konstructor 0.1.0

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data/.gitignore

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+/.bundle/
+/.yardoc
+/Gemfile.lock
+/_yardoc/
+/coverage/
+/doc/
+/pkg/
+/spec/reports/
+/tmp/

data/.travis.yml

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+sudo: false
+language: ruby
+rvm:
+  - 2.3.0
+before_install: gem install bundler -v 1.13.6

data/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md

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+# Contributor Covenant Code of Conduct
+
+## Our Pledge
+
+In the interest of fostering an open and welcoming environment, we as
+contributors and maintainers pledge to making participation in our project and
+our community a harassment-free experience for everyone, regardless of age, body
+size, disability, ethnicity, gender identity and expression, level of experience,
+nationality, personal appearance, race, religion, or sexual identity and
+orientation.
+
+## Our Standards
+
+Examples of behavior that contributes to creating a positive environment
+include:
+
+* Using welcoming and inclusive language
+* Being respectful of differing viewpoints and experiences
+* Gracefully accepting constructive criticism
+* Focusing on what is best for the community
+* Showing empathy towards other community members
+
+Examples of unacceptable behavior by participants include:
+
+* The use of sexualized language or imagery and unwelcome sexual attention or
+advances
+* Trolling, insulting/derogatory comments, and personal or political attacks
+* Public or private harassment
+* Publishing others' private information, such as a physical or electronic
+  address, without explicit permission
+* Other conduct which could reasonably be considered inappropriate in a
+  professional setting
+
+## Our Responsibilities
+
+Project maintainers are responsible for clarifying the standards of acceptable
+behavior and are expected to take appropriate and fair corrective action in
+response to any instances of unacceptable behavior.
+
+Project maintainers have the right and responsibility to remove, edit, or
+reject comments, commits, code, wiki edits, issues, and other contributions
+that are not aligned to this Code of Conduct, or to ban temporarily or
+permanently any contributor for other behaviors that they deem inappropriate,
+threatening, offensive, or harmful.
+
+## Scope
+
+This Code of Conduct applies both within project spaces and in public spaces
+when an individual is representing the project or its community. Examples of
+representing a project or community include using an official project e-mail
+address, posting via an official social media account, or acting as an appointed
+representative at an online or offline event. Representation of a project may be
+further defined and clarified by project maintainers.
+
+## Enforcement
+
+Instances of abusive, harassing, or otherwise unacceptable behavior may be
+reported by contacting the project team at dm.lashkov@gmail.com. All
+complaints will be reviewed and investigated and will result in a response that
+is deemed necessary and appropriate to the circumstances. The project team is
+obligated to maintain confidentiality with regard to the reporter of an incident.
+Further details of specific enforcement policies may be posted separately.
+
+Project maintainers who do not follow or enforce the Code of Conduct in good
+faith may face temporary or permanent repercussions as determined by other
+members of the project's leadership.
+
+## Attribution
+
+This Code of Conduct is adapted from the [Contributor Covenant][homepage], version 1.4,
+available at [http://contributor-covenant.org/version/1/4][version]
+
+[homepage]: http://contributor-covenant.org
+[version]: http://contributor-covenant.org/version/1/4/

data/Gemfile

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+source 'https://rubygems.org'
+
+# Specify your gem's dependencies in konstructor.gemspec
+gemspec

data/LICENSE.txt

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+The MIT License (MIT)
+
+Copyright (c) 2017 Dima Lashkov
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+THE SOFTWARE.

data/README.md

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+# Konstructor
+
+Konstructor is a small gem that gives you multiple
+constructors in Ruby.
+
+To define custom constructors use `konstructor` keyword:
+```ruby
+class SomeClass
+  konstructor
+  def create(val)
+    @val = val
+  end 
+  
+  attr_reader :val
+end
+
+obj0 = SomeClass.new
+obj0.val # nil
+
+obj1 = SomeClass.create(3)
+obj1.val # 3
+```
+It's similar to having overloaded constructors in other languages.
+
+## Installation
+
+Via Gemfile:
+
+```ruby
+gem 'konstructor' #, require: 'konstructor/core_ext' 
+```
+
+and then execute `bundle`. 
+
+Uncomment require option to skip adding 
+`include Konstructor` every time you want to use `konstructor` keyword. 
+
+You can also install it without Bundler:
+
+    $ gem install konstructor
+
+## Usage
+
+When no names are given `konstructor` just affects the next method:
+
+ ```ruby
+ konstructor
+ def create
+ end
+ 
+ konstructor
+ def recreate
+ end
+ ```
+ 
+ When names are given, it makes those methods konstructors:
+ 
+ ```ruby
+ konstructor :create, :recreate
+ 
+ def create
+ end
+ 
+ def recreate
+ end
+ ```
+ 
+ Call with names can be placed anywhere in class definition:
+ 
+ ```ruby
+  def create
+  end
+  konstructor :create
+  
+  konstructor
+  def recreate
+  end
+ ```
+ 
+ In all above cases the class will have the default constructor 
+ and two custom ones:
+ 
+ ```ruby
+ obj0 = SomeClass.new
+ obj1 = SomeClass.create
+ obj2 = SomeClass.recreate
+ ```
+ 
+### Same as default constructor
+ 
+Konstructors work exactly the same way as built-in Ruby constructor.
+You can pass blocks to them: 
+
+```ruby
+konstructor
+def create(val)
+  @val = yield val
+end
+
+obj = SomeClass.create(3) { |v| v*3 }
+obj.val # 9
+```
+
+You can override konstructors in subclasses and call `super`. 
+Once method is a marked as konstructor in hierarchy, 
+it is always a konstructor.
+                                   
+Methods inherited from superclasses can't become konstructors in 
+subclasses. To achieve the effect, define a new method, 
+mark it as konstructor and call the inherited one. 
+
+### Reserved names
+
+Using reserved method names `new` and `initialize` for custom 
+constructor definition will raise an error:
+```ruby
+konstructor
+def initialize # raises Konstructor::ReservedNameError
+end
+```
+or
+```ruby
+konstructor
+def new # raises Konstructor::ReservedNameError
+end
+```
+
+### Defining konstructors in Modules
+
+Modules can't have konstructors. Use `ActiveSupport::Concern` and 
+define konstructor in `included` block.
+
+### Using with other gems
+
+Konstructor doesn't affect other gems, including those
+that depend on metaprogramming, such as rake, thor, contracts, etc.
+
+For instnace, Konstructor works with contracts gem:
+```ruby
+  class SomeClass
+    konstructor
+    Contract Num => SomeClass
+    def create(some_number)
+      @number = some_number
+    end
+  end    
+```
+  
+If you stumble upon a metaprogramming gem that 
+conflicts with Konstructor, please open an issue.
+
+### Removing default constructor
+
+You can effectively remove default Ruby construtor
+by marking it as private:
+```ruby
+class SomeClass
+  private_class_method :new
+end   
+```
+ 
+## Performance
+ 
+Konstructor does all its work when class is being defined. Once class
+has been defined, it's just standard Ruby instance creation.
+Therefore, it's as fast as standard Ruby constructor. 
+
+If there is a slowdown during startup, it should be comparable 
+to the one of `attr_accessor` or `ActiveSupport::Concern`. 
+  
+## Thread safety
+  
+Konstructor is thread safe.
+  
+## Details
+
+Ruby constructor is a pair consisting of public factory method defined
+on a class and a private instance method. Therefore, 
+`konstructor` marks instance method as private and defines a 
+corresponding public class method with the same name.
+
+You can check if certain instance method name has been declared as 
+constructor or is a default constructor by running.
+```ruby
+Konstructor.is?(SomeClass, :initialize) # true
+Konstructor.is?(SomeClass, :create) # true
+Konstructor.is?(SomeClass, :recreate) # true
+Konstructor.is?(SomeClass, :something_else) # false
+``` 
+ 
+It will return true even if there is not such constructor has 
+been defined yet. Like:
+```ruby
+class SomeClass
+  konstructor :create
+end
+```
+Konstructor body may be supplied in subclasses.
+
+## Contributing
+
+Bug reports and pull requests are welcome on GitHub at 
+https://github.com/snovity/konstructor. This project is intended to be
+a safe, welcoming space for collaboration, and contributors are 
+expected to adhere to the 
+[Contributor Covenant](http://contributor-covenant.org) 
+code of conduct.
+
+## License
+
+The gem is available as open source under the terms of the 
+[MIT License](http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT).
+

data/Rakefile

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+require "bundler/gem_tasks"
+require "rspec/core/rake_task"
+
+RSpec::Core::RakeTask.new(:spec)
+
+task :default => :spec

data/bin/console

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+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+
+require 'bundler/setup'
+require 'konstructor'
+
+# You can add fixtures and/or initialization code here to make experimenting
+# with your gem easier. You can also use a different console, if you like.
+
+# (If you use this, don't forget to add pry to your Gemfile!)
+require 'pry'
+Pry.start

data/bin/setup

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+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+set -euo pipefail
+IFS=$'\n\t'
+set -vx
+
+bundle install
+
+# Do any other automated setup that you need to do here

data/konstructor.gemspec

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+# coding: utf-8
+require_relative 'lib/konstructor/version'
+
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = 'konstructor'
+  spec.version       = Konstructor::VERSION
+  spec.authors       = ['Dima Lashkov']
+  spec.email         = ['dm.lashkov@gmail.com']
+
+  spec.summary       = %q{Multiple constructors in Ruby.}
+  # few paragraphs with no examples or formatting
+  spec.description   = %q{
+    Konstructor is a small gem that gives you multiple constructors in Ruby.
+    It's similar to having overloaded constructors in other languages.
+  }
+  spec.homepage      = 'https://github.com/snovity/konstructor'
+  spec.license       = 'MIT'
+  spec.required_ruby_version = '>= 2.0.0'
+
+  spec.files         = `git ls-files -z`.split("\x0").reject do |f|
+    f.match(%r{^(test|spec|features)/})
+  end
+  # the reason to use exe is to distinguish between gem development binaries
+  # and gem runtime binaries
+  spec.bindir        = 'exe'
+  spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{^exe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+
+  spec.add_development_dependency 'bundler', '~> 1.13'
+  spec.add_development_dependency 'rake', '~> 10.0'
+  spec.add_development_dependency 'rspec', '~> 3.0'
+  spec.add_development_dependency 'pry-byebug', '~> 3.4'
+  spec.add_development_dependency 'activesupport', '~> 4.2'
+
+  # to test conflicts, specifying precise versions since below version 1 and no semver guarantees
+  spec.add_development_dependency 'thor', '0.19.4'
+  spec.add_development_dependency 'contracts', '0.14.0'
+  spec.add_development_dependency 'constructor', '2.0.0'
+end

data/lib/konstructor.rb

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+require 'konstructor/version'
+require 'konstructor/exceptions'
+require 'konstructor/simple_method_hook'
+require 'konstructor/factory'
+
+module Konstructor
+
+  module KonstructorMethod
+    private
+
+    # TODO: ADD DOCS
+    def konstructor(*new_names)
+      Konstructor.declare(self, new_names)
+    end
+  end
+
+  DEFAULT_NAMES = [:initialize]
+  RESERVED_NAMES = [:new, :initialize]
+
+  class << self
+    def reserved?(name)
+      RESERVED_NAMES.include?(name.to_sym)
+    end
+
+    def default?(name)
+      DEFAULT_NAMES.include?(name.to_sym)
+    end
+
+    def declared?(klass, name)
+      konstructor = get_factory(klass)
+      if konstructor
+        konstructor.declared?(name.to_sym)
+      else
+        false
+      end
+    end
+
+    def declare(klass, new_names)
+      setup_method_added_hook(klass)
+      get_or_init_factory(klass).declare(new_names)
+    end
+
+    def method_added_to_klass(klass, name)
+      get_or_init_factory(klass).method_added_to_klass(name)
+    end
+
+    def is?(klass, name)
+      default?(name) || declared?(klass, name)
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def get_factory(klass)
+      klass.instance_variable_get(:@konstructor)
+    end
+
+    def init_factory(klass)
+      # using variable @konstructor to minimize footprint, although saving factory there
+      klass.instance_variable_set(:@konstructor, Factory.new(klass))
+    end
+
+    def get_or_init_factory(klass)
+      get_factory(klass) || init_factory(klass)
+    end
+
+    def setup_method_added_hook(klass)
+      SimpleMethodHook.setup(klass)
+    end
+
+    # Overriden append_features prevents default behavior
+    # of including all the constants, variables to the base class.
+    # It adds only one method 'konstructor'.
+    def append_features(klass)
+      unless klass.is_a? Class
+        raise IncludeInModuleError, klass
+      end
+
+      klass.extend(KonstructorMethod)
+    end
+  end
+
+end

data/lib/konstructor/core_ext.rb

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+require_relative '../konstructor'
+
+class Class
+
+  include Konstructor::KonstructorMethod
+
+end

data/lib/konstructor/exceptions.rb

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+module Konstructor
+
+  class ReservedNameError < StandardError
+    def initialize(name)
+      super "Custom constructor can't have name '#{name}', "
+            "it is reserved for default constructor."
+    end
+  end
+
+  class IncludeInModuleError < StandardError
+    def initialize(base)
+      super "Konstructor can't be included in module '#{base.name}' directly, " +
+            "please, use ActiveSupport::Concern or included hook directly."
+    end
+  end
+
+end

data/lib/konstructor/factory.rb

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+module Konstructor
+  class Factory
+
+    def initialize(klass)
+      @klass = klass
+      @konstructor_names = []
+      @next_method_is_konstructor = false
+    end
+
+    def declare(new_names)
+      if new_names.empty?
+        @next_method_is_konstructor = true
+      else
+        @next_method_is_konstructor = false
+        process_new_names(new_names)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # once method is a konstructor, it is always a konstructor, this differs
+    # from the way private, protected works, if overriding method isn't repeatedly marked as private
+    # it becomes public
+    def declared?(name)
+      declared_in_self?(name) || declared_in_superclass?(name)
+    end
+
+    def method_added_to_klass(name)
+      name = name.to_sym
+
+      if @next_method_is_konstructor
+        @next_method_is_konstructor = false
+        @konstructor_names << name
+        define(name)
+      elsif declared?(name)
+        define(name)
+      end
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def declared_in_self?(name)
+      @konstructor_names.include?(name.to_sym)
+    end
+
+    def declared_in_superclass?(name)
+      current_klass = @klass
+
+      # looking for superclass with Konstructor class instance
+      while current_klass.respond_to?(:superclass) && current_klass.superclass.respond_to?(:konstructor, true)
+        current_klass = current_klass.superclass
+        return true if Konstructor.declared?(current_klass, name)
+      end
+
+      false
+    end
+
+    def process_new_names(new_names)
+      new_names = new_names.map(&:to_sym)
+      @konstructor_names.concat(new_names)
+
+      new_names.each do |name|
+        if has_own_method?(name)
+          define(name)
+        else
+          # not sure if konstructor ever will be defined,
+          # but informing about the problem anyway
+          validate_name(name)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def has_own_method?(name)
+      method_defined = @klass.method_defined?(name) || @klass.private_method_defined?(name)
+      superclass_method_defined = @klass.respond_to?(:superclass) && (
+        @klass.superclass.method_defined?(name) || @klass.superclass.private_method_defined?(name)
+      )
+      method_defined && !superclass_method_defined
+    end
+
+    # this method is idempotent
+    def define(name)
+      validate_name(name)
+
+      # defining class method
+      @klass.instance_eval <<-RUBY, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
+        def #{name}(*args, &block)
+          instance = allocate
+          instance.__send__(:#{name}, *args, &block)
+          instance
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      # marking instance method as private
+      @klass.__send__(:private, name)
+    end
+
+    def validate_name(name)
+      if Konstructor.reserved?(name)
+        raise ReservedNameError, name
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/konstructor/konstructor_method_hook.rb

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+module Konstructor
+  module KonstructorMethodHook
+
+    # Experimental and currently not used method_added hook approach protecting against method_added
+    # overrides that are not calling super (hopefully, there is no such code in the wild).
+    #
+    # Since method_added hook is idempotent, there would be no harm done even if
+    # overridding method_added actually had super call and Konstructor's hook would be
+    # called twice as a result of this.
+    def self.setup(base)
+      method_added_method = base.method(:method_added)
+      if method_added_method.source_location
+        method_added_file_path = method_added_method.source_location.first
+        return if method_added_file_path.include?('konstructor_method_hook')
+      end
+
+      base.instance_exec do
+        private
+
+        alias konstructor_super_method_added method_added
+
+        def method_added(name)
+          @konstructor ||= Konstructor.new(self)
+          @konstructor.method_added_to_klass(name)
+          konstructor_super_method_added(name)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+  end
+end

data/lib/konstructor/simple_method_hook.rb

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+module Konstructor
+  module SimpleMethodHook
+
+    private
+
+    def method_added(name)
+      Konstructor.method_added_to_klass(self, name)
+      super
+    end
+
+    def self.setup(base)
+      class << base
+        # Ruby itself checks against double include
+        include Konstructor::SimpleMethodHook
+      end
+    end
+
+  end
+end

data/lib/konstructor/version.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+module Konstructor
+  VERSION = '0.1.0'
+end

metadata

@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+--- !ruby/object:Gem::Specification
+name: konstructor
+version: !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+  version: 0.1.0
+platform: ruby
+authors:
+- Dima Lashkov
+autorequire: 
+bindir: exe
+cert_chain: []
+date: 2017-01-23 00:00:00.000000000 Z
+dependencies:
+- !ruby/object:Gem::Dependency
+  name: bundler
+  requirement: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    requirements:
+    - - "~>"
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: '1.13'
+  type: :development
+  prerelease: false
+  version_requirements: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    requirements:
+    - - "~>"
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: '1.13'
+- !ruby/object:Gem::Dependency
+  name: rake
+  requirement: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    requirements:
+    - - "~>"
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: '10.0'
+  type: :development
+  prerelease: false
+  version_requirements: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    requirements:
+    - - "~>"
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: '10.0'
+- !ruby/object:Gem::Dependency
+  name: rspec
+  requirement: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    requirements:
+    - - "~>"
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: '3.0'
+  type: :development
+  prerelease: false
+  version_requirements: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    requirements:
+    - - "~>"
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: '3.0'
+- !ruby/object:Gem::Dependency
+  name: pry-byebug
+  requirement: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    requirements:
+    - - "~>"
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: '3.4'
+  type: :development
+  prerelease: false
+  version_requirements: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    requirements:
+    - - "~>"
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: '3.4'
+- !ruby/object:Gem::Dependency
+  name: activesupport
+  requirement: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    requirements:
+    - - "~>"
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: '4.2'
+  type: :development
+  prerelease: false
+  version_requirements: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    requirements:
+    - - "~>"
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: '4.2'
+- !ruby/object:Gem::Dependency
+  name: thor
+  requirement: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    requirements:
+    - - '='
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: 0.19.4
+  type: :development
+  prerelease: false
+  version_requirements: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    requirements:
+    - - '='
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: 0.19.4
+- !ruby/object:Gem::Dependency
+  name: contracts
+  requirement: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    requirements:
+    - - '='
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: 0.14.0
+  type: :development
+  prerelease: false
+  version_requirements: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    requirements:
+    - - '='
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: 0.14.0
+- !ruby/object:Gem::Dependency
+  name: constructor
+  requirement: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    requirements:
+    - - '='
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: 2.0.0
+  type: :development
+  prerelease: false
+  version_requirements: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    requirements:
+    - - '='
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: 2.0.0
+description: "\n    Konstructor is a small gem that gives you multiple constructors
+  in Ruby.\n    It's similar to having overloaded constructors in other languages.\n
+  \ "
+email:
+- dm.lashkov@gmail.com
+executables: []
+extensions: []
+extra_rdoc_files: []
+files:
+- ".gitignore"
+- ".travis.yml"
+- CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md
+- Gemfile
+- LICENSE.txt
+- README.md
+- Rakefile
+- bin/console
+- bin/setup
+- konstructor.gemspec
+- lib/konstructor.rb
+- lib/konstructor/core_ext.rb
+- lib/konstructor/exceptions.rb
+- lib/konstructor/factory.rb
+- lib/konstructor/konstructor_method_hook.rb
+- lib/konstructor/simple_method_hook.rb
+- lib/konstructor/version.rb
+homepage: https://github.com/snovity/konstructor
+licenses:
+- MIT
+metadata: {}
+post_install_message: 
+rdoc_options: []
+require_paths:
+- lib
+required_ruby_version: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+  requirements:
+  - - ">="
+    - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+      version: 2.0.0
+required_rubygems_version: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+  requirements:
+  - - ">="
+    - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+      version: '0'
+requirements: []
+rubyforge_project: 
+rubygems_version: 2.5.1
+signing_key: 
+specification_version: 4
+summary: Multiple constructors in Ruby.
+test_files: []