_rule.rule_name == 'Default'
+          end
+        end
+
+        def update_rules(new_rule_appliers)
+          old_rule_appliers_map = {}
+
+          @cache_lock.synchronize do
+            @rule_appliers.each do |rule|
+              old_rule_appliers_map[rule.sampling_rule.rule_name] = rule
+            end
+
+            new_rule_appliers.each_with_index do |new_rule, index|
+              rule_name_to_check = new_rule.sampling_rule.rule_name
+              next unless old_rule_appliers_map.key?(rule_name_to_check)
+
+              old_rule = old_rule_appliers_map[rule_name_to_check]
+              new_rule_appliers[index] = old_rule if new_rule.sampling_rule.equals?(old_rule.sampling_rule)
+            end
+
+            @rule_appliers = new_rule_appliers
+            sort_rules_by_priority
+            @last_updated_epoch_millis = Time.now.to_i * 1000
+          end
+        end
+
+        def create_sampling_statistics_documents(client_id)
+          statistics_documents = []
+
+          @cache_lock.synchronize do
+            @rule_appliers.each do |rule|
+              statistics = rule.snapshot_statistics
+              now_in_seconds = Time.now.to_i
+
+              sampling_statistics_doc = {
+                ClientID: client_id,
+                RuleName: rule.sampling_rule.rule_name,
+                Timestamp: now_in_seconds,
+                RequestCount: statistics.request_count,
+                BorrowCount: statistics.borrow_count,
+                SampledCount: statistics.sample_count
+              }
+
+              statistics_documents << sampling_statistics_doc
+            end
+          end
+
+          statistics_documents
+        end
+
+        def update_targets(target_documents, last_rule_modification)
+          min_polling_interval = nil
+          next_polling_interval = DEFAULT_TARGET_POLLING_INTERVAL_SECONDS
+
+          @cache_lock.synchronize do
+            @rule_appliers.each_with_index do |rule, index|
+              target = target_documents[rule.sampling_rule.rule_name]
+              if target
+                @rule_appliers[index] = rule.with_target(target)
+                min_polling_interval = target['Interval'] if target['Interval'] && (min_polling_interval.nil? || min_polling_interval > target['Interval'])
+              else
+                OpenTelemetry.logger.debug('Invalid sampling target: missing rule name')
+              end
+            end
+
+            next_polling_interval = min_polling_interval if min_polling_interval
+
+            refresh_sampling_rules = last_rule_modification * 1000 > @last_updated_epoch_millis
+            return [refresh_sampling_rules, next_polling_interval]
+          end
+        end
+
+        private
+
+        def sort_rules_by_priority
+          @rule_appliers.sort! do |rule1, rule2|
+            if rule1.sampling_rule.priority == rule2.sampling_rule.priority
+              rule1.sampling_rule.rule_name < rule2.sampling_rule.rule_name ? -1 : 1
+            else
+              rule1.sampling_rule.priority - rule2.sampling_rule.priority
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/opentelemetry/sampler/xray/sampling_rule.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+# Copyright OpenTelemetry Authors
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+module OpenTelemetry
+  module Sampler
+    module XRay
+      # SamplingRule represent a Sampling Rule object for AWS X-Ray
+      # See: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/xray/latest/api/API_SamplingRule.html
+      class SamplingRule
+        attr_accessor :rule_name, :rule_arn, :priority, :reservoir_size, :fixed_rate,
+                      :service_name, :service_type, :host, :http_method, :url_path,
+                      :resource_arn, :attributes, :version
+
+        def initialize(sampling_rule)
+          # The AWS API docs mark `rule_name` as an optional field but in practice it seems to always be
+          # present, and sampling targets could not be computed without it. For now provide an arbitrary fallback just in
+          # case the AWS API docs are correct.
+          @rule_name = sampling_rule['RuleName'] || 'Default'
+          @rule_arn = sampling_rule['RuleARN']
+          @priority = sampling_rule['Priority']
+          @reservoir_size = sampling_rule['ReservoirSize']
+          @fixed_rate = sampling_rule['FixedRate']
+          @service_name = sampling_rule['ServiceName']
+          @service_type = sampling_rule['ServiceType']
+          @host = sampling_rule['Host']
+          @http_method = sampling_rule['HTTPMethod']
+          @url_path = sampling_rule['URLPath']
+          @resource_arn = sampling_rule['ResourceARN']
+          @version = sampling_rule['Version']
+          @attributes = sampling_rule['Attributes']
+        end
+
+        def equals?(other)
+          attributes_equals = if @attributes.nil? || other.attributes.nil?
+                                @attributes == other.attributes
+                              else
+                                attributes_equal?(other.attributes)
+                              end
+
+          @fixed_rate == other.fixed_rate &&
+            @http_method == other.http_method &&
+            @host == other.host &&
+            @priority == other.priority &&
+            @reservoir_size == other.reservoir_size &&
+            @resource_arn == other.resource_arn &&
+            @rule_arn == other.rule_arn &&
+            @rule_name == other.rule_name &&
+            @service_name == other.service_name &&
+            @service_type == other.service_type &&
+            @url_path == other.url_path &&
+            @version == other.version &&
+            attributes_equals
+        end
+
+        private
+
+        def attributes_equal?(other_attributes)
+          return false unless @attributes.length == other_attributes.length
+
+          other_attributes.each do |key, value|
+            return false unless @attributes.key?(key) && @attributes[key] == value
+          end
+
+          true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/opentelemetry/sampler/xray/sampling_rule_applier.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+# Copyright OpenTelemetry Authors
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+require 'opentelemetry/sdk'
+require 'opentelemetry-semantic_conventions'
+require 'date'
+require_relative 'sampling_rule'
+require_relative 'statistics'
+require_relative 'rate_limiting_sampler'
+require_relative 'utils'
+
+module OpenTelemetry
+  module Sampler
+    module XRay
+      # SamplingRuleApplier is responsible for applying Reservoir Sampling and Probability Sampling
+      # from the Sampling Rule when determining the sampling decision for spans that matched the rule
+      class SamplingRuleApplier
+        attr_reader :sampling_rule
+
+        MAX_DATE_TIME_SECONDS = Time.at(8_640_000_000_000)
+        SEMCONV = OpenTelemetry::SemanticConventions
+
+        def initialize(sampling_rule, statistics = OpenTelemetry::Sampler::XRay::Statistics.new, target = nil)
+          @sampling_rule = sampling_rule
+          @fixed_rate_sampler = OpenTelemetry::SDK::Trace::Samplers::TraceIdRatioBased.new(@sampling_rule.fixed_rate)
+
+          @reservoir_sampler = if @sampling_rule.reservoir_size.positive?
+                                 OpenTelemetry::Sampler::XRay::RateLimitingSampler.new(1)
+                               else
+                                 OpenTelemetry::Sampler::XRay::RateLimitingSampler.new(0)
+                               end
+
+          @reservoir_expiry_time = MAX_DATE_TIME_SECONDS
+          @statistics = statistics
+          @statistics_lock = Mutex.new
+
+          @statistics.reset_statistics
+          @borrowing_enabled = true
+
+          apply_target(target) if target
+        end
+
+        def with_target(target)
+          self.class.new(@sampling_rule, @statistics, target)
+        end
+
+        def matches?(attributes, resource)
+          http_target = nil
+          http_url = nil
+          http_method = nil
+          http_host = nil
+
+          unless attributes.nil?
+            http_target = attributes[SEMCONV::Trace::HTTP_TARGET]
+            http_url = attributes[SEMCONV::Trace::HTTP_URL]
+            http_method = attributes[SEMCONV::Trace::HTTP_METHOD]
+            http_host = attributes[SEMCONV::Trace::HTTP_HOST]
+          end
+
+          service_type = nil
+          resource_arn = nil
+
+          resource_hash = resource.attribute_enumerator.to_h
+
+          if resource
+            service_name = resource_hash[SEMCONV::Resource::SERVICE_NAME] || ''
+            cloud_platform = resource_hash[SEMCONV::Resource::CLOUD_PLATFORM]
+            service_type = OpenTelemetry::Sampler::XRay::Utils::CLOUD_PLATFORM_MAPPING[cloud_platform] if cloud_platform.is_a?(String)
+            resource_arn = get_arn(resource, attributes)
+          end
+
+          if http_target.nil? && http_url.is_a?(String)
+            begin
+              uri = URI(http_url)
+              http_target = uri.path.empty? ? '/' : uri.path
+            rescue URI::InvalidURIError
+              http_target = '/'
+            end
+          elsif http_target.nil? && http_url.nil?
+            http_target = '/'
+          end
+
+          OpenTelemetry::Sampler::XRay::Utils.attribute_match?(attributes, @sampling_rule.attributes) &&
+            OpenTelemetry::Sampler::XRay::Utils.wildcard_match(@sampling_rule.host, http_host) &&
+            OpenTelemetry::Sampler::XRay::Utils.wildcard_match(@sampling_rule.http_method, http_method) &&
+            OpenTelemetry::Sampler::XRay::Utils.wildcard_match(@sampling_rule.service_name, service_name) &&
+            OpenTelemetry::Sampler::XRay::Utils.wildcard_match(@sampling_rule.url_path, http_target) &&
+            OpenTelemetry::Sampler::XRay::Utils.wildcard_match(@sampling_rule.service_type, service_type) &&
+            OpenTelemetry::Sampler::XRay::Utils.wildcard_match(@sampling_rule.resource_arn, resource_arn)
+        end
+
+        def should_sample?(trace_id:, parent_context:, links:, name:, kind:, attributes:)
+          has_borrowed = false
+          result = OpenTelemetry::SDK::Trace::Samplers::Result.new(
+            decision: OpenTelemetry::SDK::Trace::Samplers::Decision::DROP,
+            tracestate: OpenTelemetry::Trace::Tracestate::DEFAULT
+          )
+
+          now = Time.now
+          reservoir_expired = now >= @reservoir_expiry_time
+
+          unless reservoir_expired
+            result = @reservoir_sampler.should_sample?(
+              trace_id: trace_id, parent_context: parent_context, links: links, name: name, kind: kind, attributes: attributes
+            )
+            has_borrowed = @borrowing_enabled && result.instance_variable_get(:@decision) != OpenTelemetry::SDK::Trace::Samplers::Decision::DROP
+          end
+
+          if result.instance_variable_get(:@decision) == OpenTelemetry::SDK::Trace::Samplers::Decision::DROP
+            result = @fixed_rate_sampler.should_sample?(
+              trace_id: trace_id, parent_context: parent_context, links: links, name: name, kind: kind, attributes: attributes
+            )
+          end
+
+          @statistics_lock.synchronize do
+            @statistics.sample_count += result.instance_variable_get(:@decision) == OpenTelemetry::SDK::Trace::Samplers::Decision::DROP ? 0 : 1
+            @statistics.borrow_count += has_borrowed ? 1 : 0
+            @statistics.request_count += 1
+          end
+
+          result
+        end
+
+        def snapshot_statistics
+          @statistics_lock.synchronize do
+            statistics_copy = @statistics.dup
+            @statistics.reset_statistics
+            return statistics_copy
+          end
+        end
+
+        private
+
+        def apply_target(target)
+          @borrowing_enabled = false
+
+          @reservoir_sampler = OpenTelemetry::Sampler::XRay::RateLimitingSampler.new(target['ReservoirQuota']) if target['ReservoirQuota']
+
+          @reservoir_expiry_time = if target['ReservoirQuotaTTL']
+                                     Time.at(target['ReservoirQuotaTTL'])
+                                   else
+                                     Time.now
+                                   end
+
+          return unless target['FixedRate']
+
+          @fixed_rate_sampler = OpenTelemetry::SDK::Trace::Samplers::TraceIdRatioBased.new(target['FixedRate'])
+        end
+
+        def get_arn(resource, attributes)
+          resource_hash = resource.attribute_enumerator.to_h
+          arn = resource_hash[SEMCONV::Resource::AWS_ECS_CONTAINER_ARN] ||
+                resource_hash[SEMCONV::Resource::AWS_ECS_CLUSTER_ARN] ||
+                resource_hash[SEMCONV::Resource::AWS_EKS_CLUSTER_ARN]
+
+          arn = attributes[SEMCONV::Trace::AWS_LAMBDA_INVOKED_ARN] || resource_hash[SEMCONV::Resource::FAAS_ID] if arn.nil?
+          arn
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/opentelemetry/sampler/xray/statistics.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+# Copyright OpenTelemetry Authors
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+module OpenTelemetry
+  module Sampler
+    module XRay
+      # Statistics contains metric counters for each sampling attempt in each Sampling Rule Applier
+      class Statistics
+        attr_accessor :request_count, :sample_count, :borrow_count
+
+        def initialize(request_count: 0, sample_count: 0, borrow_count: 0)
+          @request_count = request_count
+          @sample_count = sample_count
+          @borrow_count = borrow_count
+        end
+
+        def retrieve_statistics
+          {
+            request_count: @request_count,
+            sample_count: @sample_count,
+            borrow_count: @borrow_count
+          }
+        end
+
+        def reset_statistics
+          @request_count = 0
+          @sample_count = 0
+          @borrow_count = 0
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/opentelemetry/sampler/xray/utils.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+# Copyright OpenTelemetry Authors
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+module OpenTelemetry
+  module Sampler
+    module XRay
+      # Utils contains utilities for X-Ray Sampling Rule matching logic
+      module Utils
+        module_function
+
+        CLOUD_PLATFORM_MAPPING = {
+          'aws_lambda' => 'AWS::Lambda::Function',
+          'aws_elastic_beanstalk' => 'AWS::ElasticBeanstalk::Environment',
+          'aws_ec2' => 'AWS::EC2::Instance',
+          'aws_ecs' => 'AWS::ECS::Container',
+          'aws_eks' => 'AWS::EKS::Container'
+        }.freeze
+
+        def escape_regexp(regexp_pattern)
+          # Escapes special characters except * and ? to maintain wildcard functionality
+          regexp_pattern.gsub(/[.+^${}()|\[\]\\]/) { |match| "\\#{match}" }
+        end
+
+        def convert_pattern_to_regexp(pattern)
+          escape_regexp(pattern).gsub('*', '.*').tr('?', '.')
+        end
+
+        def wildcard_match(pattern = nil, text = nil)
+          return true if pattern == '*'
+          return false if pattern.nil? || !text.is_a?(String)
+          return text.empty? if pattern.empty?
+
+          regexp = "^#{convert_pattern_to_regexp(pattern.downcase)}$"
+          match = text.downcase.match?(regexp)
+
+          unless match
+            OpenTelemetry.logger.debug(
+              "WildcardMatch: no match found for #{text} against pattern #{pattern}"
+            )
+          end
+
+          match
+        end
+
+        def attribute_match?(attributes = nil, rule_attributes = nil)
+          return true if rule_attributes.nil? || rule_attributes.empty?
+
+          return false if attributes.nil? ||
+                          attributes.empty? ||
+                          rule_attributes.length > attributes.length
+
+          matched_count = 0
+          attributes.each do |key, value|
+            found_key = rule_attributes.keys.find { |rule_key| rule_key == key }
+            next if found_key.nil?
+
+            matched_count += 1 if wildcard_match(rule_attributes[found_key], value)
+          end
+
+          matched_count == rule_attributes.length
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/opentelemetry/sampler/xray/version.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+# Copyright OpenTelemetry Authors
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+module OpenTelemetry
+  module Sampler
+    module XRay
+      VERSION = '0.1.0'
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/opentelemetry/sampler/xray.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+# Copyright OpenTelemetry Authors
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+# OpenTelemetry is an open source observability framework, providing a
+# general-purpose API, SDK, and related tools required for the instrumentation
+# of cloud-native software, frameworks, and libraries.
+#
+# The OpenTelemetry module provides global accessors for telemetry objects.
+# See the documentation for the `opentelemetry-api` gem for details.
+
+module OpenTelemetry
+  module Sampler
+    # Namespace for OpenTelemetry XRay Sampler
+    module XRay
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+require_relative 'xray/version'
+require_relative 'xray/aws_xray_remote_sampler'

data/lib/opentelemetry-sampler-xray.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+# Copyright OpenTelemetry Authors
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+require 'opentelemetry-api'
+require_relative 'opentelemetry/sampler/xray'

metadata

@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+--- !ruby/object:Gem::Specification
+name: opentelemetry-sampler-xray
+version: !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+  version: 0.1.0
+platform: ruby
+authors:
+- OpenTelemetry Authors
+autorequire:
+bindir: bin
+cert_chain: []
+date: 2025-10-11 00:00:00.000000000 Z
+dependencies:
+- !ruby/object:Gem::Dependency
+  name: opentelemetry-common
+  requirement: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    requirements:
+    - - "~>"
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: '0.21'
+  type: :runtime
+  prerelease: false
+  version_requirements: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    requirements:
+    - - "~>"
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: '0.21'
+- !ruby/object:Gem::Dependency
+  name: opentelemetry-sdk
+  requirement: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    requirements:
+    - - "~>"
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: '1.0'
+  type: :runtime
+  prerelease: false
+  version_requirements: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    requirements:
+    - - "~>"
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: '1.0'
+- !ruby/object:Gem::Dependency
+  name: opentelemetry-semantic_conventions
+  requirement: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    requirements:
+    - - "~>"
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: '1.11'
+  type: :runtime
+  prerelease: false
+  version_requirements: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    requirements:
+    - - "~>"
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: '1.11'
+description: XRay Remote Sampler for the OpenTelemetry framework
+email:
+- cncf-opentelemetry-contributors@lists.cncf.io
+executables: []
+extensions: []
+extra_rdoc_files: []
+files:
+- ".yardopts"
+- CHANGELOG.md
+- LICENSE
+- README.md
+- lib/opentelemetry-sampler-xray.rb
+- lib/opentelemetry/sampler/xray.rb
+- lib/opentelemetry/sampler/xray/aws_xray_remote_sampler.rb
+- lib/opentelemetry/sampler/xray/aws_xray_sampling_client.rb
+- lib/opentelemetry/sampler/xray/fallback_sampler.rb
+- lib/opentelemetry/sampler/xray/rate_limiter.rb
+- lib/opentelemetry/sampler/xray/rate_limiting_sampler.rb
+- lib/opentelemetry/sampler/xray/rule_cache.rb
+- lib/opentelemetry/sampler/xray/sampling_rule.rb
+- lib/opentelemetry/sampler/xray/sampling_rule_applier.rb
+- lib/opentelemetry/sampler/xray/statistics.rb
+- lib/opentelemetry/sampler/xray/utils.rb
+- lib/opentelemetry/sampler/xray/version.rb
+homepage: https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-ruby-contrib
+licenses:
+- Apache-2.0
+metadata:
+  changelog_uri: https://rubydoc.info/gems/opentelemetry-sampler-xray/0.1.0/file/CHANGELOG.md
+  source_code_uri: https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-ruby-contrib/tree/main/sampler/xray
+  bug_tracker_uri: https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-ruby-contrib/issues
+  documentation_uri: https://rubydoc.info/gems/opentelemetry-sampler-xray/0.1.0
+post_install_message: ''
+rdoc_options: []
+require_paths:
+- lib
+required_ruby_version: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+  requirements:
+  - - ">="
+    - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+      version: '3.1'
+required_rubygems_version: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+  requirements:
+  - - ">="
+    - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+      version: '0'
+requirements: []
+rubygems_version: 3.3.27
+signing_key:
+specification_version: 4
+summary: XRay Remote Sampler for the OpenTelemetry framework
+test_files: []