lpsolver 0.1.0 → 0.2.1

data/ext/lpsolver-highs/highs/simplex/HEkkDebug.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,1722 @@
+/* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * */
+/*                                                                       */
+/*    This file is part of the HiGHS linear optimization suite           */
+/*                                                                       */
+/*    Available as open-source under the MIT License                     */
+/*                                                                       */
+/* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * */
+/**@file lp_data/HEkkDebug.cpp
+ * @brief
+ */
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <string>
+
+#include "lp_data/HighsDebug.h"
+#include "lp_data/HighsModelUtils.h"
+#include "simplex/HEkk.h"
+#include "simplex/HSimplexReport.h"
+#include "simplex/SimplexTimer.h"
+
+using std::abs;
+using std::max;
+
+const double ok_feasibility_difference = 1e-3;
+
+const double large_basic_dual = 1e-12;
+const double excessive_basic_dual = sqrt(large_basic_dual);
+
+const double large_residual_error = 1e-12;
+const double excessive_residual_error = sqrt(large_residual_error);
+
+const double updated_dual_small_relative_error = 1e-12;
+const double updated_dual_large_relative_error =
+    sqrt(updated_dual_small_relative_error);
+const double updated_dual_small_absolute_error = 1e-6;
+const double updated_dual_large_absolute_error =
+    sqrt(updated_dual_small_absolute_error);
+
+void HEkk::debugInitialise() {
+  debug_solve_call_num_++;
+  debug_initial_build_synthetic_tick_ = build_synthetic_tick_;
+  const HighsInt debug_from_solve_call_num = -12;
+  const HighsInt debug_num_solve = 3;
+  const HighsInt debug_to_solve_call_num =
+      debug_from_solve_call_num + debug_num_solve - 1;
+  const HighsInt debug_build_synthetic_tick = 445560;
+  if (debug_solve_call_num_ < debug_from_solve_call_num) {
+    debug_solve_report_ = false;
+  } else if (debug_solve_call_num_ == debug_from_solve_call_num) {
+    debug_solve_report_ = build_synthetic_tick_ == debug_build_synthetic_tick;
+  } else if (debug_solve_call_num_ > debug_to_solve_call_num) {
+    debug_solve_report_ = false;
+  }
+  const HighsInt time_from_solve_call_num = -1;
+  const HighsInt time_to_solve_call_num = time_from_solve_call_num;
+  time_report_ = debug_solve_call_num_ >= time_from_solve_call_num &&
+                 debug_solve_call_num_ <= time_to_solve_call_num;
+  const HighsInt debug_basis_id = -999;
+  debug_basis_report_ = basis_.debug_id == debug_basis_id;
+  if (debug_solve_report_) {
+    printf("HEkk::solve call %d\n", (int)debug_solve_call_num_);
+    debugReporting(-1);
+    debugReporting(0, kHighsLogDevLevelVerbose);  // Detailed); //
+  }
+  if (time_report_) {
+    timeReporting(-1);
+    timeReporting(0);
+  }
+  if (debug_basis_report_) {
+    printf("HEkk::solve basis %d\n", (int)debug_basis_id);
+  }
+}
+
+void HEkk::debugReportInitialBasis() {
+  HighsInt num_col_basic = 0;
+  HighsInt num_col_lower = 0;
+  HighsInt num_col_upper = 0;
+  HighsInt num_col_fixed = 0;
+  HighsInt num_col_free = 0;
+  HighsInt num_row_basic = 0;
+  HighsInt num_row_lower = 0;
+  HighsInt num_row_upper = 0;
+  HighsInt num_row_fixed = 0;
+  HighsInt num_row_free = 0;
+  std::vector<double>& lower = info_.workLower_;
+  std::vector<double>& upper = info_.workUpper_;
+  std::vector<double>& value = info_.workValue_;
+  const bool detail = lp_.num_col_ + lp_.num_row_ < 25;
+  for (HighsInt iCol = 0; iCol < lp_.num_col_; iCol++) {
+    HighsInt iVar = iCol;
+    if (!basis_.nonbasicFlag_[iVar]) {
+      num_col_basic++;
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (basis_.nonbasicMove_[iVar] > 0) {
+      num_col_lower++;
+    } else if (basis_.nonbasicMove_[iVar] < 0) {
+      num_col_upper++;
+    } else if (lower[iCol] == upper[iCol]) {
+      num_col_fixed++;
+    } else {
+      num_col_free++;
+    }
+    if (detail)
+      highsLogDev(options_->log_options, HighsLogType::kInfo,
+                  "Col %3d [%11.4g, %11.4g, %11.4g] %3d %3d %3d %3d\n",
+                  (int)iCol, lower[iCol], value[iVar], upper[iCol],
+                  num_col_lower, num_col_upper, num_col_fixed, num_col_free);
+  }
+  for (HighsInt iRow = 0; iRow < lp_.num_row_; iRow++) {
+    HighsInt iVar = lp_.num_col_ + iRow;
+    if (!basis_.nonbasicFlag_[iVar]) {
+      num_row_basic++;
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (basis_.nonbasicMove_[iVar] > 0) {
+      num_row_lower++;
+    } else if (basis_.nonbasicMove_[iVar] < 0) {
+      num_row_upper++;
+    } else if (lower[iVar] == upper[iVar]) {
+      num_row_fixed++;
+    } else {
+      num_row_free++;
+    }
+    if (detail)
+      highsLogDev(options_->log_options, HighsLogType::kInfo,
+                  "Row %3d [%11.4g, %11.4g, %11.4g] %3d %3d %3d %3d\n",
+                  (int)iRow, lower[iVar], value[iVar], upper[iVar],
+                  num_row_lower, num_row_upper, num_row_fixed, num_row_free);
+  }
+  HighsInt num_col_nonbasic =
+      num_col_lower + num_col_upper + num_col_fixed + num_col_free;
+  HighsInt num_row_nonbasic =
+      num_row_lower + num_row_upper + num_row_fixed + num_row_free;
+  assert(num_col_basic + num_row_basic == lp_.num_row_);
+  assert(num_col_nonbasic + num_row_nonbasic == lp_.num_col_);
+  highsLogDev(options_->log_options, HighsLogType::kInfo,
+              "For %d columns and %d rows\n"
+              "   NonBasic |  Lower  Upper  Fixed   Free |    Basic\n"
+              "Col %7d |%7d%7d%7d%7d |  %7d\n"
+              "Row %7d |%7d%7d%7d%7d |  %7d\n"
+              "----------------------------------------------------\n"
+              "    %7d |%7d%7d%7d%7d |  %7d\n",
+              (int)lp_.num_col_, (int)lp_.num_row_, (int)num_col_nonbasic,
+              (int)num_col_lower, (int)num_col_upper, (int)num_col_fixed,
+              (int)num_col_free, (int)num_col_basic, (int)num_row_nonbasic,
+              (int)num_row_lower, (int)num_row_upper, (int)num_row_fixed,
+              (int)num_row_free, (int)num_row_basic,
+              (int)num_col_nonbasic + (int)num_row_nonbasic,
+              (int)num_col_lower + (int)num_row_lower,
+              (int)num_col_upper + (int)num_row_upper,
+              (int)num_col_fixed + (int)num_row_fixed,
+              (int)num_col_free + (int)num_row_free,
+              (int)num_col_basic + (int)num_row_basic);
+}
+
+void HEkk::timeReporting(const HighsInt save_mod_recover) {
+  static HighsInt highs_analysis_level;
+  if (save_mod_recover == -1) {
+    highs_analysis_level = options_->highs_analysis_level;
+  } else if (save_mod_recover == 0) {
+    // Ensure that kHighsAnalysisLevelSolverTime is set
+    if (!(kHighsAnalysisLevelSolverTime & highs_analysis_level))
+      this->options_->highs_analysis_level += kHighsAnalysisLevelSolverTime;
+  } else {
+    options_->highs_analysis_level = highs_analysis_level;
+    SimplexTimer simplex_timer;
+    const bool non_null_report = simplex_timer.reportSimplexInnerClock(
+        this->analysis_.thread_simplex_clocks[0], 20);
+    this->analysis_.analyse_simplex_time =
+        kHighsAnalysisLevelSolverTime & options_->highs_analysis_level;
+    if (non_null_report) {
+      HighsLogOptions log_options;
+      bool output_flag = true;
+      bool log_to_console = false;
+      HighsInt log_dev_level = kHighsLogDevLevelVerbose;
+      log_options.log_stream = stdout;
+      log_options.output_flag = &output_flag;
+      log_options.log_to_console = &log_to_console;
+      log_options.log_dev_level = &log_dev_level;
+      reportSimplexPhaseIterations(log_options, this->iteration_count_,
+                                   this->info_);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+void HEkk::debugReporting(const HighsInt save_mod_recover,
+                          const HighsInt log_dev_level_) {
+  static bool output_flag;
+  static HighsInt log_dev_level;
+  static HighsInt highs_analysis_level;
+  static HighsInt highs_debug_level;
+  static bool analyse_simplex_runtime_data;
+  if (save_mod_recover == -1) {
+    output_flag = options_->output_flag;
+    log_dev_level = options_->log_dev_level;
+    highs_analysis_level = options_->highs_analysis_level;
+    highs_debug_level = options_->highs_debug_level;
+    analyse_simplex_runtime_data = analysis_.analyse_simplex_runtime_data;
+  } else if (save_mod_recover == 0) {
+    this->options_->output_flag = true;
+    this->options_->log_dev_level = log_dev_level_;
+    this->options_->highs_analysis_level =
+        //        kHighsAnalysisLevelSolverSummaryData +
+        kHighsAnalysisLevelSolverRuntimeData;
+    this->options_->highs_debug_level = kHighsDebugLevelCostly;
+    if (log_dev_level_ == kHighsLogDevLevelVerbose)
+      this->analysis_.analyse_simplex_runtime_data = true;
+  } else {
+    options_->output_flag = output_flag;
+    options_->log_dev_level = log_dev_level;
+    options_->highs_analysis_level = highs_analysis_level;
+    options_->highs_debug_level = highs_debug_level;
+    analysis_.analyse_simplex_runtime_data = analyse_simplex_runtime_data;
+  }
+}
+
+HighsDebugStatus HEkk::debugSimplex(const std::string message,
+                                    const SimplexAlgorithm algorithm,
+                                    const HighsInt phase,
+                                    const bool initialise) const {
+  if (this->options_->highs_debug_level < kHighsDebugLevelCheap)
+    return HighsDebugStatus::kNotChecked;
+  static double max_max_basic_dual;
+  static double max_max_primal_residual;
+  static double max_max_dual_residual;
+  if (initialise) {
+    max_max_basic_dual = 0;
+    max_max_primal_residual = 0;
+    max_max_dual_residual = 0;
+    return ::HighsDebugStatus::kOk;
+  }
+  HighsDebugStatus return_status = HighsDebugStatus::kOk;
+  const HighsLp& lp = this->lp_;
+  const HighsSimplexInfo& info = this->info_;
+  const SimplexBasis& basis = this->basis_;
+  const HighsOptions& options = *(this->options_);
+
+  const HighsInt num_col = lp.num_col_;
+  const HighsInt num_row = lp.num_row_;
+  const HighsInt num_tot = num_col + num_row;
+  const HighsInt iteration_count = this->iteration_count_;
+  std::string value_adjective;
+  HighsLogType report_level;
+
+  // Check the nonbasic flags are all kNonbasicFlagTrue or kNonbasicFlagFalse
+  for (HighsInt iVar = 0; iVar < num_tot; iVar++) {
+    HighsInt flag = basis.nonbasicFlag_[iVar];
+    bool flag_error = flag != kNonbasicFlagTrue && flag != kNonbasicFlagFalse;
+    if (flag_error) {
+      highsLogDev(options.log_options, HighsLogType::kError,
+                  "HEkk::debugSimplex - %s: Iteration %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+                  " Variable %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+                  " has "
+                  "nonbasic flag = %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT "\n",
+                  message.c_str(), iteration_count, iVar, flag);
+      assert(!flag_error);
+      return HighsDebugStatus::kLogicalError;
+    }
+  }
+  const double primal_feasibility_tolerance =
+      options.primal_feasibility_tolerance;
+  const double dual_feasibility_tolerance = options.dual_feasibility_tolerance;
+  HighsInt num_dual_infeasibility = 0;
+  double max_dual_infeasibility = 0;
+  double sum_dual_infeasibility = 0;
+  HighsInt num_primal_infeasibility = 0;
+  double max_primal_infeasibility = 0;
+  double sum_primal_infeasibility = 0;
+  // Check the nonbasic variables
+  for (HighsInt iVar = 0; iVar < num_tot; iVar++) {
+    if (basis.nonbasicFlag_[iVar] == kNonbasicFlagFalse) continue;
+    // For nonbasic variables, check that they are on a bound (or free
+    // at 0 with correct nonbasic move. Determine dual infeasibilities
+    double dual = info.workDual_[iVar];
+    double lower = info.workLower_[iVar];
+    double upper = info.workUpper_[iVar];
+    double value = info.workValue_[iVar];
+    double primal_error = 0;
+    double dual_infeasibility = 0;
+    HighsInt move;
+    if (lower == upper) {
+      primal_error = abs(lower - value);
+      move = kNonbasicMoveZe;
+    } else if (value == lower) {
+      move = kNonbasicMoveUp;
+      dual_infeasibility = max(-dual, 0.);
+    } else if (value == upper) {
+      move = kNonbasicMoveDn;
+      dual_infeasibility = max(dual, 0.);
+    } else {
+      // If not fixed or at a bound, only valid status can be zero and free
+      primal_error = abs(value);
+      move = kNonbasicMoveZe;
+      dual_infeasibility = abs(dual);
+    }
+    if (dual_infeasibility > 0) {
+      if (dual_infeasibility > dual_feasibility_tolerance) {
+        num_dual_infeasibility++;
+      }
+      max_dual_infeasibility = max(dual_infeasibility, max_dual_infeasibility);
+      sum_dual_infeasibility += dual_infeasibility;
+    }
+    if (primal_error) {
+      highsLogDev(options.log_options, HighsLogType::kError,
+                  "HEkk::debugSimplex - %s: Iteration %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+                  " Nonbasic variable %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+                  " "
+                  "has primal error "
+                  "= %g for [%g, %g, %g]\n",
+                  message.c_str(), iteration_count, iVar, primal_error, lower,
+                  value, upper);
+      assert(!primal_error);
+      return HighsDebugStatus::kLogicalError;
+    }
+    bool move_error = move != basis.nonbasicMove_[iVar];
+    if (move_error) {
+      highsLogDev(options.log_options, HighsLogType::kError,
+                  "HEkk::debugSimplex - %s: Iteration %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+                  " Nonbasic variable %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+                  " "
+                  "has move error "
+                  "[%" HIGHSINT_FORMAT " <> %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+                  "] for [%g, %g, %g]\n",
+                  message.c_str(), iteration_count, iVar, move,
+                  basis.nonbasicMove_[iVar], lower, value, upper);
+      assert(!move_error);
+      return HighsDebugStatus::kLogicalError;
+    }
+  }
+  // Check the basic variables
+  double max_basic_dual = 0;
+  const double base =
+      info.primal_simplex_phase1_cost_perturbation_multiplier * 5e-7;
+  for (HighsInt iRow = 0; iRow < num_row; iRow++) {
+    HighsInt iVar = basis.basicIndex_[iRow];
+    // For basic variables, check that the nonbasic flag isn't set,
+    // that nonbasicMove is zero, that baseLower/Upper are correct,
+    // that the dual is zero and, in primal phase 1, that the cost is
+    // correct. Determine primal infeasibilities
+    bool nonbasicFlag_error = basis.nonbasicFlag_[iVar] == kNonbasicFlagTrue;
+    if (nonbasicFlag_error) {
+      highsLogDev(options.log_options, HighsLogType::kError,
+                  "HEkk::debugSimplex - %s: Iteration %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+                  " Basic variable %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+                  " "
+                  "has nonbasicFlag = %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT "\n",
+                  message.c_str(), iteration_count, iVar,
+                  basis.nonbasicFlag_[iVar]);
+      assert(!nonbasicFlag_error);
+      return HighsDebugStatus::kLogicalError;
+    }
+    bool nonbasicMove_error = (basis.nonbasicMove_[iVar] != 0);
+    if (nonbasicMove_error) {
+      highsLogDev(options.log_options, HighsLogType::kError,
+                  "HEkk::debugSimplex - %s: Iteration %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+                  " Basic variable %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+                  " "
+                  "has nonbasicMove = %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT "\n",
+                  message.c_str(), iteration_count, iVar,
+                  basis.nonbasicMove_[iVar]);
+      assert(!nonbasicMove_error);
+      return HighsDebugStatus::kLogicalError;
+    }
+    double workLower = info.workLower_[iVar];
+    double workUpper = info.workUpper_[iVar];
+    double cost = info.workCost_[iVar];
+    double dual = info.workDual_[iVar];
+    double lower = info.baseLower_[iRow];
+    double upper = info.baseUpper_[iRow];
+    double value = info.baseValue_[iRow];
+    bool baseBound_error = workLower != lower || workUpper != upper;
+    if (baseBound_error) {
+      highsLogDev(options.log_options, HighsLogType::kError,
+                  "HEkk::debugSimplex - %s: Iteration %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+                  " Basic variable %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+                  " "
+                  "(in row %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+                  ") has "
+                  "baseBound [%g, %g] and workBound [%g, %g]\n",
+                  message.c_str(), iteration_count, iVar, iRow, lower, upper,
+                  workLower, workUpper);
+      assert(!baseBound_error);
+      return HighsDebugStatus::kLogicalError;
+    }
+    max_basic_dual = max(abs(dual), max_basic_dual);
+    HighsInt bound_violated = 0;
+    if (value < lower - primal_feasibility_tolerance) {
+      bound_violated = -1;
+    } else if (value > upper + primal_feasibility_tolerance) {
+      bound_violated = 1;
+    }
+    if (algorithm == SimplexAlgorithm::kPrimal && phase == 1) {
+      double primal_phase1_cost = bound_violated;
+      if (base) primal_phase1_cost *= 1 + base * info.numTotRandomValue_[iRow];
+      bool primal_phase1_cost_error = (abs(cost - primal_phase1_cost) != 0.0);
+      if (primal_phase1_cost_error) {
+        highsLogDev(options.log_options, HighsLogType::kError,
+                    "HEkk::debugSimplex - %s: Iteration %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+                    " Basic variable %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+                    " "
+                    "(in row %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+                    ") has "
+                    "primal phase 1 cost %g for [%g, %g, %g]\n",
+                    message.c_str(), iteration_count, iVar, iRow, cost, lower,
+                    value, upper);
+        assert(!primal_phase1_cost_error);
+        return HighsDebugStatus::kLogicalError;
+      }
+    }
+    if (!bound_violated) continue;
+    // @primal_infeasibility calculation
+    double primal_infeasibility = 0;
+    if (bound_violated < 0) {
+      primal_infeasibility = lower - value;
+    } else {
+      primal_infeasibility = value - upper;
+    }
+    if (primal_infeasibility > primal_feasibility_tolerance)
+      num_primal_infeasibility++;
+    max_primal_infeasibility =
+        max(primal_infeasibility, max_primal_infeasibility);
+    sum_primal_infeasibility += primal_infeasibility;
+  }
+  // Report on basic dual values
+  if (max_basic_dual > excessive_basic_dual) {
+    value_adjective = "Excessive";
+    report_level = HighsLogType::kInfo;
+    return_status = debugWorseStatus(HighsDebugStatus::kError, return_status);
+  } else if (max_basic_dual > large_basic_dual) {
+    value_adjective = "Large";
+    report_level = HighsLogType::kDetailed;
+    return_status = debugWorseStatus(HighsDebugStatus::kWarning, return_status);
+  } else {
+    value_adjective = "OK";
+    report_level = HighsLogType::kVerbose;
+    return_status = debugWorseStatus(HighsDebugStatus::kOk, return_status);
+  }
+  if (max_basic_dual > 2 * max_max_basic_dual) {
+    highsLogDev(options.log_options, report_level,
+                "HEkk::debugSimplex - %s: Iteration %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+                " %-9s max   basic dual = %9.4g\n",
+                message.c_str(), iteration_count, value_adjective.c_str(),
+                max_basic_dual);
+    max_max_basic_dual = max_basic_dual;
+  }
+  // Check that the number, max and sums of primal and dual infeasibilities (if
+  // known) are correct
+  const HighsInt info_num_primal_infeasibility =
+      this->info_.num_primal_infeasibilities;
+  if (info_num_primal_infeasibility >= 0) {
+    const bool illegal_num_primal_infeasibility =
+        num_primal_infeasibility != info_num_primal_infeasibility;
+    if (illegal_num_primal_infeasibility) {
+      highsLogDev(options.log_options, HighsLogType::kError,
+                  "HEkk::debugSimplex - %s: Iteration %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+                  " Should have %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+                  " not "
+                  "%" HIGHSINT_FORMAT " primal infeasibilities\n",
+                  message.c_str(), iteration_count, num_primal_infeasibility,
+                  info_num_primal_infeasibility);
+      assert(!illegal_num_primal_infeasibility);
+      return HighsDebugStatus::kLogicalError;
+    }
+  }
+  const double info_max_primal_infeasibility =
+      this->info_.max_primal_infeasibility;
+  if (info_max_primal_infeasibility != kHighsIllegalInfeasibilityMeasure) {
+    const bool illegal_max_primal_infeasibility =
+        abs(max_primal_infeasibility - info_max_primal_infeasibility) >
+        ok_feasibility_difference;
+    if (illegal_max_primal_infeasibility) {
+      highsLogDev(options.log_options, HighsLogType::kError,
+                  "HEkk::debugSimplex - %s: Iteration %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+                  " Should have %g not "
+                  "%g max primal infeasibility\n",
+                  message.c_str(), iteration_count, max_primal_infeasibility,
+                  info_max_primal_infeasibility);
+      assert(!illegal_max_primal_infeasibility);
+      return HighsDebugStatus::kLogicalError;
+    }
+  }
+  const double info_sum_primal_infeasibility =
+      this->info_.sum_primal_infeasibilities;
+  if (info_sum_primal_infeasibility != kHighsIllegalInfeasibilityMeasure) {
+    const bool illegal_sum_primal_infeasibility =
+        abs(sum_primal_infeasibility - info_sum_primal_infeasibility) >
+        ok_feasibility_difference;
+    if (illegal_sum_primal_infeasibility) {
+      highsLogDev(options.log_options, HighsLogType::kError,
+                  "HEkk::debugSimplex - %s: Iteration %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+                  " Should have %g not "
+                  "%g sum primal infeasibilities\n",
+                  message.c_str(), iteration_count, sum_primal_infeasibility,
+                  info_sum_primal_infeasibility);
+      assert(!illegal_sum_primal_infeasibility);
+      return HighsDebugStatus::kLogicalError;
+    }
+  }
+  const HighsInt info_num_dual_infeasibility =
+      this->info_.num_dual_infeasibilities;
+  if (info_num_dual_infeasibility >= 0) {
+    const bool illegal_num_dual_infeasibility =
+        num_dual_infeasibility != info_num_dual_infeasibility;
+    if (illegal_num_dual_infeasibility) {
+      highsLogDev(options.log_options, HighsLogType::kError,
+                  "HEkk::debugSimplex - %s: Iteration %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+                  " Should have %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+                  " not "
+                  "%" HIGHSINT_FORMAT " dual infeasibilities\n",
+                  message.c_str(), iteration_count, num_dual_infeasibility,
+                  info_num_dual_infeasibility);
+      assert(!illegal_num_dual_infeasibility);
+      return HighsDebugStatus::kLogicalError;
+    }
+  }
+  const double info_max_dual_infeasibility = this->info_.max_dual_infeasibility;
+  if (info_max_dual_infeasibility != kHighsIllegalInfeasibilityMeasure) {
+    const bool illegal_max_dual_infeasibility =
+        abs(max_dual_infeasibility - info_max_dual_infeasibility) >
+        ok_feasibility_difference;
+    if (illegal_max_dual_infeasibility) {
+      highsLogDev(options.log_options, HighsLogType::kError,
+                  "HEkk::debugSimplex - %s: Iteration %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+                  " Should have %g not "
+                  "%g max dual infeasibility\n",
+                  message.c_str(), iteration_count, max_dual_infeasibility,
+                  info_max_dual_infeasibility);
+      assert(!illegal_max_dual_infeasibility);
+      return HighsDebugStatus::kLogicalError;
+    }
+  }
+  const double info_sum_dual_infeasibility =
+      this->info_.sum_dual_infeasibilities;
+  if (info_sum_dual_infeasibility != kHighsIllegalInfeasibilityMeasure) {
+    const bool illegal_sum_dual_infeasibility =
+        abs(sum_dual_infeasibility - info_sum_dual_infeasibility) >
+        ok_feasibility_difference;
+    if (illegal_sum_dual_infeasibility) {
+      highsLogDev(options.log_options, HighsLogType::kError,
+                  "HEkk::debugSimplex - %s: Iteration %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+                  " Should have %g not "
+                  "%g sum dual infeasibilities\n",
+                  message.c_str(), iteration_count, sum_dual_infeasibility,
+                  info_sum_dual_infeasibility);
+      assert(!illegal_sum_dual_infeasibility);
+      return HighsDebugStatus::kLogicalError;
+    }
+  }
+  // Check any assumed feasibility
+  bool require_primal_feasible_in_primal_simplex =
+      algorithm == SimplexAlgorithm::kPrimal && (phase == 0 || phase == 2);
+  bool require_primal_feasible_in_dual_simplex =
+      algorithm == SimplexAlgorithm::kDual && phase == 0;
+  bool require_primal_feasible = require_primal_feasible_in_primal_simplex ||
+                                 require_primal_feasible_in_dual_simplex;
+  bool illegal_primal_infeasibility =
+      require_primal_feasible && num_primal_infeasibility > 0;
+  if (illegal_primal_infeasibility) {
+    // Should be primal feasible, but isn't
+    highsLogDev(options.log_options, HighsLogType::kError,
+                "HEkk::debugSimplex - %s: Iteration %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+                " Should be primal "
+                "feasible, but num / max "
+                "/ sum primal infeasibility is %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+                " / %g / %g\n",
+                message.c_str(), iteration_count, num_primal_infeasibility,
+                max_primal_infeasibility, sum_primal_infeasibility);
+    assert(!illegal_primal_infeasibility);
+    return HighsDebugStatus::kLogicalError;
+  }
+  bool require_dual_feasible_in_dual_simplex =
+      algorithm == SimplexAlgorithm::kDual && this->status_.has_fresh_rebuild &&
+      this->info_.allow_cost_perturbation;
+
+  bool illegal_dual_infeasibility =
+      (require_dual_feasible_in_dual_simplex || phase == 0) &&
+      num_dual_infeasibility > 0;
+  if (illegal_dual_infeasibility) {
+    // Dual simplex or optimal but has dual infeasibilities
+    highsLogDev(options.log_options, HighsLogType::kError,
+                "HEkk::debugSimplex - %s: Iteration %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+                " Should be dual "
+                "feasible, but num / max / "
+                "sum dual infeasibility is %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+                " / %g / %g; Phase = %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT "; status = %s\n",
+                message.c_str(), iteration_count, num_dual_infeasibility,
+                max_dual_infeasibility, sum_dual_infeasibility, phase,
+                utilModelStatusToString(this->model_status_).c_str());
+    assert(!illegal_dual_infeasibility);
+    return HighsDebugStatus::kLogicalError;
+  }
+
+  if (this->options_->highs_debug_level < kHighsDebugLevelCostly)
+    return return_status;
+  // Now determine the primal and dual residuals.
+  //
+  // This uses the primal values for the columns to determine row
+  // activities that are checked against the primal values for the
+  // rows. It uses the pi vector to determine column duals. The
+  // entries of the pi vector are the negated duals for nonbasic rows,
+  // and costs for basic rows. The latter are normally zero, but will
+  // be nonzero if the constraint is violated in primal phase 1, or if
+  // the row cost is a perturbed zero in dual simplex.
+  vector<double> primal_value(num_tot);
+  vector<double> dual_value(num_tot);
+  for (HighsInt iVar = 0; iVar < num_tot; iVar++) {
+    primal_value[iVar] = info.workValue_[iVar];
+    dual_value[iVar] = info.workDual_[iVar];
+  }
+  for (HighsInt iRow = 0; iRow < num_row; iRow++) {
+    HighsInt iVar = basis.basicIndex_[iRow];
+    primal_value[iVar] = info.baseValue_[iRow];
+    dual_value[iVar] = -info.workCost_[iVar];
+  }
+  // Accumulate primal_activities
+  double max_dual_residual = 0;
+  vector<double> primal_activity(num_row, 0);
+  for (HighsInt iCol = 0; iCol < num_col; iCol++) {
+    double dual = info.workCost_[iCol];
+    double value = primal_value[iCol];
+    for (HighsInt iEl = lp.a_matrix_.start_[iCol];
+         iEl < lp.a_matrix_.start_[iCol + 1]; iEl++) {
+      HighsInt iRow = lp.a_matrix_.index_[iEl];
+      HighsInt iVar = num_col + iRow;
+      double Avalue = lp.a_matrix_.value_[iEl];
+      primal_activity[iRow] += value * Avalue;
+      dual += dual_value[iVar] * Avalue;
+    }
+    double dual_residual = abs(dual - info.workDual_[iCol]);
+    max_dual_residual = max(dual_residual, max_dual_residual);
+  }
+  // Remember that simplex row values are the negated row activities
+  double max_primal_residual = 0;
+  for (HighsInt iRow = 0; iRow < num_row; iRow++) {
+    HighsInt iVar = num_col + iRow;
+    double primal_residual = abs(primal_activity[iRow] + primal_value[iVar]);
+    max_primal_residual = max(primal_residual, max_primal_residual);
+  }
+  if (max_primal_residual > excessive_residual_error) {
+    value_adjective = "Excessive";
+    report_level = HighsLogType::kInfo;
+    return_status = debugWorseStatus(HighsDebugStatus::kError, return_status);
+  } else if (max_primal_residual > large_residual_error) {
+    value_adjective = "Large";
+    report_level = HighsLogType::kDetailed;
+    return_status = debugWorseStatus(HighsDebugStatus::kWarning, return_status);
+  } else {
+    value_adjective = "OK";
+    report_level = HighsLogType::kVerbose;
+    return_status = debugWorseStatus(HighsDebugStatus::kOk, return_status);
+  }
+  if (max_primal_residual > 2 * max_max_primal_residual) {
+    highsLogDev(options.log_options, report_level,
+                "HEkk::debugSimplex - %s: Iteration %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+                " %-9s max primal residual = %9.4g\n",
+                message.c_str(), iteration_count, value_adjective.c_str(),
+                max_primal_residual);
+    max_max_primal_residual = max_primal_residual;
+  }
+  if (max_dual_residual > excessive_residual_error) {
+    value_adjective = "Excessive";
+    report_level = HighsLogType::kInfo;
+    return_status = debugWorseStatus(HighsDebugStatus::kError, return_status);
+  } else if (max_dual_residual > large_residual_error) {
+    value_adjective = "Large";
+    report_level = HighsLogType::kDetailed;
+    return_status = debugWorseStatus(HighsDebugStatus::kWarning, return_status);
+  } else {
+    value_adjective = "OK";
+    report_level = HighsLogType::kVerbose;
+    return_status = debugWorseStatus(HighsDebugStatus::kOk, return_status);
+  }
+  if (max_dual_residual > 2 * max_max_dual_residual) {
+    highsLogDev(options.log_options, report_level,
+                "HEkk::debugSimplex - %s: Iteration %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+                " %-9s max   dual residual = %9.4g\n",
+                message.c_str(), iteration_count, value_adjective.c_str(),
+                max_dual_residual);
+    max_max_dual_residual = max_dual_residual;
+  }
+  return return_status;
+}
+
+// Methods below are not called externally
+
+void HEkk::debugReportReinvertOnNumericalTrouble(
+    const std::string method_name, const double numerical_trouble_measure,
+    const double alpha_from_col, const double alpha_from_row,
+    const double numerical_trouble_tolerance, const bool reinvert) const {
+  if (this->options_->highs_debug_level < kHighsDebugLevelCheap) return;
+  const double abs_alpha_from_col = abs(alpha_from_col);
+  const double abs_alpha_from_row = abs(alpha_from_row);
+  const double abs_alpha_diff = abs(abs_alpha_from_col - abs_alpha_from_row);
+  const HighsInt iteration_count = this->iteration_count_;
+  const HighsInt update_count = this->info_.update_count;
+  const std::string model_name = this->lp_.model_name_;
+
+  const bool numerical_trouble =
+      numerical_trouble_measure > numerical_trouble_tolerance;
+  const bool near_numerical_trouble =
+      10 * numerical_trouble_measure > numerical_trouble_tolerance;
+
+  const bool wrong_sign = alpha_from_col * alpha_from_row <= 0;
+  if (!near_numerical_trouble && !wrong_sign) return;
+  std::string adjective;
+  if (numerical_trouble) {
+    adjective = "       exceeds";
+  } else if (near_numerical_trouble) {
+    adjective = "almost exceeds";
+  } else {
+    adjective = "clearly satisfies";
+  }
+  highsLogDev(this->options_->log_options, HighsLogType::kWarning,
+              "%s (%s) [Iter %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT "; Update %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+              "] Col: %11.4g; Row: %11.4g; Diff "
+              "= %11.4g: Measure %11.4g %s %11.4g\n",
+              method_name.c_str(), model_name.c_str(), iteration_count,
+              update_count, abs_alpha_from_col, abs_alpha_from_row,
+              abs_alpha_diff, numerical_trouble_measure, adjective.c_str(),
+              numerical_trouble_tolerance);
+  if (wrong_sign) {
+    highsLogDev(this->options_->log_options, HighsLogType::kWarning,
+                "   Incompatible signs for Col: %11.4g and Row: %11.4g\n",
+                alpha_from_col, alpha_from_row);
+  }
+  if ((numerical_trouble || wrong_sign) && !reinvert) {
+    highsLogDev(this->options_->log_options, HighsLogType::kWarning,
+                "   Numerical trouble or wrong sign and not reinverting\n");
+  }
+}
+
+HighsDebugStatus HEkk::debugUpdatedDual(const double updated_dual,
+                                        const double computed_dual) const {
+  const HighsOptions& options = *(this->options_);
+  if (options.highs_debug_level < kHighsDebugLevelCheap)
+    return HighsDebugStatus::kNotChecked;
+  HighsDebugStatus return_status = HighsDebugStatus::kOk;
+  std::string error_adjective;
+  HighsLogType report_level;
+  double updated_dual_absolute_error = abs(updated_dual - computed_dual);
+  double updated_dual_relative_error =
+      updated_dual_absolute_error / max(abs(computed_dual), 1.0);
+  bool sign_error = updated_dual * computed_dual <= 0;
+  bool at_least_small_error =
+      sign_error ||
+      updated_dual_absolute_error > updated_dual_small_absolute_error ||
+      updated_dual_relative_error > updated_dual_small_relative_error;
+  if (!at_least_small_error) return return_status;
+
+  if (updated_dual_relative_error > updated_dual_large_relative_error ||
+      updated_dual_absolute_error > updated_dual_large_absolute_error) {
+    error_adjective = "Large";
+    report_level = HighsLogType::kInfo;
+    return_status = HighsDebugStatus::kLargeError;
+  } else if (updated_dual_relative_error > updated_dual_small_relative_error ||
+             updated_dual_absolute_error > updated_dual_small_absolute_error) {
+    error_adjective = "Small";
+    report_level = HighsLogType::kDetailed;
+    return_status = HighsDebugStatus::kSmallError;
+  } else {
+    error_adjective = "OK";
+    report_level = HighsLogType::kVerbose;
+    return_status = HighsDebugStatus::kOk;
+  }
+  if (sign_error) {
+    report_level = HighsLogType::kInfo;
+    return_status = HighsDebugStatus::kLargeError;
+  }
+  highsLogDev(
+      options.log_options, report_level,
+      "UpdatedDual:  %-9s absolute (%9.4g) or relative (%9.4g) error in "
+      "updated dual value",
+      error_adjective.c_str(), updated_dual_absolute_error,
+      updated_dual_relative_error);
+  if (sign_error) {
+    highsLogDev(options.log_options, report_level,
+                ": Also sign error with (%9.4g, %9.4g)\n", updated_dual,
+                computed_dual);
+  } else {
+    highsLogDev(options.log_options, report_level, "\n");
+  }
+  return return_status;
+}
+
+HighsDebugStatus HEkk::debugRetainedDataOk(const HighsLp& lp) const {
+  if (!this->status_.initialised_for_new_lp ||
+      this->options_->highs_debug_level < kHighsDebugLevelCostly)
+    return HighsDebugStatus::kNotChecked;
+  HighsDebugStatus return_status = HighsDebugStatus::kOk;
+
+  const HighsOptions& options = *(this->options_);
+  if (this->status_.has_basis) {
+    HighsDebugStatus call_status = this->debugBasisCorrect(&lp);
+    const bool basis_correct =
+        debugDebugToHighsStatus(call_status) != HighsStatus::kError;
+    if (!basis_correct) {
+      highsLogDev(options.log_options, HighsLogType::kError,
+                  "Supposed to be a Simplex basis, but incorrect\n");
+      assert(basis_correct);
+      return_status = HighsDebugStatus::kLogicalError;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (this->status_.has_invert) {
+    HighsDebugStatus call_status =
+        this->debugNlaCheckInvert("HEkk::debugRetainedDataOk");
+    const bool invert_ok =
+        debugDebugToHighsStatus(call_status) != HighsStatus::kError;
+    if (!invert_ok) {
+      highsLogDev(
+          options.log_options, HighsLogType::kError,
+          "Supposed to be a simplex basis inverse, but too inaccurate\n");
+      assert(invert_ok);
+      return_status = HighsDebugStatus::kLogicalError;
+    }
+  }
+  return return_status;
+}
+
+HighsDebugStatus HEkk::debugBasisCorrect(const HighsLp* lp) const {
+  // Nontrivially expensive analysis of a Simplex basis, checking
+  // consistency, and then correctness of nonbasicMove
+  const HighsOptions& options = *(this->options_);
+  if (options.highs_debug_level < kHighsDebugLevelCheap)
+    return HighsDebugStatus::kNotChecked;
+  HighsDebugStatus return_status = HighsDebugStatus::kOk;
+  const bool consistent =
+      this->debugBasisConsistent() != HighsDebugStatus::kLogicalError;
+  if (!consistent) {
+    highsLogDev(options.log_options, HighsLogType::kError,
+                "Supposed to be a Simplex basis, but not consistent\n");
+    assert(consistent);
+    return_status = HighsDebugStatus::kLogicalError;
+  }
+  if (options.highs_debug_level < kHighsDebugLevelCostly) return return_status;
+  const bool correct_nonbasicMove =
+      this->debugNonbasicMove(lp) != HighsDebugStatus::kLogicalError;
+  if (!correct_nonbasicMove) {
+    highsLogDev(
+        options.log_options, HighsLogType::kError,
+        "Supposed to be a Simplex basis, but nonbasicMove is incorrect\n");
+    assert(correct_nonbasicMove);
+    return_status = HighsDebugStatus::kLogicalError;
+  }
+  return return_status;
+}
+
+HighsDebugStatus HEkk::debugBasisConsistent() const {
+  // Cheap analysis of a Simplex basis, checking vector sizes, numbers
+  // of basic/nonbasic variables and non-repetition of basic variables
+  if (this->options_->highs_debug_level < kHighsDebugLevelCheap)
+    return HighsDebugStatus::kNotChecked;
+  HighsDebugStatus return_status = HighsDebugStatus::kOk;
+  const HighsOptions& options = *(this->options_);
+  const HighsLp& lp = this->lp_;
+  const SimplexBasis& basis = this->basis_;
+  // Check consistency of nonbasicFlag
+  if (this->debugNonbasicFlagConsistent() == HighsDebugStatus::kLogicalError) {
+    highsLogDev(options.log_options, HighsLogType::kError,
+                "nonbasicFlag inconsistent\n");
+    return_status = HighsDebugStatus::kLogicalError;
+  }
+  const bool right_size = (HighsInt)basis.basicIndex_.size() == lp.num_row_;
+  // Check consistency of basicIndex
+  if (!right_size) {
+    highsLogDev(options.log_options, HighsLogType::kError,
+                "basicIndex size error\n");
+    assert(right_size);
+    return_status = HighsDebugStatus::kLogicalError;
+  }
+  // Use localNonbasicFlag so that duplicate entries in basicIndex can
+  // be spotted
+  vector<int8_t> localNonbasicFlag = basis.nonbasicFlag_;
+  for (HighsInt iRow = 0; iRow < lp.num_row_; iRow++) {
+    HighsInt iCol = basis.basicIndex_[iRow];
+    HighsInt flag = localNonbasicFlag[iCol];
+    // Indicate that this column has been found in basicIndex
+    localNonbasicFlag[iCol] = -1;
+    if (flag) {
+      // Nonzero value for localNonbasicFlag entry means that column is either
+      if (flag == kNonbasicFlagTrue) {
+        // Nonbasic...
+        highsLogDev(options.log_options, HighsLogType::kError,
+                    "Entry basicIndex_[%" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+                    "] = %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT " is not basic\n",
+                    iRow, iCol);
+      } else {
+        // .. or is -1 since it has already been found in basicIndex
+        highsLogDev(options.log_options, HighsLogType::kError,
+                    "Entry basicIndex_[%" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+                    "] = %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT " is already basic\n",
+                    iRow, iCol);
+        assert(flag == -1);
+      }
+      assert(!flag);
+      return_status = HighsDebugStatus::kLogicalError;
+    }
+  }
+  return return_status;
+}
+
+HighsDebugStatus HEkk::debugNonbasicFlagConsistent() const {
+  if (this->options_->highs_debug_level < kHighsDebugLevelCheap)
+    return HighsDebugStatus::kNotChecked;
+  HighsDebugStatus return_status = HighsDebugStatus::kOk;
+  const HighsOptions& options = *(this->options_);
+  const HighsLp& lp = this->lp_;
+  const SimplexBasis& basis = this->basis_;
+  HighsInt numTot = lp.num_col_ + lp.num_row_;
+  const bool right_size = (HighsInt)basis.nonbasicFlag_.size() == numTot;
+  if (!right_size) {
+    highsLogDev(options.log_options, HighsLogType::kError,
+                "nonbasicFlag size error\n");
+    assert(right_size);
+    return_status = HighsDebugStatus::kLogicalError;
+  }
+  HighsInt num_basic_variables = 0;
+  for (HighsInt var = 0; var < numTot; var++) {
+    if (basis.nonbasicFlag_[var] == kNonbasicFlagFalse) {
+      num_basic_variables++;
+    } else {
+      assert(basis.nonbasicFlag_[var] == kNonbasicFlagTrue);
+    }
+  }
+  bool right_num_basic_variables = num_basic_variables == lp.num_row_;
+  if (!right_num_basic_variables) {
+    highsLogDev(options.log_options, HighsLogType::kError,
+                "nonbasicFlag has %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT ", not %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+                " basic variables\n",
+                num_basic_variables, lp.num_row_);
+    assert(right_num_basic_variables);
+    return_status = HighsDebugStatus::kLogicalError;
+  }
+  return return_status;
+}
+
+HighsDebugStatus HEkk::debugNonbasicMove(const HighsLp* pass_lp) const {
+  // Non-trivially expensive check of NonbasicMove
+  if (this->options_->highs_debug_level < kHighsDebugLevelCostly)
+    return HighsDebugStatus::kNotChecked;
+  HighsDebugStatus return_status = HighsDebugStatus::kOk;
+  const HighsOptions& options = *(this->options_);
+  const SimplexBasis& basis = this->basis_;
+  HighsInt num_free_variable_move_errors = 0;
+  HighsInt num_lower_bounded_variable_move_errors = 0;
+  HighsInt num_upper_bounded_variable_move_errors = 0;
+  HighsInt num_boxed_variable_move_errors = 0;
+  HighsInt num_fixed_variable_move_errors = 0;
+  HighsInt num_col;
+  HighsInt num_row;
+  const bool use_pass_lp = (pass_lp != nullptr);
+  if (use_pass_lp) {
+    num_col = pass_lp->num_col_;
+    num_row = pass_lp->num_row_;
+  } else {
+    assert(1 == 0);
+    num_col = this->lp_.num_col_;
+    num_row = this->lp_.num_row_;
+  }
+
+  const HighsInt numTot = num_col + num_row;
+  bool right_size = (HighsInt)basis.nonbasicMove_.size() == numTot;
+  // Check consistency of nonbasicMove
+  if (!right_size) {
+    highsLogDev(options.log_options, HighsLogType::kError,
+                "nonbasicMove size error\n");
+    assert(right_size);
+    return_status = HighsDebugStatus::kLogicalError;
+  }
+  double lower;
+  double upper;
+
+  for (HighsInt iVar = 0; iVar < numTot; iVar++) {
+    if (!basis.nonbasicFlag_[iVar]) continue;
+    // Nonbasic variable
+    if (use_pass_lp) {
+      if (iVar < num_col) {
+        lower = pass_lp->col_lower_[iVar];
+        upper = pass_lp->col_upper_[iVar];
+      } else {
+        HighsInt iRow = iVar - num_col;
+        lower = -pass_lp->row_upper_[iRow];
+        upper = -pass_lp->row_lower_[iRow];
+      }
+    } else {
+      if (iVar < num_col) {
+        lower = this->lp_.col_lower_[iVar];
+        upper = this->lp_.col_upper_[iVar];
+      } else {
+        HighsInt iRow = iVar - num_col;
+        lower = -this->lp_.row_upper_[iRow];
+        upper = -this->lp_.row_lower_[iRow];
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (highs_isInfinity(upper)) {
+      if (highs_isInfinity(-lower)) {
+        // Free
+        if (basis.nonbasicMove_[iVar]) {
+          num_free_variable_move_errors++;
+        }
+      } else {
+        // Only lower bounded
+        if (basis.nonbasicMove_[iVar] != kNonbasicMoveUp) {
+          num_lower_bounded_variable_move_errors++;
+        }
+      }
+    } else {
+      if (highs_isInfinity(-lower)) {
+        // Only upper bounded
+        if (basis.nonbasicMove_[iVar] != kNonbasicMoveDn) {
+          num_upper_bounded_variable_move_errors++;
+        }
+      } else {
+        // Boxed or fixed
+        if (lower != upper) {
+          // Boxed
+          if (!basis.nonbasicMove_[iVar]) {
+            num_boxed_variable_move_errors++;
+          }
+        } else {
+          // Fixed
+          if (basis.nonbasicMove_[iVar]) {
+            num_fixed_variable_move_errors++;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  HighsInt num_errors =
+      num_free_variable_move_errors + num_lower_bounded_variable_move_errors +
+      num_upper_bounded_variable_move_errors + num_boxed_variable_move_errors +
+      num_fixed_variable_move_errors;
+
+  if (num_errors) {
+    highsLogDev(options.log_options, HighsLogType::kError,
+                "There are %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+                " nonbasicMove errors: %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+                " free; %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT " lower; %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+                " upper; %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+                " "
+                "boxed; %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT " fixed\n",
+                num_errors, num_free_variable_move_errors,
+                num_lower_bounded_variable_move_errors,
+                num_upper_bounded_variable_move_errors,
+                num_boxed_variable_move_errors, num_fixed_variable_move_errors);
+    assert(num_errors == 0);
+    return_status = HighsDebugStatus::kLogicalError;
+  }
+  return return_status;
+}
+
+bool HEkk::debugNlaScalingOk(const HighsLp& lp) const {
+  bool ok = true;
+  assert(this->status_.has_nla);
+  const HSimplexNla& simplex_nla = this->simplex_nla_;
+  if (lp.scale_.has_scaling) {
+    // The LP has scaling, so ensure that the simplex NLA has its scaling
+    void* nla_scale = (void*)simplex_nla.scale_;
+    void* lp_scale = (void*)(&lp.scale_);
+    ok = nla_scale == lp_scale;
+  } else {
+    // The LP has no scaling, so ensure that the simplex NLA has no scaling
+    ok = !simplex_nla.scale_;
+  }
+  assert(ok);
+  return ok;
+}
+HighsDebugStatus HEkk::debugNlaCheckInvert(
+    const std::string message, const HighsInt alt_debug_level) const {
+  assert(this->status_.has_nla);
+  return this->simplex_nla_.debugCheckInvert(message, alt_debug_level);
+}
+
+HighsDebugStatus HEkk::debugOkForSolve(const SimplexAlgorithm algorithm,
+                                       const HighsInt phase) const {
+  if (this->options_->highs_debug_level < kHighsDebugLevelCheap)
+    return HighsDebugStatus::kNotChecked;
+  const HighsDebugStatus return_status = HighsDebugStatus::kOk;
+  const HighsLp& lp = this->lp_;
+  const HighsSimplexStatus& status = this->status_;
+  const SimplexBasis& basis = this->basis_;
+  const HighsOptions& options = *this->options_;
+  bool ok;
+  // Minimal check - just look at flags. This means we trust them!
+  ok = status.has_basis && status.has_ar_matrix && status.has_nla &&
+       //       status.has_dual_steepest_edge_weights &&
+       status.has_invert;
+  if (!ok) {
+    if (!status.has_basis)
+      highsLogDev(options.log_options, HighsLogType::kError,
+                  "Not OK to solve since status.has_basis = "
+                  "%" HIGHSINT_FORMAT "\n",
+                  status.has_basis);
+    if (!status.has_ar_matrix)
+      highsLogDev(options.log_options, HighsLogType::kError,
+                  "Not OK to solve since status.has_ar_matrix = "
+                  "%" HIGHSINT_FORMAT "\n",
+                  status.has_ar_matrix);
+    if (!status.has_nla)
+      highsLogDev(options.log_options, HighsLogType::kError,
+                  "Not OK to solve since status.has_nla "
+                  "= %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT "\n",
+                  status.has_nla);
+    if (!status.has_dual_steepest_edge_weights)
+      highsLogDev(options.log_options, HighsLogType::kError,
+                  "Not OK to solve since "
+                  "status.has_dual_steepest_edge_weights = %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+                  "\n",
+                  status.has_dual_steepest_edge_weights);
+    if (!status.has_invert)
+      highsLogDev(options.log_options, HighsLogType::kError,
+                  "Not OK to solve since status.has_invert = "
+                  "%" HIGHSINT_FORMAT "\n",
+                  status.has_invert);
+  }
+  if (this->options_->highs_debug_level < kHighsDebugLevelCostly)
+    return return_status;
+  // Basis and data check
+  if (this->debugBasisConsistent() == HighsDebugStatus::kLogicalError)
+    return HighsDebugStatus::kLogicalError;
+  // Check work cost, lower, upper and range
+  if (!this->debugWorkArraysOk(algorithm, phase))
+    return HighsDebugStatus::kLogicalError;
+  const HighsInt numTot = lp.num_col_ + lp.num_row_;
+  // Check nonbasic move against work cost, lower, upper and range
+  for (HighsInt var = 0; var < numTot; ++var) {
+    if (basis.nonbasicFlag_[var]) {
+      // Nonbasic variable
+      if (!this->debugOneNonbasicMoveVsWorkArraysOk(var))
+        return HighsDebugStatus::kLogicalError;
+    }
+  }
+  return return_status;
+}
+
+bool HEkk::debugWorkArraysOk(const SimplexAlgorithm algorithm,
+                             const HighsInt phase) const {
+  const HighsLp& lp = this->lp_;
+  const HighsSimplexInfo& info = this->info_;
+  const HighsOptions& options = *(this->options_);
+  bool ok = true;
+  // Don't check dual simplex phase 1 bounds or perturbed bounds
+  const bool dual_phase1 = algorithm == SimplexAlgorithm::kDual && phase == 1;
+  const bool primal_phase1 =
+      algorithm == SimplexAlgorithm::kPrimal && phase == 1;
+  if (!(dual_phase1 || info.bounds_perturbed)) {
+    for (HighsInt col = 0; col < lp.num_col_; ++col) {
+      HighsInt var = col;
+      if (!highs_isInfinity(-info.workLower_[var])) {
+        double lp_lower = info.workLower_[var];
+        ok = lp_lower == lp.col_lower_[col];
+        if (!ok) {
+          highsLogDev(options.log_options, HighsLogType::kError,
+                      "For col %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+                      ", info.workLower_ should be %g but is %g\n",
+                      col, lp.col_lower_[col], lp_lower);
+          return ok;
+        }
+      }
+      if (!highs_isInfinity(info.workUpper_[var])) {
+        double lp_upper = info.workUpper_[var];
+        ok = lp_upper == lp.col_upper_[col];
+        if (!ok) {
+          highsLogDev(options.log_options, HighsLogType::kError,
+                      "For col %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+                      ", info.workUpper_ should be %g but is %g\n",
+                      col, lp.col_upper_[col], lp_upper);
+          return ok;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    for (HighsInt row = 0; row < lp.num_row_; ++row) {
+      HighsInt var = lp.num_col_ + row;
+      if (!highs_isInfinity(-info.workLower_[var])) {
+        double lp_lower = info.workLower_[var];
+        ok = lp_lower == -lp.row_upper_[row];
+        if (!ok) {
+          highsLogDev(options.log_options, HighsLogType::kError,
+                      "For row %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+                      ", info.workLower_ should be %g but is %g\n",
+                      row, -lp.row_upper_[row], lp_lower);
+          return ok;
+        }
+      }
+      if (!highs_isInfinity(info.workUpper_[var])) {
+        double lp_upper = info.workUpper_[var];
+        ok = lp_upper == -lp.row_lower_[row];
+        if (!ok) {
+          highsLogDev(options.log_options, HighsLogType::kError,
+                      "For row %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+                      ", info.workUpper_ should be %g but is %g\n",
+                      row, -lp.row_lower_[row], lp_upper);
+          return ok;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    const HighsInt numTot = lp.num_col_ + lp.num_row_;
+    for (HighsInt var = 0; var < numTot; ++var) {
+      ok =
+          info.workRange_[var] == (info.workUpper_[var] - info.workLower_[var]);
+      if (!ok) {
+        highsLogDev(options.log_options, HighsLogType::kError,
+                    "For variable %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+                    ", info.workRange_ should be %g = %g - %g "
+                    "but is %g\n",
+                    var, info.workUpper_[var] - info.workLower_[var],
+                    info.workUpper_[var], info.workLower_[var],
+                    info.workRange_[var]);
+        return ok;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  // Don't check costs against the LP, when using primal simplex in
+  // primal phase 1, if the LP is primal infeasible, or if the costs
+  // have been changed
+  const bool costs_changed = info_.costs_perturbed || info_.costs_shifted;
+  if (!(primal_phase1 || this->model_status_ == HighsModelStatus::kInfeasible ||
+        costs_changed)) {
+    for (HighsInt col = 0; col < lp.num_col_; ++col) {
+      HighsInt var = col;
+      double work_cost = info.workCost_[var];
+      double ok_cost = (HighsInt)lp.sense_ * lp.col_cost_[col];
+      ok = work_cost == ok_cost;
+      if (!ok) {
+        highsLogDev(options.log_options, HighsLogType::kError,
+                    "For col %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+                    ", info.workCost_ should be %g but is %g\n",
+                    col, ok_cost, info.workCost_[var]);
+        return ok;
+      }
+    }
+    for (HighsInt row = 0; row < lp.num_row_; ++row) {
+      HighsInt var = lp.num_col_ + row;
+      ok = info.workCost_[var] == 0.;
+      if (!ok) {
+        highsLogDev(options.log_options, HighsLogType::kError,
+                    "For row %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+                    ", info.workCost_ should be zero but is %g\n",
+                    row, info.workCost_[var]);
+        return ok;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  // ok must be true if we reach here
+  assert(ok);
+  return ok;
+}
+
+bool HEkk::debugOneNonbasicMoveVsWorkArraysOk(const HighsInt var) const {
+  const HighsLp& lp = this->lp_;
+  const HighsSimplexInfo& info = this->info_;
+  const SimplexBasis& basis = this->basis_;
+  const HighsOptions& options = *(this->options_);
+  assert(var >= 0);
+  assert(var < lp.num_col_ + lp.num_row_);
+  // Make sure we're not checking a basic variable
+  if (!basis.nonbasicFlag_[var]) return true;
+  bool ok;
+  if (!highs_isInfinity(-info.workLower_[var])) {
+    if (!highs_isInfinity(info.workUpper_[var])) {
+      // Finite lower and upper bounds so nonbasic move depends on whether they
+      // are equal
+      if (info.workLower_[var] == info.workUpper_[var]) {
+        // Fixed variable
+        ok = basis.nonbasicMove_[var] == kNonbasicMoveZe;
+        if (!ok) {
+          highsLogDev(options.log_options, HighsLogType::kError,
+                      "Fixed variable %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+                      " (lp.num_col_ = %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+                      ") [%11g, %11g, "
+                      "%11g] so nonbasic "
+                      "move should be zero but is %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT "\n",
+                      var, lp.num_col_, info.workLower_[var],
+                      info.workValue_[var], info.workUpper_[var],
+                      basis.nonbasicMove_[var]);
+          return ok;
+        }
+        ok = info.workValue_[var] == info.workLower_[var];
+        if (!ok) {
+          highsLogDev(options.log_options, HighsLogType::kError,
+                      "Fixed variable %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+                      " (lp.num_col_ = %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+                      ") so "
+                      "info.work value should be %g but "
+                      "is %g\n",
+                      var, lp.num_col_, info.workLower_[var],
+                      info.workValue_[var]);
+          return ok;
+        }
+      } else {
+        // Boxed variable
+        ok = (basis.nonbasicMove_[var] == kNonbasicMoveUp) ||
+             (basis.nonbasicMove_[var] == kNonbasicMoveDn);
+        if (!ok) {
+          highsLogDev(
+              options.log_options, HighsLogType::kError,
+              "Boxed variable %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+              " (lp.num_col_ = %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+              ") [%11g, %11g, "
+              "%11g] range %g so "
+              "nonbasic move should be up/down but is  %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT "\n",
+              var, lp.num_col_, info.workLower_[var], info.workValue_[var],
+              info.workUpper_[var], info.workUpper_[var] - info.workLower_[var],
+              basis.nonbasicMove_[var]);
+          return ok;
+        }
+        if (basis.nonbasicMove_[var] == kNonbasicMoveUp) {
+          ok = info.workValue_[var] == info.workLower_[var];
+          if (!ok) {
+            highsLogDev(options.log_options, HighsLogType::kError,
+                        "Boxed variable %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+                        " (lp.num_col_ = %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+                        ") with "
+                        "kNonbasicMoveUp so work "
+                        "value should be %g but is %g\n",
+                        var, lp.num_col_, info.workLower_[var],
+                        info.workValue_[var]);
+            return ok;
+          }
+        } else {
+          ok = info.workValue_[var] == info.workUpper_[var];
+          if (!ok) {
+            highsLogDev(options.log_options, HighsLogType::kError,
+                        "Boxed variable %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+                        " (lp.num_col_ = %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+                        ") with "
+                        "kNonbasicMoveDn so work "
+                        "value should be %g but is %g\n",
+                        var, lp.num_col_, info.workUpper_[var],
+                        info.workValue_[var]);
+            return ok;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    } else {
+      // Infinite upper bound
+      ok = basis.nonbasicMove_[var] == kNonbasicMoveUp;
+      if (!ok) {
+        highsLogDev(options.log_options, HighsLogType::kError,
+                    "Finite lower bound and infinite upper bound variable "
+                    "%" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+                    " "
+                    "(lp.num_col_ = "
+                    "%" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+                    ") [%11g, %11g, %11g] so nonbasic move should be "
+                    "up=%2" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+                    " but is  "
+                    "%" HIGHSINT_FORMAT "\n",
+                    var, lp.num_col_, info.workLower_[var],
+                    info.workValue_[var], info.workUpper_[var], kNonbasicMoveUp,
+                    basis.nonbasicMove_[var]);
+        return ok;
+      }
+      ok = info.workValue_[var] == info.workLower_[var];
+      if (!ok) {
+        highsLogDev(
+            options.log_options, HighsLogType::kError,
+            "Finite lower bound and infinite upper bound variable "
+            "%" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+            " "
+            "(lp.num_col_ = "
+            "%" HIGHSINT_FORMAT ") so work value should be %g but is %g\n",
+            var, lp.num_col_, info.workLower_[var], info.workValue_[var]);
+        return ok;
+      }
+    }
+  } else {
+    // Infinite lower bound
+    if (!highs_isInfinity(info.workUpper_[var])) {
+      ok = basis.nonbasicMove_[var] == kNonbasicMoveDn;
+      if (!ok) {
+        highsLogDev(
+            options.log_options, HighsLogType::kError,
+            "Finite upper bound and infinite lower bound variable "
+            "%" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+            " "
+            "(lp.num_col_ = "
+            "%" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+            ") [%11g, %11g, %11g] so nonbasic move should be down but is  "
+            "%" HIGHSINT_FORMAT "\n",
+            var, lp.num_col_, info.workLower_[var], info.workValue_[var],
+            info.workUpper_[var], basis.nonbasicMove_[var]);
+        return ok;
+      }
+      ok = info.workValue_[var] == info.workUpper_[var];
+      if (!ok) {
+        highsLogDev(
+            options.log_options, HighsLogType::kError,
+            "Finite upper bound and infinite lower bound variable "
+            "%" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+            " "
+            "(lp.num_col_ = "
+            "%" HIGHSINT_FORMAT ") so work value should be %g but is %g\n",
+            var, lp.num_col_, info.workUpper_[var], info.workValue_[var]);
+        return ok;
+      }
+    } else {
+      // Infinite upper bound
+      ok = basis.nonbasicMove_[var] == kNonbasicMoveZe;
+      if (!ok) {
+        highsLogDev(options.log_options, HighsLogType::kError,
+                    "Free variable %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+                    " (lp.num_col_ = %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+                    ") [%11g, %11g, %11g] "
+                    "so nonbasic "
+                    "move should be zero but is  %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT "\n",
+                    var, lp.num_col_, info.workLower_[var],
+                    info.workValue_[var], info.workUpper_[var],
+                    basis.nonbasicMove_[var]);
+        return ok;
+      }
+      ok = info.workValue_[var] == 0.0;
+      if (!ok) {
+        highsLogDev(options.log_options, HighsLogType::kError,
+                    "Free variable %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+                    " (lp.num_col_ = %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+                    ") so work value should "
+                    "be zero but "
+                    "is %g\n",
+                    var, lp.num_col_, info.workValue_[var]);
+        return ok;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  // ok must be true if we reach here
+  assert(ok);
+  return ok;
+}
+
+HighsDebugStatus HEkk::debugNonbasicFreeColumnSet(
+    const HighsInt num_free_col, const HSet nonbasic_free_col_set) const {
+  const HighsOptions& options = *(this->options_);
+  if (options.highs_debug_level < kHighsDebugLevelCheap)
+    return HighsDebugStatus::kNotChecked;
+  const HighsLp& lp = this->lp_;
+  const HighsSimplexInfo& info = this->info_;
+  const SimplexBasis& basis = this->basis_;
+  HighsInt num_tot = lp.num_col_ + lp.num_row_;
+
+  // Check the number of free columns
+  HighsInt check_num_free_col = 0;
+  for (HighsInt iVar = 0; iVar < num_tot; iVar++) {
+    if (info.workLower_[iVar] <= -kHighsInf &&
+        info.workUpper_[iVar] >= kHighsInf)
+      check_num_free_col++;
+  }
+  if (check_num_free_col != num_free_col) {
+    highsLogDev(options.log_options, HighsLogType::kInfo,
+                "NonbasicFreeColumnData: Number of free columns should be "
+                "%" HIGHSINT_FORMAT ", not %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT "\n",
+                check_num_free_col, num_free_col);
+    return HighsDebugStatus::kLogicalError;
+  }
+  if (!num_free_col) return HighsDebugStatus::kOk;
+  // Debug HSet nonbasic_free_col
+  bool nonbasic_free_col_ok = nonbasic_free_col_set.debug();
+  if (!nonbasic_free_col_ok) {
+    highsLogDev(options.log_options, HighsLogType::kInfo,
+                "NonbasicFreeColumnData: HSet error\n");
+    return HighsDebugStatus::kLogicalError;
+  }
+
+  // Check that we have the right number of nonbasic free columns
+  const HighsInt& num_nonbasic_free_col = nonbasic_free_col_set.count();
+  HighsInt check_num_nonbasic_free_col = 0;
+  for (HighsInt iVar = 0; iVar < num_tot; iVar++) {
+    bool nonbasic_free = basis.nonbasicFlag_[iVar] == kNonbasicFlagTrue &&
+                         info.workLower_[iVar] <= -kHighsInf &&
+                         info.workUpper_[iVar] >= kHighsInf;
+    if (nonbasic_free) check_num_nonbasic_free_col++;
+  }
+  if (check_num_nonbasic_free_col != num_nonbasic_free_col) {
+    highsLogDev(options.log_options, HighsLogType::kInfo,
+                "NonbasicFreeColumnData: Set should have %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+                " entries, not %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT "\n",
+                check_num_nonbasic_free_col, num_nonbasic_free_col);
+    return HighsDebugStatus::kLogicalError;
+  }
+  // Check that all in the set are nonbasic free columns
+  const vector<HighsInt>& nonbasic_free_col_set_entry =
+      nonbasic_free_col_set.entry();
+  for (HighsInt ix = 0; ix < num_nonbasic_free_col; ix++) {
+    HighsInt iVar = nonbasic_free_col_set_entry[ix];
+    bool nonbasic_free = basis.nonbasicFlag_[iVar] == kNonbasicFlagTrue &&
+                         info.workLower_[iVar] <= -kHighsInf &&
+                         info.workUpper_[iVar] >= kHighsInf;
+    if (!nonbasic_free) {
+      highsLogDev(options.log_options, HighsLogType::kInfo,
+                  "NonbasicFreeColumnData: Variable %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+                  " in nonbasic free "
+                  "set has nonbasicFlag = %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT
+                  " and bounds [%g, %g]\n",
+                  iVar, basis.nonbasicFlag_[iVar], info.workLower_[iVar],
+                  info.workUpper_[iVar]);
+      return HighsDebugStatus::kLogicalError;
+    }
+  }
+  return HighsDebugStatus::kOk;
+}
+
+HighsDebugStatus HEkk::devDebugDualSteepestEdgeWeights(
+    const std::string message) {
+  // Possibly force the expensive check for development work
+  const bool check_dual_edge_weights = false;  // true;
+  if (check_dual_edge_weights) {
+    const bool check_all_dual_edge_weights = false;
+    const HighsInt alt_debug_level = check_all_dual_edge_weights
+                                         ? (HighsInt)kHighsDebugLevelExpensive
+                                         : (HighsInt)kHighsDebugLevelCostly;
+    //    printf("Performing level %1d check %s for dual steepest edge
+    //    weights\n", (int)alt_debug_level, message.c_str());
+    return debugDualSteepestEdgeWeights(alt_debug_level);
+  } else {
+    return debugDualSteepestEdgeWeights();
+  }
+}
+
+HighsDebugStatus HEkk::debugDualSteepestEdgeWeights(
+    const HighsInt alt_debug_level) {
+  const HighsInt use_debug_level = alt_debug_level >= 0
+                                       ? alt_debug_level
+                                       : this->options_->highs_debug_level;
+  if (use_debug_level < kHighsDebugLevelCostly)
+    return HighsDebugStatus::kNotChecked;
+  const HighsLp& lp = this->lp_;
+  const HighsInt num_row = lp.num_row_;
+  double dual_steepest_edge_weight_norm = 0;
+  double dual_steepest_edge_weight_error = 0;
+  HighsInt num_check_weight;
+  if (use_debug_level < kHighsDebugLevelExpensive) {
+    for (HighsInt iRow = 0; iRow < num_row; iRow++) {
+      dual_steepest_edge_weight_norm += std::fabs(dual_edge_weight_[iRow]);
+    }
+    // Just check a few weights
+    num_check_weight =
+        std::max((HighsInt)1, std::min((HighsInt)10, num_row / 10));
+    HVector row_ep;
+    row_ep.setup(num_row);
+    for (HighsInt iCheck = 0; iCheck < num_check_weight; iCheck++) {
+      HighsInt iRow = random_.integer(num_row);
+      const double true_weight = computeDualSteepestEdgeWeight(iRow, row_ep);
+      dual_steepest_edge_weight_error +=
+          std::fabs(this->dual_edge_weight_[iRow] - true_weight);
+    }
+  } else {
+    // Check all weights
+    num_check_weight = num_row;
+    std::vector<double> updated_dual_edge_weight = this->dual_edge_weight_;
+    computeDualSteepestEdgeWeights();
+    for (HighsInt iRow = 0; iRow < num_row; iRow++) {
+      dual_steepest_edge_weight_norm +=
+          std::fabs(this->dual_edge_weight_[iRow]);
+      const double error = std::fabs(updated_dual_edge_weight[iRow] -
+                                     this->dual_edge_weight_[iRow]);
+      dual_steepest_edge_weight_error += error;
+    }
+    this->dual_edge_weight_ = updated_dual_edge_weight;
+  }
+  // Now assess the relative error
+  assert(dual_steepest_edge_weight_norm > 0);
+  double relative_dual_steepest_edge_weight_error =
+      dual_steepest_edge_weight_error / dual_steepest_edge_weight_norm;
+  const double large_relative_dual_steepest_edge_weight_error = 1e-3;
+  if (relative_dual_steepest_edge_weight_error >
+      10 * debug_max_relative_dual_steepest_edge_weight_error) {
+    highsLogDev(options_->log_options, HighsLogType::kInfo,
+                "Call %2d; Tick %8d: ", (int)debug_solve_call_num_,
+                debug_initial_build_synthetic_tick_);
+    highsLogDev(
+        options_->log_options, HighsLogType::kInfo,
+        "HEkk::debugDualSteepestEdgeWeights   Iteration %5d: Checked %2d "
+        "weights: "
+        "error = %10.4g; norm = %10.4g; relative error = %10.4g\n",
+        (int)iteration_count_, (int)num_check_weight,
+        dual_steepest_edge_weight_error, dual_steepest_edge_weight_norm,
+        relative_dual_steepest_edge_weight_error);
+    fflush(stdout);
+    debug_max_relative_dual_steepest_edge_weight_error =
+        relative_dual_steepest_edge_weight_error;
+    if (relative_dual_steepest_edge_weight_error >
+        large_relative_dual_steepest_edge_weight_error)
+      return HighsDebugStatus::kLargeError;
+  }
+  return HighsDebugStatus::kOk;
+}
+
+HighsDebugStatus HEkk::debugRowMatrix() const {
+  /*
+  printf("Checking row-wise matrix\n");
+  for (HighsInt row = 0; row < numRow; row++) {
+    for (HighsInt el = ARstart[row]; el < AR_Nend[row]; el++) {
+      HighsInt col = ARindex[el];
+      if (!nonbasicFlag_[col]) {
+        printf("Row-wise matrix error: col %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT ", (el = %"
+  HIGHSINT_FORMAT " for row %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT ") is basic\n", col, el, row);
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
+    for (HighsInt el = AR_Nend[row]; el < ARstart[row + 1]; el++) {
+      HighsInt col = ARindex[el];
+      if (nonbasicFlag_[col]) {
+        printf(
+            "Row-wise matrix error: col %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT ", (el = %"
+  HIGHSINT_FORMAT " for row %" HIGHSINT_FORMAT ") is nonbasic\n", col, el, row);
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  */
+  return HighsDebugStatus::kOk;
+}
+
+HighsDebugStatus HEkk::debugComputeDual(const bool initialise) const {
+  static vector<double> previous_dual;
+  const HighsSimplexInfo& info = this->info_;
+  if (initialise) {
+    previous_dual = info.workDual_;
+    return HighsDebugStatus::kOk;
+  }
+  const HighsOptions& options = *(this->options_);
+  //  if (options.highs_debug_level < kHighsDebugLevelCheap) return
+  //  HighsDebugStatus::kNotChecked;
+  const HighsLp& lp = this->lp_;
+  const SimplexBasis& basis = this->basis_;
+
+  double norm_basic_costs = 0;
+  for (HighsInt iRow = 0; iRow < lp_.num_row_; iRow++) {
+    const double value = info.workCost_[basis.basicIndex_[iRow]] +
+                         info.workShift_[basis.basicIndex_[iRow]];
+    norm_basic_costs = max(fabs(value), norm_basic_costs);
+  }
+
+  vector<double> new_dual = info.workDual_;
+  vector<double> delta_dual;
+  HighsInt num_tot = lp.num_col_ + lp.num_row_;
+  delta_dual.assign(num_tot, 0);
+  HighsInt num_dual_sign_change = 0;
+  HighsInt num_delta_dual_values = 0;
+  double norm_nonbasic_costs = 0;
+  for (HighsInt iVar = 0; iVar < num_tot; iVar++) {
+    if (!basis.nonbasicFlag_[iVar]) continue;
+    double value = info.workCost_[iVar] + info.workShift_[iVar];
+    norm_nonbasic_costs = max(fabs(value), norm_nonbasic_costs);
+  }
+
+  const double zero_delta_dual =
+      max(0.5 * (norm_basic_costs + norm_nonbasic_costs) * 1e-16, 1e-16);
+  for (HighsInt iVar = 0; iVar < num_tot; iVar++) {
+    if (!basis.nonbasicFlag_[iVar]) {
+      previous_dual[iVar] = 0;
+      new_dual[iVar] = 0;
+      continue;
+    }
+    double delta = new_dual[iVar] - previous_dual[iVar];
+    if (fabs(delta) < zero_delta_dual) continue;
+    delta_dual[iVar] = delta;
+    const bool sign_change =
+        fabs(previous_dual[iVar]) > options.dual_feasibility_tolerance &&
+        fabs(new_dual[iVar]) > options.dual_feasibility_tolerance &&
+        previous_dual[iVar] * new_dual[iVar] < 0;
+    if (sign_change) num_dual_sign_change++;
+    num_delta_dual_values++;
+  }
+  if (num_delta_dual_values) {
+    printf(
+        "\nHEkk::debugComputeDual Iteration %d: Number of dual sign changes = "
+        "%d\n",
+        (int)iteration_count_, (int)num_dual_sign_change);
+    printf("   |cB| = %g; |cN| = %g; zero delta dual = %g\n", norm_basic_costs,
+           norm_nonbasic_costs, zero_delta_dual);
+    //    analyseVectorValues(&options.log_options, "Previous duals", num_tot,
+    //    previous_dual); analyseVectorValues(&options.log_options, "New duals",
+    //    num_tot, new_dual);
+    analyseVectorValues(&options.log_options, "Delta duals", num_tot,
+                        delta_dual);
+  }
+  return HighsDebugStatus::kOk;
+}
+
+HighsDebugStatus HEkk::debugSimplexDualInfeasible(const std::string message,
+                                                  const bool force_report) {
+  const HighsSimplexInfo& info = this->info_;
+  computeSimplexDualInfeasible();
+  if (info.num_dual_infeasibilities || force_report)
+    printf(
+        "Iteration %6d: %s num / max / sum dual infeasibilities is %d / %g / "
+        "%g\n",
+        (int)iteration_count_, message.c_str(),
+        (int)info.num_dual_infeasibilities, info.max_dual_infeasibility,
+        info.sum_dual_infeasibilities);
+  return HighsDebugStatus::kOk;
+}
+
+bool HEkk::debugNoShiftsOrPerturbations() const {
+  switch (model_status_) {
+    case HighsModelStatus::kOptimal: {
+      if (this->info_.costs_shifted || this->info_.costs_perturbed ||
+          this->info_.bounds_shifted || this->info_.bounds_perturbed) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+    case HighsModelStatus::kInfeasible: {
+      if (this->info_.bounds_shifted || this->info_.bounds_perturbed) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+    case HighsModelStatus::kUnboundedOrInfeasible: {
+      if (this->info_.costs_shifted || this->info_.costs_perturbed) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+    default:
+      return true;
+  }
+  return true;
+}