hoptracker 1.0.0

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+  data.tar.gz: 32b1e15dd7777677f9cc574443fec65a33069ca8ce472ccf66c2e5f300a9a2fa
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data/LICENSE

@@ -0,0 +1,232 @@
+GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
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+END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
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+How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
+
+If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
+
+To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the “copyright” line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
+
+     hoptracker
+     Copyright (C) 2024  mark22k
+
+     This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
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+     This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License for more details.
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+Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
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+If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:
+
+     hoptracker  Copyright (C) 2024  mark22k
+     This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
+     This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
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+The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, your program's commands might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an “about box”.
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+
+The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General Public License instead of this License. But first, please read <https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html>.

data/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# hoptracker
+
+hoptracker has the following range of functions:
+- Determine the hops on the path.
+- Determine the MTU of the path and where it changes.
+- Estimate how many hops a hop took back to the local computer and display the corresponding asymmetry.
+- Show latency (or loss) of three probes to each hop.
+
+HopTracker has the following features:
+- Use of Paris traceroute methods to maintain the same path for load balancing.
+- Use of 33434 as destination port.
+- Since the program does not work asynchronously, latency errors of around 0.1 ms may occur.

data/bin/hoptracker

@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+# sharable_constant_value: literal
+
+require 'hoptracker/prober'
+
+prober = HopTracker::Prober.new ARGV[0]
+
+# Set the MTU to the maximum and the TTL counter to 1
+counter = 1
+mtu = 65535
+
+# Probe until the maximum TTL is reached.
+while counter < 256
+  message = "#{counter}:"
+
+  result = prober.probe counter, mtu
+
+  unless result[:hop_names].empty?
+    names = result[:hop_names].map do |name|
+      case name[:type] 
+      when :none
+        "NONE?"
+      when :local
+        "LOCAL"
+      when :address
+        ip_name = name[:address].ip_address
+        begin
+          rdns = name[:address].getnameinfo[0]
+        rescue Socket::ResolutionError => e
+          rdns = "failure!"
+        end
+
+        ip_name += " (#{rdns})" if rdns && rdns != ip_name
+
+        ip_name
+      end
+    end
+    message += " hop #{names.join ' '}"
+  end
+
+  if result[:mtus].empty?
+    unless result[:hop_ttls].empty?
+      message += " ttl #{result[:hop_ttls].join ' '}"
+    end
+
+    unless result[:hop_asymms].empty?
+      message += " asymm #{result[:hop_asymms].join ' '}"
+    end
+
+    unless result[:hop_latencies].empty?
+      latencies = result[:hop_latencies].map do |latency|
+        format('%.3f', latency * 1000)
+      end
+      message += " latency #{latencies.join ' '}"
+
+      message += " lost #{3 - result[:hop_latencies].length}/3"
+    end
+  else
+    mtu = result[:mtus].min
+    message += " mtu #{result[:mtus].join ' '}"
+  end
+  
+  if result[:hop_latencies].empty? && result[:mtus].empty? && result[:hop_names].empty?
+    message += ' no reply'
+  end
+
+  if result[:target_reached]
+    message += ' reached'
+  end
+
+  puts message
+
+  break if result[:target_reached]
+
+  counter += 1 if result[:mtus].empty?
+end

data/lib/hoptracker/constants.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+# sharable_constant_value: literal
+
+module HopTracker
+
+    RECVERR_ORIGINS = {
+      SO_EE_ORIGIN_NONE: 0,
+      SO_EE_ORIGIN_LOCAL: 1,
+      SO_EE_ORIGIN_ICMP: 2,
+      SO_EE_ORIGIN_ICMP6: 3
+    }
+
+end

data/lib/hoptracker/exceptions.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+# sharable_constant_value: literal
+
+module HopTracker
+
+    class HopTrackerError < StandardError; end
+    class FailedToInitializeProber < HopTrackerError; end
+    class ProbeError < HopTrackerError; end
+    class InvalidReturnedProbe < ProbeError; end
+
+end

data/lib/hoptracker/prober.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,331 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+# sharable_constant_value: literal
+
+# I will only refer to TTL in the documentation. With IPv6, I am of course referring to the hop limit.
+
+module HopTracker
+
+  # Helper function: Returns the Errno name for an Errno number.
+  #
+  # @param errno_number [Integer] 
+  # @return [Symbol]
+  def self.errno_name(errno_number)
+    Errno.constants.each do |constant_name|
+      if Errno.const_get(constant_name)::Errno == errno_number
+        return constant_name
+      end
+    end
+    return nil
+  end
+
+  # The Prober class provides tools to probe the hops on the way to a destination.
+  #
+  # A type check does not take place in any function of the class. It is assumed that the correct type (and within its value limits) is used for each argument.
+  class Prober
+
+    require 'socket'
+    require 'msgpack'
+    require 'active_support'
+    require 'active_support/core_ext'
+    require_relative 'exceptions'
+    require_relative 'constants'
+
+    # @param destination [String] The destination (an IP address or host name)
+    def initialize(destination)
+      # If necessary, resolve the DNS name and return the corresponding Addrinfo object
+      possible_destinations = Addrinfo.getaddrinfo(destination, 33434, nil, Socket::SOCK_DGRAM, Socket::IPPROTO_UDP)
+      # Delete all objects that do not have an IP address (such as Unix sockets)
+      possible_destinations.keep_if(&:ip?)
+      # If there are no more addresses left, there is a problem.
+      raise FailedToInitializeProber, 'No addresses available for probing' if possible_destinations.empty?
+      # The destination should be the first remaining address.
+      @destination = possible_destinations[0]
+
+      # Next, we create a socket. This automatically binds to a fixed local port so that this no longer needs to be done later with #bind.
+      # The fixed local port is one of the prerequisites for Paris-Traceroute.
+      @socket = @destination.connect
+
+      # Next, we allow errors to be received, which means that we will later have ICMP error messages. Furthermore, we set the flag for MTU Discover so that packets are not fragmented. We also want to know the TTL of the packet we are receiving.
+      # Requires patch  for IPv6
+      if @destination.ipv6?
+        # Some constants are currently missing for IPv6. I have created both a bug report [1] and a PR [2] for this.
+        # [1] https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/20258
+        # [2] https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/9930
+        if defined?(Socket::IPV6_RECVERR) && defined?(Socket::IPV6_MTU_DISCOVER)
+          @socket.setsockopt Socket::IPPROTO_IPV6, Socket::IPV6_RECVERR, 1
+          @socket.setsockopt Socket::IPPROTO_IPV6, Socket::IPV6_MTU_DISCOVER, 3
+        else
+          # Since the program should still try to work, we use frequently used numbers as a fallback.
+          warn "Please use a Ruby version that includes PR#9930 on GitHub or has closed bug #20258. Using fallback numbers... This can lead to errors."
+          @socket.setsockopt Socket::IPPROTO_IPV6, 25, 1
+          @socket.setsockopt Socket::IPPROTO_IPV6, 23, 3
+        end
+        @socket.setsockopt Socket::IPPROTO_IPV6, Socket::IPV6_RECVHOPLIMIT, 1
+      else
+        @socket.setsockopt Socket::IPPROTO_IP, Socket::IP_RECVERR, 1
+        @socket.setsockopt Socket::IPPROTO_IP, Socket::IP_MTU_DISCOVER, 3
+        @socket.setsockopt Socket::IPPROTO_IP, Socket::IP_RECVTTL, 1
+      end
+    rescue SocketError => e
+      # If there is an error when creating the socket, the traceroute cannot be executed.
+      raise FailedToInitializeProber, e.message
+    end
+
+    # Probe sends a probe, receives it and creates a usable result.
+    #
+    # @param ttl [Integer]
+    # @param mtu [Integer]
+    def probe(ttl, mtu)
+      sended_probes = send_probes ttl, mtu, 3
+      received_probes = receive_probes ttl, mtu, 3, 5
+      result = process_probes sended_probes, received_probes, ttl
+
+      return result
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def process_probes(sended_probes, received_probes, ttl)
+      # First, the latency is calculated for each probe.
+      probes = received_probes.map do |probe|
+        # The latency can only be determined if it is known which probe has returned. However, it can happen that none are returned. Therefore, the latency cannot be calculated.
+        if probe[:probe_n]
+          received_time = probe[:time]
+          sended_time = sended_probes[probe[:probe_n]][:send_time]
+          # To do this, the time when the probe was sent is minus the time when the probe (or the error message from it) was received.
+          latency = received_time - sended_time
+          probe[:latency] = latency
+        end
+        probe.delete :time
+
+        probe
+      end
+
+      # Now each probe is processed. This means interpreting the data received and saving simplified results.
+      probes.map do |probe|
+        probe[:controls].each do |control|
+          # To do this, every Control message received is scanned. These contain, for example, the sender of the ICMP error message and therefore a hop address.
+          if control.cmsg_is?(Socket::IPPROTO_IP, Socket::IP_RECVERR) || control.cmsg_is?(Socket::IPPROTO_IPV6, Socket::IPV6_RECVERR)
+            # Although IPv4 and IPv6 are different, the structures that are returned appear to be the same for both.
+            # The structure is documented under man recvmsg MSG_ERRQUEUE. As there are no C structs (and therefore sock_extended_err) in Ruby, the message is evaluated using unpack.
+            errno, origin, type, code, pad, info, data = control.data.unpack('LCCCCLL')
+            if origin == RECVERR_ORIGINS[:SO_EE_ORIGIN_NONE]
+              probe[:hop_name] = { type: :none }
+            elsif origin == RECVERR_ORIGINS[:SO_EE_ORIGIN_LOCAL]
+              probe[:hop_name] = { type: :local }
+              if errno == Errno::EMSGSIZE::Errno
+                probe[:mtu] = info
+              else
+                # If an unknown error message is returned, this still needs to be implemented.
+                warn "Unknown errno: #{HopTracker::errno_name errno} / #{control.inspect}"
+              end
+            else # RECVERR_ORIGINS[:SO_EE_ORIGIN_ICMP] or RECVERR_ORIGINS[:SO_EE_ORIGIN_ICMP6]
+              if errno == Errno::EHOSTUNREACH::Errno
+                address = Addrinfo.new(control.data[16..])
+                probe[:hop_name] = { type: :address, address: }
+              elsif errno == Errno::ECONNREFUSED::Errno
+                address = Addrinfo.new(control.data[16..])
+                probe[:hop_name] = { type: :address, address: }
+                  probe[:target_reached] = true
+              elsif errno == Errno::EMSGSIZE::Errno
+                  address = Addrinfo.new(control.data[16..])
+                  probe[:hop_name] = { type: :address, address: }
+                  probe[:mtu] = info
+              else
+                # If an unknown error message is returned, this still needs to be implemented.
+                warn "Unknown errno: #{HopTracker::errno_name errno} / #{control.inspect}"
+              end
+            end
+          elsif control.cmsg_is?(Socket::IPPROTO_IP, Socket::IP_TTL) || control.cmsg_is?(Socket::IPPROTO_IPV6, Socket::IPV6_HOPLIMIT)
+            decoded_hop_ttl = control.data.unpack('L')
+            raise 'Failed to decode hop count' if decoded_hop_ttl.empty?
+            probe[:hop_ttl] = decoded_hop_ttl[0]
+          else
+            warn "Unknown control: #{control.inspect}"
+          end
+        end
+        # The evaluated data no longer needs to be saved.
+        probe.delete :controls
+
+        if probe[:hop_ttl]
+          # Guess how many hops the package took back
+          # I "stole" this if condition from tracepath.
+          asymm = if probe[:hop_ttl] <= 64
+                    65 - probe[:hop_ttl]
+                  elsif probe[:hop_ttl] <= 128
+                    129 - probe[:hop_ttl]
+                  else
+                    256 - probe[:hop_ttl]
+                  end
+          
+          # If it has a different number of hops than the outward path, make a note of this.
+          probe[:asymm] = asymm if asymm != ttl
+        end
+
+        # The evaluated data no longer needs to be saved.
+        probe.delete :flags
+        probe
+      end
+
+      result = nil
+
+      # Next, duplicate data is removed (except for latency).
+      # It is unlikely, but hoptracker could receive all three probe responses from different routers. If this is the case, this should not be "hidden", but communicated openly. However, if it is not the case, the output should still look nice - hence the removal of duplicates.
+      mtus = probes.map { |v| v[:mtu] }
+      mtus.compact!
+      mtus.uniq!
+
+      hop_names = probes.map { |v| v[:hop_name] }
+      hop_names.compact!
+      hop_names.uniq! do |name|
+        # Comparing Addrinfo objects seems to be difficult. Accordingly, searching for duplicates is also difficult.
+        [
+          name[:type],
+          name[:address]&.ip_address,
+          name[:address]&.ip_port,
+          name[:address]&.pfamily,
+          name[:address]&.protocol,
+          name[:address]&.socktype
+        ]
+      end
+
+      hop_ttls = probes.map { |v| v[:hop_ttl] }
+      hop_ttls.compact!
+      hop_ttls.uniq!
+
+      hop_asymms = probes.map { |v| v[:asymm] }
+      hop_asymms.compact!
+      hop_asymms.uniq!
+
+      hop_latencies = probes.map { |v| v[:latency] }
+      hop_latencies.compact!
+
+      target_reacheds = probes.map { |v| v[:target_reached] }
+      target_reacheds.compact!
+      target_reached = (! target_reacheds.include?(false)) && target_reacheds.include?(true)
+
+      result = {
+        hop_names:,
+        hop_asymms:,
+        hop_ttls:,
+        hop_latencies:,
+        target_reached:,
+        mtus:
+      }
+
+      return result
+    end
+
+    def receive_probes(ttl, mtu, n, timeout)
+      received_probes = []
+      begin_waiting = Time.now
+      while (Time.now - begin_waiting) < timeout.seconds && received_probes.length < n
+        # Thanks to https://stackoverflow.com/questions/77981387/how-can-i-see-icmp-error-messages-in-response-to-udp-messages-in-ruby#comment-137479018
+        probe = @socket.recvmsg_nonblock mtu, Socket::MSG_ERRQUEUE, mtu, exception: false
+
+        # If no probe can currently be received, the system should wait a maximum of timeout seconds. The loop should then abort.
+        if probe == :wait_readable
+          IO.select [@socket], nil, nil, timeout
+        else
+          begin
+            received_time = Time.now
+
+            raise InvalidReturnedProbe, 'Returned probe has a different destination.' unless probe[1].to_s == @destination.to_s
+
+            if probe[0].empty?
+              # If the message that was sent is not received again, either a router is incorrectly configured or an error message such as an MTU change is received. Since we cannot assign the probe (and the probe number, which is stored in the probe itself, is missing), no latency can be stored, which means that no time needs to be stored.
+              received_probes << {
+                flags: probe[2],
+                controls: probe[3..],
+                time: received_time
+              }
+            else
+              # The probe should be "unpacked" and checked for major errors. If possible, this should not take much time so that the program does not work asynchronously and the next probe should be received as soon as possible.
+              full_content = probe[0]
+
+              payload_length_information = full_content[0..1].unpack('n')
+              raise InvalidReturnedProbe, 'Could not unpack the length information.' if payload_length_information.empty?
+              payload_length_information = payload_length_information[0] + 1
+
+              begin
+                decoded_probe = MessagePack.unpack full_content[2..payload_length_information]
+              rescue MessagePack::MalformedFormatError => e
+                raise InvalidReturnedProbe, 'The encoded probe could not be decoded.'
+              end
+
+              raise InvalidReturnedProbe, 'Encoded data in probe is different than expected (root is not a hash).' unless decoded_probe.is_a? Hash
+              raise InvalidReturnedProbe, 'Encoded data in probe is different than expected (ttl is not a integer).' unless decoded_probe['ttl'].is_a? Integer
+              raise InvalidReturnedProbe, 'The TTL does not match the current probe.' unless decoded_probe['ttl'] == ttl
+
+              received_probes << {
+                probe_n: decoded_probe['probe_n'],
+                flags: probe[2],
+                controls: probe[3..],
+                time: received_time
+              }
+            end
+
+            # puts "It took #{(Time.now - received_time) * 1000} seconds to process the received probe."
+          rescue InvalidReturnedProbe => e
+            warn "Faulty probe: #{e.message} / #{probe.inspect}"
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      return received_probes
+    end
+
+    def send_probes(ttl, mtu, n)
+      set_ttl ttl
+
+      # IP header (IPv6 40 bytes, IPv4 20 bytes) + UDP header (8 Bytes) ... + payload
+      header_length = (@destination.ipv6? ? 40 : 20) + 8
+
+      # Send three probes
+      probes = []
+      n.times do |probe_n|
+        # Probe format:
+        # 16-bit integer (big-endian) - Length of the following message
+        #                               As 65535 is the maximum MTU, the maximum length of the message can be 65535. A 16-bit integer is therefore sufficient.
+        # MessagePack-encoded message - Consists of a hash with the following values:
+        #                               probe_n: Number of the probe. This allows the latency to be calculated later.
+        #                               ttl: TTL of the probe. This allows delayed probes to be ignored.
+        # Padding                     - Filled with zero bytes. This makes it possible to artificially increase the size of the message in order to reach the MTU.
+
+        # Create the message encoded with MessagePack.
+        payload = { probe_n:, ttl: }.to_msgpack
+        # Create the 16-bit integer (see probe format)
+        payload_length_information = [payload.length].pack('n')
+
+        # Calculation of the number of characters that must be filled to reach the MTU
+        padding_length = mtu - header_length - 2 - payload.length
+        # 2 = 16-bit-integer = payload length information
+
+        # If the message is too small for the MTU, this means that traceroute cannot be started. An error is thrown.
+        raise 'MTU too small' if padding_length.negative?
+
+        begin
+          @socket.sendmsg "#{payload_length_information}#{payload}#{"\0" * padding_length}", 0
+        rescue Errno::EMSGSIZE => e
+          # Ignore MTU errors when sending, as we process the error later when receiving the error message
+          # warn "Failed to send probe: #{e.message} - that's okay!"
+        end
+        probes << {
+          send_time: Time.now
+        }
+      end
+
+      return probes
+    end
+
+    def set_ttl(ttl)
+      if @destination.ipv6?
+        @socket.setsockopt Socket::IPPROTO_IPV6, Socket::IPV6_UNICAST_HOPS, ttl
+      else
+        @socket.setsockopt Socket::IPPROTO_IP, Socket::IP_TTL, ttl
+      end
+    end
+
+  end
+
+end

metadata

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+--- !ruby/object:Gem::Specification
+name: hoptracker
+version: !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+  version: 1.0.0
+platform: ruby
+authors:
+- Marek Küthe
+autorequire:
+bindir: bin
+cert_chain: []
+date: 2024-02-21 00:00:00.000000000 Z
+dependencies:
+- !ruby/object:Gem::Dependency
+  name: msgpack
+  requirement: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    requirements:
+    - - "~>"
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: '1.7'
+    - - ">="
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: 1.7.2
+  type: :runtime
+  prerelease: false
+  version_requirements: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    requirements:
+    - - "~>"
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: '1.7'
+    - - ">="
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: 1.7.2
+- !ruby/object:Gem::Dependency
+  name: activesupport
+  requirement: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    requirements:
+    - - "~>"
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: '7.1'
+    - - ">="
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: 7.1.3.2
+  type: :runtime
+  prerelease: false
+  version_requirements: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    requirements:
+    - - "~>"
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: '7.1'
+    - - ">="
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: 7.1.3.2
+description: hoptracker is a paris-traceroute-like program that can discover the hops
+  in the path, the path MTU and where it changes, measure the TTL/hop limit, guess
+  asymmetric return paths and measure the latency to each hop.
+email: m.k@mk16.de
+executables:
+- hoptracker
+extensions: []
+extra_rdoc_files:
+- LICENSE
+- README.md
+files:
+- LICENSE
+- README.md
+- bin/hoptracker
+- lib/hoptracker/constants.rb
+- lib/hoptracker/exceptions.rb
+- lib/hoptracker/prober.rb
+homepage: https://codeberg.org/mark22k/hoptracker
+licenses:
+- GPL-3.0-or-later
+metadata:
+  source_code_uri: https://codeberg.org/mark22k/hoptracker
+  bug_tracker_uri: https://codeberg.org/mark22k/hoptracker/issues
+  rubygems_mfa_required: 'true'
+post_install_message:
+rdoc_options: []
+require_paths:
+- lib
+required_ruby_version: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+  requirements:
+  - - ">="
+    - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+      version: '3.1'
+required_rubygems_version: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+  requirements:
+  - - ">="
+    - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+      version: '0'
+requirements: []
+rubygems_version: 3.6.0.dev
+signing_key:
+specification_version: 4
+summary: traceroute-like program for measuring hops, path MTU, TTL and latency.
+test_files: []