gist 4.0.0 → 4.0.3

data/Rakefile

@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
-#
 task :default => :test
 
 desc 'run the tests' # that's non-DRY
@@ -12,8 +10,35 @@ task :clipfailtest do
 end
 
 task :man do
-  File.write "README.md.ron", File.read("README.md").gsub(?‌, "* ")
+  mkdir_p "build"
+  File.write "README.md.ron", File.read("README.md").gsub("\u200c", "* ")
   sh 'ronn --roff --manual="Gist manual" README.md.ron'
   rm 'README.md.ron'
-  sh 'man ./README.1'
+  mv 'README.1', 'build/gist.1'
+end
+
+task :standalone do
+  mkdir_p "build"
+  File.open("build/gist", "w") do |f|
+    f.puts "#!/usr/bin/env ruby"
+    f.puts "# This is generated from https://github.com/defunkt/gist using 'rake standalone'"
+    f.puts "# any changes will be overwritten."
+    f.puts File.read("lib/gist.rb").split("require 'json'\n").join(File.read("vendor/json.rb"))
+
+    f.puts File.read("bin/gist").gsub(/^require.*gist.*\n/, '');
+  end
+  sh 'chmod +x build/gist'
+end
+
+task :build => [:man, :standalone]
+
+desc "Install standalone script and man pages"
+task :install => :standalone do
+  prefix = ENV['PREFIX'] || ENV['prefix'] || '/usr/local'
+
+  FileUtils.mkdir_p "#{prefix}/bin"
+  FileUtils.cp "build/gist", "#{prefix}/bin"
+
+  FileUtils.mkdir_p "#{prefix}/share/man/man1"
+  FileUtils.cp "build/gist.1", "#{prefix}/share/man/man1"
 end

data/bin/gist

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ Instead of creating a new gist, you can update an existing one by passing its ID
 or URL with "-u". For this to work, you must be logged in, and have created the
 original gist with the same GitHub account.
 
-Usage: #{executable_name} [-o|-c|-e] [-p] [-s] [-d DESC] -a] [-u URL] [-P] [-f NAME|-t EXT]* FILE*
+Usage: #{executable_name} [-o|-c|-e] [-p] [-s] [-d DESC] [-a] [-u URL] [-P] [-f NAME|-t EXT]* FILE*
        #{executable_name} --login
 
   EOS

data/build/gist

@@ -0,0 +1,1821 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+# This is generated from https://github.com/defunkt/gist using 'rake standalone'
+# any changes will be overwritten.
+require 'net/https'
+require 'cgi'
+require 'strscan'
+
+module JSON
+  module Pure
+    # This class implements the JSON parser that is used to parse a JSON string
+    # into a Ruby data structure.
+    class Parser < StringScanner
+      STRING                = /" ((?:[^\x0-\x1f"\\] |
+                                   # escaped special characters:
+                                  \\["\\\/bfnrt] |
+                                  \\u[0-9a-fA-F]{4} |
+                                   # match all but escaped special characters:
+                                  \\[\x20-\x21\x23-\x2e\x30-\x5b\x5d-\x61\x63-\x65\x67-\x6d\x6f-\x71\x73\x75-\xff])*)
+                              "/nx
+      INTEGER               = /(-?0|-?[1-9]\d*)/
+      FLOAT                 = /(-?
+                                (?:0|[1-9]\d*)
+                                (?:
+                                  \.\d+(?i:e[+-]?\d+) |
+                                  \.\d+ |
+                                  (?i:e[+-]?\d+)
+                                )
+                                )/x
+      NAN                   = /NaN/
+      INFINITY              = /Infinity/
+      MINUS_INFINITY        = /-Infinity/
+      OBJECT_OPEN           = /\{/
+      OBJECT_CLOSE          = /\}/
+      ARRAY_OPEN            = /\[/
+      ARRAY_CLOSE           = /\]/
+      PAIR_DELIMITER        = /:/
+      COLLECTION_DELIMITER  = /,/
+      TRUE                  = /true/
+      FALSE                 = /false/
+      NULL                  = /null/
+      IGNORE                = %r(
+        (?:
+         //[^\n\r]*[\n\r]| # line comments
+         /\*               # c-style comments
+         (?:
+          [^*/]|        # normal chars
+          /[^*]|        # slashes that do not start a nested comment
+          \*[^/]|       # asterisks that do not end this comment
+          /(?=\*/)      # single slash before this comment's end
+         )*
+           \*/               # the End of this comment
+           |[ \t\r\n]+       # whitespaces: space, horicontal tab, lf, cr
+        )+
+      )mx
+
+      UNPARSED = Object.new
+
+      # Creates a new JSON::Pure::Parser instance for the string _source_.
+      #
+      # It will be configured by the _opts_ hash. _opts_ can have the following
+      # keys:
+      # * *max_nesting*: The maximum depth of nesting allowed in the parsed data
+      #   structures. Disable depth checking with :max_nesting => false|nil|0,
+      #   it defaults to 19.
+      # * *allow_nan*: If set to true, allow NaN, Infinity and -Infinity in
+      #   defiance of RFC 4627 to be parsed by the Parser. This option defaults
+      #   to false.
+      # * *symbolize_names*: If set to true, returns symbols for the names
+      #   (keys) in a JSON object. Otherwise strings are returned, which is also
+      #   the default.
+      # * *create_additions*: If set to false, the Parser doesn't create
+      #   additions even if a matchin class and create_id was found. This option
+      #   defaults to true.
+      # * *object_class*: Defaults to Hash
+      # * *array_class*: Defaults to Array
+      # * *quirks_mode*: Enables quirks_mode for parser, that is for example
+      #   parsing single JSON values instead of documents is possible.
+      def initialize(source, opts = {})
+        opts ||= {}
+        unless @quirks_mode = opts[:quirks_mode]
+          source = convert_encoding source
+        end
+        super source
+        if !opts.key?(:max_nesting) # defaults to 19
+          @max_nesting = 19
+        elsif opts[:max_nesting]
+          @max_nesting = opts[:max_nesting]
+        else
+          @max_nesting = 0
+        end
+        @allow_nan = !!opts[:allow_nan]
+        @symbolize_names = !!opts[:symbolize_names]
+        if opts.key?(:create_additions)
+          @create_additions = !!opts[:create_additions]
+        else
+          @create_additions = true
+        end
+        @create_id = @create_additions ? JSON.create_id : nil
+        @object_class = opts[:object_class] || Hash
+        @array_class  = opts[:array_class] || Array
+        @match_string = opts[:match_string]
+      end
+
+      alias source string
+
+      def quirks_mode?
+        !!@quirks_mode
+      end
+
+      def reset
+        super
+        @current_nesting = 0
+      end
+
+      # Parses the current JSON string _source_ and returns the complete data
+      # structure as a result.
+      def parse
+        reset
+        obj = nil
+        if @quirks_mode
+          while !eos? && skip(IGNORE)
+          end
+          if eos?
+            raise ParserError, "source did not contain any JSON!"
+          else
+            obj = parse_value
+            obj == UNPARSED and raise ParserError, "source did not contain any JSON!"
+          end
+        else
+          until eos?
+            case
+            when scan(OBJECT_OPEN)
+              obj and raise ParserError, "source '#{peek(20)}' not in JSON!"
+              @current_nesting = 1
+              obj = parse_object
+            when scan(ARRAY_OPEN)
+              obj and raise ParserError, "source '#{peek(20)}' not in JSON!"
+              @current_nesting = 1
+              obj = parse_array
+            when skip(IGNORE)
+              ;
+            else
+              raise ParserError, "source '#{peek(20)}' not in JSON!"
+            end
+          end
+          obj or raise ParserError, "source did not contain any JSON!"
+        end
+        obj
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def convert_encoding(source)
+        if source.respond_to?(:to_str)
+          source = source.to_str
+        else
+          raise TypeError, "#{source.inspect} is not like a string"
+        end
+        if defined?(::Encoding)
+          if source.encoding == ::Encoding::ASCII_8BIT
+            b = source[0, 4].bytes.to_a
+            source =
+              case
+              when b.size >= 4 && b[0] == 0 && b[1] == 0 && b[2] == 0
+                source.dup.force_encoding(::Encoding::UTF_32BE).encode!(::Encoding::UTF_8)
+              when b.size >= 4 && b[0] == 0 && b[2] == 0
+                source.dup.force_encoding(::Encoding::UTF_16BE).encode!(::Encoding::UTF_8)
+              when b.size >= 4 && b[1] == 0 && b[2] == 0 && b[3] == 0
+                source.dup.force_encoding(::Encoding::UTF_32LE).encode!(::Encoding::UTF_8)
+              when b.size >= 4 && b[1] == 0 && b[3] == 0
+                source.dup.force_encoding(::Encoding::UTF_16LE).encode!(::Encoding::UTF_8)
+              else
+                source.dup
+              end
+          else
+            source = source.encode(::Encoding::UTF_8)
+          end
+          source.force_encoding(::Encoding::ASCII_8BIT)
+        else
+          b = source
+          source =
+            case
+            when b.size >= 4 && b[0] == 0 && b[1] == 0 && b[2] == 0
+              JSON.iconv('utf-8', 'utf-32be', b)
+            when b.size >= 4 && b[0] == 0 && b[2] == 0
+              JSON.iconv('utf-8', 'utf-16be', b)
+            when b.size >= 4 && b[1] == 0 && b[2] == 0 && b[3] == 0
+              JSON.iconv('utf-8', 'utf-32le', b)
+            when b.size >= 4 && b[1] == 0 && b[3] == 0
+              JSON.iconv('utf-8', 'utf-16le', b)
+            else
+              b
+            end
+        end
+        source
+      end
+
+      # Unescape characters in strings.
+      UNESCAPE_MAP = Hash.new { |h, k| h[k] = k.chr }
+      UNESCAPE_MAP.update({
+        ?"  => '"',
+        ?\\ => '\\',
+        ?/  => '/',
+        ?b  => "\b",
+        ?f  => "\f",
+        ?n  => "\n",
+        ?r  => "\r",
+        ?t  => "\t",
+        ?u  => nil,
+      })
+
+      EMPTY_8BIT_STRING = ''
+      if ::String.method_defined?(:encode)
+        EMPTY_8BIT_STRING.force_encoding Encoding::ASCII_8BIT
+      end
+
+      def parse_string
+        if scan(STRING)
+          return '' if self[1].empty?
+          string = self[1].gsub(%r((?:\\[\\bfnrt"/]|(?:\\u(?:[A-Fa-f\d]{4}))+|\\[\x20-\xff]))n) do |c|
+            if u = UNESCAPE_MAP[$&[1]]
+              u
+            else # \uXXXX
+              bytes = EMPTY_8BIT_STRING.dup
+              i = 0
+              while c[6 * i] == ?\\ && c[6 * i + 1] == ?u
+                bytes << c[6 * i + 2, 2].to_i(16) << c[6 * i + 4, 2].to_i(16)
+                i += 1
+              end
+              JSON.iconv('utf-8', 'utf-16be', bytes)
+            end
+          end
+          if string.respond_to?(:force_encoding)
+            string.force_encoding(::Encoding::UTF_8)
+          end
+          if @create_additions and @match_string
+            for (regexp, klass) in @match_string
+              klass.json_creatable? or next
+              string =~ regexp and return klass.json_create(string)
+            end
+          end
+          string
+        else
+          UNPARSED
+        end
+      rescue => e
+        raise ParserError, "Caught #{e.class} at '#{peek(20)}': #{e}"
+      end
+
+      def parse_value
+        case
+        when scan(FLOAT)
+          Float(self[1])
+        when scan(INTEGER)
+          Integer(self[1])
+        when scan(TRUE)
+          true
+        when scan(FALSE)
+          false
+        when scan(NULL)
+          nil
+        when (string = parse_string) != UNPARSED
+          string
+        when scan(ARRAY_OPEN)
+          @current_nesting += 1
+          ary = parse_array
+          @current_nesting -= 1
+          ary
+        when scan(OBJECT_OPEN)
+          @current_nesting += 1
+          obj = parse_object
+          @current_nesting -= 1
+          obj
+        when @allow_nan && scan(NAN)
+          NaN
+        when @allow_nan && scan(INFINITY)
+          Infinity
+        when @allow_nan && scan(MINUS_INFINITY)
+          MinusInfinity
+        else
+          UNPARSED
+        end
+      end
+
+      def parse_array
+        raise NestingError, "nesting of #@current_nesting is too deep" if
+          @max_nesting.nonzero? && @current_nesting > @max_nesting
+        result = @array_class.new
+        delim = false
+        until eos?
+          case
+          when (value = parse_value) != UNPARSED
+            delim = false
+            result << value
+            skip(IGNORE)
+            if scan(COLLECTION_DELIMITER)
+              delim = true
+            elsif match?(ARRAY_CLOSE)
+              ;
+            else
+              raise ParserError, "expected ',' or ']' in array at '#{peek(20)}'!"
+            end
+          when scan(ARRAY_CLOSE)
+            if delim
+              raise ParserError, "expected next element in array at '#{peek(20)}'!"
+            end
+            break
+          when skip(IGNORE)
+            ;
+          else
+            raise ParserError, "unexpected token in array at '#{peek(20)}'!"
+          end
+        end
+        result
+      end
+
+      def parse_object
+        raise NestingError, "nesting of #@current_nesting is too deep" if
+          @max_nesting.nonzero? && @current_nesting > @max_nesting
+        result = @object_class.new
+        delim = false
+        until eos?
+          case
+          when (string = parse_string) != UNPARSED
+            skip(IGNORE)
+            unless scan(PAIR_DELIMITER)
+              raise ParserError, "expected ':' in object at '#{peek(20)}'!"
+            end
+            skip(IGNORE)
+            unless (value = parse_value).equal? UNPARSED
+              result[@symbolize_names ? string.to_sym : string] = value
+              delim = false
+              skip(IGNORE)
+              if scan(COLLECTION_DELIMITER)
+                delim = true
+              elsif match?(OBJECT_CLOSE)
+                ;
+              else
+                raise ParserError, "expected ',' or '}' in object at '#{peek(20)}'!"
+              end
+            else
+              raise ParserError, "expected value in object at '#{peek(20)}'!"
+            end
+          when scan(OBJECT_CLOSE)
+            if delim
+              raise ParserError, "expected next name, value pair in object at '#{peek(20)}'!"
+            end
+            if @create_additions and klassname = result[@create_id]
+              klass = JSON.deep_const_get klassname
+              break unless klass and klass.json_creatable?
+              result = klass.json_create(result)
+            end
+            break
+          when skip(IGNORE)
+            ;
+          else
+            raise ParserError, "unexpected token in object at '#{peek(20)}'!"
+          end
+        end
+        result
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+module JSON
+  MAP = {
+    "\x0" => '\u0000',
+    "\x1" => '\u0001',
+    "\x2" => '\u0002',
+    "\x3" => '\u0003',
+    "\x4" => '\u0004',
+    "\x5" => '\u0005',
+    "\x6" => '\u0006',
+    "\x7" => '\u0007',
+    "\b"  =>  '\b',
+    "\t"  =>  '\t',
+    "\n"  =>  '\n',
+    "\xb" => '\u000b',
+    "\f"  =>  '\f',
+    "\r"  =>  '\r',
+    "\xe" => '\u000e',
+    "\xf" => '\u000f',
+    "\x10" => '\u0010',
+    "\x11" => '\u0011',
+    "\x12" => '\u0012',
+    "\x13" => '\u0013',
+    "\x14" => '\u0014',
+    "\x15" => '\u0015',
+    "\x16" => '\u0016',
+    "\x17" => '\u0017',
+    "\x18" => '\u0018',
+    "\x19" => '\u0019',
+    "\x1a" => '\u001a',
+    "\x1b" => '\u001b',
+    "\x1c" => '\u001c',
+    "\x1d" => '\u001d',
+    "\x1e" => '\u001e',
+    "\x1f" => '\u001f',
+    '"'   =>  '\"',
+    '\\'  =>  '\\\\',
+  } # :nodoc:
+
+  # Convert a UTF8 encoded Ruby string _string_ to a JSON string, encoded with
+  # UTF16 big endian characters as \u????, and return it.
+  if defined?(::Encoding)
+    def utf8_to_json(string) # :nodoc:
+      string = string.dup
+      string << '' # XXX workaround: avoid buffer sharing
+      string.force_encoding(::Encoding::ASCII_8BIT)
+      string.gsub!(/["\\\x0-\x1f]/) { MAP[$&] }
+      string.force_encoding(::Encoding::UTF_8)
+      string
+    end
+
+    def utf8_to_json_ascii(string) # :nodoc:
+      string = string.dup
+      string << '' # XXX workaround: avoid buffer sharing
+      string.force_encoding(::Encoding::ASCII_8BIT)
+      string.gsub!(/["\\\x0-\x1f]/) { MAP[$&] }
+      string.gsub!(/(
+                      (?:
+                        [\xc2-\xdf][\x80-\xbf]    |
+                        [\xe0-\xef][\x80-\xbf]{2} |
+                        [\xf0-\xf4][\x80-\xbf]{3}
+                      )+ |
+                      [\x80-\xc1\xf5-\xff]       # invalid
+                    )/nx) { |c|
+                      c.size == 1 and raise GeneratorError, "invalid utf8 byte: '#{c}'"
+                      s = JSON.iconv('utf-16be', 'utf-8', c).unpack('H*')[0]
+                      s.gsub!(/.{4}/n, '\\\\u\&')
+                    }
+      string.force_encoding(::Encoding::UTF_8)
+      string
+    rescue => e
+      raise GeneratorError, "Caught #{e.class}: #{e}"
+    end
+  else
+    def utf8_to_json(string) # :nodoc:
+      string.gsub(/["\\\x0-\x1f]/) { MAP[$&] }
+    end
+
+    def utf8_to_json_ascii(string) # :nodoc:
+      string = string.gsub(/["\\\x0-\x1f]/) { MAP[$&] }
+      string.gsub!(/(
+                      (?:
+                        [\xc2-\xdf][\x80-\xbf]    |
+                        [\xe0-\xef][\x80-\xbf]{2} |
+                        [\xf0-\xf4][\x80-\xbf]{3}
+                      )+ |
+                      [\x80-\xc1\xf5-\xff]       # invalid
+                    )/nx) { |c|
+        c.size == 1 and raise GeneratorError, "invalid utf8 byte: '#{c}'"
+        s = JSON.iconv('utf-16be', 'utf-8', c).unpack('H*')[0]
+        s.gsub!(/.{4}/n, '\\\\u\&')
+      }
+      string
+    rescue => e
+      raise GeneratorError, "Caught #{e.class}: #{e}"
+    end
+  end
+  module_function :utf8_to_json, :utf8_to_json_ascii
+
+  module Pure
+    module Generator
+      # This class is used to create State instances, that are use to hold data
+      # while generating a JSON text from a Ruby data structure.
+      class State
+        # Creates a State object from _opts_, which ought to be Hash to create
+        # a new State instance configured by _opts_, something else to create
+        # an unconfigured instance. If _opts_ is a State object, it is just
+        # returned.
+        def self.from_state(opts)
+          case
+          when self === opts
+            opts
+          when opts.respond_to?(:to_hash)
+            new(opts.to_hash)
+          when opts.respond_to?(:to_h)
+            new(opts.to_h)
+          else
+            SAFE_STATE_PROTOTYPE.dup
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Instantiates a new State object, configured by _opts_.
+        #
+        # _opts_ can have the following keys:
+        #
+        # * *indent*: a string used to indent levels (default: ''),
+        # * *space*: a string that is put after, a : or , delimiter (default: ''),
+        # * *space_before*: a string that is put before a : pair delimiter (default: ''),
+        # * *object_nl*: a string that is put at the end of a JSON object (default: ''),
+        # * *array_nl*: a string that is put at the end of a JSON array (default: ''),
+        # * *check_circular*: is deprecated now, use the :max_nesting option instead,
+        # * *max_nesting*: sets the maximum level of data structure nesting in
+        #   the generated JSON, max_nesting = 0 if no maximum should be checked.
+        # * *allow_nan*: true if NaN, Infinity, and -Infinity should be
+        #   generated, otherwise an exception is thrown, if these values are
+        #   encountered. This options defaults to false.
+        # * *quirks_mode*: Enables quirks_mode for parser, that is for example
+        #   generating single JSON values instead of documents is possible.
+        def initialize(opts = {})
+          @indent                = ''
+          @space                 = ''
+          @space_before          = ''
+          @object_nl             = ''
+          @array_nl              = ''
+          @allow_nan             = false
+          @ascii_only            = false
+          @quirks_mode           = false
+          @buffer_initial_length = 1024
+          configure opts
+        end
+
+        # This string is used to indent levels in the JSON text.
+        attr_accessor :indent
+
+        # This string is used to insert a space between the tokens in a JSON
+        # string.
+        attr_accessor :space
+
+        # This string is used to insert a space before the ':' in JSON objects.
+        attr_accessor :space_before
+
+        # This string is put at the end of a line that holds a JSON object (or
+        # Hash).
+        attr_accessor :object_nl
+
+        # This string is put at the end of a line that holds a JSON array.
+        attr_accessor :array_nl
+
+        # This integer returns the maximum level of data structure nesting in
+        # the generated JSON, max_nesting = 0 if no maximum is checked.
+        attr_accessor :max_nesting
+
+        # If this attribute is set to true, quirks mode is enabled, otherwise
+        # it's disabled.
+        attr_accessor :quirks_mode
+
+        # :stopdoc:
+        attr_reader :buffer_initial_length
+
+        def buffer_initial_length=(length)
+          if length > 0
+            @buffer_initial_length = length
+          end
+        end
+        # :startdoc:
+
+        # This integer returns the current depth data structure nesting in the
+        # generated JSON.
+        attr_accessor :depth
+
+        def check_max_nesting # :nodoc:
+          return if @max_nesting.zero?
+          current_nesting = depth + 1
+          current_nesting > @max_nesting and
+            raise NestingError, "nesting of #{current_nesting} is too deep"
+        end
+
+        # Returns true, if circular data structures are checked,
+        # otherwise returns false.
+        def check_circular?
+          !@max_nesting.zero?
+        end
+
+        # Returns true if NaN, Infinity, and -Infinity should be considered as
+        # valid JSON and output.
+        def allow_nan?
+          @allow_nan
+        end
+
+        # Returns true, if only ASCII characters should be generated. Otherwise
+        # returns false.
+        def ascii_only?
+          @ascii_only
+        end
+
+        # Returns true, if quirks mode is enabled. Otherwise returns false.
+        def quirks_mode?
+          @quirks_mode
+        end
+
+        # Configure this State instance with the Hash _opts_, and return
+        # itself.
+        def configure(opts)
+          @indent         = opts[:indent] if opts.key?(:indent)
+          @space          = opts[:space] if opts.key?(:space)
+          @space_before   = opts[:space_before] if opts.key?(:space_before)
+          @object_nl      = opts[:object_nl] if opts.key?(:object_nl)
+          @array_nl       = opts[:array_nl] if opts.key?(:array_nl)
+          @allow_nan      = !!opts[:allow_nan] if opts.key?(:allow_nan)
+          @ascii_only     = opts[:ascii_only] if opts.key?(:ascii_only)
+          @depth          = opts[:depth] || 0
+          @quirks_mode    = opts[:quirks_mode] if opts.key?(:quirks_mode)
+          if !opts.key?(:max_nesting) # defaults to 19
+            @max_nesting = 19
+          elsif opts[:max_nesting]
+            @max_nesting = opts[:max_nesting]
+          else
+            @max_nesting = 0
+          end
+          self
+        end
+        alias merge configure
+
+        # Returns the configuration instance variables as a hash, that can be
+        # passed to the configure method.
+        def to_h
+          result = {}
+          for iv in %w[indent space space_before object_nl array_nl allow_nan max_nesting ascii_only quirks_mode buffer_initial_length depth]
+            result[iv.intern] = instance_variable_get("@#{iv}")
+          end
+          result
+        end
+
+        # Generates a valid JSON document from object +obj+ and returns the
+        # result. If no valid JSON document can be created this method raises a
+        # GeneratorError exception.
+        def generate(obj)
+          result = obj.to_json(self)
+          unless @quirks_mode
+            unless result =~ /\A\s*\[/ && result =~ /\]\s*\Z/ ||
+              result =~ /\A\s*\{/ && result =~ /\}\s*\Z/
+            then
+              raise GeneratorError, "only generation of JSON objects or arrays allowed"
+            end
+          end
+          result
+        end
+
+        # Return the value returned by method +name+.
+        def [](name)
+          __send__ name
+        end
+      end
+
+      module GeneratorMethods
+        module Object
+          # Converts this object to a string (calling #to_s), converts
+          # it to a JSON string, and returns the result. This is a fallback, if no
+          # special method #to_json was defined for some object.
+          def to_json(*) to_s.to_json end
+        end
+
+        module Hash
+          # Returns a JSON string containing a JSON object, that is unparsed from
+          # this Hash instance.
+          # _state_ is a JSON::State object, that can also be used to configure the
+          # produced JSON string output further.
+          # _depth_ is used to find out nesting depth, to indent accordingly.
+          def to_json(state = nil, *)
+            state = State.from_state(state)
+            state.check_max_nesting
+            json_transform(state)
+          end
+
+          private
+
+          def json_shift(state)
+            state.object_nl.empty? or return ''
+            state.indent * state.depth
+          end
+
+          def json_transform(state)
+            delim = ','
+            delim << state.object_nl
+            result = '{'
+            result << state.object_nl
+            depth = state.depth += 1
+            first = true
+            indent = !state.object_nl.empty?
+            each { |key,value|
+              result << delim unless first
+              result << state.indent * depth if indent
+              result << key.to_s.to_json(state)
+              result << state.space_before
+              result << ':'
+              result << state.space
+              result << value.to_json(state)
+              first = false
+            }
+            depth = state.depth -= 1
+            result << state.object_nl
+            result << state.indent * depth if indent if indent
+            result << '}'
+            result
+          end
+        end
+
+        module Array
+          # Returns a JSON string containing a JSON array, that is unparsed from
+          # this Array instance.
+          # _state_ is a JSON::State object, that can also be used to configure the
+          # produced JSON string output further.
+          def to_json(state = nil, *)
+            state = State.from_state(state)
+            state.check_max_nesting
+            json_transform(state)
+          end
+
+          private
+
+          def json_transform(state)
+            delim = ','
+            delim << state.array_nl
+            result = '['
+            result << state.array_nl
+            depth = state.depth += 1
+            first = true
+            indent = !state.array_nl.empty?
+            each { |value|
+              result << delim unless first
+              result << state.indent * depth if indent
+              result << value.to_json(state)
+              first = false
+            }
+            depth = state.depth -= 1
+            result << state.array_nl
+            result << state.indent * depth if indent
+            result << ']'
+          end
+        end
+
+        module Integer
+          # Returns a JSON string representation for this Integer number.
+          def to_json(*) to_s end
+        end
+
+        module Float
+          # Returns a JSON string representation for this Float number.
+          def to_json(state = nil, *)
+            state = State.from_state(state)
+            case
+            when infinite?
+              if state.allow_nan?
+                to_s
+              else
+                raise GeneratorError, "#{self} not allowed in JSON"
+              end
+            when nan?
+              if state.allow_nan?
+                to_s
+              else
+                raise GeneratorError, "#{self} not allowed in JSON"
+              end
+            else
+              to_s
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        module String
+          if defined?(::Encoding)
+            # This string should be encoded with UTF-8 A call to this method
+            # returns a JSON string encoded with UTF16 big endian characters as
+            # \u????.
+            def to_json(state = nil, *args)
+              state = State.from_state(state)
+              if encoding == ::Encoding::UTF_8
+                string = self
+              else
+                string = encode(::Encoding::UTF_8)
+              end
+              if state.ascii_only?
+                '"' << JSON.utf8_to_json_ascii(string) << '"'
+              else
+                '"' << JSON.utf8_to_json(string) << '"'
+              end
+            end
+          else
+            # This string should be encoded with UTF-8 A call to this method
+            # returns a JSON string encoded with UTF16 big endian characters as
+            # \u????.
+            def to_json(state = nil, *args)
+              state = State.from_state(state)
+              if state.ascii_only?
+                '"' << JSON.utf8_to_json_ascii(self) << '"'
+              else
+                '"' << JSON.utf8_to_json(self) << '"'
+              end
+            end
+          end
+
+          # Module that holds the extinding methods if, the String module is
+          # included.
+          module Extend
+            # Raw Strings are JSON Objects (the raw bytes are stored in an
+            # array for the key "raw"). The Ruby String can be created by this
+            # module method.
+            def json_create(o)
+              o['raw'].pack('C*')
+            end
+          end
+
+          # Extends _modul_ with the String::Extend module.
+          def self.included(modul)
+            modul.extend Extend
+          end
+
+          # This method creates a raw object hash, that can be nested into
+          # other data structures and will be unparsed as a raw string. This
+          # method should be used, if you want to convert raw strings to JSON
+          # instead of UTF-8 strings, e. g. binary data.
+          def to_json_raw_object
+            {
+              JSON.create_id  => self.class.name,
+              'raw'           => self.unpack('C*'),
+            }
+          end
+
+          # This method creates a JSON text from the result of
+          # a call to to_json_raw_object of this String.
+          def to_json_raw(*args)
+            to_json_raw_object.to_json(*args)
+          end
+        end
+
+        module TrueClass
+          # Returns a JSON string for true: 'true'.
+          def to_json(*) 'true' end
+        end
+
+        module FalseClass
+          # Returns a JSON string for false: 'false'.
+          def to_json(*) 'false' end
+        end
+
+        module NilClass
+          # Returns a JSON string for nil: 'null'.
+          def to_json(*) 'null' end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+module JSON
+  class << self
+    # If _object_ is string-like, parse the string and return the parsed result
+    # as a Ruby data structure. Otherwise generate a JSON text from the Ruby
+    # data structure object and return it.
+    #
+    # The _opts_ argument is passed through to generate/parse respectively. See
+    # generate and parse for their documentation.
+    def [](object, opts = {})
+      if object.respond_to? :to_str
+        JSON.parse(object.to_str, opts)
+      else
+        JSON.generate(object, opts)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Returns the JSON parser class that is used by JSON. This is either
+    # JSON::Ext::Parser or JSON::Pure::Parser.
+    attr_reader :parser
+
+    # Set the JSON parser class _parser_ to be used by JSON.
+    def parser=(parser) # :nodoc:
+      @parser = parser
+      remove_const :Parser if JSON.const_defined_in?(self, :Parser)
+      const_set :Parser, parser
+    end
+
+    # Return the constant located at _path_. The format of _path_ has to be
+    # either ::A::B::C or A::B::C. In any case, A has to be located at the top
+    # level (absolute namespace path?). If there doesn't exist a constant at
+    # the given path, an ArgumentError is raised.
+    def deep_const_get(path) # :nodoc:
+      path.to_s.split(/::/).inject(Object) do |p, c|
+        case
+        when c.empty?                     then p
+        when JSON.const_defined_in?(p, c) then p.const_get(c)
+        else
+          begin
+            p.const_missing(c)
+          rescue NameError => e
+            raise ArgumentError, "can't get const #{path}: #{e}"
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Set the module _generator_ to be used by JSON.
+    def generator=(generator) # :nodoc:
+      old, $VERBOSE = $VERBOSE, nil
+      @generator = generator
+      generator_methods = generator::GeneratorMethods
+      for const in generator_methods.constants
+        klass = deep_const_get(const)
+        modul = generator_methods.const_get(const)
+        klass.class_eval do
+          instance_methods(false).each do |m|
+            m.to_s == 'to_json' and remove_method m
+          end
+          include modul
+        end
+      end
+      self.state = generator::State
+      const_set :State, self.state
+      const_set :SAFE_STATE_PROTOTYPE, State.new
+      const_set :FAST_STATE_PROTOTYPE, State.new(
+        :indent         => '',
+        :space          => '',
+        :object_nl      => "",
+        :array_nl       => "",
+        :max_nesting    => false
+      )
+      const_set :PRETTY_STATE_PROTOTYPE, State.new(
+        :indent         => '  ',
+        :space          => ' ',
+        :object_nl      => "\n",
+        :array_nl       => "\n"
+      )
+    ensure
+      $VERBOSE = old
+    end
+
+    # Returns the JSON generator module that is used by JSON. This is
+    # either JSON::Ext::Generator or JSON::Pure::Generator.
+    attr_reader :generator
+
+    # Returns the JSON generator state class that is used by JSON. This is
+    # either JSON::Ext::Generator::State or JSON::Pure::Generator::State.
+    attr_accessor :state
+
+    # This is create identifier, which is used to decide if the _json_create_
+    # hook of a class should be called. It defaults to 'json_class'.
+    attr_accessor :create_id
+  end
+  self.create_id = 'json_class'
+
+  NaN           = 0.0/0
+
+  Infinity      = 1.0/0
+
+  MinusInfinity = -Infinity
+
+  # The base exception for JSON errors.
+  class JSONError < StandardError; end
+
+  # This exception is raised if a parser error occurs.
+  class ParserError < JSONError; end
+
+  # This exception is raised if the nesting of parsed data structures is too
+  # deep.
+  class NestingError < ParserError; end
+
+  # :stopdoc:
+  class CircularDatastructure < NestingError; end
+  # :startdoc:
+
+  # This exception is raised if a generator or unparser error occurs.
+  class GeneratorError < JSONError; end
+  # For backwards compatibility
+  UnparserError = GeneratorError
+
+  # This exception is raised if the required unicode support is missing on the
+  # system. Usually this means that the iconv library is not installed.
+  class MissingUnicodeSupport < JSONError; end
+
+  module_function
+
+  # Parse the JSON document _source_ into a Ruby data structure and return it.
+  #
+  # _opts_ can have the following
+  # keys:
+  # * *max_nesting*: The maximum depth of nesting allowed in the parsed data
+  #   structures. Disable depth checking with :max_nesting => false. It defaults
+  #   to 19.
+  # * *allow_nan*: If set to true, allow NaN, Infinity and -Infinity in
+  #   defiance of RFC 4627 to be parsed by the Parser. This option defaults
+  #   to false.
+  # * *symbolize_names*: If set to true, returns symbols for the names
+  #   (keys) in a JSON object. Otherwise strings are returned. Strings are
+  #   the default.
+  # * *create_additions*: If set to false, the Parser doesn't create
+  #   additions even if a matching class and create_id was found. This option
+  #   defaults to true.
+  # * *object_class*: Defaults to Hash
+  # * *array_class*: Defaults to Array
+  def parse(source, opts = {})
+    Parser.new(source, opts).parse
+  end
+
+  # Parse the JSON document _source_ into a Ruby data structure and return it.
+  # The bang version of the parse method defaults to the more dangerous values
+  # for the _opts_ hash, so be sure only to parse trusted _source_ documents.
+  #
+  # _opts_ can have the following keys:
+  # * *max_nesting*: The maximum depth of nesting allowed in the parsed data
+  #   structures. Enable depth checking with :max_nesting => anInteger. The parse!
+  #   methods defaults to not doing max depth checking: This can be dangerous
+  #   if someone wants to fill up your stack.
+  # * *allow_nan*: If set to true, allow NaN, Infinity, and -Infinity in
+  #   defiance of RFC 4627 to be parsed by the Parser. This option defaults
+  #   to true.
+  # * *create_additions*: If set to false, the Parser doesn't create
+  #   additions even if a matching class and create_id was found. This option
+  #   defaults to true.
+  def parse!(source, opts = {})
+    opts = {
+      :max_nesting  => false,
+      :allow_nan    => true
+    }.update(opts)
+    Parser.new(source, opts).parse
+  end
+
+  # Generate a JSON document from the Ruby data structure _obj_ and return
+  # it. _state_ is * a JSON::State object,
+  # * or a Hash like object (responding to to_hash),
+  # * an object convertible into a hash by a to_h method,
+  # that is used as or to configure a State object.
+  #
+  # It defaults to a state object, that creates the shortest possible JSON text
+  # in one line, checks for circular data structures and doesn't allow NaN,
+  # Infinity, and -Infinity.
+  #
+  # A _state_ hash can have the following keys:
+  # * *indent*: a string used to indent levels (default: ''),
+  # * *space*: a string that is put after, a : or , delimiter (default: ''),
+  # * *space_before*: a string that is put before a : pair delimiter (default: ''),
+  # * *object_nl*: a string that is put at the end of a JSON object (default: ''),
+  # * *array_nl*: a string that is put at the end of a JSON array (default: ''),
+  # * *allow_nan*: true if NaN, Infinity, and -Infinity should be
+  #   generated, otherwise an exception is thrown if these values are
+  #   encountered. This options defaults to false.
+  # * *max_nesting*: The maximum depth of nesting allowed in the data
+  #   structures from which JSON is to be generated. Disable depth checking
+  #   with :max_nesting => false, it defaults to 19.
+  #
+  # See also the fast_generate for the fastest creation method with the least
+  # amount of sanity checks, and the pretty_generate method for some
+  # defaults for pretty output.
+  def generate(obj, opts = nil)
+    if State === opts
+      state, opts = opts, nil
+    else
+      state = SAFE_STATE_PROTOTYPE.dup
+    end
+    if opts
+      if opts.respond_to? :to_hash
+        opts = opts.to_hash
+      elsif opts.respond_to? :to_h
+        opts = opts.to_h
+      else
+        raise TypeError, "can't convert #{opts.class} into Hash"
+      end
+      state = state.configure(opts)
+    end
+    state.generate(obj)
+  end
+
+  # :stopdoc:
+  # I want to deprecate these later, so I'll first be silent about them, and
+  # later delete them.
+  alias unparse generate
+  module_function :unparse
+  # :startdoc:
+
+  # Generate a JSON document from the Ruby data structure _obj_ and return it.
+  # This method disables the checks for circles in Ruby objects.
+  #
+  # *WARNING*: Be careful not to pass any Ruby data structures with circles as
+  # _obj_ argument because this will cause JSON to go into an infinite loop.
+  def fast_generate(obj, opts = nil)
+    if State === opts
+      state, opts = opts, nil
+    else
+      state = FAST_STATE_PROTOTYPE.dup
+    end
+    if opts
+      if opts.respond_to? :to_hash
+        opts = opts.to_hash
+      elsif opts.respond_to? :to_h
+        opts = opts.to_h
+      else
+        raise TypeError, "can't convert #{opts.class} into Hash"
+      end
+      state.configure(opts)
+    end
+    state.generate(obj)
+  end
+
+  # :stopdoc:
+  # I want to deprecate these later, so I'll first be silent about them, and later delete them.
+  alias fast_unparse fast_generate
+  module_function :fast_unparse
+  # :startdoc:
+
+  # Generate a JSON document from the Ruby data structure _obj_ and return it.
+  # The returned document is a prettier form of the document returned by
+  # #unparse.
+  #
+  # The _opts_ argument can be used to configure the generator. See the
+  # generate method for a more detailed explanation.
+  def pretty_generate(obj, opts = nil)
+    if State === opts
+      state, opts = opts, nil
+    else
+      state = PRETTY_STATE_PROTOTYPE.dup
+    end
+    if opts
+      if opts.respond_to? :to_hash
+        opts = opts.to_hash
+      elsif opts.respond_to? :to_h
+        opts = opts.to_h
+      else
+        raise TypeError, "can't convert #{opts.class} into Hash"
+      end
+      state.configure(opts)
+    end
+    state.generate(obj)
+  end
+
+  # :stopdoc:
+  # I want to deprecate these later, so I'll first be silent about them, and later delete them.
+  alias pretty_unparse pretty_generate
+  module_function :pretty_unparse
+  # :startdoc:
+
+  class << self
+    # The global default options for the JSON.load method:
+    #  :max_nesting: false
+    #  :allow_nan:   true
+    #  :quirks_mode: true
+    attr_accessor :load_default_options
+  end
+  self.load_default_options = {
+    :max_nesting => false,
+    :allow_nan   => true,
+    :quirks_mode => true,
+  }
+
+  # Load a ruby data structure from a JSON _source_ and return it. A source can
+  # either be a string-like object, an IO-like object, or an object responding
+  # to the read method. If _proc_ was given, it will be called with any nested
+  # Ruby object as an argument recursively in depth first order. The default
+  # options for the parser can be changed via the load_default_options method.
+  #
+  # This method is part of the implementation of the load/dump interface of
+  # Marshal and YAML.
+  def load(source, proc = nil)
+    opts = load_default_options
+    if source.respond_to? :to_str
+      source = source.to_str
+    elsif source.respond_to? :to_io
+      source = source.to_io.read
+    elsif source.respond_to?(:read)
+      source = source.read
+    end
+    if opts[:quirks_mode] && (source.nil? || source.empty?)
+      source = 'null'
+    end
+    result = parse(source, opts)
+    recurse_proc(result, &proc) if proc
+    result
+  end
+
+  # Recursively calls passed _Proc_ if the parsed data structure is an _Array_ or _Hash_
+  def recurse_proc(result, &proc)
+    case result
+    when Array
+      result.each { |x| recurse_proc x, &proc }
+      proc.call result
+    when Hash
+      result.each { |x, y| recurse_proc x, &proc; recurse_proc y, &proc }
+      proc.call result
+    else
+      proc.call result
+    end
+  end
+
+  alias restore load
+  module_function :restore
+
+  class << self
+    # The global default options for the JSON.dump method:
+    #  :max_nesting: false
+    #  :allow_nan:   true
+    #  :quirks_mode: true
+    attr_accessor :dump_default_options
+  end
+  self.dump_default_options = {
+    :max_nesting => false,
+    :allow_nan   => true,
+    :quirks_mode => true,
+  }
+
+  # Dumps _obj_ as a JSON string, i.e. calls generate on the object and returns
+  # the result.
+  #
+  # If anIO (an IO-like object or an object that responds to the write method)
+  # was given, the resulting JSON is written to it.
+  #
+  # If the number of nested arrays or objects exceeds _limit_, an ArgumentError
+  # exception is raised. This argument is similar (but not exactly the
+  # same!) to the _limit_ argument in Marshal.dump.
+  #
+  # The default options for the generator can be changed via the
+  # dump_default_options method.
+  #
+  # This method is part of the implementation of the load/dump interface of
+  # Marshal and YAML.
+  def dump(obj, anIO = nil, limit = nil)
+    if anIO and limit.nil?
+      anIO = anIO.to_io if anIO.respond_to?(:to_io)
+      unless anIO.respond_to?(:write)
+        limit = anIO
+        anIO = nil
+      end
+    end
+    opts = JSON.dump_default_options
+    limit and opts.update(:max_nesting => limit)
+    result = generate(obj, opts)
+    if anIO
+      anIO.write result
+      anIO
+    else
+      result
+    end
+  rescue JSON::NestingError
+    raise ArgumentError, "exceed depth limit"
+  end
+
+  # Swap consecutive bytes of _string_ in place.
+  def self.swap!(string) # :nodoc:
+    0.upto(string.size / 2) do |i|
+      break unless string[2 * i + 1]
+      string[2 * i], string[2 * i + 1] = string[2 * i + 1], string[2 * i]
+    end
+    string
+  end
+
+  # Shortuct for iconv.
+  if ::String.method_defined?(:encode)
+    # Encodes string using Ruby's _String.encode_
+    def self.iconv(to, from, string)
+      string.encode(to, from)
+    end
+  else
+    require 'iconv'
+    # Encodes string using _iconv_ library
+    def self.iconv(to, from, string)
+      Iconv.conv(to, from, string)
+    end
+  end
+
+  if ::Object.method(:const_defined?).arity == 1
+    def self.const_defined_in?(modul, constant)
+      modul.const_defined?(constant)
+    end
+  else
+    def self.const_defined_in?(modul, constant)
+      modul.const_defined?(constant, false)
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+module ::Kernel
+  private
+
+  # Outputs _objs_ to STDOUT as JSON strings in the shortest form, that is in
+  # one line.
+  def j(*objs)
+    objs.each do |obj|
+      puts JSON::generate(obj, :allow_nan => true, :max_nesting => false)
+    end
+    nil
+  end
+
+  # Ouputs _objs_ to STDOUT as JSON strings in a pretty format, with
+  # indentation and over many lines.
+  def jj(*objs)
+    objs.each do |obj|
+      puts JSON::pretty_generate(obj, :allow_nan => true, :max_nesting => false)
+    end
+    nil
+  end
+
+  # If _object_ is string-like, parse the string and return the parsed result as
+  # a Ruby data structure. Otherwise, generate a JSON text from the Ruby data
+  # structure object and return it.
+  #
+  # The _opts_ argument is passed through to generate/parse respectively. See
+  # generate and parse for their documentation.
+  def JSON(object, *args)
+    if object.respond_to? :to_str
+      JSON.parse(object.to_str, args.first)
+    else
+      JSON.generate(object, args.first)
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+# Extends any Class to include _json_creatable?_ method.
+class ::Class
+  # Returns true if this class can be used to create an instance
+  # from a serialised JSON string. The class has to implement a class
+  # method _json_create_ that expects a hash as first parameter. The hash
+  # should include the required data.
+  def json_creatable?
+    respond_to?(:json_create)
+  end
+end
+
+JSON.generator = JSON::Pure::Generator
+JSON.parser    = JSON::Pure::Parser
+require 'uri'
+
+# It just gists.
+module Gist
+  extend self
+
+  VERSION = '4.0.1'
+
+  # A list of clipboard commands with copy and paste support.
+  CLIPBOARD_COMMANDS = {
+    'xclip'   => 'xclip -o',
+    'xsel'    => 'xsel -o',
+    'pbcopy'  => 'pbpaste',
+    'putclip' => 'getclip'
+  }
+
+  GITHUB_API_URL   = URI("https://api.github.com/")
+  GIT_IO_URL       = URI("http://git.io")
+
+  GITHUB_BASE_PATH = ""
+  GHE_BASE_PATH    = "/api/v3"
+
+  URL_ENV_NAME     = "GITHUB_URL"
+
+  USER_AGENT       = "gist/#{VERSION} (Net::HTTP, #{RUBY_DESCRIPTION})"
+
+  # Exception tag for errors raised while gisting.
+  module Error;
+    def self.exception(*args)
+      RuntimeError.new(*args).extend(self)
+    end
+  end
+  class ClipboardError < RuntimeError; include Error end
+
+  # Upload a gist to https://gist.github.com
+  #
+  # @param [String] content  the code you'd like to gist
+  # @param [Hash] options  more detailed options, see
+  #   the documentation for {multi_gist}
+  #
+  # @see http://developer.github.com/v3/gists/
+  def gist(content, options = {})
+    filename = options[:filename] || "a.rb"
+    multi_gist({filename => content}, options)
+  end
+
+  # Upload a gist to https://gist.github.com
+  #
+  # @param [Hash] files  the code you'd like to gist: filename => content
+  # @param [Hash] options  more detailed options
+  #
+  # @option options [String] :description  the description
+  # @option options [Boolean] :public  (false) is this gist public
+  # @option options [Boolean] :anonymous  (false) is this gist anonymous
+  # @option options [String] :access_token  (`File.read("~/.gist")`) The OAuth2 access token.
+  # @option options [String] :update  the URL or id of a gist to update
+  # @option options [Boolean] :copy  (false) Copy resulting URL to clipboard, if successful.
+  # @option options [Boolean] :open  (false) Open the resulting URL in a browser.
+  # @option options [Symbol] :output (:all) The type of return value you'd like:
+  #   :html_url gives a String containing the url to the gist in a browser
+  #   :short_url gives a String contianing a  git.io url that redirects to html_url
+  #   :javascript gives a String containing a script tag suitable for embedding the gist
+  #   :all gives a Hash containing the parsed json response from the server
+  #
+  # @return [String, Hash]  the return value as configured by options[:output]
+  # @raise [Gist::Error]  if something went wrong
+  #
+  # @see http://developer.github.com/v3/gists/
+  def multi_gist(files, options={})
+    json = {}
+
+    json[:description] = options[:description] if options[:description]
+    json[:public] = !!options[:public]
+    json[:files] = {}
+
+    files.each_pair do |(name, content)|
+      raise "Cannot gist empty files" if content.to_s.strip == ""
+      json[:files][File.basename(name)] = {:content => content}
+    end
+
+    existing_gist = options[:update].to_s.split("/").last
+    if options[:anonymous]
+      access_token = nil
+    else
+      access_token = (options[:access_token] || File.read(auth_token_file) rescue nil)
+    end
+
+    url = "#{base_path}/gists"
+    url << "/" << CGI.escape(existing_gist) if existing_gist.to_s != ''
+    url << "?access_token=" << CGI.escape(access_token) if access_token.to_s != ''
+
+    request = Net::HTTP::Post.new(url)
+    request.body = JSON.dump(json)
+    request.content_type = 'application/json'
+
+    retried = false
+
+    begin
+      response = http(api_url, request)
+      if Net::HTTPSuccess === response
+        on_success(response.body, options)
+      else
+        raise "Got #{response.class} from gist: #{response.body}"
+      end
+    rescue => e
+      raise if retried
+      retried = true
+      retry
+    end
+
+  rescue => e
+    raise e.extend Error
+  end
+
+  # Convert long github urls into short git.io ones
+  #
+  # @param [String] url
+  # @return [String] shortened url, or long url if shortening fails
+  def shorten(url)
+    request = Net::HTTP::Post.new("/")
+    request.set_form_data(:url => url)
+    response = http(GIT_IO_URL, request)
+    case response.code
+    when "201"
+      response['Location']
+    else
+      url
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Log the user into gist.
+  #
+  # This method asks the user for a username and password, and tries to obtain
+  # and OAuth2 access token, which is then stored in ~/.gist
+  #
+  # @raise [Gist::Error]  if something went wrong
+  # @see http://developer.github.com/v3/oauth/
+  def login!
+    puts "Obtaining OAuth2 access_token from github."
+    print "GitHub username: "
+    username = $stdin.gets.strip
+    print "GitHub password: "
+    password = begin
+      `stty -echo` rescue nil
+      $stdin.gets.strip
+    ensure
+      `stty echo` rescue nil
+    end
+    puts ""
+
+    request = Net::HTTP::Post.new("#{base_path}/authorizations")
+    request.body = JSON.dump({
+      :scopes => [:gist],
+      :note => "The gist gem",
+      :note_url => "https://github.com/ConradIrwin/gist"
+    })
+    request.content_type = 'application/json'
+    request.basic_auth(username, password)
+
+    response = http(api_url, request)
+
+    if Net::HTTPCreated === response
+      File.open(auth_token_file, 'w') do |f|
+        f.write JSON.parse(response.body)['token']
+      end
+      puts "Success! #{ENV[URL_ENV_NAME] || "https://github.com/"}settings/applications"
+    else
+      raise "Got #{response.class} from gist: #{response.body}"
+    end
+  rescue => e
+    raise e.extend Error
+  end
+
+  # Return HTTP connection
+  #
+  # @param [URI::HTTP] The URI to which to connect
+  # @return [Net::HTTP]
+  def http_connection(uri)
+    env = ENV['http_proxy'] || ENV['HTTP_PROXY']
+    connection = if env
+                   proxy = URI(env)
+                   Net::HTTP::Proxy(proxy.host, proxy.port).new(uri.host, uri.port)
+                 else
+                   Net::HTTP.new(uri.host, uri.port)
+                 end
+    if uri.scheme == "https"
+      connection.use_ssl = true
+      connection.verify_mode = OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_NONE
+    end
+    connection.open_timeout = 10
+    connection.read_timeout = 10
+    connection
+  end
+
+  # Run an HTTP operation
+  #
+  # @param [URI::HTTP] The URI to which to connect
+  # @param [Net::HTTPRequest] The request to make
+  # @return [Net::HTTPResponse]
+  def http(url, request)
+    request['User-Agent'] = USER_AGENT
+
+    http_connection(url).start do |http|
+      http.request request
+    end
+  rescue Timeout::Error
+    raise "Could not connect to #{api_url}"
+  end
+
+  # Called after an HTTP response to gist to perform post-processing.
+  #
+  # @param [String] body  the text body from the github api
+  # @param [Hash] options  more detailed options, see
+  #   the documentation for {multi_gist}
+  def on_success(body, options={})
+    json = JSON.parse(body)
+
+    output = case options[:output]
+             when :javascript
+               %Q{<script src="#{json['html_url']}.js"></script>}
+             when :html_url
+               json['html_url']
+             when :short_url
+               shorten(json['html_url'])
+             else
+               json
+             end
+
+    Gist.copy(output.to_s) if options[:copy]
+    Gist.open(json['html_url']) if options[:open]
+
+    output
+  end
+
+  # Copy a string to the clipboard.
+  #
+  # @param [String] content
+  # @raise [Gist::Error] if no clipboard integration could be found
+  #
+  def copy(content)
+    IO.popen(clipboard_command(:copy), 'r+') { |clip| clip.print content }
+
+    unless paste == content
+      message = 'Copying to clipboard failed.'
+
+      if ENV["TMUX"] && clipboard_command(:copy) == 'pbcopy'
+        message << "\nIf you're running tmux on a mac, try http://robots.thoughtbot.com/post/19398560514/how-to-copy-and-paste-with-tmux-on-mac-os-x"
+      end
+
+      raise Error, message
+    end
+  rescue Error => e
+    raise ClipboardError, e.message + "\nAttempted to copy: #{content}"
+  end
+
+  # Get a string from the clipboard.
+  #
+  # @param [String] content
+  # @raise [Gist::Error] if no clipboard integration could be found
+  def paste
+    `#{clipboard_command(:paste)}`
+  end
+
+  # Find command from PATH environment.
+  #
+  # @param [String] cmd  command name to find
+  # @param [String] options  PATH environment variable
+  # @return [String]  the command found
+  def which(cmd, path=ENV['PATH'])
+    if RUBY_PLATFORM.downcase =~ /mswin(?!ce)|mingw|bccwin|cygwin/
+      path.split(File::PATH_SEPARATOR).each {|dir|
+        f = File.join(dir, cmd+".exe")
+        return f if File.executable?(f) && !File.directory?(f)
+      }
+      nil
+    else
+      return system("which #{cmd} > /dev/null 2>&1")
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Get the command to use for the clipboard action.
+  #
+  # @param [Symbol] action  either :copy or :paste
+  # @return [String]  the command to run
+  # @raise [Gist::ClipboardError] if no clipboard integration could be found
+  def clipboard_command(action)
+    command = CLIPBOARD_COMMANDS.keys.detect do |cmd|
+      which cmd
+    end
+    raise ClipboardError, <<-EOT unless command
+Could not find copy command, tried:
+    #{CLIPBOARD_COMMANDS.values.join(' || ')}
+    EOT
+    action == :copy ? command : CLIPBOARD_COMMANDS[command]
+  end
+
+  # Open a URL in a browser.
+  #
+  # @param [String] url
+  # @raise [RuntimeError] if no browser integration could be found
+  #
+  # This method was heavily inspired by defunkt's Gist#open,
+  # @see https://github.com/defunkt/gist/blob/bca9b29/lib/gist.rb#L157
+  def open(url)
+    command = if ENV['BROWSER']
+                ENV['BROWSER']
+              elsif RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /darwin/
+                'open'
+              elsif RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /linux/
+                %w(
+                  sensible-browser
+                  firefox
+                  firefox-bin
+                ).detect do |cmd|
+                  which cmd
+                end
+              elsif ENV['OS'] == 'Windows_NT' || RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /djgpp|(cyg|ms|bcc)win|mingw|wince/i
+                'start ""'
+              else
+                raise "Could not work out how to use a browser."
+              end
+
+    `#{command} #{url}`
+  end
+
+  # Get the API base path
+  def base_path
+    ENV.key?(URL_ENV_NAME) ? GHE_BASE_PATH : GITHUB_BASE_PATH
+  end
+
+  # Get the API URL
+  def api_url
+    ENV.key?(URL_ENV_NAME) ? URI(ENV[URL_ENV_NAME]) : GITHUB_API_URL
+  end
+
+  def auth_token_file
+    if ENV.key?(URL_ENV_NAME)
+      File.expand_path "~/.gist.#{ENV[URL_ENV_NAME].gsub(/[^a-z.]/, '')}"
+    else
+      File.expand_path "~/.gist"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def legacy_private_gister?
+    return unless which('git')
+    `git config --global gist.private` =~ /\Ayes|1|true|on\z/i
+  end
+
+  def should_be_public?(options={})
+    if options.key? :private
+      !options[:private]
+    else
+      !Gist.legacy_private_gister?
+    end
+  end
+end
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+
+require 'optparse'
+
+# For the holdings of options.
+options = {}
+filenames = []
+
+opts = OptionParser.new do |opts|
+  executable_name = File.split($0)[1]
+  opts.banner = <<-EOS
+Gist (v#{Gist::VERSION}) lets you upload to https://gist.github.com/
+
+The content to be uploaded can be passed as a list of files, if none are
+specified STDIN will be read. The default filename for STDIN is "a.rb", and all
+filenames can be overridden by repeating the "-f" flag. The most useful reason
+to do this is to change the syntax highlighting.
+
+If you'd like your gists to be associated with your GitHub account, so that you
+can edit them and find them in future, first use `gist --login` to obtain an
+Oauth2 access token. This is stored and used by gist in the future.
+
+Private gists do not have guessable URLs and can be created with "-p", you can
+also set the description at the top of the gist by passing "-d".
+
+Anonymous gists are not associated with your GitHub account, they can be created
+with "-a" even after you have used "gist --login".
+
+If you would like to shorten the resulting gist URL, use the -s flag. This will
+use GitHub's URL shortener, git.io.
+
+To copy the resulting URL to your clipboard you can use the -c option, or to
+just open it directly in your browser, use -o. Using the -e option will copy the
+embeddable URL to the clipboard. You can add `alias gist='gist -c'` to your
+shell's rc file to configure this behaviour by default.
+
+Instead of creating a new gist, you can update an existing one by passing its ID
+or URL with "-u". For this to work, you must be logged in, and have created the
+original gist with the same GitHub account.
+
+Usage: #{executable_name} [-o|-c|-e] [-p] [-s] [-d DESC] [-a] [-u URL] [-P] [-f NAME|-t EXT]* FILE*
+       #{executable_name} --login
+
+  EOS
+
+  opts.on("--login", "Authenticate gist on this computer.") do
+    Gist.login!
+    exit
+  end
+
+  opts.on("-f", "--filename [NAME.EXTENSION]", "Sets the filename and syntax type.") do |filename|
+    filenames << filename
+    options[:filename] = filename
+  end
+
+  opts.on("-t", "--type [EXTENSION]", "Sets the file extension and syntax type.") do |extension|
+    filenames << "foo.#{extension}"
+    options[:filename] = "foo.#{extension}"
+  end
+
+  opts.on("-p", "--private", "Makes your gist private.") do
+    options[:private] = true
+  end
+
+  opts.on("--no-private") do
+    options[:private] = false
+  end
+
+  opts.on("-d", "--description DESCRIPTION", "Adds a description to your gist.") do |description|
+    options[:description] = description
+  end
+
+  opts.on("-s", "--shorten", "Shorten the gist URL using git.io.") do |shorten|
+    options[:shorten] = shorten
+  end
+
+  opts.on("-u", "--update [ URL | ID ]", "Update an existing gist.") do |update|
+    options[:update] = update
+  end
+
+  opts.on("-a", "--anonymous", "Create an anonymous gist.") do
+    options[:anonymous] = true
+  end
+
+  opts.on("-c", "--copy", "Copy the resulting URL to the clipboard") do
+    options[:copy] = true
+  end
+
+  opts.on("-e", "--embed", "Copy the embed code for the gist to the clipboard") do
+    options[:embed] = true
+    options[:copy] = true
+  end
+
+  opts.on("-o", "--open", "Open the resulting URL in a browser") do
+    options[:open] = true
+  end
+
+  opts.on("--no-open")
+
+  opts.on("-P", "--paste", "Paste from the clipboard to gist") do
+    options[:paste] = true
+  end
+
+  opts.on_tail("-h","--help", "Show this message.") do
+    puts opts
+    exit
+  end
+
+  opts.on_tail("-v", "--version", "Print the version.") do
+    puts "gist v#{Gist::VERSION}"
+    exit
+  end
+
+end
+opts.parse!
+
+begin
+  options[:output] = if options[:embed] && options[:shorten]
+                       raise Gist::Error, "--embed does not make sense with --shorten"
+                     elsif options[:embed]
+                       :javascript
+                     elsif options[:shorten]
+                       :short_url
+                     else
+                       :html_url
+                     end
+
+  options[:public] = Gist.should_be_public?(options)
+
+  if options[:paste]
+    puts Gist.gist(Gist.paste, options)
+  else
+    to_read = ARGV.empty? ? ['-'] : ARGV
+    files = {}
+    to_read.zip(filenames).each do |(file, name)|
+      files[name || file] =
+        begin
+          if file == '-'
+            $stderr.puts "(type a gist. <ctrl-c> to cancel, <ctrl-d> when done)" if $stdin.tty?
+            STDIN.read
+          else
+            File.read(File.expand_path(file))
+          end
+        rescue => e
+          raise e.extend(Gist::Error)
+        end
+    end
+
+    puts Gist.multi_gist(files, options)
+  end
+rescue Gist::Error => e
+  puts "Error: #{e.message}"
+  exit 1
+rescue Interrupt
+  # bye!
+end