numb 0.181.0 → 0.184.0

data/.gitignore

@@ -4,3 +4,4 @@ coverage
 doc
 pkg
 .yardoc
+*~

data/Rakefile

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ rescue LoadError
 end
 
 require 'rspec/core/rake_task'
-Rspec::Core::RakeTask.new do |spec|
+RSpec::Core::RakeTask.new do |spec|
   spec.ruby_opts = '-r./spec/spec_helper'
 end
 

data/VERSION

@@ -1 +1 @@
-0.181.0
+0.184.0

data/lib/numb/divisors.rb

@@ -65,6 +65,22 @@ class Integer
   alias :⊥ :coprime?
   alias :stranger? :coprime?
 
+  # An enumeration of numbers coprime to `x` from `self` onward. If a
+  # block is given, it is yielded to with the next number in the
+  # sequence; otherwise, an `Enumerator` is returned.
+  # 
+  #     4.coprime(3).first(5) #=> [4, 5, 7, 8, 10]
+  #
+  # @param [Integer] x each number in the enumeration is coprime with `x`
+  # @yield [Integer] n next number that is >= `self` and coprime with `x`
+  # @return [Enumerator] returned if the block is omitted 
+  def coprime(x)
+    return enum_for(__method__, x) unless block_given?
+    (self..Float::INFINITY).each do |n|
+      yield n if n.coprime?(x)
+    end
+  end
+
   # A deficient number is a number n for which σ(n) < 2n. That is, the sum of
   # its divisors are less than the number. (To calculate the sum of divisors
   # for an arbitrary integer see Integer#σ).
@@ -347,10 +363,13 @@ class Integer
         limit = Prime.first(pf.size).zip(pf.reverse).map{|b,e| b**(e-1)}.reduce(:*)
         neighbour = ->(e) { (self/e).divisors.reject{|d| d > e} }
         x, div, exponents = self, divisors, {}
-
         Prime.each do |b| 
-          max_exponent = Math.log(limit, b).floor
-          d = div.reject{|d| d > max_exponent}.sort.reverse - [1]
+          d = begin
+            max_exponent = Math.log(limit, b).floor
+            div.reject{|d| d > max_exponent}
+          rescue FloatDomainError
+            div
+          end.sort.reverse - [1]
           unless b == 2
             prev_neighbours = exponents[exponents.keys.last].values.flatten
             d.reject!{|e, n| not prev_neighbours.include?(e)}
@@ -358,7 +377,6 @@ class Integer
           exponents[b] = Hash[d.map{|e| [e, neighbour.(e)]}]
           break if (x /= b) < 1
         end
-
         complete_chain = ->(b, e, goal=self, chain=nil) do
           chain ||= {chain: [[b, e]]}
           return chain unless exponents.key?(b) and exponents[b].key?(e)
@@ -422,4 +440,47 @@ class Integer
       k**2 * (35 * k**2 - 52 * k * n + 18 * n**2) * k.σ * (n-k).σ
     end.reduce(:+)
   end
+
+  def ordinary?
+    return true if self == 1
+    pf = prime_factors.sort.reverse
+    Prime.first(pf.size).
+          zip(pf).
+          map{|b,e| b**(e-1)}.
+          reduce(:*) == first_with_n_divisors
+  end
+
+  def exceptional?
+    not ordinary?
+  end
+
+  # Computes the extended greatest common divisor of `self` and `b`
+  #
+  # The extended Euclidean algorithm is an extension to the Euclidean
+  # algorithm for finding the GCD of integers `a` and `b`: it also
+  # finds the integers `x` and `y` in Bézout's identity:
+  #
+  #    ax + by = gcd(a, b)
+  #
+  # This method takes `self` as `a`, and `b` as an argument, and
+  # returns their GCD, `x`, and `y`
+  #
+  # For example, `21.xgcd(48)` is `[3, 7, -3]` because `21.gcd(48)` is
+  # `3`, and `21 * 7 + 48 * -3` is `3`.
+  #
+  #     3.xgcd(-65) #=> [1, 22, 1]
+  #     56.xgcd(72) #=> [8, 4, -3]
+  #
+  # @param [Integer] b the number `self` is divided by
+  # @returns [Array<Integer>] GCD, `x`, and `y`
+  def xgcd b
+    a = self
+    x, y, u, v = 0, 1, 1, 0
+    while a != 0
+      q, r = b/a, b%a 
+      m, n = x-u*q, y-v*q
+      b, a, x, y, u, v = a, r, u, v, m, n
+    end    
+    self < 0 ? [b, x, y].map(&:-@) : [b, x, y]
+  end
 end

data/lib/numb/dudeney.rb

@@ -10,8 +10,6 @@ class Integer
   #     98.dudeney?    #=> false
   #
   def dudeney?
-    # The ugly hack below is seemingly needed for 1.8 compatibility. I ave
-    # yet to understand why.
-    Math.cbrt(self).to_s.sub(/\.0$/,'') == self.digits.reduce(:+).to_s
+    digits.reduce(:+) ** 3 == self
   end
 end

data/lib/numb/inrt.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+class Integer
+  # Returns the integer `n`'th root of the absolute value of `self`.
+  #
+  #     (0..12).map{|n| (4**n).inrt(3)}
+  #     #=> [1, 1, 2, 4, 6, 10, 16, 25, 40, 64, 101, 161, 256]
+  #
+  # @param [Integer] n root to take of `self`
+  # @return [Integer] The `n`th root of `self`
+  def inrt n
+    (abs ** Rational(1, n)).round(5).floor
+  end
+end

data/lib/numb/inv_mod.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+class Integer
+  def inv_mod m
+    g, x, y = xgcd(m) 
+    x % m if g == 1
+  end
+end

data/lib/numb/ord.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+class Integer
+  # Returns the multiplicative order of `self` % `m`, or `nil` if
+  # `self` is not coprime to `m`
+  #
+  # Given an integer `self` and a positive integer `m` with gcd(`a`,
+  # `m`) = 1, the multiplicative order of `self` modulo `m` is the
+  # smallest positive integer `k` with: `self`^`k` ≡ 1 (modulo `m`).
+  #
+  # @param [Integer] m the modulus
+  # @return [Integer, nil] the power, `k`, or `nil` if `self` and `m` are not coprime
+  def ord(m)
+    return unless coprime?(m)
+    m.prime_division.inject(1) do |result, f|
+      (p, k), r = f, 1
+      pk = p ** k
+      # We could calculate the totient here as `(p - 1) * p ** (k -
+      # 1)`, but it feels cleaner to separate the logic
+      (t = pk.φ).prime_division.each do |q, e|
+        x = power_mod(t / q ** e, pk)
+        while x != 1
+          r *= q
+          x = x.power_mod(q, pk)
+        end
+      end      
+      result.lcm(r)
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/numb/power_mod.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+class Integer
+  # `self`^`b` mod `m`
+  #
+  # @param [Integer] b power to which `self` should be raised
+  # @param [Integer] m modulus
+  # @return [Integer] `self`^`b` % `m`
+  def power_mod(b, m)
+    result = 1
+    b.to_s(2).chars.each do |bit|
+      result = (result * result) % m
+      result = (result * self) % m if bit==?1
+    end
+    result
+  end  
+end

data/spec/numb/dudeney_spec.rb

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ describe Integer, "#dudeney?" do
     end
   end
 
-  @seq.invert.sample(10).each do |n|
+  @seq.invert.sample(100).each do |n|
     it "returns false for non-Dudeney number #{n}" do
       n.should_not be_dudeney
     end

data/spec/numb/exceptional_spec.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+
+# A072066
+A072066 = [8,16,24,32,48,64,72,80,96,108,112,128,144,160,
+           162,176,192,208,216,224,243,256,272,288,304,320,
+           324,352,368,384,416,432,448,464,480,486,496,512,
+           544,576,592,608,640,648,656,672,688,704,729,736,
+           752,768,832,848]
+
+describe Integer, "#exceptional?" do
+  A072066.sample(10).each do |n|
+    it "returns true for exceptional number #{n}" do
+      n.should be_exceptional
+    end
+  end
+
+  ([*(1..7)] + A072066.to_seq.invert.to_a).sample(10).each do |n|
+    it "returns false for ordinary number #{n}" do
+      n.should_not be_exceptional
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+describe Integer, "#ordinary?" do
+  ([*(1..7)] + A072066.to_seq.invert.to_a).sample(10).each do |n|
+    it "returns true for ordinary number #{n}" do
+      n.should be_ordinary
+    end
+  end
+
+  A072066.sample(10).each do |n|
+    it "returns false for exceptional number #{n}" do
+      n.should_not be_ordinary
+    end
+  end
+end

data/spec/numb/inrt_spec.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+describe Integer, "#inrt" do
+  @seq = {
+    # A017922
+    2 => [1,2,6,14,36,88,216,529,1296,3174,7776,19047,
+          46656,114283,279936,685700,1679616,4114202,
+          10077696,24685212,60466176,148111277,362797056,
+          888667667,2176782336,5332006004,13060694016].map.with_index{|n,i| [6**i, n]},
+    
+    # A017985
+    3 => [1,1,2,4,6,10,16,25,40,64,101,161,256,406,645,
+          1024,1625,2580,4096,6501,10321,16384,26007,41285,
+          65536,104031,165140,262144,416127,660561,1048576,
+          1664510,2642245,4194304,6658042].map.with_index{|n,i| [4**i, n]},
+    
+    # A018051
+    4 => [1,1,1,2,3,3,5,6,9,11,15,20,27,35,46,61,81,106,
+          140,184,243,319,420,553,729,959,1262,1661,2187,
+          2878,3787,4985,6561,8634,11363,14955,19683,25904,
+          34091,44867,59049,77712].map.with_index{|n,i| [3**i, n]},
+
+    # A018132
+    5 => [1,1,2,3,4,7,10,15,22,33,49,72,106,157,232,343,
+          506,747,1102,1626,2401,3543,5229,7717,11388,16807,
+          24803,36604,54019,79720,117649,173623,256228,
+          378135,558041,823543].map.with_index{|n,i| [7**i, n]},
+    
+    # A017979 
+    6 => [1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,6,8,10,12,16,20,25,32,40,50,64,
+          80,101,128,161,203,256,322,406,512,645,812,1024,
+          1290,1625,2048,2580,3250,4096,5160,6501,8192,
+          10321,13003,16384,20642].map.with_index{|n,i| [4**i, n]},
+ }
+
+  @seq.each do |n, seq|
+    seq.each do |x, rt|
+      it "returns #{rt} for #{x}.inrt(#{n})" do
+        x.inrt(n).should == rt 
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/spec/numb/inv_mod_spec.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+describe Integer, "#inv_mod" do
+  # A102057
+          # -----b------>                               # |  
+  @seq =  [[ 1],                                        # |
+           [ 1,  2],                                    # m
+           [ 1,nil,  3],                                # |
+           [ 1,  3,  2,  4],                            # |
+           [ 1,nil,nil,nil,  5],                        # V
+           [ 1,  4,  5,  2,  3,  6],
+           [ 1,nil,  3,nil,  5,nil,  7],
+           [ 1,  5,nil,  7,  2,nil,  4,  8],
+           [ 1,nil,  7,nil,nil,nil,  3,nil,  9],
+           [ 1,  6,  4,  3,  9,  2,  8,  7,  5, 10],
+           [ 1,nil,nil,nil,  5,nil,  7,nil,nil,nil, 11],
+           [ 1,  7,  9, 10,  8, 11,  2,  5,  3,  4,  6, 12],  
+           [ 1,nil,  5,nil,  3,nil,nil,nil, 11,nil,  9,nil, 13],  
+           [ 1,  8,nil,  4,nil,nil, 13]]
+
+  @seq.each.with_index(2) do |ms, m|
+    ms.each.with_index(1) do |inv, b|
+      it "returns #{inv} for #{b}.inv_mod(#{m})" do
+        b.inv_mod(m).should == inv
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/spec/numb/ord_spec.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+describe Integer, "#ord" do
+  @seq = {
+    # A002326 
+    2 => [1,2,4,3,6,10,12,4,8,18,6,11,20,18,28,5,10,12,36,
+          12,20,14,12,23,21,8,52,20,18,58,60,6,12,66,22,35,
+          9,20,30,39,54,82,8,28,11,12,10,36,48,30,100,51,12,
+          106,36,36,28,44,12,24,110,20,100,7,14,130,18,36,
+          68,138,46,60,28].map.with_index{|k, i| [2*i + 1, k]},
+    # A050975
+    3 => 2.coprime(3).first(74).zip([1,2,4,6,2,4,5,3,6,4,16,18,4,5,
+                                     11,20,3,6,28,30,8,16,12,18,18,4,8,42,10,11,23,42,20,6,52,20,
+                                     6,28,29, 10,30,16,12,22,16,12,35,12,18,18,30,78,4,8,41,16,
+                                     42,10,88,6,22,23,36,48,42,20,100,34,6,52,53,27,20, 12]),
+    # A050976
+    4 => 2.coprime(4).first(78).zip([1,2,3,3,5,6,2,4,9,3,11,10,9,14,5,5,6,18,6,10,7,6,
+                                     23,21,4,26,10,9,29,30,3,6,33,11,35,9,10,15,39,27,
+                                     41,4,14,11,6,5,18,24,15,50,51,6,53,18,18,14,22,6,
+                                     12,55,10,50,7,7,65,9,18,34,69,23,30,14,21,74,15, 12,10,26]),
+    # A050977
+    5 => 2.coprime(5).first(81).zip([1,2,1,2,6,2,6,5,2,4,6,4,16,6,9,6,5,22,2,4,18,6,
+                                     14,3,8,10,16,6,36,9,4,20,6,42,5,22,46,4,42,16,4,
+                                     52,18,6,18,14,29,30,3,6,16,10,22,16,22,5,6,72,36,
+                                     9,30,4,39,54,20,82,6,42,14,10,44,12,22,6,46,8,96, 42,30,25,16]),
+    
+    # A050978
+    6 => 2.coprime(6).first(67).zip([1,2,10,12,16,9,11,5,14,6,2,4,40,3,23,14,26,10,58,
+                                     60,12,33,35,36,10,78,82,16,88,12,9,12,10,102,106,
+                                     108,112,11,16,110,25,126,130,18,136,23,60,14,37,
+                                     150,6,156,22,27,83,156,43,10,178,60,4,80,19,96,14, 198,14]),
+    
+    # A050979
+    7 => 2.coprime(7).first(81).zip([1,1,2,4,1,2,3,4,10,2,12,4,2,16,3,3,4,10,22,2,4,
+                                     12,9,7,4,15,4,10,16,6,9,3,12,4,40,6,10,12,22,23,2,
+                                     4,16,12,26,9,20,3,7,29,4,60,15,8,12,10,66,16,22,
+                                     70,6,24,9,4,6,12,78,4,27,40,41,16,6,7,10,88,12,22, 15,23,12]),
+    # A050980
+    8 => 2.coprime(8).first(75).zip([2,4,1,2,10,4,4,8,6,2,11,20,6,28,5,10,4,12,4,20,
+                                     14,4,23,7,8,52,20,6,58,20,2,4,22,22,35,3,20,10,13,
+                                     18,82,8,28,11,4,10,12,16,10,100,17,4,106,12,12,28,
+                                     44,4,8,110,20,100,7,14,130,6,12,68,46,46,20,28,14, 148,5]),
+    
+    # A050981
+    9 => 2.coprime(9).first(82).zip([1,1,2,3,1,2,5,3,3,2,8,9,2,5,11,10,3,3,14,15,4,8,
+                                     6,9,9,2,4,21,5,11,23,21,10,3,26,10,3,14,29,5,15,8,
+                                     6,11,8,6,35,6,9,9,15,39,2,4,41,8,21,5,44,3,11,23,
+                                     18,24,21,10,50,17,3,26,53,27,10,6,56,22,14,29,24, 5,5,15]),
+
+    # A002329
+    10 => 2.coprime(10).first(52).zip([1,6,1,2,6,16,18,6,22,3,28,15,2,3,6,5,21,46,42,16,
+                                       13,18,58,60,6,33,22,35,8,6,13,9,41,28,44,6,15,96,
+                                       2,4,34,53,108,3,112,6,48,22,5,42,21,130])
+
+  }
+
+  @seq.each do |a, seq|
+    seq.each do |n, k|
+      it "returns #{k} for #{a}.ord(#{n})" do
+        a.ord(n).should == k
+      end
+    end
+    
+    it "returns nil for #{a}.ord(#{a})" do
+      a.ord(a).should be_nil
+    end
+
+    b = a * rand(100)
+    it "returns nil for #{a}.ord(#{b})" do
+      a.ord(b).should be_nil
+    end
+  end
+end

data/spec/numb/power_mod_spec.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+describe Integer, "#power_mod" do
+  @seq = {
+    # A015910
+    2 => [0,0,2,0,2,4,2,0,8,4,2,4,2,4,8,0,2,10,2,16,8,4,2,
+          16,7,4,26,16,2,4,2,0,8,4,18,28,2,4,8,16,2,22,2,16,
+          17,4,2,16,30,24,8,16,2,28,43,32,8,4,2,16,2,4,8,0,
+          32,64,2,16,8,44,2,64,2,4,68,16,18,64,2,16,80,4,2,
+          64].map.with_index(1){|pm, b| [pm, b, b]},
+
+    # A002380
+    3 => [0,1,1,3,1,19,25,11,161,227,681,1019,3057,5075,
+          15225,29291,55105,34243,233801,439259,269201,
+          1856179,3471385,6219851,1882337,5647011,50495465,
+          17268667,186023729,21200275,63600825,1264544299,
+          3793632897,7085931395].map.with_index{|pm, b| [pm, b, 2**b]},
+
+    # A056969
+    10 => [0,0,1,0,0,4,3,0,1,0,10,4,10,2,10,0,10,10,10,0,13,
+           12,10,16,0,22,1,4,10,10,10,0,10,32,5,28,10,24,25,
+           0,10,22,10,12,10,8,10,16,31,0,31,16,10,28,10,16,
+           31,42,10,40,10,38,55,0,30,34,10,4,34,60,10,64,10,
+           26,25,44,54,40].map.with_index(1){|pm, b| [pm, b, b]} + [
+           0,0,1,0,0,4,4,0,1,0,1,4,3,4,10,0,4,10,9,0,4,12,
+           13,16,0,16,10,4,16,10,5,0,1,4,25,28,10,28,16,0,1,
+           4,31,12,10,36,27,16,11,0,4,16,28,10,45,32,28,16,
+           16,40,47,36,46,0,55,34,10,4,13,60,20,64,72,10,25,
+           28,67,16,67,0].map.with_index(1){|pm, b| [pm, 100, b]},
+
+    # A116609
+    13 => [0,1,1,1,3,1,6,1,1,9,2,1,0,1,7,1,13,1,13,1,13,15,
+           13,1,18,13,1,1,13,19,13,1,19,33,27,1,13,17,13,1,
+           13,1,13,5,28,31,13,1,48,49,4,13,13,1,32,1,31,53,
+           13,1,13,45,55,1,13,31,13,1,58,29,13,1,13,21,7,61,
+           62,13,13,1,1,5].map.with_index(1){|pm, b| [pm, b, b]}
+  }
+
+  @seq.each do |a, seq|
+    seq.each do |pm, b, m|
+      it "returns #{pm} for #{a}.power_mod(#{b}, #{m})" do
+        a.power_mod(b, m).should == pm
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/spec/numb/xgcd_spec.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+describe Integer, "#xgcd" do
+  
+  # Data from Mathematica's ExtendedGCD[] function
+  # The keys are the arguments; the values, the results.
+  @seq = {
+    [56, 72] => [8, 4, -3],
+    [3, 7] => [1, -2, 1],
+    [10, 100] => [10, 1, 0],
+    [13, 11] => [1, -5, 6],
+    [79, 3] => [1, 1, -26],
+    [3, 65] => [1, 22, -1],
+    [-3, 65] => [1, -22, -1],
+    [3, -65] => [1, 22, 1],
+    [5, 0] => [5, 1, 0],
+    [73713, 3971] => [1, -1512, 28067],
+    [-234, 2] => [2, 0, 1],
+    [-876, 52] => [4, -6, -101],
+  }
+
+  @seq.each_pair do |input, output|
+    it "returns #{output} for #{input.first}.xgcd(#{input.last})" do
+      input.first.xgcd(input.last).should == output
+    end
+  end
+end

metadata

@@ -1,7 +1,12 @@
 --- !ruby/object:Gem::Specification 
 name: numb
 version: !ruby/object:Gem::Version 
-  version: 0.181.0
+  prerelease: false
+  segments: 
+  - 0
+  - 184
+  - 0
+  version: 0.184.0
 platform: ruby
 authors: 
 - Run Paint Run Run
@@ -9,19 +14,24 @@ autorequire:
 bindir: bin
 cert_chain: []
 
-date: 2010-03-27 00:00:00 +00:00
+date: 2010-10-17 00:00:00 +01:00
 default_executable: 
 dependencies: 
 - !ruby/object:Gem::Dependency 
   name: gemcutter
-  type: :runtime
-  version_requirement: 
-  version_requirements: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement 
+  prerelease: false
+  requirement: &id001 !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement 
+    none: false
     requirements: 
     - - ">="
       - !ruby/object:Gem::Version 
+        segments: 
+        - 0
+        - 1
+        - 0
         version: 0.1.0
-    version: 
+  type: :runtime
+  version_requirements: *id001
 description: 
 email: runrun@runpaint.org
 executables: []
@@ -92,7 +102,9 @@ files:
 - lib/numb/idempotent.rb
 - lib/numb/idoneal.rb
 - lib/numb/in_sequence.rb
+- lib/numb/inrt.rb
 - lib/numb/integer_p.rb
+- lib/numb/inv_mod.rb
 - lib/numb/jacobsthal_lucas.rb
 - lib/numb/kaprekar.rb
 - lib/numb/keith.rb
@@ -121,6 +133,7 @@ files:
 - lib/numb/nsw.rb
 - lib/numb/oban.rb
 - lib/numb/odious.rb
+- lib/numb/ord.rb
 - lib/numb/ordinal.rb
 - lib/numb/palindrome.rb
 - lib/numb/pandigital.rb
@@ -131,6 +144,7 @@ files:
 - lib/numb/polydivisible.rb
 - lib/numb/positive.rb
 - lib/numb/poulet.rb
+- lib/numb/power_mod.rb
 - lib/numb/prime_power.rb
 - lib/numb/primes.rb
 - lib/numb/primitive_root.rb
@@ -171,6 +185,7 @@ files:
 - lib/numb/words.rb
 - lib/numb/zeisel.rb
 - lib/numb/zerofree.rb
+- spec/.rspec
 - spec/numb/aban_spec.rb
 - spec/numb/abundancy_spec.rb
 - spec/numb/abundant_spec.rb
@@ -235,6 +250,7 @@ files:
 - spec/numb/equidigital_spec.rb
 - spec/numb/euclid_spec.rb
 - spec/numb/evil_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/exceptional_spec.rb
 - spec/numb/extravagant_spec.rb
 - spec/numb/factorial_spec.rb
 - spec/numb/factorion_spec.rb
@@ -265,8 +281,10 @@ files:
 - spec/numb/idoneal_spec.rb
 - spec/numb/infinitary_divisors_spec.rb
 - spec/numb/infinitary_perfect_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/inrt_spec.rb
 - spec/numb/integer_p_spec.rb
 - spec/numb/interprime_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/inv_mod_spec.rb
 - spec/numb/isqrt_spec.rb
 - spec/numb/jacobsthal_lucas_spec.rb
 - spec/numb/k_perfect_spec.rb
@@ -310,6 +328,7 @@ files:
 - spec/numb/octagonal_spec.rb
 - spec/numb/octahedral_spec.rb
 - spec/numb/odious_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/ord_spec.rb
 - spec/numb/ordinal_spec.rb
 - spec/numb/ore_spec.rb
 - spec/numb/palindrome_spec.rb
@@ -327,6 +346,7 @@ files:
 - spec/numb/polydivisible_spec.rb
 - spec/numb/positive_spec.rb
 - spec/numb/poulet_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/power_mod_spec.rb
 - spec/numb/powerful_spec.rb
 - spec/numb/practical_spec.rb
 - spec/numb/prime_count_spec.rb
@@ -409,9 +429,9 @@ files:
 - spec/numb/wieferich_prime_spec.rb
 - spec/numb/woodall_spec.rb
 - spec/numb/words_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/xgcd_spec.rb
 - spec/numb/zeisel_spec.rb
 - spec/numb/zerofree_spec.rb
-- spec/spec.opts
 - spec/spec_helper.rb
 has_rdoc: yard
 homepage: http://github.com/runpaint/numb
@@ -423,263 +443,274 @@ rdoc_options: []
 require_paths: 
 - lib
 required_ruby_version: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement 
+  none: false
   requirements: 
   - - ">="
     - !ruby/object:Gem::Version 
+      segments: 
+      - 1
+      - 9
       version: "1.9"
-  version: 
 required_rubygems_version: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement 
+  none: false
   requirements: 
   - - ">="
     - !ruby/object:Gem::Version 
+      segments: 
+      - 0
       version: "0"
-  version: 
 requirements: []
 
 rubyforge_project: 
-rubygems_version: 1.3.5
+rubygems_version: 1.3.7
 signing_key: 
 specification_version: 3
 summary: Experiments in number theory with new predicate methods for Integer.
 test_files: 
-- spec/numb/leonardo_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/economical_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/base_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/proth_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/stella_octangula_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/prime_signature_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/reciprocal_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/mersenne_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/unitary_divisor_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/centered_square_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/primitive_pseudoperfect_spec.rb
+- spec/spec_helper.rb
+- spec/numb/augmented_amicable_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/trimorphic_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/betrothed_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/digital_sum_spec.rb
 - spec/numb/polydivisible_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/mangoldt_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/choose_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/n_step_fibonacci_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/sum_of_infinitary_divisors_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/strictly_non_palindromic_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/gnomonic_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/cyclic_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/iban_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/equidigital_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/primorial_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/prime_power_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/superabundant_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/modulo_order_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/sociable_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/unitary_perfect_spec.rb
-- "spec/numb/schr\xC3\xB6der_spec.rb"
-- spec/numb/nivenmorphic_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/dudeney_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/centered_triangular_spec.rb
 - spec/numb/square_free_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/knodel_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/fermat_pseudoprime_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/abundant_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/woodall_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/unitary_sociable_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/refactorable_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/maris_mcgwire_sosa_pair_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/zeisel_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/q_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/centered_cube_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/blum_spec.rb
 - spec/numb/superperfect_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/biquadratic_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/self_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/pandigital_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/power_mod_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/proth_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/emrip_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/minimal_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/weird_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/practical_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/ore_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/base_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/achilles_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/uban_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/lah_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/delannoy_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/beastly_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/smarandache_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/narcissistic_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/totient_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/core_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/star_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/inv_mod_spec.rb
 - spec/numb/ruler_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/square_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/quarticfree_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/untouchable_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/ordinal_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/perfect_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/perfect_power_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/factorial_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/centered_cube_spec.rb
-- "spec/numb/m\xC3\xA9nage_spec.rb"
 - spec/numb/carmichael_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/woodall_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/abundancy_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/giuga_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/polite_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/unitary_amicable_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/squared_triangular_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/persistent_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/cullen_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/palindrome_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/smarandache_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/zerofree_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/eban_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/automorphic_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/fermat_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/stirling_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/minimal_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/jacobsthal_lucas_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/cube_spec.rb
 - spec/numb/aban_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/semiprime_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/fermat_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/abundant_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/hoax_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/goldbach_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/heptagonal_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/harshad_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/aspiring_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/evil_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/cyclic_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/unusual_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/square_part_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/demlo_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/sum_of_divisors_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/mersenne_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/polite_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/iban_spec.rb
 - spec/numb/hyperperfect_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/segmented_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/uban_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/zeisel_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/motzkin_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/cubic_residue_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/palindrome_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/carol_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/prime_count_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/reverse_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/bernoulli_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/square_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/leyland_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/ramanujan_tau_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/mersenne_prime_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/self_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/poulet_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/repunit_spec.rb
 - spec/numb/primitive_roots_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/first_with_n_divisors_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/smooth_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/d_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/heptagonal_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/kynea_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/sum_of_squares_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/centered_hexagonal_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/centered_n_gonal_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/self_descriptive_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/twin_prime_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/fibonacci_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/jacobsthal_lucas_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/unitary_perfect_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/choose_spec.rb
 - spec/numb/highly_abundant_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/idoneal_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/unitary_divisor_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/centered_n_gonal_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/stirling_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/untouchable_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/cullen_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/d_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/centered_pentagonal_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/politeness_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/modulo_order_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/quarticfree_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/strictly_non_palindromic_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/octagonal_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/takeuchi_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/amenable_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/sum_of_unitary_divisors_spec.rb
 - spec/numb/e_perfect_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/super_catalan_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/augmented_amicable_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/rough_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/nonhypotenuse_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/near_square_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/emrip_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/idempotent_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/nexus_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/nth_prime_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/poulet_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/congruum_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/hamming_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/octahedral_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/positive_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/undulating_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/friendly_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/rhonda_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/prime_signature_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/oban_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/super_d_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/economical_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/kynea_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/full_reptend_prime_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/semi_perfect_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/binomial_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/pyramidal_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/odious_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/sophie_germain_prime_spec.rb
 - spec/numb/doubly_even_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/safe_prime_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/k_perfect_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/pandigital_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/frugal_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/triangular_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/octahedral_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/super_poulet_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/unitary_amicable_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/myriagonal_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/amicable_spec.rb
 - spec/numb/bell_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/square_part_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/super_catalan_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/motzkin_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/mobius_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/chen_prime_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/pentatope_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/centered_triangular_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/liouville_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/lychrel_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/stella_octangula_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/lucas_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/persistent_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/sum_of_infinitary_divisors_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/integer_p_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/biquadratic_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/perfect_power_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/multiamicable_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/automorphic_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/safe_prime_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/brilliant_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/breeder_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/hilbert_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/brown_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/words_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/extravagant_spec.rb
 - spec/numb/sublime_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/refactorable_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/leonardo_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/lucas_carmichael_spec.rb
 - spec/numb/subfactorial_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/betrothed_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/smith_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/unusual_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/hoax_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/octagonal_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/parasitic_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/giuga_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/mertens_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/lucas2_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/highly_composite_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/quadratic_residue_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/unhappy_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/e_divisors_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/franel_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/nsw_spec.rb
 - spec/numb/knuth_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/first_with_n_divisors_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/isqrt_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/inrt_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/nexus_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/wieferich_prime_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/idempotent_spec.rb
 - spec/numb/entringer_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/unitary_sociable_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/full_reptend_prime_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/quadratic_residue_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/vampire_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/tetrahedral_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/dodecagonal_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/dihedral_prime_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/breeder_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/sphenic_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/reverse_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/idoneal_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/sum_of_unitary_divisors_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/divides_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/rough_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/singly_even_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/prime_power_spec.rb
 - spec/numb/square_triangular_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/lucas_carmichael_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/rhonda_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/totient_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/leyland_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/mersenne_prime_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/chen_prime_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/coprime_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/perfect_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/almost_prime_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/number_of_distinct_prime_factors_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/achain_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/primitive_root_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/primitive_pseudoperfect_spec.rb
 - spec/numb/composite_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/practical_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/words_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/sophie_germain_prime_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/parasitic_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/friendly_spec.rb
 - spec/numb/number_of_prime_factors_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/repunit_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/goldbach_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/highly_composite_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/frugal_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/divides_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/takeuchi_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/pentatope_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/odious_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/euclid_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/semiprime_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/deficient_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/centered_pentagonal_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/smooth_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/reciprocal_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/hamming_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/eban_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/stirling2_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/interprime_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/factorial_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/superabundant_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/sociable_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/dudeney_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/pell_lucas_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/mangoldt_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/near_square_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/primorial_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/dodecagonal_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/fermat_pseudoprime_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/vampire_spec.rb
 - spec/numb/almost_perfect_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/amicable_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/brilliant_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/amenable_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/happy_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/twin_prime_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/hexagonal_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/nsw_spec.rb
 - spec/numb/primitive_abundant_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/liouville_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/lucas2_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/genocchi_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/wieferich_prime_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/cubic_residue_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/fibonacci_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/triangular_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/integer_p_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/nth_prime_spec.rb
 - spec/numb/infinitary_perfect_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/semi_perfect_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/pentagonal_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/blum_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/stirling2_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/demlo_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/happy_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/decagonal_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/nivenmorphic_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/genocchi_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/segmented_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/squared_triangular_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/centered_hexagonal_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/tetrahedral_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/gnomonic_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/hexagonal_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/pronic_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/ord_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/dihedral_prime_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/exceptional_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/congruum_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/sum_of_squares_spec.rb
 - spec/numb/smarandache_wellin_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/maris_mcgwire_sosa_pair_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/pell_lucas_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/core_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/lucas_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/k_perfect_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/trimorphic_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/evil_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/harshad_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/star_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/cube_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/ore_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/achain_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/delannoy_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/carol_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/powerful_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/prime_count_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/q_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/primitive_root_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/weird_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/interprime_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/number_of_distinct_prime_factors_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/mertens_spec.rb
+- "spec/numb/st\xC3\xB8rmer_spec.rb"
+- spec/numb/kaprekar_spec.rb
+- "spec/numb/schr\xC3\xB6der_spec.rb"
 - spec/numb/catalan_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/factorion_spec.rb
 - spec/numb/balanced_prime_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/binomial_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/digital_sum_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/brown_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/abundancy_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/smith_spec.rb
+- "spec/numb/m\xC3\xA9nage_spec.rb"
+- spec/numb/zerofree_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/n_step_fibonacci_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/euclid_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/noncototient_spec.rb
 - spec/numb/perrin_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/beastly_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/franel_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/multiamicable_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/super_poulet_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/centered_square_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/sphenic_spec.rb
 - spec/numb/sum_of_e_divisors_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/pyramidal_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/ramanujan_tau_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/super_d_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/factorion_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/lah_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/undulating_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/extravagant_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/sum_of_divisors_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/lychrel_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/self_descriptive_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/decagonal_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/e_divisors_spec.rb
 - spec/numb/apocalyptic_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/bernoulli_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/kaprekar_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/isqrt_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/hilbert_spec.rb
-- "spec/numb/st\xC3\xB8rmer_spec.rb"
-- spec/numb/keith_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/narcissistic_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/myriagonal_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/oban_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/achilles_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/coprime_spec.rb
 - spec/numb/infinitary_divisors_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/almost_prime_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/singly_even_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/pronic_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/politeness_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/noncototient_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/aspiring_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/mobius_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/positive_spec.rb
-- spec/numb/unhappy_spec.rb
-- spec/spec_helper.rb
+- spec/numb/nonhypotenuse_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/deficient_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/knodel_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/powerful_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/ordinal_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/equidigital_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/keith_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/xgcd_spec.rb
+- spec/numb/pentagonal_spec.rb